English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. 'Throw the baby out with the bathwater'.

Key Points

• The meaning 'An avoidable error in which something good or of value is eliminated when trying to get rid of something unwanted' refers to a situation where an essential or valuable part of something is discarded while attempting to remove undesirable elements. (किसी अवांछित चीज़ से छुटकारा पाने की कोशिश करते समय किसी अच्छी या मूल्यवान चीज़ को हटा देने की एक टालने योग्य गलती।)
• Example: Closing the entire library because a few books were missing is a classic case of throwing the baby out with the bathwater.
• The idiom 'Throw the baby out with the bathwater' means to lose valuable ideas or things during an attempt to get rid of what is not wanted. (अवांछित चीज़ों के साथ-साथ मूल्यवान चीज़ों को भी त्याग देना।)
• Example: We should update our old software rather than scrapping the whole system; let us not throw the baby out with the bathwater.
• Hence, we can infer that the meaning provided in the question matches the idiom 'Throw the baby out with the bathwater'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Throw the baby out with the bathwater.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Throw somebody for a loop (किसी को बहुत अधिक चकित या परेशान कर देना): To surprise, shock, or confuse someone significantly.
• Example: The news of the sudden policy change threw the entire staff for a loop.
• Throw the first stone (आरोप लगाने वाला पहला व्यक्ति बनना जबकि स्वयं भी निर्दोष न हो): To be the first to criticize someone for a fault that the critic also possesses.
• Example: Before you judge her for being messy, look at your own desk; you should not be the one to throw the first stone.
• Lock someone up and throw away the key (किसी को बहुत लंबे समय या आजीवन कारावास में डालना): To put someone in prison for a very long time or for life.
• Example: The criminal was so dangerous that many felt the judge should lock him up and throw away the key.

The correct answer is: Out of the red.

Key Points

• The provided definition describes a financial state where an individual or a company is no longer in debt or has cleared its financial liabilities. (ऋण या कर्ज से मुक्त होना)
• Example: After years of heavy losses, the corporation finally became debt-free.
• 'Out of the red' is an idiom that means a business or person is no longer owing money to the bank and is now making a profit. (घाटे या कर्ज से बाहर आना)
• Example: Thanks to the new management, the firm is finally out of the red and showing growth.
• Hence, we can infer that the idiom 'out of the red' correctly matches the given meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Out of the red.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Go into the red (कर्ज में जाना): To spend more money than is earned, resulting in a deficit or debt.
• Example: If the company continues to overspend, it will surely go into the red by next month.
• Red in the face (शर्मिंदा होना): To be visibly embarrassed, ashamed, or angry.
• Example: He was red in the face when he realized he had forgotten the presentation at home.
• Take the red eye (देर रात की उड़ान लेना): To travel on a flight that departs late at night and arrives early the following morning.
• Example: I had to take the red eye from London to arrive in time for the business meeting.

The correct answer is: Juvenile.

Key Points

• The word 'Juvenile' refers to anything relating to young people who are not yet adults or behavior that is typical of them. (किशोर)
• Example: The juvenile justice system is designed to rehabilitate young offenders rather than just punish them.
• 'Juvenile' is the word among the given options that is spelled correctly. It specifically denotes youthfulness or the phase of life before adulthood. (बाल/किशोर)
• Example: He was a juvenile when he first started showing an interest in astronomy.
• Hence, we can infer that 'Juvenile' is the correctly spelled word.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Juvenile.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their correct spellings and meanings:

• Jetison (���ोझ उतारना): The correct spelling is 'Jettison'. It means to throw or drop something from an aircraft or ship to lighten the load.
• Example: The pilot had to jettison the extra fuel before making an emergency landing.
• Jondice (पीलिया): The correct spelling is 'Jaundice'. It is a medical condition caused by excess bilirubin, leading to the yellowing of the skin and eyes.
• Example: Severe jaundice in newborns is usually treated with phototherapy.
• Jocular (मज़ाकिया): This refers to a person or behavior that is humorous, playful, or fond of joking.
• Example: His jocular remarks helped to ease the tension during the long meeting.

The correct answer is: Option (3) i.e. Freedom.

Key Points

• The word 'liberty' refers to the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. (स्वतंत्रता)
• Example: The statue in the harbor is a worldwide symbol of liberty and democracy.
• 'Freedom' is the condition of being free to act, speak, or think without restraint; it is the most appropriate synonym for liberty as it shares the same core meaning of independence. (आजादी)
• Example: After the long struggle, the citizens finally celebrated their freedom.
• Hence, we can infer that the most appropriate synonym of 'liberty' is 'freedom'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Freedom.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Captivity (कैद): The state of being kept as a prisoner or in a confined space, which is the opposite of liberty.
• Example: The birds were eventually released back into the wild after years in captivity.
• Punishment (सज़ा): The infliction of a penalty as retribution for an offense or crime.
• Example: The teacher gave him a mild punishment for being late to the class.
• Arrest (गिरफ्तारी): The act of seizing someone by legal authority and taking them into custody.
• Example: The police made an arrest shortly after the investigation concluded.

