English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is 'Option (1)' i.e. To speak with great rapidity, volume, and/or intensity.

Key Points

• The idiom 'talk a blue streak' means to speak very rapidly and without stopping for a long time. (बहुत तेज़ी से और लगातार बोलना)
• Example: My aunt can talk a blue streak when she starts discussing her garden and all the plants she is growing.
• The phrase 'to speak with great rapidity, volume, and/or intensity' correctly captures the essence of the idiom, which emphasizes the speed and continuous nature of the speech. (बहुत तेज़ी, ज़ोर और/या तीव्रता के साथ बोलना)
• Example: The witness began to talk a blue streak as soon as the lawyer finished asking the question.
• Hence, we can conclude that the meaning of the given idiom is to speak very quickly and with high energy.

Therefore, the correct answer is- To speak with great rapidity, volume, and/or intensity.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To use profane language (अपशब्दों या अश्लील भाषा का प्रयोग करना): This refers to using words that are offensive or show a lack of respect for sacred things.
• Example: The player was removed from the game for using profane language against the referee.
• Enjoying a series of concurrent fortunate outcomes (लगातार सौभाग्यशाली परिणामों का आनंद लेना): This refers to experiencing a 'winning streak' or a period of continuous good luck.
• Example: After winning three matches in a row, the team is enjoying a series of concurrent fortunate outcomes.
• To have a series of concurrent fortunate occurrences (लगातार सौभाग्यशाली घटनाओं का होना): This is similar to a 'stroke of luck' or having a period where everything goes right.
• Example: It was a series of concurrent fortunate occurrences that led to him finding his lost wallet and winning the lottery on the same day.

The correct answer is: Terrible.

Key Points

• The word 'dreadful' refers to something that is extremely bad, serious, or unpleasant; it often describes something that causes fear or distress. (भयानक/बहुत खराब)
• Example: The dreadful storm caused significant damage to the coastal villages.
• 'Terrible' is a word used to describe something of very poor quality or something that is extremely unpleasant and distressing. It is the most appropriate synonym for dreadful. (भयानक/डरावना)
• Example: I had a terrible experience at the restaurant because the service was so slow.
• Hence, we can infer that the synonym of 'dreadful' is 'terrible'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Terrible.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Wonderful (अद्भुत): Inspiring delight, pleasure, or admiration; extremely good.
• Example: The view from the top of the mountain was absolutely wonderful.
• Pleasant (सुखद): Giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment.
• Example: We spent a pleasant afternoon walking through the botanical gardens.
• Happy (खुश): Feeling or showing pleasure or contentment.
• Example: She was extremely happy to receive the award for her hard work.

The correct answer is: subteranean.

Key Points

• The word 'subteranean' is a misspelt word; it refers to the concept of being existing, occurring, or situated under the earth's surface, but it lacks the double 'r' required for the correct spelling. (भूमिगत)
• Example: The researchers found evidence of a subteranean river system beneath the arid desert.
• The correct word is 'subterranean', which is an adjective describing something located or operating beneath the ground. (भूमिगत)
• Example: The city is famous for its extensive subterranean network of catacombs and tunnels.
• Hence, we can conclude that the spelling in option 4 is incorrect as the standard English spelling includes two 'r's.

Therefore, the correct answer is: subteranean.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• succession (उत्तराधिकार/क्रम): The action or process of inheriting a title, office, or property, or a number of people or things following one after another.
• Example: The queen's eldest son is first in the line of succession to the throne.
• Superfluous (अनावश्यक/फालतू): Being more than is sufficient or required; excessive or unnecessary.
• Example: The modern architect believes that any decoration on a building is superfluous.
• Sycophantic (चापलूसी भरा): Behaving in an obsequious way in order to gain advantage; praising powerful people in an insincere way.
• Example: The director was surrounded by sycophantic assistants who agreed with every word he said.

The correct answer is: Withdraw.

