Computer Knowledge PYQs

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., Switch.

Key Points

• Connecting device:
• Devices that are used to connect other devices are called connecting devices. Types of connecting devices are:
• Repeater: 
• A repeater is a device that receives signals and before it becomes too weak or corrupted the repeater regenerates the original bit pattern and sends the data.
• It is like a refreshing station for data while travelling.
• Hub:
• A hub is a multiport repeater.
• A hub can connect more than two segments of a LAN where a repeater can connect only two segments.
• It also does not have any filtering capabilities like a repeater.
• Bridge:
• A bridge operates in both the physical layer and the data link layer.
• As a physical layer device, it can regenerate bits and as a data link layer device, it can check the physical addresses contained in the frame.
• Bits can be carried to any distance by using properly spaced repeaters, but the collision domain will not allow this and that’s why Bridge are required.
• Router:
• A router is a three-layer device; physical, data link and network layer.
• As a physical layer device, it can regenerate a bit, as a data link layer device the router can check the physical addresses contained in a packet and as a network layer device, it can check the network layer addresses (addresses in IP layer).
• Switch:
• ​A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices together and filters network traffic to ensure that data is sent to the correct destination.
• It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model, and it uses the physical addresses (MAC addresses) of devices to make forwarding decisions. Switches are commonly used in local area networks (LANs) to connect computers, printers, and other devices.

Additional Information 

• Connecting devices are bridges between the different parts of a document that tie all of the pieces together into one coherent package.
• Connecting devices show the reader how various sections of information are related, and they help keep the reader on track with the flow of information.
• Documents which do not include connecting devices are disjointed, choppy and difficult to read.
• Connecting devices are analogous to the traffic signals people rely on when driving.
• Imagine a major metropolitan area, such as Seattle, without bridges, traffic signs or traffic lights to guide drivers through traffic.
• The same is true of a document that lacks connecting devices: the reader will have a difficult time following the writer's train of thought and the document will not flow smoothly.

Note:

Distributor is not a common networking term, but it could refer to a device that distributes power or signals to multiple devices.

LibreOffice is a free and open-source office suite, consisting of several applications for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, and databases.

• The correct option is 2) LibreOffice Excel, as Excel is a proprietary spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft and not a part of the LibreOffice suite.

Additional Information

• LibreOffice Writer: A word processing application similar to Microsoft Word, used for creating and editing documents, letters, and other text-based files.
• LibreOffice Calc: A spreadsheet application similar to Microsoft Excel, used for organizing, analyzing, and presenting data in a tabular format.
• LibreOffice Impress: A presentation application similar to Microsoft PowerPoint, used for creating and delivering multimedia presentations with text, graphics, and animations.

• Winchester disk: A Winchester disk, also known as a hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that stores and retrieves digital information using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material.
• Floppy Drive: A floppy disk drive is a magnetic storage device that uses a flexible, removable disk coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital information.
• Memory Card: A memory card is a solid-state storage device that uses flash memory to store and retrieve digital information. It does not use magnetic storage technology.
• Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tape is a magnetic storage medium that uses a long, narrow strip of plastic coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital information.

So, the correct option is 3) Memory Card, as it is not a magnetic storage device.

• A Laptop notebook computer is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on aeroplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings.
• A notebook computer sometimes called a laptop computer, typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in thickness.

• In computing, bandwidth is the bit-rate of available or consumed information capacity expressed typically in metric multiples of bits per second.
• Variously, bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.
• This definition of bandwidth is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which bandwidth is used to refer to analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power.

The correct answer is Memory address register.

Key Points

• In a computer, the Memory Address Register (MAR) is the CPU register that stores either the memory address from which data will be brought to the CPU registers or the address to which data will be sent and stored via the system bus.

Additional Information

• In computing, the instruction register (IR) is the part of a CPU's control unit that holds the instruction currently being executed or decoded.
• In simple processors, each instruction to be executed is loaded into an instruction register, which it holds while it is decoded, prepared and eventually executed, which may have several steps.
• The Output Registers (OR) hold the output after processing the input data.
• A memory buffer register is a register in a computer's processor, or central processing unit, CPU, that transfers data to and from an immediate access store.