The correct answer is: Acknowlege.

Key Points

• The word 'Acknowlege' is the misspelt version of a word that indicates the acceptance or recognition of a fact, situation, or receipt of an item. (गलत वर्तनी)
• Example: The student lost marks in his essay because he wrote 'Acknowlege' instead of the correct spelling.
• 'Acknowledge' is the correct spelling, meaning to admit the existence or truth of something, or to confirm that one has received a message or document. (स्वीकार करना)
• Example: It is professional to acknowledge the receipt of an email within twenty-four hours.
• Hence, we can infer that the misspelt word is 'Acknowlege'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Acknowlege.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Bureaucracy (नौकरशाही): A system of government or administration in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
• Example: The new startup struggled to navigate the complex bureaucracy involved in getting a business license.
• Recommend (सिफारिश करना): To suggest or advise that someone or something is good or suitable for a particular purpose or role.
• Example: I can highly recommend this hotel for its excellent service and central location.
• Dilemma (दुविधा): A difficult situation in which a choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable.
• Example: He was in a dilemma about whether to tell his friend the truth or keep the secret.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. Vacant.

Key Points

• The word 'Occupied' means being used by someone, filled with something, or being busy with a task. (व्यस्त/अधिकृत)
• Example: I am afraid all the meeting rooms are currently occupied.
• 'Vacant' refers to something that is not being used, lived in, or occupied; it is empty and available for use. (खाली)
• Example: The hotel had only one vacant room left for the night.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'Occupied' is 'Vacant'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Vacant.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Taken (भरा हुआ/अधिकृत): This means something is already in use or has been claimed by someone else.
• Example: Is this seat taken, or can I sit here?
• Engaged (व्यस्त): This refers to being involved in an activity or being busy; it is often used as a synonym for occupied.
• Example: The director is engaged in a very important discussion at the moment.
• Busy (व्यस्त): Having a lot to do or being fully occupied with an activity.
• Example: She has been busy all morning preparing for the presentation.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. Perceptive.

Key Points

• The phrase 'One who quickly understands and responds to situations' refers to a person who possesses a keen intellect and the ability to grasp complex ideas or emotions rapidly. (तेजी से समझने और प्रतिक्रिया देने वाला)
• Example: Being insightful and fast to react, she proved to be the most reliable person during the crisis.
• 'Perceptive' describes someone who has or shows sensitive insight or is very good at noticing things that are not obvious. (अनुभवशील / तेज-समझ वाला)
• Example: It was very perceptive of him to realize that the atmosphere in the office had changed.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitution for the given description is 'perceptive'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Perceptive.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Pliable (लचीला / नमनीय): Something that is easy to bend or a person who is easily influenced or controlled by others.
• Example: High-quality clay is pliable and easy to mold into various shapes.
• Obtuse (मंदबुद्धि / मूर्ख): A person who is annoyingly insensitive or slow to understand even simple instructions or situations.
• Example: I am not trying to be obtuse, but I genuinely do not understand the logic behind this rule.
• Effusive (अतिशयोक्तिपूर्ण / भावनाप्रधान): Expressing gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.
• Example: They were effusive in their thanks for all the help we had provided during the event.

The correct answer is: Maelstrom.

Key Points

• The phrase 'A large, confused mass of people' refers to a situation where a group is in a state of turmoil, disorder, or violent agitation. (लोगों की एक बड़ी, भ्रमित भीड़ या अव्यवस्था)
• Example: The stadium became a large, confused mass of people after the sudden announcement.
• 'Maelstrom' refers to a powerful whirlpool in the sea or a river, or more commonly in this context, a state of confused and violent movement, agitation, or a chaotic mass. (भंवर या भारी उथल-पुथल)
• Example: The station was a maelstrom of activity as hundreds of passengers rushed to board the last train.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitution for 'A large, confused mass of people' is 'maelstrom'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Maelstrom.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Convocation (दीक्षांत समारोह): A large formal assembly of people, especially for a university graduation ceremony.
• Example: The governor was invited as the chief guest for the annual convocation.
• Vicissitude (उतार-चढ़ाव): A change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant.
• Example: The company has survived the vicissitudes of the stock market for over fifty years.
• Machination (साजिश): A plot or scheme, often used in a negative sense to describe crafty actions or maneuvers.
• Example: The political leader fell victim to the machinations of his own party members.

The correct answer is 'with'.

 

Key Points

• The preposition 'with' is used to indicate the instrument, tool, or part of the body used to perform a specific action.
• In this sentence, the palms are the means or instruments used to perform the action of covering the face.
• The standard grammatical colocation for this context is 'to cover something with something'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Complete Sentence: 'Cover your face with your palms to save yourself from the dust storm.'

 

Additional Information

• Option 1 (behind): This preposition refers to a location at the back of something and does not fit the context of using an object to cover another.
• Option 2 (under): This refers to being directly below or beneath something; one does not cover their face 'under' their palms in this active sense.