Key Points

• The word 'deposit' refers to the act of putting something down in a specific place or placing money in a bank account or financial institution. (जमा करना)
• Example: She went to the bank to deposit her paycheck after work.
• 'Withdraw' is the opposite of 'deposit'; it means to take money out of an account or to remove something from a specific place. (निकालना)
• Example: I need to withdraw some cash from the ATM to pay for the groceries.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'deposit' is 'withdraw'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Withdraw.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Drop (गिराना): To let or make something fall vertically.
• Example: Be careful not to drop the phone on the hard floor.
• Store (संग्रहित करना): To keep or accumulate something for future use.
• Example: You should store the medicines in a cool, dry place.
• Save (बचाना): To keep safe or rescue; also means to keep money for future use rather than spending it.
• Example: If you save a little money every month, you can afford a vacation next year.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. Tranquility.

Key Points

• The word 'Disturbance' refers to the interruption of a settled and peaceful condition; a state of being disrupted or a lack of order. (अशांति / बाधा)
• Example: The loud music from the neighbor's party caused a significant disturbance late at night.
• 'Tranquility' refers to the quality or state of being tranquil; a condition of peace, calm, and quiet. (शांति)
• Example: Many people visit the mountains to enjoy the tranquility and escape the noise of the city.
• Hence, we can infer that the antonym (opposite) of 'Disturbance' is 'Tranquility'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Tranquility.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Disorder (अव्यवस्था): A state of confusion or a complete lack of organization.
• Example: The library was in a state of disorder after the books were moved.
• Chaos (अराजकता): A state of extreme confusion and disorder.
• Example: The sudden cancellation of flights led to chaos at the airport.
• Interruption (अवरोध): The action of stopping or breaking the continuity of something.
• Example: I am sorry for the interruption, but there is an urgent phone call for you.

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. Epiphany.

Key Points

• The phrase 'a sudden, intuitive perception or insight into reality' refers to a moment of sudden and great revelation or realization of the truth. (अचानक होने वाला बोध या वास्तविकता की अंतर्दृष्टि)
• Example: The philosopher experienced a sudden, intuitive perception that changed his entire worldview.
• 'Epiphany' is a word that describes a moment when you suddenly feel that you understand, or become conscious of, something that is very important. (साक्षात्कार)
• Example: During his morning walk, the scientist had a sudden epiphany about the solution to the mathematical problem.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitute for 'a sudden, intuitive perception or insight into reality' is 'epiphany'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option (4) i.e. Epiphany.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Umbrage (नाराजगी या अपमान): Offense or annoyance taken at a perceived slight or insult.
• Example: The manager took umbrage at the suggestion that he was being unfair to his employees.
• Ignominy (सार्वजनिक अपमान या बदनामी): Public shame or disgrace, often resulting from a shameful action.
• Example: The politician had to endure the ignominy of being arrested in front of the media.
• Antipathy (घृणा या विद्वेष): A deep-seated feeling of dislike or a strong aversion towards someone or something.
• Example: There has always been a strong antipathy between the two rival gangs in the city.

The correct answer is 'In case of'.

 

Key Points

• The prepositional phrase 'In case of' is used to provide instructions or advice on what should be done if a particular situation, especially an emergency, occurs.
• In this context, calling the fire brigade is the necessary action to take if a fire breaks out.
• It functions similarly to an if-clause (e.g., 'If there is a fire...').

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Complete Sentence: 'In case of fire, you must call the fire brigade at once.'

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'By dint of' means 'by means of' or 'as a result of' often referring to effort or force (e.g., He succeeded by dint of hard work).
• Option 2: 'According to' is used to indicate that something is being stated on the authority of someone else or based on a specific source.
• Option 4: 'On the occasion of' is used to refer to a special event, ceremony, or celebration (e.g., On the occasion of her birthday).

The correct answer is A gourmet meal is being prepared by the chef for the gala tonight..

Key Points

• The original sentence is in the Present Continuous Tense, indicated by the auxiliary verb is followed by the present participle form of the verb preparing.
• The standard rule for converting Present Continuous Tense from active to Passive Voice follows the structure: New Subject + is/am/are + being + Past Participle (V3) + by + New Object.
• The Object of the active sentence, a gourmet meal, transitions to the Subject position in the passive sentence.
• Because a gourmet meal is a singular noun, the auxiliary verb is is used, followed by the marker being to preserve the continuous nature of the action.
• The Past Participle of the verb prepare is prepared, which is used to satisfy the passive construction requirements.
• The Subject of the active sentence, The chef, becomes the Agent in the passive sentence and is introduced by the preposition by.
• The adverbial phrase for the gala tonight remains intact as it describes the temporal and situational context of the action.

