SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-1 (Held On: 20 Nov, 2025 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Despite of .

Key Points

• The error lies in the phrase "Despite of."
• The word "Despite" is already a preposition and does not require the word "of" after it.
• Correct usage: "Despite being intelligent..."

Correct sentence: Despite being intelligent, he failed to qualify the exam.

Additional Information

• Common Error: Many learners mistakenly use "Despite of," thinking it is the correct phrase. However, "Despite" should always stand alone as a preposition.
• Correct Alternatives: You can use "Although" or "In spite of" instead:
• Example: Although he was intelligent, he failed to qualify the exam.
• Example: In spite of being intelligent, he failed to qualify the exam.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. in .

Key Points

• The given sentence is about the judge's ruling in favor of the plaintiff, so the correct preposition to use is "in."
• The phrase "in favor of" is a fixed expression commonly used to indicate support or a decision made for someone or something.
• Other prepositions such as "at," "for," and "into" do not fit the context of this sentence and would render it grammatically incorrect.

Correct sentence: The judge ruled in favor of the plaintiff after reviewing all the evidence.

Additional Information

• Common usage of "in favor of":
• Example: The committee voted in favor of the new policy.
• Meaning: Indicates agreement or support for something.
• Incorrect usage of other prepositions:
• "at favor of" or "into favor of" are not valid expressions.
• "for favor of" might seem logical but is not grammatically correct in standard English.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. tone down .

Key Points

• The phrasal verb "tone down" means to make something less intense, severe, or loud. It is the most appropriate choice here as the spokesperson aimed to reduce the intensity of the media frenzy.
• The other options do not fit the context of the sentence:
• Carry out: Means to execute or perform a task, which does not fit here.
• Take off: Means to remove or to depart, which is irrelevant in this context.
• Crack down: Means to enforce rules or take strict action, which does not align with the idea of calming the situation.

Correct sentence: The spokesperson tried to tone down the media frenzy by issuing a calm, factual statement.

Additional Information

• Other phrasal verbs with "tone":
• Tone up: To improve the firmness or strength of something, often used for physical fitness.
• Tone in: To adjust or align something to match a specific condition or context (less common).

The correct answer is '3' i.e. Different .

Key Points

• The word 'Disparate' means fundamentally distinct or different in kind or quality.
• Among the options provided, 'Different' is the most appropriate synonym.
• Other options like 'Similar', 'Identical', and 'Uniform' are antonyms of the word.

Correct sentence: The word 'Disparate' refers to things that are markedly different from each other.

Additional Information

• Synonyms for 'Disparate': Distinct, Dissimilar, Contrasting.
• Usage Example: The two cultures were disparate in their traditions and practices.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Reserved .

Key Points

• The word Reticent refers to someone who is not willing to share their thoughts or feelings easily and prefers to be reserved or silent.
• The synonym of reticent is reserved, which means being quiet, restrained, or not openly expressive.
• Other options like Talkative, Loud, and Open are antonyms of the word Reticent, as they describe someone expressive and outgoing.

Correct sentence: The synonym of the word "Reticent" is Reserved.

Additional Information

• Synonyms: Synonyms are words that have similar meanings to another word. For example, Silent and Reserved are synonyms for Reticent.
• Antonyms: Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. In this case, Talkative, Loud, and Open are antonyms of Reticent.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. beat around the bush .

Key Points

• The idiomatic expression "beat around the bush" is used when someone avoids coming to the point or avoids directly addressing an issue.
• In the sentence, "During the debate, he was clearly uncomfortable and kept trying to ______," the blank implies that the person was trying to avoid directly addressing the topic, hence "beat around the bush" fits perfectly.
• Other options do not fit the context:
• "Bite the bullet": Means to face a difficult or unpleasant situation bravely, which is not applicable here.
• "Face the music": Means to accept the consequences of one's actions, which does not fit the context.
• "Let the cat out of the bag": Means to reveal a secret, which is irrelevant here.

Correct sentence: During the debate, he was clearly uncomfortable and kept trying to beat around the bush.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. Evasive .

Key Points

• The word Candid means open, honest, or straightforward in speech or expression.
• An antonym is a word that conveys the opposite meaning.
• Evasive, which means avoiding or being indirect, is the most appropriate antonym for Candid.

Correct sentence: The most appropriate antonym of "Candid" is Evasive.

Additional Information

• Other options explained:
• Sincere: Means genuine or truthful, which is similar in meaning to Candid and not an antonym.
• Honest: Also means truthful or straightforward, similar to Candid.
• Frank: Another synonym of Candid, meaning open or direct.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. 'the highest marks'.

Key Points

• The highlighted phrase "the first highest marks" is grammatically incorrect and redundant.
• The word "highest" itself conveys the superlative degree, making the use of "first" unnecessary.
• The correct and concise phrase is "the highest marks."

Correct sentence: Which student scored the highest marks in the class?.

Additional Information

• In English grammar, superlative adjectives like "highest" indicate the greatest degree without needing further qualifiers like "first."
• Using redundant modifiers can make sentences awkward and unclear.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Expatriate .

Key Points

• The term Expatriate refers to a person who resides in a foreign country.
• Immigrant implies someone who moves to another country to settle permanently.
• Refugee refers to someone fleeing their country due to war, persecution, or disaster.
• Tourist refers to someone visiting a foreign country for a short-term leisure trip.

Correct word: Expatriate, which means someone living in a foreign country, but not necessarily for settlement or fleeing purposes.

Additional Information

• Expatriate is often used for professionals or individuals temporarily residing in a foreign country for work or personal reasons.
• Immigrant has a stronger connotation of permanence in moving to another country.
• Refugee carries implications of forced migration due to adverse situations.
• Tourist is strictly temporary and leisure-focused.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. King Midas asked his daughter to take her breakfast and bring a few roses from the garden .

Key Points

• In indirect speech, the tense and pronouns are changed appropriately.
• The pronoun "her" is used in indirect speech as King Midas was addressing his daughter.
• The verb "bring" remains unchanged as it is part of the instruction.
• The correct option reflects both the instruction of taking breakfast and bringing roses accurately.

Correct sentence: King Midas asked his daughter to take her breakfast and bring a few roses from the garden.

Additional Information

• Direct Speech: The original statement is quoted exactly as spoken by the speaker.
• Indirect Speech: The statement is paraphrased while maintaining the original meaning, with changes in tense, pronouns, and word order where necessary.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Slowness .

Key Points

• The word celerity means swiftness or speed.
• The antonym of celerity would be a word indicating the opposite of speed, which is slowness.
• Options like speed, rapid, and quick are synonyms of celerity and not antonyms.

Correct sentence: The antonym of the word "celerity" is slowness.

Additional Information

• Synonyms of celerity include swiftness, speed, and rapidity.
• Antonyms of celerity include slowness, sluggishness, and delay.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. She had an awfull headache that wouldn't go away.

Key Points

• The word “awfull” is misspelled. The correct spelling is “awful.”
• Option 2 contains the misspelled word, making it the correct answer.
• The other sentences do not contain any spelling errors.

Correct sentence: She had an awful headache that wouldn't go away.

Additional Information

• Spelling errors often occur with words that have similar endings or phonetics. Always double-check such words in professional writing.
• Using correct spelling is essential for clear communication and maintaining credibility.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. citation .

Key Points

• The sentence requires a correctly spelled word to complete the meaning.
• The word "citation" refers to a formal acknowledgment or award for someone's work or achievement, which fits the context of the sentence.
• All other options (sitation, citasion, citattion) are misspelled and incorrect.

Correct sentence: "The student received a citation for her excellent research paper.".

Additional Information

• Meaning of citation:
• A citation is a reference or acknowledgment of someone's work, often used in academic or formal contexts.
• It can also refer to an award or recognition for exceptional work.
• Spelling Tips:
• Ensure the word matches the intended meaning.
• Cross-check with a dictionary for accuracy.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Has a private consortium funded the groundbreaking research for the past two years? .

Key Points

• The original sentence is in the passive voice: Has the groundbreaking research been funded by a private consortium for the past two years?.
• To convert this into the active voice, we identify the subject (private consortium), the verb (has funded), and the object (groundbreaking research).
• The correct active voice sentence is: Has a private consortium funded the groundbreaking research for the past two years?.

