SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-1 (Held On: 22 Nov, 2025 Shift 3) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Philanthropist.

Key Points

• The word "Philanthropist" refers to a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by donating money to charitable causes. (परमार्थी)
• Example: The billionaire was a well-known philanthropist who donated millions to education and healthcare initiatives.
• In the given sentence, Rohit is described as someone who supports those in need and enjoys offering help through thoughtful gifts and financial assistance. This aligns perfectly with the qualities of a philanthropist.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Philanthropist.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Benefactor (सहायक): A person who gives money or other help to a person or cause.
• Example: The benefactor of the new hospital wing wished to remain anonymous.
• Sponsor (प्रायोजक): A person or organization that provides funds for a project or activity, often for promotional purposes.
• Example: The sports event was made possible by a generous sponsor.
• Donor (दाता): A person who donates something, especially money or blood.
• Example: The blood donor saved the life of an accident victim.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

To identify the incorrect sentence, let's analyze the grammatical structure and context of each option:

• Option 1: Eating too much his health was spoiled.
• This sentence contains a dangling participle. The phrase "Eating too much" suggests that "his health" was doing the eating, which is logically impossible. A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence must describe the subject that immediately follows.
• The sentence is erroneous.
• The correct sentence would be: "Because he ate too much, his health was spoiled" or "Eating too much, he spoiled his health."
• Option 2: Most people don't like being disturbed while they are working.
• This sentence uses the passive gerund "being disturbed" correctly to describe a general preference.
• This sentence is grammatically and contextually correct.
• Option 3: For a long time people thought that the world was flat and that people could fall off the edge.
• This sentence correctly uses the past tense to describe a historical belief. (Note: "fiat" in the prompt is a common typo for "flat," but the grammatical structure remains sound).
• This sentence is grammatically and contextually correct.
• Option 4: You have to be a millionaire to shop in Harrods. Everything is so expensive there.
• This sentence uses a common hyperbole to describe the high prices at a well-known department store.
• This sentence is grammatically and contextually correct.
• Therefore, out of the given options, only sentence 1 is grammatically incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The grammatical error is located in the phrase "the book will."
• In this sentence, "will" is used incorrectly as a conjunction to join the two parts of the sentence.
• "Will" is a modal verb that typically indicates future tense and must be followed by a base verb, which is not the case here.
• To fix the error, "will" should be replaced with a temporal conjunction such as "when" or "once."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Correct Sentence: "The borrower must return the book when done with reading."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "The borrower" – This is the correct subject of the sentence and contains no errors.
• Option 2: "done with reading" – This phrase functions correctly as a reduced adverbial clause modifying the time of the action.
• Option 3: "must return" – This uses the modal verb "must" followed by the base verb "return" correctly to express obligation.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. at.

Key Points

• The correct preposition to use with "aimed" is "at."
• The phrase "aimed at" is used to specify the target or purpose of an action, goal, or regulation.
• Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect because they do not fit the context or standard usage with "aimed."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence: "The new regulation was aimed at reducing carbon emissions in urban areas."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "on" is incorrect because "aimed on" is not a valid phrase in this context.
• Option 3: "to" is incorrect because "aimed to" is used to indicate intent to perform an action, not the purpose of a regulation.
• Option 4: "for" is incorrect because "aimed for" is not commonly used to describe the purpose of a regulation.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. pass the buck.

Key Points

• The phrase "pass the buck" means to shift responsibility or blame for something to someone else instead of taking it yourself. (जिम्मेदारी टालना)
• Example: The manager tried to pass the buck to his subordinates when the project failed.
• In the given sentence, the minister is attempting to avoid accountability and is blaming others for the scandal, which aligns with the meaning of "pass the buck." (जिम्मेदारी दूसरों पर डालना)
• Example: When the scandal broke, the minister tried to pass the buck and blame his aides.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. pass the buck.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Frown upon (नापसंद करना): To disapprove of something or view it negatively.
• Example: Most people frown upon littering in public places.
• Brush off (अनदेखा करना): To dismiss something or someone as unimportant or irrelevant.
• Example: She brushed off the criticism and continued with her work.
• Touch on (संक्षेप में चर्चा करना): To briefly discuss or mention a subject.
• Example: The speaker touched on the importance of mental health during his talk.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Myth-making.

Key Points

• The word "Mythopoeic" refers to something related to the creation or making of myths. (मिथकों का निर्माण करने वाला)
• Example: His novel has a mythopoeic quality, weaving fantastical elements into a captivating story.
• "Myth-making" is a synonym of "mythopoeic," as it directly refers to the process of creating myths. (मिथक-निर्माण)
• Example: The ancient poets were known for their myth-making abilities, crafting stories that explained the mysteries of the universe.
• Thus, the most appropriate synonym of "Mythopoeic" is "Myth-making."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Myth-making.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Destructive (विनाशकारी): Causing great and irreparable harm or damage.
• Example: The hurricane was destructive, leaving a trail of devastation in its path.
• Scientific (वैज्ञानिक): Based on or characterized by the methods and principles of science.
• Example: The scientific community continues to make groundbreaking discoveries in the field of medicine.
• Realistic (यथार्थवादी): Representing things in a way that is true to life.
• Example: The artist is known for her realistic paintings that capture everyday life.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. 'Good with children'.

Key Points

• The phrase "good with children" is the correct usage to describe someone who interacts well and is skilled at dealing with children.
• The prepositions "for" and "in" do not convey the intended meaning in this context, making options 1 and 3 incorrect.
• Option 4 (No substitution) is incorrect because the original sentence uses an incorrect preposition ("at").

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence: "My sister is very good with children."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Good for children" suggests that something benefits children, but it does not describe a person’s ability to interact effectively with them.
• Option 3: "Good in children" is grammatically incorrect and does not make logical sense in this context.
• Option 4: "No substitution" is incorrect, as the original sentence needs improvement to use the correct preposition.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "He broke his arm while playing football."

Key Points

• The word "arm" has multiple meanings in English. One of the meanings refers to the upper limb of the human body, which extends from the shoulder to the hand. (हाथ/भुजा)
• Example: He broke his arm while playing football.
• The other meaning of "arm" refers to weapons or military equipment used for defense or attack. (हथियार)
• Example: The army's personnel developed advanced arms and missile systems.
• In the correct answer, the word "arm" is used to denote the physical body part, while in the other options, "arms" refers to weapons. Thus, the meaning of "arm" in Option 1 is different from the meaning in the other options.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "He broke his arm while playing football."

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: "The army's personnel developed advanced arms and missile systems."
• In this sentence, "arms" refers to weapons or military tools. (हथियार)
• Example: The arms used by the soldiers were state-of-the-art technology.
• Option 3: "During the conflict, both sides used highly advanced arms."
• Here, "arms" also means weapons or tools used in combat. (हथियार)
• Example: Both nations invested heavily in advanced arms during the war.
• Option 4: "The nation's defense unit was trained to use scientifically advanced arms."
• In this sentence, "arms" again refers to weapons or military equipment. (हथियार)
• Example: The soldiers were equipped with the latest arms and technology.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Tense Identification: The original sentence "Why has... driven" is in the Present Perfect interrogative form.
• Passive Voice Rule: To convert a Present Perfect question into Passive Voice, the structure is: Wh-word + has/have + Object + been + V3 (Past Participle) + by + Subject?
• Subject-Object Swap: In the active voice, "Purusottam" is the subject and "Parshuram" is the object. In the passive voice, "Parshuram" must become the subject.
• Verb Conversion: The active form "has driven" becomes "has been driven" in the passive form.
• Phrase Maintenance: The prepositional phrase "out of Mainak's house" should remain attached to the action "driven" for clarity.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Correct Sentence: "Why has Parshuram been driven out of Mainak's house by Purusottam?"

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrectly swaps the roles, suggesting Purusottam was the one driven out.
• Option 2: Incorrectly introduces "Mainak" as the one being driven out, which changes the meaning of the original sentence.
• Option 3: While grammatically closer, the placement of "by Parshuram" and "of Mainak's house" is awkward and incorrectly identifies Parshuram as the agent (the one doing the driving).