 Additional Information

• The distinction between different tenses in Passive Voice is crucial for selection:
• Simple Present Passive: Uses is/am/are + V3 (e.g., is prepared). It is typically used for facts or habits.
• Past Continuous Passive: Uses was/were + being + V3 (e.g., was being prepared). It describes an interrupted or ongoing action in the past.
• Present Perfect Passive: Uses has/have + been + V3 (e.g., has been prepared). It indicates an action completed at an indefinite time in the past with current relevance.

The correct answer is Is a book signing event being organised by the publishers for the new author?.

Key Points

• The given sentence is an interrogative sentence in the Present Continuous Tense.
• The structure for an active voice sentence in the present continuous interrogative form is: Is/Am/Are + Subject + Present Participle (V-ing) + Object?.
• When converting this to Passive Voice, the structure changes to: Is/Am/Are + New Subject (the original object) + being + Past Participle (V3) + by + New Object (the original subject)?.
• The object of the active sentence is a book signing event. As this is a singular noun, the auxiliary verb Is remains appropriate for the start of the passive sentence.
• The verb organising must be converted into the passive continuous form, which is being organised.
• The original subject the publishers becomes the agent of the action, introduced by the preposition by.
• Following these grammatical rules, the construction becomes: Is (Auxiliary) + a book signing event (New Subject) + being organised (Passive Verb) + by the publishers (Agent) + for the new author (Recipient phrase).

 Additional Information

• Distinctions between incorrect transformations:
• Tense Consistency: Passive voice must always maintain the original tense. Using Was shifts the sentence into the Past Continuous, which is grammatically incorrect for this context.
• Being vs. Been: The word being is used for continuous tenses, while been is used for perfect tenses (e.g., Has a book signing event been organised?).
• Logical Meaning: The passive voice should not alter the logical relationship between the actors; the publishers are the ones performing the action, not the author.

The correct answer is Don't repeat this mistake..

Key Points

• The provided sentence 'Let this mistake not be repeated' is in the Passive Voice and follows the structure of a Negative Imperative Sentence.
• In Passive Voice, the construction for imperative sentences typically begins with Let, followed by the Object, then 'not' (for negative), the auxiliary be, and the Past Participle (V3) form of the verb.
• To convert this into the Active Voice, the sentence must start with the Imperative Verb or the negative marker Do not (Don't) because the subject 'You' is understood and omitted in such commands.
• The conversion follows the formula: Do not / Don't + Verb (Base Form) + Object.
• Identifying the components: The object is 'this mistake' and the principal verb is 'repeat'. Combining these according to the active voice rule results in 'Don't repeat this mistake'.

 Additional Information

• Voice Transformation Rules:
• Imperative Sentences: These express orders, requests, or advice. In the Active Voice, they usually begin with a verb. Example: 'Shut the door' (Active) becomes 'Let the door be shut' (Passive).
• Prohibitions: For sentences intended to stop an action, the Active Voice uses Do not or Don't. The corresponding Passive Voice uses the structure Let + Object + not + be + V3.
• Tense Consistency: Imperative sentences do not typically use modal auxiliaries like will or won't in their standard form, as those indicate the Future Indefinite Tense rather than an immediate command or prohibition.
• Subject-Verb Relationship: In the active form, the implied subject You is the agent performing the action of 'repeating'. In the passive form, the focus shifts to the Object (the mistake) receiving the action.

The correct answer is 'for'.

 

Key Points

• The adjective 'anxious' takes the preposition 'for' when it means 'strongly desiring' or 'eager for' something.
• In the given sentence, the context implies a strong desire or eager anticipation for a happy and enjoyable weekend.
• When 'anxious' is used to express eagerness toward a noun phrase (a very happy and enjoyable weekend), 'for' is the grammatically correct choice.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Complete Sentence: "They are anxious for a very happy and enjoyable weekend."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'about' is used with 'anxious' when it means 'worried' or 'nervous' (e.g., anxious about the exam).
• Option 2: 'to' is used with 'anxious' followed by a verb in the infinitive form (e.g., anxious to meet you).
• Option 4: 'at' is not a standard preposition used with 'anxious' in this context.