Correct sentence: Has a private consortium funded the groundbreaking research for the past two years?.

Additional Information

• Active voice: The subject performs the action of the verb (e.g., "A private consortium has funded the research").
• Passive voice: The subject receives the action of the verb (e.g., "The research has been funded by a private consortium").
• When converting sentences, ensure that the meaning remains intact and that the verb agrees with the subject.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. A lie will not be told by him.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the active voice: "He will not tell a lie."
• To convert the sentence into passive voice, the object "a lie" becomes the subject.
• The structure for transforming into passive voice is: Object + will not + be + past participle of the verb + by + subject.
• Applying this structure, the correct passive voice is: "A lie will not be told by him."

Correct sentence: A lie will not be told by him.

Additional Information

• Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., He tells a lie).
• Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (e.g., A lie is told by him).
• Key Transformation Rule: For passive voice in future tense, use "will + be + past participle."

The correct answer is '2' i.e. The student said, "The teacher has explained the lesson clearly." .

Key Points

• The given sentence is in indirect speech, and the task is to convert it into direct speech.
• In indirect speech, the past perfect tense (had explained) turns into present perfect tense (has explained) when converted to direct speech.
• The correct option is Option 2: The student said, "The teacher has explained the lesson clearly."

Correct sentence: The student said, "The teacher has explained the lesson clearly.".

Additional Information

• Rules for converting indirect to direct speech:
• In the past perfect tense, the verb remains unchanged in direct speech.
• Quotation marks (" ") are used to enclose the statement.
• Ensure the reporting verb (said) is followed by a comma before the quoted speech.
• Other options explained:
• Option 1: Incorrect because it uses the simple past tense (explained), which changes the tense.
• Option 3: Incorrect because it uses the past perfect tense (had explained), which is inconsistent with the original tense.
• Option 4: Incorrect because it uses the simple present tense (explains), which is inconsistent with the original tense.

The correct answer is '1', i.e. Significant changes are expected to have been brought about in the department by the new CEO by the end of the year.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the active voice: The CEO is expected to have brought about significant changes in the department by the end of the year.
• In the passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject.
• Here, "Significant changes" are the object of the active voice sentence, so they become the subject in the passive voice.
• The correct structure for passive voice transformation in this case is: Object + is/are + expected + to have been + past participle.

Correct sentence: Significant changes are expected to have been brought about in the department by the new CEO by the end of the year.

Additional Information

• Active to Passive Voice Transformation Rules:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The verb form changes to include the verb "to be" + past participle.
• The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent in the passive sentence (introduced by "by").
• In this case, "The CEO" is the agent, and "Significant changes" is the object turned subject in the passive voice.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The verb "remains" is in the Present Simple tense.
• In English, the Present Simple is used to state facts, general truths, or permanent situations. The fact that the deep ocean is unexplored is a current, ongoing reality.
• Grammatically, "remains" is the third-person singular form of the root verb "remain." It follows the structure: Subject + Verb (s/es).
• The word count for the provided passage is approximately 155 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Correct Sentence Analysis: "The deep ocean (Subject) remains (Present Simple Verb) one of the least explored parts..."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: Past Perfect – This would require "had remained." It describes an action completed before another point in the past.
• Option 3: Present Continuous – This would require "is remaining." It describes an action happening exactly at the moment of speaking.
• Option 4: Future Simple – This would require "will remain." It describes an action that has not yet happened.

The correct answer is Option 1.

 

Key Points

• In Active Voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb.
• In this sentence, the subject is "Some deep-sea creatures" (specifically, certain jellyfish). The action they are performing is "glow."
• Because the subjects themselves are performing the action of glowing, rather than having the action performed upon them, the sentence is in the active voice.
• The word count for the provided passage is 155 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

 

Voice Analysis: "Some deep-sea creatures (Subject) + glow (Action/Verb) + in the dark..."

 

Additional Information

• Option 2 & 3: Passive Voice – These are incorrect because the sentence does not use a "to be" verb + past participle (e.g., "Light is produced by..."). In passive voice, the subject receives the action.
• Option 4: Active voice - no verb – This is a contradiction. Every sentence must have a verb, and in this case, "glow" is the active verb.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The term "bioluminescent" is derived from the Greek word bios (life) and the Latin word lumen (light).
• In the context of the passage, it refers to the ability of deep-sea creatures, like the anglerfish and certain jellyfish, to produce and emit light through chemical reactions within their bodies.
• This light is produced "naturally" by the organism to survive in the "pitch-black depths" where sunlight cannot reach.
• The word count for the passage provided is 155 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Contextual Sentence from Text: "One such example is the anglerfish, which uses a bioluminescent lure to attract its prey in the pitch-black depths."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect. There is no mention of artificial materials like plastic regarding the anatomy of these fish.
• Option 3: Incorrect. While some deep-sea animals may move slowly to conserve energy, "bioluminescent" specifically refers to light, not speed.
• Option 4: Incorrect. The passage states that human activities cause pollution, whereas bioluminescence is a natural biological process.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
• It includes all the living things (plants, animals, and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).
• In the passage, the deep ocean is described as an environment where unique species (living) interact with extreme pressure and darkness (non-living).
• The word count for the passage provided is 155 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Correct Sentence from Text: "These species play a crucial role in maintaining the ocean's delicate ecosystem."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: "A group of buildings" – This refers to an urban area or a complex, not a natural biological system.
• Option 2: "A new invention" – An ecosystem is a natural occurrence, whereas an invention is a man-made creation.
• Option 4: "A type of fishing net" – While related to the ocean, this is a specific tool used by humans, not a system of environmental interactions.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The passage introduces the deep ocean as a mysterious realm full of "fascinating" and "unique" species like the anglerfish and giant squid.
• It highlights the threats posed by human activities, specifically mentioning "deep-sea mining and pollution" that "threaten their existence."
• The conclusion emphasizes the importance of protection, stating that scientists stress safeguarding these "hidden worlds" for their potential secrets and medical benefits.
• The word count for the passage provided is 155 words.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Correct Summary from Text: "Scientists stress the importance of protecting these hidden worlds, as they could hold secrets... however, human activities like mining and pollution threaten their existence."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect. The text suggests these species are helpful (ecosystem maintenance, medicine) rather than harmful.
• Option 3: Incorrect. The opening sentence states the deep ocean is "one of the least explored parts," implying it is difficult to explore.
• Option 4: Incorrect. The passage states that deep-sea mining threatens their existence, rather than helping them.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. berth, berth .

Key Points

• The sentence requires two homonyms that make sense in the context.
• In the first blank, the word "berth" refers to a bed or bunk, typically on a train or ship.
• In the second blank, the word "berth" also means giving space or distance, as in "giving a wide berth."
• The pair "berth, berth" fits perfectly in the sentence.

Correct sentence: She quickly climbed onto her upper berth to give a wide berth to the unruly family creating a scene below.

Additional Information

• Homonyms: Words that sound the same (or are spelled the same) but have different meanings.
• Examples:
• "Berth" (a sleeping space) and "berth" (space or distance).
• "Bank" (a financial institution) and "bank" (the side of a river).

The correct answer is '3' i.e. rack, wrack .

Key Points

• The word rack is used in the phrase "rack your brains," which means to strain or exert your mind to recall or think deeply.
• The word wrack refers to wreckage or destruction, which aligns with the description of the "shore strewn with wrack and driftwood."
• Homonyms like "rack" and "wrack" are often confusing because they sound similar but have distinct meanings.

Correct sentence: He had to rack his brains trying to remember how he came to be on the shore strewn with wrack and driftwood.

Additional Information

• Rack: Refers to a framework or act of strain, such as "rack your brains."
• Wrack: Refers to wreckage or destruction, often associated with things like seaweed or debris on the shore.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Antipathy.

Key Points

• The word "Antipathy" refers to a deep-seated feeling of dislike or aversion, which can be synonymous with a strong and deep hatred of something.
• Envy: Refers to a desire for what someone else has, not a form of hatred.
• Empathy: Refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of another, not related to hatred.
• Sympathy: Refers to feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune, not related to hatred.
• Thus, the correct option is Antipathy.

Correct sentence: "Which of the following words refers to a strong and deep hatred of something?" The answer is Antipathy.