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Direct Speech: The man said to his wife, "What have I done to you that you are treating me so cruelly?"
• Key Conversions:
• Reporting Verb:
• Since the sentence is a question, the reporting verb "said to" is changed to "asked".
• Conjunction:
• In "Wh-" questions (starting with what, where, why, etc.), the question word itself acts as the connector. The conjunction "that" is never used before the "Wh-" word in indirect speech.
• Tense Changes:
• Present Perfect ("have done") changes to Past Perfect ("had done").
• Present Continuous ("are treating") changes to Past Continuous ("was treating").
• Pronoun Changes:
• The first-person "I" and "me" (referring to the man) change to "he" and "him".
• The second-person "you" (referring to the wife) changes to "she" and "her".
• Sentence Structure:
• The interrogative structure (Verb + Subject) changes to an assertive structure (Subject + Verb) in indirect speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Correct Sentence: "The man asked his wife what he had done to her that she was treating him so cruelly."

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect because it uses "that" before the "Wh-" word ("that what") and uses the simple past "did" instead of the past perfect "had done."
• Option 2: Incorrect because it changes the second part of the sentence to simple past ("treated") instead of maintaining the continuous aspect ("was treating").
• Option 3: Incorrect because it changes "have done" to "had been doing," which alters the original perfect aspect to perfect continuous.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Subordination.

Key Points

• The word “Hegemony” means dominance or leadership, especially by one state or group over others. (प्रभुत्व या आधिपत्य)
• Example: The country's cultural hegemony was evident in its influence over neighboring nations.
• “Subordination” refers to the act of placing someone or something in a lower rank or position, opposing the concept of dominance. (आधीनता)
• Example: His subordination to his superior was evident in his work ethic and obedience.
• Hence, the antonym of ‘Hegemony’ is ‘Subordination’.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Subordination.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Leadership (नेतृत्व): The act of leading or guiding a group or organization.
• Example: Her strong leadership skills made her the ideal candidate for the project manager position.
• Equality (समानता): The state of being equal, especially in rights, status, and opportunities.
• Example: The movement aimed to promote equality among all members of society.
• Authority (अधिकार): The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.
• Example: The teacher has the authority to discipline students for misbehavior.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Tense Identification: The original sentence "was made known" is in the Simple Past Passive voice.
• Active Voice Rule: To convert Simple Past Passive to Active, the structure changes from "was/were + V3" to the Simple Past (V2) form of the verb.
• Identifying the Logical Subject: Although the passive sentence focuses on "The company's decision," the logical "doer" of the action is "The company." Option 3 correctly identifies the company as the subject.
• Verb Conversion: The passive "was made known" becomes the active "made... known."
• Completeness: Option 3 includes all the original information, including the method ("through a press release") and the target audience ("to the public").

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "The company made its decision known to the public through a press release."

Additional Information

• Option 1: While grammatically active, it makes "A press release" the subject. While logically possible, Option 3 is a more direct transformation of the original sentence's intent.
• Option 2: This is still in the passive voice ("was made known") and incorrectly suggests the public was the thing being "made known."
• Option 4: This is also in the passive voice ("was used") and simplifies the sentence too much, losing the specific "to the public" context.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. 'These aspects will be tested while dealing'.

Key Points

• The subject of the sentence is "aspects," which is plural.
• For plural subjects, the correct demonstrative pronoun to use is "these."
• The verb "will be tested" is correct as it indicates a future passive action.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect due to grammatical errors in subject-verb agreement or incorrect tense usage.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Complete Sentence: "These aspects will be tested while dealing with the emerging scenario in our western neighbourhood."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "This aspects will be testing while dealing" is incorrect because "this" is singular, which does not match the plural subject "aspects." Additionally, "will be testing" is not appropriate in this context.
• Option 2: "This aspects will be tester while dealing" is incorrect due to the use of "this" (singular) and "tester," which is grammatically incorrect as it is not a verb.
• Option 3: "This aspects would be tested while dealing" is incorrect because of the mismatch between "this" (singular) and "aspects" (plural). Additionally, "would" is not appropriate for a definite future scenario.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Indirect Speech: He said that he had finished his work.
• Key Conversions from Indirect to Direct:
• Pronoun Change:
• The third-person pronoun "he" (acting as the subject in the reported clause) refers to the speaker, so it changes back to the first-person "I" in direct speech.
• The possessive adjective "his" changes back to "my" to correspond with the subject "I."
• Tense Change (Past Perfect to Present Perfect):
• When converting from indirect to direct speech, the past perfect "had finished" is typically reverted to the present perfect "have finished".
• Removal of Conjunction:
• The conjunction "that" is removed and replaced by a comma and quotation marks.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "He said, 'I have finished my work.'"

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect because it uses "his work," which would imply the speaker finished someone else's work.
• Option 2: Incorrect because it uses "He" and "my," suggesting a different person finished the speaker's work.
• Option 4: Incorrect because it maintains the past perfect tense and third-person pronouns, which is not how a person would naturally state their own action in direct speech.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e 'Post-independence era'.

Key Points

• The phrase "post-independence" is a compound adjective formed by joining two words with a hyphen to describe the noun "era".
• Compound adjectives are used to give precise meaning and clarity by combining two or more words to modify a noun.
• Other options like "urban women" or "traditional outfits" contain single adjectives, not compound ones.
• Therefore, "post-independence era" is the correct example of a compound adjective modifying a noun.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 3.

Additional Information

• Urban women: "Urban" is a single adjective modifying "women", not a compound adjective.
• Crop tops: This is a noun phrase, not an adjective modifying another noun.
• Traditional outfits: "Traditional" is a single adjective modifying "outfits", not a compound adjective.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e 'Traditionally, Indian women wore sarees, ghagras, and salwar suits that varied greatly from region to region'.

Key Points

• A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun such as "who, which, that" and provides additional information about a noun.
• In this sentence, the clause "that varied greatly from region to region" modifies the noun "sarees, ghagras, and salwar suits".
• This makes it a clear example of a relative clause functioning as an adjective clause.
• The other options do not contain relative pronouns or clauses; they are simple or participial constructions.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 4.

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Fashion is now seen as a means of self-expression." → Simple sentence, no relative clause.
• Option 2: "Designers are reimagining the saree, giving it modern drapes." → Contains a participial phrase, not a relative clause.
• Option 3: "Clothing often indicated a woman's marital status, community, and social standing." → Descriptive, but no relative pronoun or clause.
• Option 4: Correct, because the clause "that varied greatly from region to region" is a relative clause modifying the noun phrase.

The correct answer is: Option (4) i.e. Drawing ideas from many sources.

Key Points

• Eclectic means having a diverse range of sources, styles, or ideas. It typically refers to an approach that combines elements from a variety of different cultures, genres, or methodologies. (विविध स्रोतों से विचार लेना)
• Example: Her music taste is eclectic, ranging from classical to jazz to hip-hop.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Drawing ideas from many sources.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained:

• Expensive (महंगा):
• This word means costing a lot of money.
• Example: The luxury car was quite expensive.
• Carefully chosen (ध्यानपूर्वक चुना हुआ):
• This phrase means selected with attention and care.
• Example: The ingredients for the recipe were carefully chosen.
• Purely traditional (केवल पारंपरिक):
• This phrase means strictly adhering to traditional or established ways.
• Example: The ceremony was purely traditional, with no modern elements.

The correct answer is: Option 3) Skill in making things.

Key Points

• The word "craftsmanship" means the quality and skill involved in making something, especially with care and artistry. (कौशल/हुनर)
• Example: The craftsmanship of the handwoven saree impressed everyone at the exhibition.
• "Skill in making things" refers to the ability to create or produce objects with expertise and precision. (चीजें बनाने का कौशल)
• Example: His skill in making wooden furniture shows true dedication to his craft.
• Hence, in the passage, "craftsmanship" clearly refers to skill in making things, highlighting the artistry of traditional Indian clothing.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3) Skill in making things.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Poor quality (खराब गुणवत्ता): Refers to something that is not well-made or lacks standard.
• Example: The poor quality of the fabric made the dress look cheap.
• Traditional dance (पारंपरिक नृत्य): Refers to cultural or folk dances passed down through generations.
• Example: Bharatanatyam is a famous traditional dance of Tamil Nadu.
• Imported materials (आयातित सामग्री): Refers to goods or raw materials brought from another country.
• Example: The company uses imported materials to manufacture luxury handbags.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Key Points

• Option 1: It is strictly influenced by Western culture.
• This cannot be inferred from the passage. While Western attire has influenced fashion, the passage emphasizes fusion wear and preservation of traditional clothing, not strict Western dominance.
• Option 2: It has remained unchanged over the years.
• This cannot be inferred. The passage clearly highlights transformation over decades, showing that fashion has evolved significantly.
• Option 3: It reflects a blend of tradition, modernity, and personal expression.
• This can be inferred. The passage describes fusion wear, modernized sarees, and fashion as self-expression, combining tradition with modernity.
• Option 4: It discourages the use of traditional clothing.
• This cannot be inferred. The passage mentions that traditional outfits are still worn during festivals and ceremonies, showing they are valued, not discouraged.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect because fashion is not strictly Western; it blends tradition and modernity.
• Option 2: Incorrect because the passage highlights transformation over time.
• Option 4: Incorrect because traditional clothing is still valued and worn during cultural occasions.