The correct answer is Shift+Spacebar.

Key Points

• The Shift+Spacebar keyboard shortcut in Excel 2010 is used to select all cells of the current row.
• Ctrl+Spacebar shortcut selects the entire column.
• Clicking ctrl+spacebar once selects the table column data whereas clicking crtl+spacebar twice selects the entire table column.
• You can also do this by clicking the top edge of the column header in the table.

Additional Information

• To select a table row, click the first cell in the table row, then click the ctrl+shift+right arrow.
• To select all rows and columns, click anywhere in the table and click ctrl+A.
• Ctrl+Alt+F9 shortcut calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since their last calculation.
• F9 shortcut calculates all worksheets in all workbooks.

The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

Keyloggers, also known as keystroke loggers, are software applications or hardware devices that record the activity (keys tapped) on a keyboard. Keyloggers are a type of spyware in which users are unaware that their actions are being recorded.

Spyware: Spyware is a type of malicious software or malware that is installed on a computing device without the end user's knowledge.

Keyloggers Characteristics:

• Keyloggers are a type of malware.
• Keyloggers are a particularly insidious type of spyware that can record and steal consecutive keystrokes (and much more) that the user enters on a device.
• The term keylogger, or "keystroke logger," is self-explanatory: Software that logs what you type on your keyboard.
• However, keyloggers can also enable cybercriminals to eavesdrop on you, watch you on your system camera, or listen over your smartphone's microphone.
• Keyloggers may be used for a number of objectives, including fraudulently gaining access to your private information and monitoring staff actions.

Some keyloggers may also record your screen at random intervals; these are known as screen recorders.

• A keylogger is a malicious computer application that records everything you write on the keyboard and learns the keystroke pattern, including words, characters, and symbols, and then sends all of the recorded information to hostile hackers.

Hence the correct answer is option 2.

Correct Answer 1. Ransomware

CryptoLocker ransomware is a file-encrypting ransomware, which encrypts the personal documents found on victim's computer using RSA-2048 key (AES CBC 256-bit encryption algorithm), then displays a message which offers to decrypt the data if a payment of about 2.05 Bitcoins, or approximately $1300 is made.

Important Points

Let us explain each term:

Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that encrypts a user's data.

• The attacker then demands a ransom from the victim to restore access to the data upon payment.
• CryptoLocker is a notorious example of this type of malware.
• It propagates usually via malicious email attachments and when activated, encrypts certain types of files on the system using RSA public key cryptography, with the private key stored only on the malware's control servers.
• The malware then displays a message which offers to decrypt the data if a payment (through either Bitcoin or a pre-paid cash voucher) is made by a stated deadline.

Adware: Adware is a type of software that automatically delivers advertisements. It is usually unwanted, as it can be intrusive and harm your computer.

• Some adware can also be a form of spyware—programs designed to monitor users' web browsing to display unwanted advertisements.
• However, not all adware has malicious intent and some businesses genuinely use it as a method for generating advertising revenue.

Spyware: Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on a computer without the user's knowledge in order to collect their personal information, details about their internet usage, and other important data.

• Spyware is used for many purposes.
• Usually, it aims to track and sell your internet usage data, capture your credit card or bank account information, or steal your personal identity.

Worms: A worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.

• It often uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it.
• Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program.
• Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer$.

The correct answer is Microsoft Edge.

• Microsoft's new Windows 10 web browser will be called 'Microsoft Edge'.
• Microsoft Edge is a cross-platform web browser developed by Microsoft.

Additional Information

• It was first released for Windows 10 and Xbox One in 2015.
• Then for Android and iOS in 2017, for macOS in 2019, and as a preview for Linux in October 2020.
• Edge includes integration with Cortana and has extensions hosted on the Microsoft Store.

The correct answer is option 2

Key Points

• Ctrl + Y is used to perform a "redo" operation in MS-Word.
• Ctrl + Z is used to perform an "undo" operation in MS-Word.
• Undo means to cancel or reverse the effects or results of (a previous action or measure).
• Redo means to do (something) again or differently.
• Center the text - Ctrl+E.