The correct answer is consistent with the facts presented earlier.

Key Points

• The sentence requires the correct adjectival collocation and prepositional usage for the word consistent.
• In English grammar, the adjective consistent is idiomatic and must be followed by the preposition with to indicate agreement, harmony, or compatibility between two or more elements.
• The phrase consistent with implies that the witness's statement does not contradict or vary from the facts already established in the court.
• The original phrase 'consistent to' is grammatically incorrect as consistent does not take the preposition to when used to show alignment between statements and evidence.
• The past participle presented is correctly used to modify facts, indicating that the presentation of evidence occurred at a prior time relative to the witness's statement.

 Additional Information

• Consistent with:
• Function: It acts as an adjective phrase describing a state of being congruent or in line with a standard or previous occurrence.
• Example: The defendant's alibi was not consistent with the forensic evidence found at the scene.
• Common Prepositional Errors:
• Consistent on: Incorrect; the preposition on is generally used to denote thematic focus (e.g., 'consistent on the issue') rather than structural alignment between two statements.
• Consistent of: Often confused with the phrasal verb consist of (meaning 'to be composed of'). However, consistent is an adjective and does not utilize of to express compatibility.
• Verb Tense and Form:
• The use of the auxiliary verb was and the adverb earlier necessitates a past participle (presented) to function as a reduced relative clause (facts which were presented). Option 3 uses present, which fails to maintain the past tense narrative.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The paragraph describes the character of Mr. Appin and the surprising reveal of his discovery, moving from his mundane exterior to a world-altering claim.
• Sentence B follows S1 as it directly elaborates on the lack of cleverness mentioned in the first sentence:
• 'He was neither a wit nor a croquet champion, a hypnotic force nor a begetter of amateur theatricals.'
• Sentence D follows B because it continues the negative description using a parallel structure ('Neither did...') and shifts the focus to his exterior:
• 'Neither did his exterior suggest the sort of man in whom women are willing to pardon a generous measure of mental deficiency.'
• Sentence A is the third sentence as it identifies the character as Mr. Appin and concludes the description of his ordinary and unimpressive persona:
• 'He had subsided into mere Mr. Appin, and the Cornelius seemed a piece of transparent baptismal bluff.'
• Sentence C is the fourth sentence because it introduces the sudden claim of a major discovery, creating a sharp contrast with the previous description:
• 'And now he was claiming to have launched on the world a discovery beside which the invention of gunpowder, of the printing-press, and of steam locomotion were inconsiderable trifles.'
• This discovery is the referent for 'this thing' in S2, which describes the discovery as more of a miracle than a scientific achievement.
• The correct sequence is BDAC.

Coherent paragraph after rearrangement:

'Until tea-time that day she had been unable to discover in what direction, if any, his cleverness lay. He was neither a wit nor a croquet champion, a hypnotic force nor a begetter of amateur theatricals. Neither did his exterior suggest the sort of man in whom women are willing to pardon a generous measure of mental deficiency. He had subsided into mere Mr. Appin, and the Cornelius seemed a piece of transparent baptismal bluff. And now he was claiming to have launched on the world a discovery beside which the invention of gunpowder, of the printing-press, and of steam locomotion were inconsiderable trifles. Science had made bewildering strides in many directions during recent decades, but this thing seemed to belong to the domain of miracle rather than to scientific achievement.'