Additional Information

• Antipathy: Often used to describe an intense dislike or aversion to something specific. For example: "He felt a strong antipathy towards dishonesty."
• Words like "Envy," "Empathy," and "Sympathy" have entirely different meanings and do not convey hatred or dislike.

Family Chart:

Given: Anita's daughter's son's sister's mother's husband is Vikram.

 

So, Vikram  is the Son-in-law of Anita.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Family Chart:

Given:  In a family,

A is the son of P.

Q is the brother of A.

D is the mother of Q.

R is the father of D.

 

So, P is the Son-in-law of R.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given:

Company's profit in the first quarter = ₹1,20,000

According to Question:

In the second quarter, the profit decreased by 15%.

Decrease = 15% of 1,20,000

15% of 1,20,000 = (15 / 100) × 1,20,000

= 18,000

So; Profit in the second quarter = 1,20,000 − 18,000

= ₹1,02,000

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

Given ratio of boys : girls = 3 : 2

Number of boys = 18

3 parts = 18

1 part = 18 ÷ 3 = 6

Girls = 2 parts = 2 × 6 = 12

Total students = 18 + 12 = 30

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

A’s one day work = 1/10

B’s one day work = 1/15

Working together, one day work = 1/10 + 1/15

Taking LCM 30:

= 3/30 + 2/30

= 5/30

= 1/6

So, they will complete the work in 6 days.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The difference is +4 each time.

So, 'R' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given Problem:

A city has traffic jams due to poorly timed signals.

Analysis of options:

Option 1) Charge tolls for entering congested areas

→ This may reduce traffic over time but is not an immediate solution.

Option 2) Ban vehicles during daytime

→ Impractical and disruptive for citizens; not a feasible immediate step.

Option 3) Build new roads immediately

→ Time-consuming and costly; cannot be implemented immediately.

Option 4) Synchronize signals based on peak patterns

→ Practical, can be implemented quickly, and directly addresses the problem of poorly timed signals.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

BODMAS Table: 

Given equation: 5 + 3 × 2 − 11 = 12

Now, check each option one by one:

Option 1) Interchange 3 and 2

Equation becomes: 5 + 2 × 3 − 11 = 12

⇒ 5 + 6 − 11 = 0 ≠ 12 

Option 2) Interchange 5 and 11

Equation becomes: 11 + 3 × 2 − 5 = 12

⇒ 11 + 6 − 5 = 12 

Option 3) Interchange + and −

Equation becomes: 5 − 3 × 2 + 11 = 12

⇒ 5 − 6 + 11 = 10 ≠ 12 

Option 4) Interchange × and +

Equation becomes: 5 × 3 + 2 − 11 = 12

⇒ 15 + 2 − 11 = 6 ≠ 12 

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number)² = 2nd number and (1st number)³ = 3rd number.

Given,

5 : 25 : 125

⇒ (5)² = 25

⇒ (5)³ = 125

And,

6 : 36 : 216

⇒ (6)² = 36

⇒ (6)³ = 216

Now, checking the options:

Option 1) 3 : 9 : 30

⇒ (3)² = 9

⇒ (3)³ = 27 ≠ 30

Option 2) 4 : 16 : 48

⇒ (4)² = 16

⇒ (4)³ = 64 ≠ 48

Option 3) 9 : 81 : 648

⇒ (9)² = 81

⇒ (9)³ = 729 ≠ 648

Option 4) 11 : 121 : 1331

⇒ (11)² = 121

⇒ (11)³ = 1331

Hence, the correct option is "Option 4".

The given sequence is:

41, 43, 47, 53, 59, ?, 67

Observe the pattern:

These numbers are consecutive prime numbers.

41 → Prime

43 → Prime

47 → Prime

53 → Prime

59 → Prime

61 → Prime

67 → Prime

So, the missing number is 61.

Hence, the correct answer is Option (2).

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is shifted forward alternately by +1 and +2 in the English alphabet.

Given,

J O D A : K Q E C

Now, applying the same logic:

G I U S

So, G I U S : H K V U

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The last three letters of the word are moved to the front.

Given, E N G L I S H

Last three letters → I S H

Remaining letters → E N G L

So, ENGLISH : H E N G L I S

Now, applying the same logic:

B E N G A L I

Last three letters → A L I

Remaining letters → B E N G

So, BENGALI : I B E N G A L

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given Statements:

• All Hilux are Truck.
• Some Truck are Flat.
• Only Flat are Fit. (Note: This implies "All Fit are Flat" and "Fit cannot be anything else").

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is:

Conclusions:

I. Some Hilux are not Fit - True (Because "Only Flat are Fit" means Fit can exclusively belong to Flat. Since Hilux is not Flat, no Hilux can be Fit. If "No Hilux is Fit," then "Some Hilux are not Fit" is logically certain).

II. All Flat can never be Truck - True (Because the statement "Only Flat are Fit" restricts "Fit" to "Flat" alone. If all Flat became Truck, then Fit would also become Truck, which violates the exclusivity of the "Only" condition).

So, Both conclusion I and II follow.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The reference statement given in the problem is,

Geneva, Switzerland: October 24th, 1945 (UN Day).

Let's match this statement with the given options one by one to figure out which one is exactly the same.

So, the statement that is exactly the same as the given reference statement is in option (1).

Hence, the correct option is "option (1)".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'OBV' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Given: 5 persons A, B, C, D and E are sitting around a circular table facing towards the centre (not necessarily in the same order).

B is sitting second to the right of D.

A is sitting second to the right of B.

C is not an immediate neighbour of A.

Here, A is sitting third to the right of C.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given: 

W started walking straight from her office to go her home.

During her journey she turned 7 times right and 6 times left.

She is finally walking towards north to reach her home.

So, She started walking West.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given: 

M starts cycling 64 meters straight from her office.

During her journey she took 16 right turns. 

Finally she is facing towards west direction. 

So, She started cycling West.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given: 

R walks 32 meters in east direction.

He turns left and walks 8 meters.

He turns right and walks 26 meters.

He finally turns right and walks 8 meters.

So, He is now 58, east from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (Number × 6) + 5 = Related number.

Given,

33 : 203

⇒ (33 × 6) + 5

⇒ 198 + 5 = 203

And,

45 : 275

⇒ (45 × 6) + 5

⇒ 270 + 5 = 275

Now, applying the same logic:

? : 4925

⇒ (? × 6) + 5 = 4925

⇒ ? × 6 = 4925 − 5

⇒ ? × 6 = 4920

⇒ ? = 4920 ÷ 6

⇒ ? = 820

Hence, the correct option is "Option 1".

BODMAS Table: 

Given symbols:

A → +

B → −

C → ÷

D → ×

Check each equation:

I. 45 A 13 B 38 C 19 D 6 = 46

Substitute symbols:

45 + 13 − 38 ÷ 19 × 6

⇒ 45 + 13 - 2 × 6

⇒ 58 - 12 = 46 (True)

II. 13 A 47 B 36 C 4 D 5 = 15

Substitute symbols:

13 + 47 − 36 ÷ 4 × 5

⇒ 60 - 9 × 5

⇒ 60 - 45 = 15 (True)

Hence, both equation is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is replaced by its position in the English alphabet.

Given, D E S K

So, DESK : 451911

And, T E S T

So, TEST : 2051920

Now, applying the same logic:

C O V E R

So, COVER : 31522518

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is shifted 4 letters backward in the English alphabet.

Given,

S H A R K S

So, SHARKS : O G N W D O

And, B A L L E R

So, BALLER : N A H H W X

Now, B E S T I R:

So, BESTIR : X A O P E N

Among the given options, the pattern that matches the backward shifting rule is:

NEPOAX

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is converted using reverse alphabetical pattern (A ↔ Z, B ↔ Y, …) with slight position adjustment

Given: 'ANNUAL' is coded as 'WVQHIF'

'EVOLVE' is coded as 'AQHIQY'

Similarily , AFFECT → ?