Additional Information

Important Shortcut keys used in MS Word:

• Cut the selected content to the Clipboard - Ctrl+X
• Copy the selected content to the Clipboard - Ctrl+C
• Paste the contents of the Clipboard -Ctrl+V
• Increase the font size by 1 point.- Ctrl+]
• Align the text to the left - Ctrl+L.

The correct option is (1)

Concept:-

Line spacing in MS-Word 2010 determines the amount of vertical space between lines of text in a paragraph. It is the distance between the baselines of consecutive lines of text. It can be adjusted using the Line Spacing options in the Paragraph group on the Home tab of the ribbon.

Option Q is incorrect as diagonal spacing between lines of text is not a valid concept in MS-Word.

In general, there are four different line spacing options for words: single, 1.5 times, double, or a custom amount, where the numbers indicate the size of the space in relation to the width of a line.

Key Points

• We have the flexibility to change the distance between two lines of text thanks to the line spacing option in MS Word or any other word processing program.
• In Word, the standard line spacing is 1.15. By default, headings have a space above them, and paragraphs are followed by a blank line.
• On the Home Tab, click the Line spacing command. From the menu, choose Remove Space Following a Paragraph or Add Space Before a Paragraph.

Additional Information 

The correct option is (1)

Trash

Key Points 

• A message that you delete remains in your trash for 30 days. It will be permanently erased after that point.
• On Gmail and Google Apps, an archived message defaults to the Archive folder or All Mail while a deleted message goes into the trash folder.
• Your deleted emails can be automatically removed from your trash folder permanently depending on your email provider or company's policies (often after 30 days).
• Check your Gmail inbox now. There is a list of folders on the left side of the screen (Inbox, Starred, Spam, etc). Your deleted emails will be located in a folder labeled "Trash" or "Bin" (the name of the folder depends on the user's language preferences).

Additional Information 

Inbox:- a location on a computer where emails sent to you are stored.

Outbox:- Without an internet connection, users can read, reply to, and delete emails.

All of your emails from the outbox are immediately sent whenever you're back online. Your emails might still be sitting in Gmail's outbox if you've been using this feature.

Spam:- Email spam, commonly referred to as junk email, is the practice of sending unwanted email messages in mass to a large list of subscribers.

The correct answer is PS/2 

Key Points 

• There are various types of computer ports such as USB ports, Ethernet ports, PS/2 ports, VGA ports etc.
• The DIN is a round connector with pins arranged in a circular pattern used for connecting PC keyboards, MIDI instruments etc.
• Mini DIN connectors are small in size compared to regular DINs, but the pins are arranged horizontally unlike in normal DIN.
• PS/2 or PS/02 is a DIN connector available with 6 pins. It is used to connect keyboards and mice and was developed by IBM. Hence option 4 is correct.
• These ports are available in different colours like purple for the keyboard and green for the mouse.

Additional Information 

• The Video Graphics Array or VGA port is a 3-row 15-pin connector. It is used in monitors, video cards, projectors etc. This port carries video signals up to 648X480 resolution.
• The function of the USB ports is to connect computer peripherals like printers, keyboards, external hard drives etc.
• The Ethernet port is used as a network cable to the PC. It establishes an internet connection to the computer. It is a Local Area Network or LAN.

The correct option is "Control Panel".

• Control Panel is a built-in feature in the Windows operating system that provides a centralized location to configure and manage various settings for the computer system, as well as to install software and hardware.
• It contains a variety of applets or utilities, each of which provides access to specific settings or tasks.
• Examples of applets in the Control Panel include "Programs and Features", which allows you to install and uninstall programs, "Device Manager", which allows you to manage hardware devices installed on the computer, "Display Settings", which allows you to adjust the display resolution and other settings, and "User Accounts", which allows you to manage user accounts on the computer.