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The paragraph describes the internal conflict and moral dilemma of Bateman Hunter during a journey.
• Sentence S1 is the first sentence and establishes the initial state of the protagonist:
• 'Bateman Hunter slept badly.'
• Sentence B follows S1 as it provides the chronological context for his restlessness, detailing his long journey and the mental preparation of a story he intends to tell:
• 'For a fortnight on the boat that brought him from Tahiti to San Francisco he had been thinking of the story he had to tell, and for three days on the train he had repeated to himself the words in which he meant to tell it.'
• Sentence A is the third sentence because it shifts the focus to the imminent arrival in Chicago and the sudden onset of doubts that replace his prepared words:
• 'But in a few hr now he would be in Chicago, and doubts assailed him.'
• Sentence D is the fourth sentence as it explains the nature of those doubts by identifying the source as his sensitive conscience:
• 'His conscience, always very sensitive, was not at ease.'
• Sentence C is the fifth sentence because it elaborates on the specific moral struggle within his conscience, contrasting his interest with his quixotry (idealism):
• 'He was uncertain that he had done all that was possible... and the thought was disturbing that... he had allowed his interest to prevail over his quixotry.'
• Sentence S2 is the final sentence, concluding the thought by reflecting on how the protagonist's desire for self-sacrifice (quixotry) and his inability to act on it led to disillusion.
• The correct sequence is BADC.

Coherent paragraph after rearrangement:

'Bateman Hunter slept badly. For a fortnight on the boat that brought him from Tahiti to San Francisco he had been thinking of the story he had to tell, and for three days on the train he had repeated to himself the words in which he meant to tell it. But in a few hr now he would be in Chicago, and doubts assailed him. His conscience, always very sensitive, was not at ease. He was uncertain that he had done all that was possible, it was on his honour to do much more than the possible, and the thought was disturbing that, in a matter which so nearly touched his own interest, he had allowed his interest to prevail over his quixotry. Self-sacrifice appealed so keenly to his imagination that the inability to exercise it gave him a sense of disillusion.'

The correct answer is exhausted after the long hike up the steep hill.

Key Points

• The primary reason for selecting exhausted over fully tired is lexical appropriateness. In the English language, exhausted is categorized as an extreme or non-gradable adjective, meaning it inherently carries the sense of being completely or totally drained. Using fully with tired is considered a weak collocation and is less common in formal or idiomatic writing.
• The phrase hardly any energy left serves as a critical contextual clue in the sentence. This quantifier indicates a near-total absence of stamina or physical resources, which aligns exactly with the definition of exhaustion. Therefore, exhausted provides a more economical and precise description of the students state than the original underlined phrase.
• From a syntactic perspective, replacing a multi-word phrase with a single, potent synonym improves the conciseness and flow of the sentence. This is a common principle tested in sentence improvement tasks to evaluate a candidates vocabulary depth and stylistic awareness.
• The original sentence structure establishes a cause-and-effect relationship where the long hike and the steep hill (the stressors) resulted in a specific physical state. Exhausted effectively bridges these components by emphasizing the severity of the fatigue resulting from arduous physical activity.

 Additional Information

• Grammatical Analysis of Incorrect Options:
• Too much exhausted: This is a grammatical error. The intensifier too much is typically used before uncountable nouns (e.g., too much noise) or to modify verbs (e.g., he talks too much). To modify an adjective like exhausted, the simple intensifier too or so should be used instead.
• Very much tired: While very tired is a standard gradable adjective construction, the addition of much is generally restricted to past participles used in passive voice or expressing attitudes (e.g., very much appreciated). In the context of physical fatigue, this usage is considered pleonastic or redundant.
• Adjective Grading and Intensifiers:
• Gradable Adjectives: Words like tired can be measured in degrees (e.g., a bit tired, extremely tired). They typically take intensifiers like very.
• Non-Gradable (Extreme) Adjectives: Words like exhausted, starving, or freezing represent the limit of a quality. They are usually modified by adverbs like absolutely, completely, or utterly, rather than very or fully.

The correct answer is Option 1.

 

Key Points

• The passage explicitly defines disaster risk reduction as the systematic creation and deployment of policies, strategies, and practices.
• The phrase systematic creation and deployment indicates that it is a planned way of addressing potential issues rather than an accidental or spontaneous one.
• The goal of these measures is to limit vulnerabilities, hazards, and the unfolding of catastrophic consequences throughout a society.
• This aligns perfectly with the description of a planned way to lower risks and dangers.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

 

Definition from the Passage: ‘...disaster risk reduction is defined as the systematic creation and deployment of policies, strategies, and practices to limit vulnerabilities, hazards, and the unfolding of catastrophic consequences throughout a society.’