So, AFFECT → WXAZAN

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

Given word: HOSPITALITY

Letters available: H, O, S, P, I, T, A, L, I, T, Y

Option 1) HASTY

<br>

→ Can be formed 

Option 2) POSIT

<br>

→ Can be formed 

Option 3) HOST

<br>

→ Can be formed 

Option 4) HOTEL

<br>

E (E is not in HOSPITALITY)

→ Cannot be formed 

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Given:

Expression = (√7 + √5)(√7 − √5)

Formula Used:

(a + b)(a − b) = a² − b²

Calculation:

⇒ (√7 + √5)(√7 − √5) = (√7)² − (√5)²

⇒ = 7 − 5

⇒ = 2

∴ The correct answer is 2.

Given:

p = 1 + √3

q = 1 - √3

Formula Used:

(p² + q²) = p² + q²

(a ± b)² = a² ± 2ab + b²

Calculation:

⇒ p² = (1 + √3)²

⇒ p² = 1² + 2 × 1 × √3 + (√3)²

⇒ p² = 1 + 2√3 + 3

⇒ p² = 4 + 2√3

⇒ q² = (1 - √3)²

⇒ q² = 1² - 2 × 1 × √3 + (√3)²

⇒ q² = 1 - 2√3 + 3

⇒ q² = 4 - 2√3

⇒ p² + q² = (4 + 2√3) + (4 - 2√3)

⇒ p² + q² = 4 + 4 + 2√3 - 2√3

⇒ p² + q² = 8

∴ The correct answer is 8.

Shortcut Trick

Investment Ratio of A and B = 12000 : 18000 = 2 : 3.

Time Ratio of A and B = 12 months : 4 months = 3 : 1.

Profit Ratio = (Investment Part × Time Part) = (2 × 3) : (3 × 1) = 6 : 3 = 2 : 1.

∴ The correct answer is 2:1.

Alternate Method

Given:

Investment of A = ₹12000 | Investment of B = ₹18000

Duration for A = 1 year = 12 months | Duration for B = 4 months

Formula Used:

Profit Ratio = (Capital_A × Time_A) : (Capital_B × Time_B)

Calculations:

⇒ Profit of A : Profit of B = (12000 × 12) : (18000 × 4)

⇒ Profit Ratio = 144000 : 72000

⇒ Profit Ratio = 144 : 72

⇒ Profit Ratio = 2 : 1

∴ The correct answer is 2:1.

Additional Information

Partnership Basic Principle

Total Profit is always distributed among partners in the ratio of the product of their Capital and the Time for which the capital was invested.

Constant Time Rule

If all partners invest for the same time period, the Profit Ratio is exactly equal to their Investment Ratio (P₁:P₂ = C₁:C₂).

Working vs. Sleeping Partner

A working partner may receive an additional salary or percentage of profit for managing the business before the remaining profit is divided.

Given:

Ratio of ages of A and B = 4:5

After 6 years, ratio becomes = 5:6

Formula Used:

Present age of A = 4x

Present age of B = 5x

After 6 years, (A + 6)/(B + 6) = 5/6

Calculation:

⇒ (4x + 6)/(5x + 6) = 5/6

⇒ 6(4x + 6) = 5(5x + 6)

⇒ 24x + 36 = 25x + 30

⇒ 25x - 24x = 36 - 30

⇒ x = 6

⇒ Present age of A = 4x = 4 × 6 = 24

∴ The correct answer is 24.

Given:

Numbers: 3, 5, 7

Increase in average: 2

Formula Used:

Average = (Sum of numbers) ÷ (Total numbers)

New Average = Original Average + Increase

Calculation:

⇒ Sum of numbers = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15

⇒ Original Average = 15 ÷ 3 = 5

⇒ New Average = 5 + 2 = 7

∴ The correct answer is 7.

Shortcut Trick

Find the ratio of the Initial Price to the Final Price: 200 : 150.

Simplify the ratio → 4 : 3.

The reduction is 1 unit out of the initial 4 units.

Percentage Decrease = (1 ÷ 4) × 100 = 25%.

∴ The correct answer is 25%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Original Price = ₹200

New Price = ₹150

Formula Used: Percentage Decrease = [(Original Price − New Price) ÷ Original Price] × 100

Calculations:

⇒ Decrease Amount = 200 − 150 = 50

⇒ Percentage Decrease = (50 ÷ 200) × 100

⇒ Percentage Decrease = (1 ÷ 4) × 100

⇒ Percentage Decrease = 25%

∴ The correct answer is 25%.

Additional Information

Percentage Change Formula

The general formula for percentage change is [(Difference) ÷ (Original Value)] × 100. Always use the initial value as the base for the denominator.

Fractional Equivalents

Remembering common fractions like 1/2 = 50%, 1/4 = 25%, and 1/5 = 20% helps in solving simplification and percentage problems faster.

Percentage Increase vs. Decrease

While the numerator is always the absolute difference, the result is an increase if the final value is higher than the initial, and a decrease if it is lower.

Given:

A's income = 40% less than B's income

Formula Used:

% increase = [(Difference in incomes) ÷ (Income of A)] × 100

Calculation:

Let B's income = 100

⇒ A's income = 100 - (40% of 100)

⇒ A's income = 100 - 40

⇒ A's income = 60

Difference in incomes = B's income - A's income

⇒ Difference = 100 - 60

⇒ Difference = 40

% increase = (40 ÷ 60) × 100

⇒ % increase = (2/3) × 100

⇒ % increase = 66.67%

∴ The correct answer is 66.67%.

Shortcut Trick

Consider Cost Price (CP) as 100%.

Since the item is sold at a loss of 8%, the Selling Price (SP) percentage = 100% − 8% = 92%.

SP = 92% of ₹1500 = 0.92 × 1500.

SP = 92 × 15 = ₹1380.

∴ The correct answer is ₹1380.

Alternate Method

Given:

Cost Price (CP) of the watch = ₹1500

Loss Percentage = 8%

Formula Used:

Loss = (Loss% ÷ 100) × CP

Selling Price (SP) = CP − Loss

Calculations:

⇒ Loss = (8 ÷ 100) × 1500

⇒ Loss = 8 × 15 = ₹120

⇒ SP = 1500 − 120

⇒ SP = ₹1380

∴ The correct answer is ₹1380.

Additional Information

Profit and Selling Price

When an item is sold at a profit, the Selling Price is calculated as: SP = CP × (100 + Profit%) ÷ 100.

Cost Price Calculation

To find the Cost Price when SP and Loss% are known: CP = (SP × 100) ÷ (100 − Loss%).

Base for Profit/Loss

Unless specified otherwise in the question, the percentage of Profit or Loss is always calculated on the Cost Price (CP).

Given:

Selling price of each product = 500

Profit on one product = 20%

Loss on other product = 20%

Formula Used:

Net loss % = a² ÷ 100 (when profit % = loss %)

Calculation:

⇒ Net loss % = 20² ÷ 100

⇒ Net loss % = 400 ÷ 100

⇒ Net loss % = 4%

∴ The correct answer is 4%.

Given:

Marked Price = Rs. 1600

Selling Price = Rs. 1360

Formula Used:

Discount = Marked Price - Selling Price

Discount Percentage = (Discount ÷ Marked Price) × 100

Calculation:

⇒ Discount = 1600 - 1360

⇒ Discount = 240

⇒ Discount Percentage = (240 ÷ 1600) × 100

⇒ Discount Percentage = 0.15 × 100

⇒ Discount Percentage = 15%

∴ The correct answer is 15%.

Given:

Total mixture = 40 litres

Initial ratio (acid : water) = 7 : 3

Required ratio = 4 : 1

Formula Used:

Quantity = Total × (Part ÷ Sum of ratio)

New ratio = Acid ÷ Water

Calculation:

⇒ Initial acid = 40 × 7 ÷ 10

⇒ Initial acid = 28 litres

⇒ Initial water = 40 × 3 ÷ 10

⇒ Initial water = 12 litres

⇒ Let acid added = x

⇒ New acid = 28 + x

⇒ Water remains = 12

⇒ (28 + x) ÷ 12 = 4 ÷ 1

⇒ 28 + x = 48

⇒ x = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 litres.

Given:

Volume of a sphere = (4/3)πr³

Volume of a hemisphere = (2/3)πr³

Formula Used:

Ratio = Volume of sphere ÷ Volume of hemisphere

Calculation:

⇒ Ratio = [(4/3)πr³] ÷ [(2/3)πr³]

⇒ Ratio = [4 ÷ 2]

⇒ Ratio = 2:1

∴ The correct answer is 2:1.