The correct answer is: Obedient.

Key Points

• The word "Contumacious" refers to someone who is stubbornly or willfully disobedient to authority. (हठी या उद्दंड)
• Example: The contumacious student refused to follow the teacher's instructions, leading to disciplinary action.
• The correct antonym for "contumacious" is "Obedient", which means someone who complies or follows orders willingly and does not resist authority. (आज्ञाकारी)
• Example: The obedient child followed all the rules set by her parents without any complaints.
• Thus, "Obedient" is the opposite of "Contumacious."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Obedient.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Rebellious (विद्रोही): Showing a desire to resist authority, control, or convention.
• Example: The rebellious teenager often argued with his parents and broke curfew.
• Unruly (अविनीत): Disorderly and disruptive; not easily controlled or disciplined.
• Example: The unruly crowd caused chaos during the protest.
• Stubborn (जिद्दी): Having or showing dogged determination not to change one's attitude or position on something.
• Example: Despite being wrong, he remained stubborn and refused to admit his mistake.

The correct answer is: Option 2, i.e., Deceive.

Key Points

• The word "dupe" means to trick or deceive someone into believing something false. (धोखा देना)
• Example: He managed to dupe his friend into lending him money by making false promises.
• The meaning of the word "deceive" is to cause someone to believe something that is not true, typically to gain a personal advantage. (छल करना)
• Example: The con artist deceived the elderly couple into buying a fake painting.
• Hence, the word "dupe" is closest in meaning to "deceive".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2, i.e., Deceive.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Help (सहायता करना): To assist or aid someone in achieving a task.
• Example: The teacher helped the students complete their assignments on time.
• Praise (प्रशंसा करना): To express approval or admiration for someone or something.
• Example: The coach praised the team for their excellent performance in the match.
• Inform (सूचित करना): To give someone facts or information; to tell.
• Example: Please inform the manager about the changes in the meeting schedule.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

The misspelled word is 'intransigance'.

• The correct spelling would be 'intransigence'.
• The word 'intransigence' is a noun that means 'refusal to change one's views or to agree about something'. (अड़ियलपन)
• For Example -
• The intransigence of both parties made it impossible to reach a compromise.

Therefore, the correct answer would be 'intransigance'.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of the other marked words - 

• Conciliatory - intended or likely to placate or pacify (मित्रतापूर्ण)
• Negotiations - discussions aimed at reaching an agreement (वार्ता)
• Policy Reforms - changes or improvements made to official rules or principles (नीतिगत सुधार)

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

The misspelled word in the sentence is 'cullinary'.

• The correct spelling is 'culinary'.
• The word 'culinary' is an adjective which means 'related to cooking or the kitchen'. (खानपान या रसोई से स��बंधित)
• For Example - She enrolled in a culinary school to become a professional chef.

Therefore, the corrected sentence is: Her culinary repertoire included delicacies from Persia, the Levant, and the Iberian peninsula, dazzling the judges.

Additional Information

Let's understand the meanings of some key words in the sentence:

• Repertoire - a stock of skills, knowledge, or pieces that a person is ready to perform or use (प्रदर्शन या उपयोग के लिए तैयार कौशल या ज्ञान).
• Delicacies - rare and expensive food items that are considered highly desirable (सुविधाजनक या दुर्लभ खाद्य पदार्थ).
• Iberian Peninsula - a geographical region in southwestern Europe that includes Spain and Portugal.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The correct spelling is "extragalactic."
• "Extragalactic" refers to anything related to or beyond the galaxy, especially in the context of astronomy.
• The other options—"extrgalactic," "extragallactic," and "extrgallactic"—contain spelling errors and do not represent the correct form of the word.

Correct sentence: The astronomer presented data on extragalactic phenomena.

Additional Information

• Extragalactic: Beyond the galaxy or related to objects or phenomena outside our galaxy.
• Example: Scientists study extragalactic stars to understand the universe's structure.
• Common Usage: Used frequently in astronomy to describe phenomena or objects that are not within the Milky Way galaxy.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. A school or college that one has attended.

Key Points

• The term "alma mater" is a Latin phrase that translates to "nourishing mother" in English. It refers to the school, college, or university where one has studied and graduated. (हिंदी में: जिस विद्यालय या कॉलेज में किसी ने पढ़ाई की हो)
• Example: Harvard University is his alma mater, where he completed his graduation in 2005.
• It is a term often used with a sense of pride and affection for the institution where a person received their education. (हिंदी में: यह शब्द आमतौर पर शिक्षा प्राप्त करने वाले संस्थान के प्रति गर्व और स्नेह के भाव को व्यक्त करता है।)

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. A school or college that one has attended.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: A place where one works (हिंदी में: वह स्थान जहां कोई काम करता है): This refers to someone's workplace or office, not their educational institution.
• Example: She spends most of her day at the place where she works, which is a software company.
• Option 3: A close friend (हिंदी में: एक करीबी दोस्त): This refers to a person with whom one shares a strong bond of friendship, not an educational institution.
• Example: He considers John his close friend because they have known each other for years.
• Option 4: A foreign language (हिंदी में: एक विदेशी भाषा): This refers to a language that is not native to a person or their country, not an educational institution.
• Example: She is fluent in Spanish, which is a foreign language in her country.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Let the one-way distance be x km. Time = Distance ÷ Speed. Total time = Time going + Time returning.

Calculation:

Time going = x ÷ 60

Time returning = x ÷ 40

Total time = x ÷ 60 + x ÷ 40 = 5 hours

Find LCM of 60 and 40 = 120

(x ÷ 60) + (x ÷ 40) = (2x/120) + (3x/120) = 5x/120 = 5

5x = 600

x = 120 km

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

BODMAS Table: 

Given equation: 7 ! 10 ^ 3 ! 4

Now, if ‘%’ stands for ‘×’, ‘#’ stands for ‘÷’, ‘^’ stands for ‘−’, and ‘!’ stands for ‘+’, then:

⇒ 7 + 10 − 3 + 4

⇒ 7 + 10 = 17

⇒ 17 − 3 = 14

⇒ 14 + 4 = 18

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

BODMAS Table: 

Given equation: 12 $10$ 6 @ 15

Now, if ‘@’ stands for ‘+’, ‘&’ stands for ‘×’, ‘$’ stands for ‘−’, and ‘~’ stands for ‘÷’, then:

⇒ 12 − 10 − 6 + 15

⇒ 12 − 10 = 2

⇒ 2 − 6 = -4

⇒ -4 + 15 = 11

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4$.

Given:

The person walks 8 km south, then 6 km east, and finally 8 km north.

Stepwise Analysis:

Vertical displacement: 8 km south – 8 km north = 0 km → same latitude as starting point

Horizontal displacement: 6 km east → 6 km east of starting point

Hence, the person is 6 km east from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

Given:

The person walks 3 km north, then 4 km west, and finally 3 km south.

Stepwise Analysis:

Vertical displacement: 3 km north − 3 km south = 0 km → no net vertical movement

Horizontal displacement: 4 km west → 4 km west of starting point

Distance from starting point = 4 km

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is number + 1.

Option 1) 8 → 9  

→ number + 1

Option 2) 27 → 28 

→ number + 1

Option 3) 64 → 65  

→ number + 1

Option 4) 125 → 127

→(here +2, not +1) 

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is based on subtracting 111 from the number.

423 − 111 = 312 

Similarly,

612 − 111 = 501

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is reversing the word.

SHILONG → GNOLIHS 

Similarly,

GUWAHATI → ITAHAWUG

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is based on the correct pairing of state with its capital city.

Option 1) Dispur → Assam 

Option 2) Panaji → Goa 

Option 3) Maharashtra → Mumbai (Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra, but the order here is reversed compared to others: it lists the state first, not the city first)

Option 4) Shillong → Meghalaya 

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is based on shifting each letter forward by 6 positions in the English alphabet.

SIKIM → YOQOS

Similarly, applying the same rule to FRANCE:

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is moving the first letter of the word to the end.