 

Additional Information

• Option 2 is incorrect because the passage describes it as a constant process and emphasizes prevention, rather than just a short-term action taken after an event.
• Option 3 is incorrect because the definition focuses on limiting vulnerabilities and preventive measures, which happens before disasters, not just rebuilding after them.
• Option 4 is incorrect because while the goal is to limit the consequences, the passage does not claim that it can get rid of all natural disasters forever, which is physically impossible.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• According to the passage, the primary reasons for high disaster-related casualties (referred to as increased catastrophe-related casualties) are identified explicitly.
• The text states that the lack of coordinated disaster reduction measures is a key cause of these casualties.
• Furthermore, the absence of a culture of prevention is cited as a significant factor contributing to the severity of disaster impacts.
• By addressing these gaps through systematic policies and preventive strategies, societies can significantly limit vulnerabilities and hazards.
• Therefore, the factor identified as a major reason for high casualties is the Lack of coordinated efforts and a culture of prevention.

Therefore, the correct answer is Lack of coordinated efforts and a culture of prevention.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1 is incorrect because the passage suggests that preventive measures are currently lacking or uncoordinated, rather than there being an excessive investment.
• Option 3 is incorrect because the passage recommends integrating traditional wisdom with research and past experience, rather than identifying it as a cause of death.
• Option 4 is not mentioned in the text; the focus is on institutional capacity, community preparedness, and internal safety cultures rather than international aid reliance.
• The passage emphasizes that disaster risk reduction is a constant process and an essential part of sustainable development.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• According to the passage, disaster reduction measures involve a systematic process to limit risks and vulnerabilities.
• The text explicitly mentions that assessing the probability and severity of hazards, along with the community's vulnerabilities, are the initial examples of these measures.
• The passage clearly states that "Building institutional capacity and community preparation is the next phase" following these assessments.
• Therefore, establishing institutional capacity and ensuring community preparedness is the logically identified next step in the disaster risk reduction framework.

Therefore, the correct answer is Building institutional capacity and community preparedness.

 

Correct Answer: Building institutional capacity and community preparedness

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: Reducing education and training programs is contrary to the passage, which describes education and training as crucial inputs for creating a safety culture.
• Option 2: Limiting planning to government agencies only contradicts the passage's emphasis on community-wide involvement and society-level strategies.
• Option 4: Avoiding traditional knowledge is incorrect because the passage asserts that traditional wisdom must be used alongside research and past experience.

The correct answer is Option 4.

 

Key Points

• According to the passage, the development of a safety culture within societies is considered a crucial element for all disaster risk reduction efforts.
• The passage explicitly links the development of this culture to essential inputs such as education, training, and capacity building.
• These inputs are vital because they facilitate readiness, which is characterized as a constant process rather than a one-time effort.
• Therefore, a safety culture is essential because it institutionalizes preparedness and ensures that communities are consistently ready through continuous learning and skill development.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: This is incorrect because the passage emphasizes that community preparation and institutional capacity are necessary phases of disaster reduction, implying more involvement, not less.
• Option 2: This is incorrect as the passage suggests a holistic approach that includes traditional wisdom and knowledge gained through research, rather than focusing solely on technology.
• Option 3: This is incorrect because the passage clearly states that implementing basic preventive measures can save thousands of lives and is a core part of the strategy.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes that knowledge is a critical component for effective disaster risk reduction.
• It explicitly states that traditional wisdom available within the community should not be ignored but rather utilized.
• This community-based knowledge must be combined or integrated with modern research and past experiences to build a comprehensive preparedness strategy.
• Therefore, the most appropriate use of knowledge involves a holistic approach that values both localized heritage and scientific study.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1 is incorrect because the passage identifies past experience as a vital source of knowledge, not something to be ignored.
• Option 3 is incorrect because while technology and global data are useful, the text specifically highlights the necessity of traditional community wisdom.
• Option 4 is incorrect because the passage suggests that readiness is a societal effort involving community participation and accessible wisdom, rather than limiting knowledge sharing solely to elite groups or government agencies.