Shortcut Trick

For any regular polygon with n sides, the sum of all internal angles is calculated using the property (n − 2) × 180°.

An octagon has n = 8 sides.

Sum = (8 − 2) × 180°

Sum = 6 × 180° = 1080°.

∴ The correct answer is 1080°.

Alternate Method

Given:

The polygon is a regular octagon paved inside a circular traffic junction.

⇒ Number of sides (n) = 8

Formula Used:

Sum of all internal angles of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180°

Calculations:

⇒ Total interior angles = (8 − 2) × 180°

⇒ Total interior angles = 6 × 180°

⇒ Total interior angles = 1080°

∴ The correct answer is 1080°.

Additional Information

Interior Angle of a Regular Polygon

Each interior angle of a regular polygon is given by [(n − 2) × 180°] ÷ n. For an octagon, this is 1080° ÷ 8 = 135°.

Sum of Exterior Angles

The sum of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is always 360°, regardless of the number of sides.

Relation between Interior and Exterior Angles

At each vertex of a polygon, the sum of the interior angle and the corresponding exterior angle is always 180°.

Given:

A regular pentagon.

Formula Used:

Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n - 2) × 180°.

Measure of each interior angle = Sum of interior angles ÷ n.

Calculation:

⇒ n = 5 (since it is a pentagon).

⇒ Sum of interior angles = (5 - 2) × 180°.

⇒ Sum of interior angles = 3 × 180° = 540°.

⇒ Measure of each interior angle = 540° ÷ 5.

⇒ Measure of each interior angle = 108°.

∴ The correct answer is 108°.

Given:

Height of cone (h) = 24 cm

Radius of cone (R) = 3.5 cm

Radius of each sphere (r) = 1 cm

Formula Used:

Volume of cone = (1 ÷ 3) × π × R² × h

Volume of sphere = (4 ÷ 3) × π × r³

Calculation:

⇒ Volume of cone = (1 ÷ 3) × π × (3.5)² × 24

⇒ Volume of cone = (1 ÷ 3) × π × 12.25 × 24

⇒ Volume of cone = (1 ÷ 3) × π × 294

⇒ Volume of cone = 98π

⇒ Volume of one sphere = (4 ÷ 3) × π × 1³

⇒ Volume of one sphere = (4 ÷ 3)π

⇒ Number of spheres = 98π ÷ [(4 ÷ 3)π]

⇒ Number of spheres = 98 × (3 ÷ 4)

⇒ Number of spheres = 73.5

⇒ Number of complete spheres = 73

∴ The correct answer is 73.

Given:

Radius of cylinder (r) = 5 cm

Height of cylinder (h) = 12 cm

Formula Used:

Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2 × π × r × h

Calculation:

⇒ Area of label = 2 × π × 5 × 12

⇒ Area of label = 120π

∴ The correct answer is 120π cm².

Given:

Sides of triangular base = 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm

Length of prism = 12 cm

Formula Used:

Area of right triangle = (1 ÷ 2) × base × height

Lateral surface area of prism = Perimeter of base × length

Calculation:

⇒ Since 6² + 8² = 10², triangle is right angled

⇒ Area of triangular top = (1 ÷ 2) × 6 × 8

⇒ Area of triangular top = 24

⇒ Perimeter of base = 6 + 8 + 10

⇒ Perimeter of base = 24

⇒ Lateral surface area = 24 × 12

⇒ Lateral surface area = 288

⇒ Total painted area = 24 + 288

⇒ Total painted area = 312 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 312 cm².

Given:

Volume of sphere = 36π m³

Formula Used:

Volume of sphere = 4 ÷ 3 × πr³

Calculation:

⇒ 4 ÷ 3 × πr³ = 36π

⇒ 4 ÷ 3 × r³ = 36

⇒ 4r³ = 108

⇒ r³ = 27

⇒ r = 3 m

∴ The correct answer is 3 m.

Given:

x = 12.252525...

Formula Used:

If x = a.b̅ where two digits repeat, multiply by 100 and subtract

Calculation:

⇒ x = 12.252525...

⇒ 100x = 1225.252525...

⇒ 100x − x = 1225.252525... − 12.252525...

⇒ 99x = 1213

⇒ x = 1213 ÷ 99

∴ The correct answer is 1213 ÷ 99.

Shortcut Trick

Identify the trigonometric identity for complementary angles: cos(90° − θ) = sin θ.

Substitute this into the expression: sin² θ + cos²(90° − θ) = sin² θ + sin² θ.

The simplified expression is 2 × sin² θ.

Given sin θ = 0.6, the value is 2 × (0.6)² = 2 × 0.36 = 0.72.

∴ The correct answer is 0.72.

Alternate Method

Given:

Angle of first beam = θ

Angle of second beam = 90° − θ

Value of sin θ = 0.6

Formula Used:

1. Trigonometric identity for complementary angles: cos(90° − θ) = sin θ
2. Algebraic substitution: (x)² = x²

Calculations:

⇒ sin θ = 0.6

⇒ cos(90° − θ) = sin θ = 0.6

⇒ sin² θ = (0.6)² = 0.36

⇒ cos²(90° − θ) = (0.6)² = 0.36

⇒ sin² θ + cos²(90° − θ) = 0.36 + 0.36

⇒ Total Value = 0.72

∴ The correct answer is 0.72.

Additional Information

Complementary Angle Identities

For any angle θ, sin(90° − θ) = cos θ, tan(90° − θ) = cot θ, and sec(90° − θ) = cosec θ.

Pythagorean Identity

The fundamental identity in trigonometry is sin² θ + cos² θ = 1, which relates the sine and cosine of the same angle.

Standard Triplets

If sin θ = 0.6 (which is 3/5), then cos θ = 0.8 (which is 4/5), following the 3-4-5 right-angled triangle ratio.

Shortcut Trick

Find the square roots of the boundary numbers: √50 ≈ 7.07 and √1000 ≈ 31.62.

The smallest integer whose square is greater than 50 is 8.

The largest integer whose square is less than 1000 is 31.

Number of perfect squares = (Last Root − First Root) + 1 = (31 − 8) + 1 = 24.

∴ The correct answer is 24.

Alternate Method

Given: Lower limit = 50, Upper limit = 1000.

Formula: Number of terms in a sequence (n) = Last term − First term + 1.

⇒ Smallest perfect square > 50 is 8² = 64.

⇒ Largest perfect square < 1000 is 31² = 961 (since 32² = 1024).

⇒ The set of integers whose squares lie in the range is {8, 9, 10, ..., 31}.

⇒ Total count = 31 − 8 + 1

⇒ Total count = 23 + 1 = 24.

∴ The correct answer is 24.

Additional Information

Perfect Square Property

A number is a perfect square if its square root is an integer. Examples include 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, etc.

Consecutive Squares Difference

The difference between the squares of two consecutive integers n and (n+1) is always (2n + 1). For example, 9² − 8² = 81 − 64 = 17, which is (2 × 8) + 1.

Square Root Estimation

To find the range, use benchmark squares: 10² = 100, 20² = 400, 30² = 900. This helps quickly locate the integer roots near the boundaries.

Given:

Principal = 5000

Rate = 6% per annum

Time = 3 years

Formula Used:

Simple Interest = Principal × Rate × Time ÷ 100

Total Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

Calculation:

⇒ Simple Interest = 5000 × 6 × 3 ÷ 100

⇒ Simple Interest = 900

⇒ Total Amount = 5000 + 900

⇒ Total Amount = 5900

∴ The correct answer is 5900.

Shortcut Trick

The expression is in the form (a³ + b³) / (a² − ab + b²).

This algebraic structure always simplifies to (a + b).

Here, a = 785 and b = 215.

Result = 785 + 215 = 1000.

∴ The correct answer is 1000.

Alternate Method

Given:

Expression = (785 × 785 × 785 + 215 × 215 × 215) / (785 × 785 − 785 × 215 + 215 × 215)

Formula Used:

a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)

Calculations:

⇒ Let a = 785 and b = 215.

⇒ The numerator is (a × a × a + b × b × b) = a³ + b³.

⇒ The denominator is (a × a − a × b + b × b) = a² − ab + b².