SOFTWARE → OFTWARES

Similarly, HARDWARE → ARDWAREH

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern alternates between decreasing numbers and increasing numbers.

Next number: Following the decreasing step, 215 − 145 = 70

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Given Sequence: nopm_opmn_pmno

Now, putting the letters in the blank spaces given in the options one by one:

Option 1) mnop → mnopnopmopmnpmnom

→ mnop / nopm / opmn / pmno 

Option 2) nnop → nnopnopmopmnpmnon

→ nnop / nopm / opmn / pmno  (pattern breaks at start)

Option 3) mnpp → mnppnopmopmnpmnop

→ mnpp / nopm / opmn / pmno  (extra p, not cyclic)

Option 4) mnnp → mnnpnopmopmnpmnop

→ mnnp / nopm / opmn / pmno (letters not in correct order)

Here, “mnop → nopm → opmn → pmno” follows a cyclic pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Given series:

xxoxxx, xxxoxx, xxxxox, xxxxxo

Pattern: The letter ‘o’ shifts one place to the right in each step.

Positions of ‘o’:

3^rd → 4^th → 5^th → 6^th

Next, it will move to the 1^st position (cycle repeats).

So, next term = oxxxxx

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

Given Reference Statement: Kolkata: 2025-01-23, Thursday. Let's compare each option carefully.

So, the statement that is exactly the same as the reference is in option (1).

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

Given Reference Statement: Lagos, Nigeria. Oct 1^st, 1960. Let's compare each option carefully.

So, the statement that is exactly the same as the reference is in option (1).

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern in each row is multiply the first three numbers and then add 1 to get the fourth number.

Here,

Row 1: 7 × 3 × 7 = 147 → 147 + 1 = 148 

Row 2: 4 × 8 × 3 = 96 → 96 + 1 = 97 

Row 3: 2 × 5 × 6 = 60 → 60 + 1 = 61 

So, the missing number is 61.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: In each row, add the first three numbers and then multiply the sum by 3 to get the fourth number.

Stepwise Analysis: 

Row 1: (4 + 5 + 2) × 3 = 11 × 3 = 33 

Row 2: (7 + 8 + ?) × 3 = 48 → 15 + ? = 16 → ? = 1 

Row 3: (3 + 6 + 5) × 3 = 14 × 3 = 42 

So, the missing number is 1.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Count all the triangles formed by individual small sections and by combining them into larger triangles.

Total triangles = 5 + 2 + 2 = 9

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

According to the given Venn diagram:

The diagram shows that House contains Door and Window as separate parts.

So, Door and Window are inside the House but do not overlap with each other.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: One arc flips from outward to inward in each consecutive step, moving clockwise from the top-right.

So far, the top-right, right-middle, and bottom-right arcs have flipped.

The next figure will flip the bottom-left arc inward, continuing the clockwise pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Given:

AZAR → UECE

MNPW → ZTQQ

Now apply the same to FRCX:

So, the code becomes AGUJ

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is shifted −4 positions in the alphabet.

Verification:

BASAL → XVOVH

TITAN → PVPDJ

Now apply the same to BETEL:

So, the code becomes XAPAH.

Closest matching option pattern → XZPZH

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Here,

PANELS → YQITFT

HACKED → JJOIFL

Now apply the same pattern to QUIRES:

So, the code becomes YJVOZU

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

Given word: FINEST

Rule: A word can be formed only if all required letters (with correct frequency) are available in the given word.

Letters in FINEST:

F I N E S T

Now, checking each option:

Option 1: INFEST

I, N, F, E, S, T → All letters available 

Option 2: NIFTYS

N, I, F, T, Y, S → ‘E’ is NOT present 

Option 3: FIENTS

F, I, E, N, T, S → All letters available 

Option 4: ENCSTIF

E, N, C, S, T, I, F → All letters available 

Hence, the correct answer is Option (2).

Given:

Average of 9 numbers = 72

Difference between highest and lowest = 54

Average of 8 numbers (excluding highest) = 72 − 3 = 69

Formula Used:

Sum = Average × Number of terms

Highest − Lowest = Difference

Calculation:

⇒ Sum of 9 numbers = 72 × 9 = 648

⇒ Sum of 8 numbers = 69 × 8 = 552

⇒ Highest number = 648 − 552 = 96

⇒ Lowest number = 96 − 54

⇒ Lowest number = 42

∴ The correct answer is 42.

Shortcut Trick

Find the perfect squares nearest to 1235: 35² = 1225 and 36² = 1296.

Since we need to add a number, we must reach the next perfect square, which is 1296.

Required number = 1296 − 1235 = 61.

∴ The correct answer is 61.

Alternate Method

Given: Number = 1235

To find the square root of 1235 by estimation:

⇒ √1225 < √1235 < √1296

⇒ 35 < √1235 < 36

⇒ The next perfect square is 36² = 1296.

⇒ Smallest number to be added = 36² − 1235

⇒ Smallest number to be added = 1296 − 1235 = 61.

∴ The correct answer is 61.

Additional Information

Perfect Square Ending Digits

A perfect square always ends in 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, or 9. It can never end in 2, 3, 7, or 8.

Long Division Method

For adding/subtracting problems, use long division. The remainder helps determine what to subtract, and the next square determines what to add.

Square of Numbers ending in 5

To square a number ending in 5 (e.g., 35), multiply the first digit by the next integer (3 × 4 = 12) and append 25 → 1225.

Shortcut Trick

Calculate the square roots of the given numbers: √121 = 11 and √49 = 7.

Add the values: 11 + 7 = 18.

Find the square of the sum: 18² = 324.

∴ The correct answer is 324.

Alternate Method

Given:

Expression = (√121 + √49)²

Formula Used:

Basic Arithmetic Operations and Square Roots.

⇒ (√121 + √49)²

⇒ (11 + 7)²

⇒ (18)²

⇒ 18 × 18

⇒ 324

∴ The correct answer is 324.

Additional Information

Perfect Squares and Roots

A perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; for example, 121 is 11² and 49 is 7².

Algebraic Identity

The expression can also be expanded using (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab, where a = √121 and b = √49.

Common Squares

Memorizing squares up to 30 helps in fast calculation: 17² = 289, 18² = 324, 19² = 361, 20² = 400.

Given:

Value to find square root of: 0.0009

Formula Used:

Square root of a number: √x

Calculation:

⇒ √0.0009

⇒ √(9 × 10^-4)

⇒ √9 × √10^-4

⇒ 3 × 10^-2

⇒ 0.03

∴ The correct answer is 0.03.

Given:

7A = 5B

Formula Used:

A:B = B coefficient : A coefficient

Calculation:

⇒ A:B = 5 : 7

∴ The correct answer is 5:7.

Given:

a : b = 5 : 7

b : c = 3 : 4

Formula Used:

Equalize the common term in ratios

Calculation:

⇒ LCM of 7 and 3 = 21

⇒ a : b = 5 × 3 : 7 × 3 = 15 : 21

⇒ b : c = 3 × 7 : 4 × 7 = 21 : 28

⇒ a : b : c = 15 : 21 : 28

∴ The correct answer is 15 : 21 : 28.

Given:

Ratio of boys to girls = 7:5

If 30 more girls join, new ratio = 7:6

Formula Used:

Number of boys = 7x

Number of girls = 5x

New number of girls = 5x + 30

New ratio = Boys : Girls = 7 : 6

Calculation:

⇒ (7x) / (5x + 30) = 7 / 6

⇒ 6 × 7x = 7 × (5x + 30)

⇒ 42x = 35x + 210

⇒ 42x - 35x = 210

⇒ 7x = 210

⇒ x = 30

⇒ Number of boys = 7x = 7 × 30 = 210

∴ The correct answer is 210.

Given:

a:b = 3:5

b = 15

Formula Used:

a:b = a ÷ b

a = (a:b) × b

Calculation:

⇒ a:b = 3:5

⇒ a = (3/5) × 15

⇒ a = 9

∴ The correct answer is 9.

Given:

Average = 10

Numbers: x, x + 2, x + 4

Formula Used:

Average = (Sum of terms) ÷ Number of terms

Calculation:

⇒ (x + (x + 2) + (x + 4)) ÷ 3 = 10

⇒ (3x + 6) ÷ 3 = 10

⇒ 3x + 6 = 30

⇒ 3x = 30 − 6

⇒ 3x = 24

⇒ x = 24 ÷ 3

⇒ x = 8

∴ The correct answer is 8.