Additional Information

• Help and Support is a feature that provides access to help documentation and support resources for Windows and other software applications. It contains a variety of articles, tutorials, and troubleshooting guides to help users resolve common issues and learn how to use different features of the operating system and applications.
• Taskbar is a bar that appears at the bottom of the Windows desktop, displaying a list of open programs and providing quick access to various system settings and features, such as the Start menu, notifications, and system tray.
• Run is a feature that allows you to quickly open and run programs, files, and system commands by typing in their names or file paths in the "Run" dialog box. It is accessed by pressing the "Windows key + R" keyboard shortcut.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Mosaic  was the first web browser to display images alongside text, as opposed to in a separate window.
• It was the first browser to achieve widespread popularity when it was released in 1993.
• Mosaic was created by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina at the University of Illinois at Urbana-National Champaign's Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).

Additional Information

• In 2002, Mozilla, an open-source web browser, was initially released. It is based on the same codebase as Netscape Navigator and was developed by the Mozilla Foundation.
• The text-based web browser Lynx was initially released in 1992. It is intended for visually impaired users or those who prefer a simplified browsing experience.
• Opera is a web browser that was released for the first time in 1995. It is renowned for its speed and security features, in addition to its support for cutting-edge web technologies.

The correct answer is option 1.

Buses are a set of wires, which carries a group of bits in parallel and has an associated control scheme. It provides a communication path between two or more devices of a computer system. The bus transmits data, memory addresses, and control signals between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, among other computer components.

Additional Information

• Control unit is a CPU component that manages the data flow between the CPU and other devices. It interprets instructions retrieved from memory and generates control signals to direct the operation of other computer components.
• Register is a small amount of fast memory used to temporarily store data in the CPU during processing. Registers can store data, address information, and control signals.
• Cache is a small, high-speed memory used to temporarily store frequently accessed data or instructions in order to facilitate faster access. The cache is situated near the CPU to reduce access times.

MATCH function

• The MATCH function in Excel is used to locate a specific item within a range of cells. In this case, the function is looking for the position of the number 12 in the array ten, thirteen, thirty, forty, and sixty.
• The MATCH function has the following syntax: =MATCH (lookup value, lookup array, [match type], lookup value).
• So, =MATCH (12, {10,13, 30, 40, 60},1) will return 1.
• Here, the lookup value in this case is 12, and the lookup array is 10, 13, 30, 40, 60. The match type is set to 1, which means that the function will search the lookup array for the largest value that is less than or equal to the lookup value. Because the number 12 is less than the array's first value (10), the function returns the position of the array's first number, which is 1.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points 

• Input devices include keyboards, scanners, mice, joysticks, OMR (Optical Marker Reader), and digital cameras.
• The input device, which is the hardware used to accept data from people, is referred to as the input unit of a computer. Human input is transformed into data that computers can understand by input devices.
• The most frequent and well-liked input method for entering data into computers is the keyboard.
• Text, photos, videos, and sounds can all be submitted into a computer system using an input device. The most popular method for entering text is the keyboard.
• An input device is a piece of computer hardware used to provide control and data signals to a data processing system, such as a computer or information appliance.

Additional Information

Peripheral devices: A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output for the computer.

• Peripheral devices connect with a computer through several I/O interfaces, such as communications (COM), Universal Serial Bus (USB) and serial ports such as serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) ones.
• An Input peripheral device sends data or instructions to the computer.
• Examples of Input peripheral devices are mouse, keyboard, image scanner, barcode reader, light pen, microphone, digital camera, webcam, dance pad, and read-only memory.
• An output peripheral device provides output from the computer.
• Examples of output peripheral devices are computer monitors, projectors, printers, headphones, and computer speakers.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording.

A magnetic tape consists of vertical columns called frames.

• Frames: The vertical partitions of magnetic tape are called frames.
• Tracks: The horizontal partitions of magnetic tape are called tracks or channels.

Magnetic tape drivers are suitable for storage of data that need to be accessed randomly.

This statement is not correct.

• Magnetic tape drives are sequential access devices, meaning that data is accessed sequentially from the beginning to the conclusion of the tape.
• This renders them unsuitable for storing data that requires random access, such as in a database.

There is no addressing in the magnetic tapes.

This statement is also correct.

• Typically, magnetic tapes are organized as a series of blocks or frames containing data, but there is no addressing mechanism that allows specific data to be quickly located.
• Instead, data must be sequentially read or written from the beginning to the end of the tape.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.