⇒ Expression = (a³ + b³) / (a² − ab + b²)

⇒ Expression = [(a + b)(a² − ab + b²)] / (a² − ab + b²)

⇒ Expression = a + b

⇒ Value = 785 + 215 = 1000

∴ The correct answer is 1000.

Additional Information

Sum of Two Cubes

The identity a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²) is used to simplify expressions where the sum of cubes is divided by its quadratic factor.

Difference of Two Cubes

The identity a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²) is similar and results in (a − b) when divided by its quadratic component.

Cube of a Sum

(a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a + b), which is different from the sum of individual cubes.

Difference of Squares

a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b), a fundamental identity for simplifying products and factors.

Given:

Series = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 40 + 41 + 40 + ... + 3 + 2 + 1

Formula Used:

Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n + 1) ÷ 2

Calculation:

⇒ Required sum = Sum(1 to 41) + Sum(1 to 40)

⇒ Sum(1 to 41) = 41(41 + 1) ÷ 2

⇒ Sum(1 to 41) = 41 × 42 ÷ 2

⇒ Sum(1 to 41) = 861

⇒ Sum(1 to 40) = 40(40 + 1) ÷ 2

⇒ Sum(1 to 40) = 40 × 41 ÷ 2

⇒ Sum(1 to 40) = 820

⇒ Total sum = 861 + 820

⇒ Total sum = 1681

∴ The correct answer is 1681.

Given:

Expression = (1 + cosx) ÷ sinx

Formula Used:

(a + b) ÷ c = a ÷ c + b ÷ c

cosecx = 1 ÷ sinx

cotx = cosx ÷ sinx

Calculation:

⇒ (1 + cosx) ÷ sinx

⇒ 1 ÷ sinx + cosx ÷ sinx

⇒ cosecx + cotx

∴ The simplified form is cosecx + cotx.

The correct answer is Devendra Jhajharia.

Key Points

• Devendra Jhajharia, a celebrated Indian para-athlete, was elected as the President of the Paralympic Committee of India (PCI) in March 2024.
• He is a two-time Paralympic gold medalist in the javelin throw and is regarded as one of India's most successful para-athletes.
• His appointment as the PCI President reflects his commitment to promoting and advancing para-sports in India.
• The Paralympic Committee of India is the apex body responsible for selecting athletes and organizing their participation in international Paralympic events.
• Jhajharia’s leadership is expected to bring significant reforms and growth to the para-sports ecosystem in India, leveraging his extensive experience as an athlete.

Additional Information

• About Devendra Jhajharia:
• He is the first Indian Paralympian to win two gold medals at the Paralympic Games (2004 Athens and 2016 Rio).
• Born on 10 June 1981 in Rajasthan, he lost his left hand at the age of eight after coming into contact with a live wire.
• His achievements include multiple awards such as the Padma Bhushan (2022), Padma Shri (2012), and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award (now known as Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award).
• He holds the world record in the F46 javelin throw category, with a throw of 63.97 meters.
• Paralympic Committee of India (PCI):
• The PCI is the National Paralympic Committee for India, affiliated with the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
• Its primary role is to promote para-sports, organize national championships, and facilitate the participation of Indian athletes in international events, including the Paralympic Games.
• The PCI plays a crucial role in ensuring inclusivity and equal opportunities for athletes with disabilities.
• Other Prominent Para-athletes:
• Anil Kumar Prakash: Known for his contributions to Indian athletics, but not associated with para-sports or PCI leadership.
• Sundar Singh Gurjar: A javelin thrower who won bronze at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics, but not involved in PCI leadership.
• Mariyappan Thangavelu: A Paralympic high jumper and gold medalist at Rio 2016, but not the PCI President.
• India’s Achievements in Paralympics:
• India has seen tremendous success in the Paralympics, with athletes excelling in events like javelin throw, high jump, and shooting.
• At the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics, India won a total of 19 medals, including 5 gold, 8 silver, and 6 bronze, making it the country's best performance to date.
• The success of athletes like Devendra Jhajharia, Mariyappan Thangavelu, and Avani Lekhara has inspired a new generation of para-athletes in India.

The correct answer is Jharkhand.

Key Points

• Hemant Soren took oath as the Chief Minister of Jharkhand in November 2024.
• Hemant Soren belongs to the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) party, which has played a significant role in state politics.
• Jharkhand became a separate state on 15 November 2000, carved out from Bihar, and has a distinct tribal and cultural identity.
• Hemant Soren has previously served as the Chief Minister of Jharkhand, making a significant impact in areas like tribal welfare and development.
• The state of Jharkhand is known for its rich mineral resources, contributing significantly to India's mining industry.

Additional Information

• About Jharkhand:
• Location: Jharkhand is located in eastern India, bordered by Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal.
• Capital: Ranchi is the capital of Jharkhand.
• Mineral Wealth: Jharkhand is rich in minerals like coal, iron ore, copper, mica, bauxite, and uranium.
• Tribal Population: Jharkhand has a significant tribal population, including communities like Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, and Ho.
• Formation: It was formed on 15 November 2000, coinciding with the birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda.
• Hemant Soren's Political Leadership:
• Hemant Soren is the leader of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM), a party primarily focused on tribal rights and development.
• Under his leadership, Jharkhand has seen initiatives in education, healthcare, and tribal welfare.
• He has emphasized the importance of sustainable development and resource management in the state.
• Minerals and Economy:
• Jharkhand accounts for 40% of India's mineral resources, making it a vital contributor to the economy.
• Industries like mining, steel production, and power generation are prominent in the state.
• Key cities include Jamshedpur (home to Tata Steel), Bokaro (known for its steel plant), and Dhanbad (coal mining hub).
• Geographical Features:
• The state is characterized by its forests, hills, and plateaus, making it rich in biodiversity.
• Major rivers like the Damodar, Subarnarekha, and Koel flow through Jharkhand, supporting agriculture and industry.

Important Points

• Birsa Munda:
• Birsa Munda was a tribal freedom fighter and folk hero in Jharkhand, who led the Munda Rebellion against British colonial rule in the late 19th century.
• His legacy is celebrated in Jharkhand, and he is considered a symbol of tribal resistance.
• Tribal Welfare:
• Jharkhand's government has implemented policies to improve the living standards of tribal communities, focusing on education, healthcare, and employment.
• Programs like the Johar Scheme aim to promote sustainable livelihoods for tribal populations.

The correct answer is Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana.

Key Points

• Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana assumed office as the 18th Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command in June 2025.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) is India's only tri-services command comprising elements from the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• He succeeded Lt Gen Ajai Singh, who was the previous Commander-in-Chief of ANC.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Command plays a crucial role in strengthening India’s maritime security and ensuring strategic dominance in the Indian Ocean Region.
• The appointment highlights the significance of ANC in national defense and its role in supporting India’s Act East Policy and maritime partnerships.

Additional Information

• Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC):
• The ANC was established in 2001 and is headquartered in Port Blair.
• It is India's first and only integrated theater command, created to ensure better coordination among the three armed forces.
• The command is strategically located in the Indian Ocean Region, which is critical for India’s maritime security and trade.
• Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana:
• Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana is a highly experienced officer with significant contributions to India’s defense operations.
• He has held various important positions in the Army and is known for his expertise in strategic planning and operational management.
• Strategic Importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
• The islands act as a gateway to the Malacca Strait, a crucial sea route in global trade.
• They provide India with a strategic edge in monitoring and controlling activities in the Indian Ocean Region.
• The islands are essential for implementing India’s Act East Policy and fostering maritime partnerships with neighboring countries.
• Role of ANC in National Security:
• The ANC enhances India’s capabilities in tackling threats such as piracy, smuggling, and terrorism.
• It facilitates joint operations and training exercises among the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• The command is crucial for disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in the region.

Important Points

• Previous Commanders:
• Lt Gen Ajai Singh served as the Commander-in-Chief of ANC prior to Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana.
• Other notable leaders include Lt Gen Anil Chauhan, who played significant roles in strengthening India’s strategic capabilities.
• India’s Maritime Strategy:
• India aims to enhance its presence in the Indian Ocean Region through initiatives such as the Blue Economy and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
• The ANC is pivotal in supporting these maritime strategies and safeguarding India’s economic and security interests.

The correct answer is 1) 30 crore.