Given:

Average of 4 subjects = 75

Required average of 5 subjects = 78

Formula Used:

Sum = Average × Number of terms

Calculation:

⇒ Sum of 4 subjects = 75 × 4 = 300

⇒ Total sum for 5 subjects = 78 × 5 = 390

⇒ Marks in 5^th subject = 390 − 300

⇒ Marks in 5^th subject = 90

∴ The correct answer is 90.

Given:

Original price = Rs. 2,000

Discount percentage = 10%

Formula Used:

Discount amount = (Original price × Discount percentage) ÷ 100

Calculation:

⇒ Discount amount = (2,000 × 10) ÷ 100

⇒ Discount amount = 20,000 ÷ 100

⇒ Discount amount = Rs. 200

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 200.

Given:

Marked price = 100% above cost price

First discount = 30%

Second discount = 20%

Formula Used:

Selling Price = Marked Price × (1 − d₁) × (1 − d₂)

Profit % = ((SP − CP) ÷ CP) × 100

Calculation:

⇒ Let CP = 100

⇒ MP = 100 + 100% of 100 = 200

⇒ After 30% discount: 200 × 0.7 = 140

⇒ After 20% discount: 140 × 0.8 = 112

⇒ SP = 112

⇒ Profit = 112 − 100 = 12

⇒ Profit % = (12 ÷ 100) × 100

⇒ Profit % = 12%

∴ The correct answer is 12%.

Shortcut Trick

If A and B together take 'x' days and A alone takes 'y' days, then B alone takes (y × x) ÷ (y − x) days.

Given: x = 10 days, y = 15 days.

Time taken by B = (15 × 10) ÷ (15 − 10)

Time taken by B = 150 ÷ 5 = 30 days.

∴ The correct answer is 30 days.

Alternate Method

Given:

Time taken by A + B = 10 days

Time taken by A = 15 days

Calculations:

⇒ Total work (LCM of 10 and 15) = 30 units

⇒ Efficiency of A + B = 3 units/day

⇒ Efficiency of A = 2 units/day

⇒ Efficiency of B = Efficiency of (A + B) − Efficiency of A

⇒ Efficiency of B = 3 − 2 = 1 unit/day

⇒ Time taken by B alone = Total Work ÷ Efficiency of B

⇒ Time taken by B alone = 30 ÷ 1 = 30 days

∴ The correct answer is 30 days.

Additional Information

Efficiency and Time Relation

Efficiency is inversely proportional to the time taken to complete the work. Efficiency = Total Work ÷ Time.

One Day's Work

If a person completes work in 'n' days, then their one day's work is 1/n of the total work.

Pipes and Cisterns

The same logic applies to pipes filling a tank, where an outlet pipe performs negative work (draining).

Given:

Angle at center = 100°

Formula Used:

Angle at circumference = 1/2 × Angle at center (same arc)

Calculation:

⇒ Angle at point on opposite side = 1/2 × 100°

⇒ Angle = 50°

∴ The correct answer is 50°.

Given:

Radius of first circle = 4

Radius of second circle = 2

Distance between centers = 6

Formula Used:

If distance between centers = sum of radii, circles touch externally

Number of common tangents for externally touching circles = 3

Calculation:

⇒ Sum of radii = 4 + 2 = 6

⇒ Distance between centers = 6

⇒ Circles touch externally

⇒ Number of common tangents = 3

∴ The correct answer is 3.

Given:

Radius = 7 cm

Formula Used:

Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2 × π × r²

Calculation:

⇒ Curved surface area = 2 × π × 7²

⇒ = 2 × π × 49

⇒ = 98π

⇒ = 98 × 22 ÷ 7

⇒ = 14 × 22

⇒ = 308 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 308 cm².

Given:

Interior angle = 162°

Formula Used:

Interior angle of regular polygon = ((n − 2) × 180) ÷ n

Calculation:

⇒ ((n − 2) × 180) ÷ n = 162

⇒ 180n − 360 = 162n

⇒ 180n − 162n = 360

⇒ 18n = 360

⇒ n = 360 ÷ 18

⇒ n = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20.

Shortcut Trick

At the same time of day, the ratio between an object's height and its shadow length is constant.

Shadow length increases from 1.5 m to 15 m (a 10-fold increase).

Therefore, the height must also increase by the same factor: 2 m × 10 = 20 m.

∴ The correct answer is 20 m.

Alternate Method

Given:

Height of the person (H₁) = 2 m

Shadow of the person (S₁) = 1.5 m

Shadow of the skyscraper (S₂) = 15 m

Formula Used:

In similar triangles formed by the sun's rays:

Height₁ ÷ Shadow₁ = Height₂ ÷ Shadow₂

Calculations:

⇒ 2 ÷ 1.5 = Height of skyscraper ÷ 15

⇒ Height of skyscraper = (2 × 15) ÷ 1.5

⇒ Height of skyscraper = 30 ÷ 1.5

⇒ Height of skyscraper = 20 m

∴ The correct answer is 20 m.

Additional Information

Properties of Similar Triangles

When two triangles are similar, the ratios of their corresponding sides are equal. This is the basis for shadow-based height calculations.

Trigonometric Relation

The ratio of height to shadow is equal to tan θ, where θ is the angle of elevation of the sun. At a specific time, θ is constant for all objects in the same vicinity.

Direct Proportion

Height and shadow length are in direct proportion (y = kx). If the shadow length doubles, the actual height of the object is also twice as much.

Given:

Marked Price = Rs. 20,000

Selling Price = Rs. 14,000

Formula Used:

Discount = Marked Price − Selling Price

Discount Percentage = (Discount ÷ Marked Price) × 100

Calculation:

⇒ Discount = 20,000 − 14,000

⇒ Discount = 6,000

⇒ Discount Percentage = (6,000 ÷ 20,000) × 100

⇒ Discount Percentage = 30%

∴ The correct answer is 30%.

Given:

Cost price = Rs. 800

Profit = 10%

Discount = 12%

Formula Used:

Marked Price (MP) = Selling Price (SP) ÷ (1 - Discount/100)

Selling Price (SP) = Cost Price (CP) × (1 + Profit/100)

Calculation:

⇒ SP = 800 × (1 + 10/100)

⇒ SP = 800 × 1.1

⇒ SP = Rs. 880

⇒ MP = 880 ÷ (1 - 12/100)

⇒ MP = 880 ÷ 0.88

⇒ MP = Rs. 1000

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1000.

Given:

Total distance = 1.76 km = 176000 cm

Number of revolutions = 560

Formula Used:

Distance = Number of revolutions × Circumference

Circumference = 2 × π × r

Calculation:

⇒ Circumference = 176000 ÷ 560

⇒ Circumference = 314.2857

⇒ 2 × 3.1416 × r = 314.2857

⇒ r = 314.2857 ÷ (2 × 3.1416)

⇒ r = 314.2857 ÷ 6.2832

⇒ r = 50.07 cm

∴ The correct answer is 50.07 cm.

Shortcut Trick

Identify the standard Pythagorean Triplet where the largest number (hypotenuse) is 29.

The common triplet is (20, 21, 29).

Verify the condition: The difference between the sides is 21 − 20 = 1 cm (Matches given condition).

Calculate the required sum: 20 + 21 = 41 cm.

∴ The correct answer is 41 cm.

Alternate Method

Given:

Hypotenuse (c) = 29 cm

Difference between other two sides = 1 cm

Formula Used:

By Pythagoras Theorem: a² + b² = c²

Also, (a + b)² + (a − b)² = 2(a² + b²)

Calculations:

⇒ Let the sides be a and b.

⇒ a² + b² = 29² = 841

⇒ a − b = 1

⇒ (a + b)² + (a − b)² = 2(841)

⇒ (a + b)² + 1² = 1682

⇒ (a + b)² = 1682 − 1 = 1681

⇒ a + b = √1681

⇒ a + b = 41 cm

∴ The correct answer is 41 cm.

Additional Information

Pythagorean Triplets

Sets of three positive integers (a, b, c) such that a² + b² = c². Examples: (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (20, 21, 29).

Algebraic Identity for Sides

In any triangle, the sum of two sides is always greater than the third side: (a + b) > c.

Area of Right-Angled Triangle

Area = 1/2 × Base × Height. For the given triangle, Area = 1/2 × 20 × 21 = 210 cm².

Given:

(sinx + cosx)²

Formula Used:

(a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

sin²x + cos²x = 1

Calculation:

⇒ (sinx + cosx)² = sin²x + cos²x + 2sinxcosx

⇒ (sinx + cosx)² = 1 + 2sinxcosx

∴ The correct answer is 1 + 2sinxcosx.