Key Points

• The Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) campaign 2024 was conducted from 17th September to 2nd October, aligning with the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd October, which is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti.
• The campaign received an overwhelming participation of over 30 crore people across India, showcasing the citizens' commitment to cleanliness and sanitation.
• The campaign's aim was to strengthen the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) by focusing on public awareness and active participation in cleanliness drives.
• During the SHS campaign, various activities like shramdaan (voluntary labor), cleaning public places, and creating awareness about waste management were undertaken nationwide.
• The campaign also emphasized the importance of reducing single-use plastics and encouraged sustainable waste management practices.

Additional Information

• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
• The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by the Government of India on 2nd October 2014, with the aim of eliminating open defecation and improving solid waste management.
• It is divided into two sub-missions: SBM (Gramin) for rural areas and SBM (Urban) for urban areas.
• The mission seeks to bring behavioral changes in people regarding sanitation practices and create a cleaner and healthier environment.
• Gandhi Jayanti and Cleanliness:
• 2nd October marks the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, who strongly advocated for cleanliness and hygiene as an integral part of life.
• To honor his vision, the Swachh Bharat Mission and campaigns like Swachhata Hi Seva are aligned with this day, reinforcing the importance of cleanliness.
• Participation in SHS Campaign:
• The campaign saw the active involvement of citizens, government departments, schools, colleges, NGOs, and local bodies.
• Activities included cleaning streets, beaches, rivers, and public places, as well as organizing workshops and awareness programs on waste management.
• Impact of Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign:
• It has significantly contributed to spreading awareness about the need for cleanliness and sanitation in both rural and urban areas.
• The campaign has played a key role in mobilizing collective action and fostering a sense of responsibility among citizens towards maintaining a clean environment.

The correct answer is Option 4 (500 crores).

Key Points

• The Union Budget 2025-26 announced the establishment of a Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence with a total outlay of Rs 500 crores.
• This initiative is aimed at leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to revolutionize education in India and improve the learning ecosystem.
• The proposed Centre of Excellence will focus on research, development, and application of AI in areas such as personalized learning, skill development, and teacher training.
• The allocation of Rs 500 crores underscores the government’s commitment to fostering a technology-driven education system and preparing students for future technological advancements.
• This budget allocation aligns with India’s broader focus on Digital India and the integration of emerging technologies in various sectors, particularly education.

Additional Information

• Artificial Intelligence in Education:
• Artificial Intelligence is transforming the education sector by enabling personalized learning experiences based on individual student needs.
• AI-powered tools such as virtual tutors, adaptive learning platforms, and automated assessments ensure effective teaching and learning outcomes.
• It facilitates data-driven decision-making for educators and policymakers to improve curriculum design and teaching methodologies.
• Digital India Initiative:
• The Digital India program, launched in 2015, aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
• One of its key objectives is to integrate emerging technologies like AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data into various sectors, including education.
• Under this initiative, projects like DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) provide online educational resources to teachers and students.
• Government Efforts in AI:
• India has established the National Artificial Intelligence Portal to promote AI research and innovation.
• The government is focusing on implementing AI across sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and education, to enhance efficiency and productivity.
• Initiatives like the Responsible AI for Youth program aim to empower students with AI skills.
• Global AI Trends in Education:
• Globally, AI is being used in education to create intelligent tutoring systems and provide real-time feedback to students.
• Countries like the United States, China, and South Korea are investing heavily in AI research to improve education systems.
• AI applications such as Duolingo and Coursera are widely used for skill development and online learning.

Important Points

• Significance of Rs 500 Crores Allocation:
• The allocation of Rs 500 crores highlights the government’s focus on enhancing AI infrastructure for education.
• This substantial investment is expected to attract global collaborations and partnerships in the field of AI.
• The funding will be utilized for capacity building, research, and development in AI applications tailored to the Indian education system.

The correct answer is 1.7 crore farmers.

Key Points

• The Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana was approved in July 2025 to strengthen the agricultural sector and ensure the welfare of farmers across India.
• The scheme primarily aims to benefit an initial target of 1.7 crore farmers, focusing on small and marginal farmers who constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce in India.
• It is designed to provide financial assistance, modern farming techniques, and access to market linkages to ensure better productivity and profitability for the farmers.
• The scheme also aligns with the government's broader goal of doubling farmers' income by 2025, as envisioned in earlier policy initiatives like the Doubling Farmers’ Income Committee report.
• By focusing on 1.7 crore farmers, the initiative seeks to address key challenges such as lack of irrigation facilities, dependence on monsoons, and inadequate access to modern farming inputs.

Additional Information

• Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana:
• It is a flagship initiative by the government aimed at improving agricultural productivity and enhancing the economic conditions of farmers in India.
• The scheme includes provisions for subsidized seeds, fertilizers, and farming equipment, along with support for organic farming practices.
• It integrates technology-driven solutions such as precision farming and digital market access platforms to empower farmers.
• The program also emphasizes sustainable agriculture by promoting water conservation, efficient irrigation systems, and environmentally friendly farming methods.
• Key Challenges in Indian Agriculture:
• India's agriculture sector faces issues such as low productivity, fragmented land holdings, and climatic vulnerabilities.
• Farmers often struggle with access to credit, market linkages, and fair price realization for their produce.
• Dependence on traditional farming methods and inadequate irrigation facilities further exacerbate the challenges.
• Government Initiatives for Farmers:
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): A scheme providing direct income support of Rs. 6,000 annually to farmers in three installments.
• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Offers crop insurance to protect farmers against natural calamities.
• Soil Health Card Scheme: Helps farmers understand the nutrient status of their soil and improve its fertility.
• e-NAM (National Agriculture Market): A pan-India electronic trading platform to provide better price realization.
• Important Points:
• The initial focus on 1.7 crore farmers is critical, as small and marginal farmers make up more than 85% of the farming population in India.
• The scheme aims to address rural poverty and mitigate agricultural distress by boosting income levels and ensuring financial stability.
• It also aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to ending poverty and hunger.

The correct answer is women-led Self-Help Groups.

Key Points

• Namo Drone Didi is a central sector scheme initiated by the Government of India with a focus on empowering women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs). This initiative aims to foster social and economic development in rural areas.
• The scheme focuses on providing training and resources to women SHG members in operating and maintaining drones to be used in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, and disaster management.
• This program is aligned with the government's broader strategy of promoting women empowerment and increasing their participation in cutting-edge technologies.
• The scheme also supports the Digital India initiative by integrating advanced drone technology into rural livelihoods and encouraging innovation.
• The program provides a platform for women to become entrepreneurs and contribute to the local economy, thereby fostering socio-economic growth.

Additional Information

• Self-Help Groups (SHGs):
• SHGs are small, voluntary groups formed to promote savings, credit, and self-reliance among members. They typically consist of 10-20 members, often women.
• These groups play a crucial role in rural development, poverty alleviation, and women empowerment.
• SHGs are often supported by institutions like the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and local governments.
• Activities include microfinance, skill development, and income generation, which enhance the socio-economic status of members.
• Applications of Drone Technology:
• Agriculture: Drones are used for precision farming, monitoring crops, spraying pesticides, and mapping fields.
• Healthcare: Drones assist in delivering medicines, vaccines, and critical supplies to remote or disaster-stricken areas.
• Disaster Management: Drones are employed for search and rescue missions, damage assessment, and delivering aid in disaster-hit regions.
• Infrastructure: They are used for surveying, monitoring construction projects, and inspecting infrastructure like bridges and power lines.
• Digital India Initiative:
• Launched in 2015, the Digital India program aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
• It focuses on improving online infrastructure, increasing internet connectivity, and making government services available digitally.
• The initiative promotes the use of advanced technologies, such as drones, to enhance governance and deliver citizen-centric services.
• Women Empowerment through Technology:
• Providing access to technology enhances women's ability to participate in economic activities, increasing their income and improving their quality of life.
• Programs like Namo Drone Didi aim to bridge the gender gap in technology adoption and create opportunities for women to contribute to the tech-driven economy.

The correct answer is 2.8%.