Given:

Angle at circumference = 30

Formula Used:

Angle at center = 2 × Angle at circumference

Calculation:

⇒ Angle at center = 2 × 30

⇒ Angle at center = 60

∴ The correct answer is 60.

Given:

A + B = 9 days

A alone = 18 days

Formula Used:

Work = LCM of days

Efficiency = Work ÷ Days

B's efficiency = (A + B) − A

B's time = Work ÷ B's efficiency

Calculation:

⇒ LCM of 9 and 18 = 18

⇒ Total work = 18

⇒ (A + B) efficiency = 18 ÷ 9 = 2

⇒ A's efficiency = 18 ÷ 18 = 1

⇒ B's efficiency = 2 − 1 = 1

⇒ B's time = 18 ÷ 1 = 18

∴ The correct answer is 18.

The correct answer is 1526.

Key Points

• Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, in the Battle of Panipat on 21^st April 1526.
• This battle marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and established Mughal rule in India.
• The Battle of Panipat was a decisive conflict fought near the town of Panipat in modern-day Haryana.
• Babur employed superior tactics, including the use of field artillery, which played a critical role in his victory over Ibrahim Lodi's much larger army.
• The battle is considered a turning point in Indian history as it led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire, which ruled India for over 300 years.

Additional Information

• Babur:
• Babur was born in 1483 in Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan).
• He was a descendant of Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
• Babur initially ruled over parts of Central Asia but later turned his attention to India.
• He wrote the famous autobiography called the Baburnama, which provides insights into his life and reign.
• Ibrahim Lodi:
• Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi Dynasty, which was established by Bahlul Lodi.
• His rule was marked by internal conflicts and rebellions, weakening the Sultanate's position.
• He ascended the throne in 1517 but faced opposition from nobles and regional powers.
• His defeat in the Battle of Panipat marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Battle of Panipat (1526):
• It was fought between Babur's army, consisting of approximately 12,000 soldiers, and Ibrahim Lodi's forces, which numbered around 40,000 to 100,000.
• Babur's use of advanced military tactics, such as the "Tulughma" (flanking maneuver) and artillery, gave him a significant advantage.
• The battle ended with the death of Ibrahim Lodi and the establishment of the Mughal Empire.
• Significance of the Mughal Empire:
• The Mughal Empire introduced centralized administration, Persian culture, and architectural innovations in India.
• Prominent rulers like Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb contributed significantly to India's history.
• It remained a dominant power in India until the British colonization in the 18^th century.

Important Points

• Other Battles of Panipat:
• The Second Battle of Panipat (1556) was fought between Akbar and Hemu, marking Akbar's consolidation of Mughal rule.
• The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) was fought between the Marathas and the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali, resulting in a significant defeat for the Marathas.
• Babur’s Contribution:
• Babur introduced Persianate culture and the use of gunpowder weapons in India.
• He laid the foundation for a unified and centralized empire in northern India.

The correct answer is Shanti Tigga.

Key Points

• Shanti Tigga was the first woman to join the Indian Army as a soldier (Jawan), breaking gender barriers in a male-dominated field.
• She joined the Indian Army in the year 2011 at the age of 35, after clearing all tests and physical examinations.
• Shanti Tigga was a mother of two and worked as a railway employee before joining the Territorial Army.
• She outperformed her male counterparts in physical tests, completing a 1.5 km run in just 5 minutes and 5 seconds, a remarkable achievement.
• Her selection marked a significant moment in Indian history, as she became a symbol of women’s empowerment and courage.

Additional Information

• Punita Arora:
• She was the first woman in India to become a Lieutenant General in the Indian Army and later served as the Vice Admiral in the Indian Navy.
• Punita Arora is known for her significant contributions in the field of military medicine.
• Anjali Gupta:
• Anjali Gupta was the first woman officer in the Indian Air Force to be court-martialed. She served as an administrative officer.
• Her case raised discussions about the challenges faced by women officers in the armed forces.
• Navjot Kaur:
• Navjot Kaur is not related to the Indian Army but is known for her contributions in the field of sports as an Indian hockey player.
• She became the first Indian woman hockey player to score a hat-trick in the prestigious Women’s Asia Cup in 2017.
• Women in the Indian Armed Forces:
• Women were first inducted in the Indian Armed Forces as officers in 1992 under the Short Service Commission (SSC).
• In 2020, the Supreme Court of India directed the government to grant permanent commission to women officers in the Indian Army, marking a landmark victory for gender equality.
• Women are now serving in combat and leadership roles across various branches of the armed forces.

Important Points

• Territorial Army:
• The Territorial Army is a part-time volunteer force that serves as a backup for the Indian Army during emergencies.
• It is composed of individuals who have civilian jobs but can be called upon for military service as needed.
• Significance of Shanti Tigga’s Achievement:
• Her selection as the first female Jawan challenged traditional gender norms and encouraged more women to join the armed forces.
• It highlighted the growing inclusivity of the Indian Army and its willingness to recognize talent irrespective of gender.

The correct answer is Billiards and Snooker.

Key Points

• Pankaj Advani is an internationally renowned Indian player in the field of Billiards and Snooker. He has made significant contributions to this sport, earning him numerous accolades.
• He was honored with the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, India’s highest sporting award, in the year 2006, which recognizes outstanding achievements by sportspersons.
• Advani has an exceptional record in both English Billiards and Snooker, making him one of the few players to excel in both formats of cue sports. His achievements include multiple world titles in these disciplines.
• He is the only cueist in the world to have achieved a unique feat of winning the World and Asian Championships in both Billiards and Snooker formats.
• His exemplary career and dedication to the sport have made him a role model for aspiring players in India and around the globe.

Additional Information

• Achievements of Pankaj Advani:
• Pankaj Advani has won 25 World Championships in Billiards and Snooker, making him one of the most successful cueists in the history of the sport.
• He has been conferred with other prestigious awards like the Arjuna Award (2004), Padma Shri (2009), and Padma Bhushan (2018).
• Advani has consistently represented India on the global stage, bringing laurels to the country by defeating top-ranked international players.
• Overview of Billiards and Snooker:
• Billiards is a cue sport played on a rectangular table covered with cloth, featuring three balls: a red object ball and two cue balls.
• Snooker is another cue sport played on a larger table with 21 object balls and a white cue ball. The objective is to score points by potting the balls in the correct sequence.
• Billiards and Snooker require a combination of precision, strategy, and control, making them highly skill-intensive sports.
• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award:
• This award was instituted in 1991-92 and is India’s highest sporting honor.
• It recognizes outstanding performance by sportspersons over a period of four years and includes a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize.
• Renamed as the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award in 2021, it continues to be a symbol of excellence in Indian sports.
• Other Sports Personalities Honored with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna:
• Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, tennis player Leander Paes, and shuttler P.V. Sindhu are among other notable recipients.
• The award highlights India’s diverse sporting talent across disciplines like cricket, badminton, hockey, and wrestling.

Important Points

• Key Characteristics of Billiards and Snooker:
• Both sports are played indoors, making them less influenced by external weather conditions.
• They are governed by international bodies like the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA).
• The sports demand intense concentration and mental composure, apart from physical skill.
• Development of Cue Sports in India:
• India has a rich history in cue sports, with champions like Wilson Jones (the first Indian to win the World Amateur Billiards title in 1958).
• The sport has seen significant growth in India due to increased media coverage, sponsorships, and the success of players like Pankaj Advani.

The correct answer is Swavalambini.

Key Points

• In 2025, Shri Jayant Chaudhary introduced the Swavalambini programme as a specialized initiative to promote women entrepreneurship in India.
• The Swavalambini programme aims to encourage and empower women by providing them with financial assistance, mentorship, and skill development opportunities to establish and run their own businesses.
• It specifically targets women from rural and semi-urban areas who face financial and social barriers in accessing entrepreneurship opportunities.
• Through this initiative, women are offered low-interest loans, subsidies, and access to training programs in various fields such as handicrafts, agriculture, technology, and small-scale industries.
• The Swavalambini programme is a step towards achieving gender equality in the workforce and promoting socio-economic development through women-led enterprises.

Additional Information

• Mahila Samridhi Yojana:
• Launched in 1993, this scheme aimed to empower rural women through microcredit financing.
• It provided financial assistance to women for starting income-generating activities such as dairy farming, tailoring, and handicrafts.
• This initiative was specifically targeted at women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families.
• Udyogini:
• A scheme introduced to support rural women entrepreneurs by providing them with micro-loans and subsidies.
• It focuses on small-scale business ventures such as tailoring, cattle rearing, and grocery shops.
• The scheme is implemented by various state governments and NGOs.
• Stree Shakti:
• Launched to empower women in villages by forming Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
• It provides financial assistance and skill training to women for income-generating activities.
• The scheme also promotes financial literacy among rural women.
• Swavalambini:
• This programme emphasizes inclusive growth by targeting women entrepreneurs from marginalized communities.
• It combines financial assistance with mentorship, creating a comprehensive ecosystem for women entrepreneurs to thrive.
• Special focus is given to skill development in areas such as technology, agriculture, and renewable energy.

Important Points

• Women Entrepreneurship in India:
• India has seen a significant rise in women entrepreneurs, with government schemes playing a pivotal role in this development.
• As of 2023, women account for approximately 20% of the total entrepreneurs in India.
• Key challenges faced by women entrepreneurs include lack of financial resources, social stigma, and limited access to markets.
• Initiatives like Swavalambini aim to address these barriers by creating a supportive ecosystem for women-led enterprises.

The correct answer is 1 crore.

Key Points

• The National Mission on Natural Farming was launched in November 2024 by the Government of India. It focuses on promoting chemical-free farming practices.
• The mission aims to encourage natural farming techniques among 1 crore farmers across India, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
• Natural farming emphasizes the use of locally sourced, eco-friendly inputs like cow dung, cow urine, and bio-compost to enhance soil fertility and sustainability.
• This initiative is part of India's broader commitment to achieving sustainable agricultural practices and reducing the harmful environmental impacts of chemical farming.
• The program also focuses on enhancing farmer income by reducing input costs and promoting the production of healthier, organic produce.

Additional Information

• What is Natural Farming?
• Natural farming is a chemical-free agricultural practice that relies on traditional knowledge and natural inputs like farmyard manure, bio-inoculants, and crop residues.
• It improves soil health, conserves biodiversity, and reduces the carbon footprint of agriculture.
• Key techniques include mulching, crop rotation, and the use of bio-pesticides.
• Importance of Chemical-Free Farming:
• Reduces soil and water pollution caused by synthetic chemicals.
• Enhances the nutritional quality of crops and promotes human health.
• Contributes to combating climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizers and pesticides.
• Government's Role:
• The Government of India has been actively promoting organic and natural farming through programs like the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
• Financial assistance and training programs are being provided to farmers to adopt natural farming techniques.
• Global Examples:
• Countries like Japan and South Korea have successfully implemented natural farming practices, leading to increased environmental sustainability.
• Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is an innovative approach in India, developed by agriculturist Subhash Palekar, which has gained significant attention globally.

Important Points

• Economic Benefits: Natural farming reduces costs for farmers by eliminating the need for expensive synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
• Environmental Impact: It helps in restoring soil fertility, conserving water, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Challenges: Transitioning from chemical-based to natural farming requires significant efforts in farmer education, infrastructure development, and market support for organic produce.
• Consumer Demand: With increasing awareness about health and sustainability, the demand for organic and naturally farmed products is rising globally.

The correct answer is 71^st.

Key Points

• India's rank in the Energy Transition Index (ETI) 2025 is 71^st, reflecting its progress and challenges in transitioning to a sustainable energy system.
• The Energy Transition Index (ETI) is published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in collaboration with Accenture.
• The index evaluates countries based on their energy system performance and their readiness for transition to clean and sustainable energy sources.
• The ETI ranking is determined by analyzing factors such as energy security, affordability, environmental sustainability, and economic development.
• India's rank of 71^st highlights its significant efforts in renewable energy deployment but also points to areas requiring improvement, such as reducing dependence on coal and enhancing energy efficiency.

Additional Information

• Energy Transition Index (ETI):
• The ETI ranks countries on the basis of their energy transition readiness and system performance.
• It focuses on a country's ability to build a sustainable, secure, and inclusive energy system.
• The index takes into account factors such as policy frameworks, investment in renewables, technological innovation, and public-private collaboration.
• India's Renewable Energy Initiatives:
• India has set a target of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, which includes solar, wind, biomass, and hydroelectric power.
• It is among the top 5 countries in terms of renewable energy capacity installation globally.
• Initiatives like the National Solar Mission and the International Solar Alliance (ISA) underscore India's commitment to clean energy.
• Challenges in Energy Transition:
• High dependency on coal for power generation, which accounts for over 50% of India's energy mix.
• Limited grid infrastructure and storage capacity for renewable energy.
• Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability remains a complex challenge.
• Global Leaders in ETI:
• Countries like Sweden, Norway, and Denmark consistently rank at the top of the ETI due to their advanced clean energy systems, policy frameworks, and high levels of investment in sustainable technologies.
• These nations have successfully reduced their reliance on fossil fuels and prioritized environmental sustainability.

Important Points

• World Economic Forum (WEF):
• The WEF is a global organization that engages business, political, academic, and other leaders to shape global, regional, and industry agendas.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and is well-known for hosting the annual Davos Summit.
• India's Energy Mix:
• Coal is the dominant source of energy, contributing to around 55% of the power generation.
• Renewables, including solar and wind, contribute approximately 25% to the energy mix.
• The government aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2070.
• Energy Transition Goals:
• Developing countries like India face unique challenges in transitioning to cleaner energy systems while ensuring equitable access and economic growth.
• Strengthening public-private partnerships and fostering innovation are key to achieving sustainable energy targets.

The correct answer is Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.

Key Points

• India Meteorological Department (IMD) officially adopted the Bharat Forecast System (BFS) on 26 May 2025. This system signifies a major upgrade in India's weather forecasting capabilities.
• The Bharat Forecast System has been developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.
• The system leverages advanced Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to provide accurate and reliable weather forecasts for various sectors like agriculture, disaster management, and aviation.
• The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) is located in Pune, Maharashtra, and is renowned for its research in atmospheric sciences and climate modeling.
• The BFS represents a significant technological leap for India, as it integrates global meteorological data, satellite inputs, and machine learning techniques to enhance forecasting accuracy.

Additional Information

• Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM):
• The IITM was established in 1962 and operates under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.
• The institute focuses on advanced research in weather prediction, monsoon variability, climate change, and air quality modeling.
• It plays a key role in developing India’s weather forecasting technologies and is a global leader in tropical meteorology studies.
• In addition to BFS, IITM also contributes to projects like the Monsoon Mission and the development of Earth System Models (ESMs).
• India Meteorological Department (IMD):
• The IMD, established in 1875, is the principal government agency responsible for weather forecasting, meteorological observations, and seismology in India.
• It provides critical weather updates, monsoon predictions, and disaster warnings for the public and various industries.
• IMD works closely with IITM and other research institutions to adopt cutting-edge technologies like BFS for enhanced meteorological services.
• Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP):
• NWP is a scientific method of weather forecasting that uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to simulate weather conditions.
• The Bharat Forecast System utilizes high-resolution NWP models to achieve improved accuracy in short-term and long-term forecasts.
• Applications of Bharat Forecast System:
• Agriculture: Helps farmers plan sowing, irrigation, and harvesting by providing precise weather predictions.
• Disaster Management: Assists in early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and other natural disasters, reducing loss of life and property.
• Aviation: Provides accurate weather data for safe and efficient flight operations.
• Urban Planning: Contributes to better infrastructure planning by predicting extreme weather events and climate trends.

Important Points

• The Bharat Forecast System aligns with India’s vision to enhance its climate resilience and disaster preparedness by improving its meteorological capabilities.
• The collaboration between IMD and IITM highlights the importance of integrating research and operations for national benefits.
• India has been progressively adopting advanced technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve weather predictions.
• Such advancements are critical for supporting India’s economic growth, disaster management systems, and food security.

The correct answer is Kerala.

Key Points

• Kerala topped the Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of protected areas for the period 2020-2025. This evaluation is an important tool to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of protected areas in achieving conservation goals.
• The Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) is carried out by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, in collaboration with various conservation organizations.
• Kerala's achievement is attributed to its strong implementation of conservation measures, effective management of protected areas, and community participation in biodiversity preservation.
• The MEE process evaluates key parameters such as planning, management, resources, community participation, and outcomes in protected areas like National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Tiger Reserves.
• Kerala's focus on sustainable tourism, habitat restoration, and wildlife protection policies has significantly contributed to this recognition in the national evaluation.