Key Points

• The Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) is released annually by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to measure the extent of financial inclusion in the country.
• The FI-Index is a comprehensive measure that includes parameters like access, usage, and quality of financial services.
• For the fiscal year 2025, the Financial Inclusion Index improved by 2.8% compared to FY 2024.
• This improvement reflects the success of government schemes, policies, and financial literacy programs aimed at increasing the penetration of financial services.
• The index score is calculated on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 represents complete financial exclusion and 100 signifies full financial inclusion.

Additional Information

• About RBI’s Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index):
• The FI-Index was first introduced in 2021 by the Reserve Bank of India.
• It is a single composite index that provides a snapshot of the level of financial inclusion in the country.
• The index is computed annually and is based on three key parameters: Access (35%), Usage (45%), and Quality (20%).
• The index covers various dimensions such as banking, investments, insurance, postal services, and pension schemes.
• Significance of the FI-Index:
• Helps policymakers identify gaps in financial inclusion and devise targeted policies to address them.
• Measures the impact of financial literacy initiatives and government schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and Digital India campaigns.
• Encourages financial institutions to expand their services to underbanked and unbanked regions.
• Key Government Schemes Supporting Financial Inclusion:
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): This scheme aimed to provide every household with access to banking facilities, including savings accounts, credit, insurance, and pension.
• Digital India Initiative: Promotes digital payment systems and encourages people to adopt cashless transactions.
• MUDRA Yojana: Provides microfinance and loans to small businesses and entrepreneurs to enhance their financial inclusion.
• Important Points:
• The improvement in the Financial Inclusion Index reflects increased penetration of banking services, digital payments, and financial awareness among citizens.
• The FI-Index is not a state-wise or region-specific index; it provides an overall measure of financial inclusion at the national level.
• It serves as a tool to monitor progress and ensure the equitable distribution of financial services across socio-economic groups.

The correct answer is 10.

Key Points

• The District Hospital Index is a composite index published by NITI Aayog, the policy think tank of the Government of India, to evaluate the performance of district hospitals.
• The index is based on 10 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). These KPIs are carefully chosen to assess the overall efficiency, quality, and effectiveness of services provided by district hospitals.
• The KPIs include metrics such as patient satisfaction, staff availability, bed occupancy rates, treatment outcomes, and infrastructure adequacy.
• The evaluation aims to identify gaps in healthcare delivery, enabling evidence-based improvements in health systems across districts.
• This initiative aligns with the government’s vision of ensuring a robust and equitable healthcare system, emphasizing transparency and accountability in public health institutions.

Additional Information

• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):
• The 10 KPIs used in the District Hospital Index include OPD/IPD services, availability of diagnostic services, and adherence to clinical protocols.
• These indicators are designed to cover important aspects of service delivery, ranging from patient care to operational efficiency.
• The data for these KPIs is collected through health management information systems (HMIS) and facility-level assessments.
• NITI Aayog:
• NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission.
• It serves as the policy think tank of the Government of India, providing strategic insights and fostering cooperative federalism.
• Its focus areas include healthcare, education, agriculture, infrastructure, and innovation.
• District Hospitals in India:
• District hospitals are the primary referral centers for secondary-level healthcare services.
• They cater to a large population, often serving as the backbone of the public healthcare system in India.
• These hospitals provide services such as specialist care, emergency treatment, and surgical procedures.
• Importance of Hospital Performance Evaluation:
• Evaluating hospital performance ensures accountability and efficient use of resources.
• It highlights areas of improvement, enabling stakeholders to address gaps and deliver better healthcare services.
• Performance evaluation is also crucial for achieving universal health coverage and improving health outcomes.

The correct answer is Gir National Park.

Key Points

• The 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) was held at the Gir National Park, which is one of the most prominent wildlife sanctuaries in India.
• Gir National Park is located in the state of Gujarat and is famously known as the last abode of the Asiatic Lions.
• The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory organization under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and serves as an apex body for reviewing and approving wildlife-related projects and policies in India.
• The board consists of experts, government officials, and stakeholders to ensure the conservation of wildlife and its habitats.
• Gir National Park is known for its significant contributions to the conservation of endangered species and promoting wildlife tourism in India.

Additional Information

• Gir National Park:
• Location: Situated in Junagadh district, Gujarat, Gir National Park is spread over approximately 1,412 sq. km.
• Flora and Fauna: The park is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including the Asiatic Lion, leopards, antelopes, and crocodiles, along with over 400 species of plants.
• Tourism: Gir attracts numerous tourists every year, contributing to the state’s economy while raising awareness about wildlife conservation.
• Conservation Efforts: The park has achieved great success in increasing the population of Asiatic Lions through dedicated conservation programs.
• The Asiatic Lion Census 2020 reported approximately 674 lions, marking a significant increase in their population.
• National Board for Wildlife (NBWL):
• The NBWL is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and serves as the apex body for wildlife conservation in the country.
• It is tasked with approving projects that affect protected areas and ensuring the sustainable development of wildlife habitats.
• It also advises the central government on matters related to the protection of wildlife under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Other National Parks Mentioned:
• Manas National Park: Located in Assam, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its biodiversity, including tigers, elephants, and golden langurs.
• Kanha National Park: Situated in Madhya Pradesh, it is famous for its tiger reserves and the reintroduction of the barasingha (swamp deer).
• Silent Valley National Park: Located in Kerala, it is known for its tropical rainforests and is home to the endangered lion-tailed macaque.

Important Points

• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: This act provides the framework for the protection of endangered species and the regulation of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India.
• Conservation Programs: Several initiatives, such as Project Tiger and Project Lion, are dedicated to conserving India’s iconic wildlife species.
• Asiatic Lions: Unlike African lions, Asiatic lions are smaller and have a distinct fold of skin along their bellies. They are exclusively found in Gir National Park.
• Environmental Significance: National parks like Gir play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and promoting biodiversity in India.

The correct answer is Amitav Ghosh.

Key Points

• 'The Shadow Lines' is a novel authored by Amitav Ghosh, a prominent Indian writer, and was first published in 1988.
• The novel is a significant work of Indian English literature and has won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1989, one of India's highest literary honors.
• The book explores themes of nationalism, identity, partition, and memory, focusing on the interconnected histories of two families across India, Bangladesh, and England.
• The narrative is a mix of personal and political histories, showcasing how historical events such as the partition of Bengal and communal riots impact individual lives.
• Amitav Ghosh is known for his deep engagement with historical and cultural themes, and 'The Shadow Lines' is one of his most celebrated works, reflecting his storytelling prowess.

Additional Information

• Amitav Ghosh:
• Amitav Ghosh is an internationally acclaimed Indian author born on 11 July 1956 in Kolkata, India.
• He is well-known for his works of historical fiction that blend cultural narratives with colonial and post-colonial themes.
• Some of his other notable works include 'The Glass Palace' (2000), 'The Hungry Tide' (2004), and the Ibis Trilogy ('Sea of Poppies', 'River of Smoke', and 'Flood of Fire').
• In 2019, he was honored with the Jnanpith Award, India’s highest literary award.
• About 'The Shadow Lines':
• The novel's title, 'The Shadow Lines', refers to the invisible boundaries—physical, cultural, and emotional—that shape human lives.
• It is structured as a non-linear narrative, where past and present events are intertwined, creating a complex tapestry of memories.
• The book delves into the repercussions of the Partition of India (1947) and the communal riots in Calcutta (Kolkata) and Dhaka.
• It also critiques the notions of nationalism and identity, portraying their fragility and the subjective nature of history.
• Other Options:
• Hari Kunzru: He is an Indian-origin British author known for works like 'The Impressionist' (2002), but he is not associated with 'The Shadow Lines'.
• Pankaj Mishra: A contemporary Indian essayist and novelist, his notable works include 'The Romantics' (1999). He has not authored 'The Shadow Lines'.
• Vikram Chandra: An Indian author famous for his novel 'Sacred Games' (2006), which inspired the Netflix series of the same name. He is not the author of 'The Shadow Lines'.
• Important Themes in 'The Shadow Lines':
• Partition and Communal Violence: The book critically examines the impact of the Partition of India and communal riots on individuals and families.
• Memory and Identity: It emphasizes how memory shapes personal and collective identities, transcending geographical and temporal boundaries.
• Nationalism and Borders: The novel questions the significance of borders and highlights the arbitrary nature of national divisions.
• Interconnected Histories: It portrays the interconnectedness of personal and historical events across generations and geographies.