Additional Information

• Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE):
• The MEE framework was developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and adapted by India to suit its specific context for protected areas.
• The evaluation includes a five-point scale—very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor—based on 30 indicators categorized into six elements: context, planning, inputs, process, outputs, and outcomes.
• The MEE process is globally recognized as a critical tool for assessing the efficiency of protected areas and improving their management.
• Kerala's Protected Areas:
• Kerala is home to several prominent protected areas, including Periyar Tiger Reserve, Silent Valley National Park, and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.
• The state has a rich biodiversity, housing endemic species and serving as part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Efforts such as eco-tourism initiatives, anti-poaching measures, and habitat restoration have strengthened Kerala’s conservation framework.
• Significance of Protected Areas:
• Protected areas like National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves play a vital role in conserving biodiversity, protecting endangered species, and mitigating climate change.
• India has a network of over 900 protected areas, which include 106 National Parks and 564 Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• These areas contribute to ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water purification, and soil conservation.
• Other States in the Evaluation:
• States like Sikkim, Tripura, and Manipur have also performed well, showcasing their efforts in improving biodiversity management.
• However, Kerala's consistent focus on integrating conservation with sustainable development gave it an edge in the MEE rankings.

Important Points

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC):
• The MoEFCC is the nodal ministry for formulating policies and implementing programs related to the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity in India.
• The ministry also oversees international conventions like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• Western Ghats:
• The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills, are one of the eight hottest hotspots of biological diversity in the world.
• It extends across six Indian states, including Kerala, and is known for its high endemism and unique ecosystems.
• The region plays a crucial role in regulating monsoon patterns and supporting agriculture in peninsular India.
• Biodiversity Conservation Challenges:
• Illegal activities like poaching, deforestation, and encroachment threaten India’s protected areas.
• Climate change impacts, such as habitat shifts and species migration, add to the complexity of managing biodiversity effectively.
• Strengthening community participation and ensuring adequate funding are essential for long-term conservation success.

The correct answer is Satyajit Ray.

Key Points

• Satyajit Ray was a renowned Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, author, music composer, and graphic designer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time.
• The autobiography "Childhood Days: A Memoir" was written by Satyajit Ray, offering insights into his early life, education, and creative journey.
• The book reflects Ray's experiences growing up in Kolkata, his family's cultural background, and the influences that shaped his artistic vision.
• Satyajit Ray was born on 2^nd May 1921 and belonged to an illustrious family of writers and artists. His grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray, and father, Sukumar Ray, were both prominent literary figures.
• "Childhood Days: A Memoir" provides readers with a glimpse into Ray's formative years, emphasizing his keen observation and intellectual curiosity.

Additional Information

• Satyajit Ray's Contributions to Cinema:
• Ray directed iconic films such as Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956), and The World of Apu (1959), collectively known as the Apu Trilogy.
• His films often explored themes of social realism, human relationships, and cultural conflicts.
• Ray received several prestigious awards, including an Honorary Academy Award in 1992 for his lifetime achievements in cinema.
• Other Works by Satyajit Ray:
• Ray was an accomplished writer and created the popular detective character Feluda, featured in a series of novels and short stories.
• He also wrote science fiction stories, including those featuring the character Professor Shonku.
• Ray's literary works are widely celebrated for their imaginative storytelling and depth of character.
• Recognition and Legacy:
• Satyajit Ray was honored with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1992.
• His contributions to Indian and global cinema have earned him a permanent place in cinematic history.
• Ray's meticulous attention to detail and innovative techniques continue to inspire filmmakers worldwide.
• Other Prominent Figures in Indian Literature and Culture:
• Amartya Sen: An economist and philosopher known for his work on welfare economics and the theory of social justice.
• Rabindranath Tagore: A Nobel laureate poet, writer, and philosopher who composed India’s national anthem.
• Soumitra Chatterjee: A celebrated Bengali actor who collaborated extensively with Satyajit Ray.

The correct answer is rectangular.

Key Points

• The layout of Harappan cities followed a well-planned rectangular grid pattern, indicative of their advanced urban planning and engineering skills.
• The streets of these cities were designed to intersect at right angles, creating a grid-like structure that was highly organized and systematic.
• The cities were divided into blocks or sectors, which were further classified into residential, commercial, and administrative zones—an early example of urban zoning.
• Drainage systems were meticulously planned, with covered drains running beneath the streets, further supporting the organized layout of the grid pattern.
• This system of city planning is evident in major Harappan cities such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, and Lothal.

Additional Information

• Key Features of Harappan Urban Planning:
• Grid Pattern: Streets were laid out in a rectangular grid, with main roads being wider and smaller lanes connecting houses and other structures.
• Drainage System: A sophisticated drainage system was implemented, with separate channels for wastewater to prevent flooding and maintain hygiene.
• Citadel and Lower Town: The cities were divided into two parts: the Citadel (for administrative and religious activities) and the Lower Town (residential and commercial areas).
• Standardized Building Materials: Bricks of uniform size were used for construction, showcasing the standardized practices of the civilization.
• Water Management: Public baths, reservoirs, and wells were strategically built for water storage and supply.
• Characteristics of Other Layouts (Incorrect Options):
• Circular: Typically found in medieval cities and forts, circular layouts were designed for defense purposes and are not associated with Harappan cities.
• Hexagonal: This pattern is rare and is usually used in modern urban planning for efficient space utilization, not in ancient civilizations.
• Triangular: Triangular layouts are uncommon in urban planning and are not a feature of Harappan civilization.
• Important Harappan Sites:
• Mohenjo-Daro: Known for the Great Bath and advanced drainage systems.
• Harappa: The first discovered city, which gave the civilization its name.
• Lothal: Famous for its dockyard and bead-making industry.
• Kalibangan: Notable for fire altars and evidence of plowed agricultural fields.

Important Points

• Time Period: The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished around 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE.
• Geographical Spread: The civilization covered parts of modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, with major sites located along the Indus River and its tributaries.
• Achievements: The Harappans were pioneers in urban planning, sanitation, trade, and standardized weights and measures.
• Decline: The reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization are debated, with theories suggesting environmental changes, tectonic activity, or the drying up of rivers.

The correct answer is Punjab.

Key Points

• Luddi is a traditional folk dance that originates from the Indian state of Punjab.
• This dance form is typically performed to celebrate victory or any joyous occasion, making it an essential part of Punjabi culture and traditions.
• Luddi is predominantly performed by men, and it involves energetic movements, rhythmic clapping, and coordinated steps, often accompanied by traditional Punjabi music.
• The performers of Luddi wear colorful traditional Punjabi attire, which includes a kurta, turban, and dhoti, adding vibrancy to the dance.
• The dance is accompanied by musical instruments like the dhol (a type of drum) and tumbi (a traditional string instrument), which provide a lively rhythm and energetic beats.
• Luddi holds a significant place in Punjabi culture and is often performed during festivals, weddings, and social gatherings, showcasing the rich heritage of the region.

Additional Information

• Other Folk Dances of Punjab:
• Bhangra: A high-energy dance performed during harvest festivals like Baisakhi. It is popular worldwide for its lively moves and beats.
• Giddha: A traditional Punjabi folk dance performed by women. It involves clapping, singing, and vibrant movements.
• Jhumar: A slower and more graceful dance form compared to Bhangra, often performed in rural areas of Punjab.
• Sammi: Another dance form performed by women, characterized by intricate hand movements and colorful costumes.
• Musical Instruments Used in Punjabi Folk Dances:
• Dhol: A double-headed drum that produces rhythmic beats, essential for Bhangra and Luddi.
• Tumbi: A one-stringed instrument that adds a unique melody to Punjabi folk music.
• Algoza: A woodwind instrument resembling a pair of flutes, often played in traditional Punjabi music.
• Chimta: A metallic percussion instrument used to add jingling sounds to the music.
• Importance of Folk Dances in Punjabi Culture:
• These dances represent the rich cultural heritage of Punjab and are integral to the social fabric of the region.
• They are performed to celebrate important events like festivals, weddings, and harvest seasons.
• Punjabi folk dances promote a sense of community, joy, and unity among the participants and the audience.
• They are also a way to preserve and pass down traditional values, stories, and customs to future generations.
• Comparison of Other Options:
• Meghalaya: Known for dances like Shad Suk Mynsiem and Nongkrem, which are linked to tribal rituals and festivals.
• Assam: Famous for Bihu Dance, performed during the Bihu festival to celebrate the Assamese New Year and harvest.
• Andaman and Nicobar: The indigenous tribes of these islands perform dances like Nicobarese and Ossuary dance.