The correct answer is Was the machinery repaired by the technician before the factory resumed operations?.

Key Points

• The original sentence is in the Active Voice and follows the Simple Past Tense interrogative pattern: Did + Subject + V1 + Object.
• To convert an interrogative Simple Past sentence into Passive Voice, the auxiliary verb Did is replaced by Was or Were based on the number and person of the new subject.
• The word machinery is an uncountable noun and is treated as singular; therefore, the auxiliary verb Was is used to start the passive sentence.
• The main verb repair (V1) must be changed into its Past Participle form (V3), which is repaired.
• The agent or Subject of the active sentence (the technician) is placed after the verb, preceded by the preposition by.
• The Adverbial Clause of time, before the factory resumed operations, remains unchanged as it provides context to the main action.
• The final passive structure becomes: Was + New Subject (the machinery) + V3 (repaired) + by + Agent (the technician) + remainder of the sentence.

 Additional Information

• Analysis of incorrect options:
• Past Continuous Passive: Option 2 uses the phrase being repaired, which is only used when the original active sentence is in the Past Continuous Tense (Was the technician repairing...).
• Present Perfect Passive: Option 3 uses Has the machinery been repaired, which shifts the tense from the Simple Past to the Present Perfect, changing the temporal meaning of the sentence.
• Grammatical Error: Option 4 uses Did the machinery repair, which is structurally incorrect because machinery is the receiver of the action, not the performer, necessitating a Passive Voice construction.
• Tense Consistency: In voice conversion, the Tense must remain the same; Simple Past Active must always correspond to Simple Past Passive.

The correct answer is Was the panel evaluating the project presentation when the power cut occurred?.

Key Points

• The original sentence 'Was the project presentation being evaluated by the panel when the power cut occurred?' is in the Passive Voice of the Past Continuous Tense.
• The structure for an interrogative sentence in the Past Continuous Passive Voice is: Was/Were + Object + being + V3 (Past Participle) + by + Subject?
• To convert this into Active Voice, the structure must be: Was/Were + Subject + Verb-ing (Present Participle) + Object?
• In the given sentence, the subject (the doer) is the panel, and the object (the receiver) is the project presentation. The verb is evaluate.
• Applying the rule, 'the panel' (singular subject) takes the auxiliary verb Was, and the verb changes from 'being evaluated' to evaluating.
• The clause 'when the power cut occurred' remains unchanged as it provides the temporal context (Simple Past) for the continuous action.

 Additional Information

• Understanding Tense Consistency in Voice Conversion:
• Past Simple: Uses the auxiliary Did in the active interrogative (e.g., 'Did the panel evaluate...'). This is incorrect here because the original sentence denotes an ongoing action (indicated by 'being').
• Present Continuous: Uses Is/Am/Are. This is incorrect because the original sentence and the subordinate clause ('occurred') are firmly established in the past.
• Past Perfect: Uses Had + V3 (e.g., 'Had the panel evaluated...'). This tense represents an action completed before another past action, which contradicts the simultaneous continuous nature of the original sentence.
• Active Voice emphasizes the agent performing the action, while Passive Voice emphasizes the recipient of the action or the action itself.

The correct answer is Everybody in the class knows the solution..

Key Points

• The original sentence is in the Passive Voice. The structure used is Object + is/am/are + Past Participle (V3) + to + Agent.
• To convert a sentence from Passive to Active Voice, the agent of the action (the person or thing doing the action) must become the Subject. In this case, everybody in the class becomes the subject.
• The verb is known indicates that the sentence is in the Simple Present Tense. Therefore, the active verb must also be in the Simple Present Tense (V1 or V1+s/es).
• The word everybody is a singular indefinite pronoun. According to the rules of Subject-Verb Agreement, a singular subject requires a singular verb, which is knows.
• The receiver of the action, the solution, shifts from the subject position in the passive voice to the Direct Object position in the active voice.

 Additional Information

• Stative Verbs:
• Verbs like know, believe, and own describe a state rather than a continuous action.
• These verbs are typically not used in the Present Continuous Tense. Therefore, a construction like is knowing is generally considered grammatically incorrect in standard English.
• Tense Changes:
• Changing the tense during voice conversion is incorrect. Using knew (Simple Past) or has known (Present Perfect) alters the temporal context of the original statement.
• Voice conversion only changes the emphasis (from the receiver to the doer) while keeping the tense constant.

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The error in the sentence lies in the use of the preposition about in the second part.
• When an adjective is used to describe the nature, character, or behavior of a person in the structure 'It + be + adjective + preposition + person + to-infinitive', the correct preposition to use is of.
• Adjectives that typically follow this pattern include stupid, kind, nice, clever, polite, and generous.
• The phrase should correctly read as 'stupid of the boy to' because it describes the boy's action/character.
• Thus, the part containing the error is 'stupid about the boy to'.

Therefore, the correct answer is stupid about the boy to.

 

Correct Sentence: 'It was very stupid of the boy to have spent five thousand rupees on that dictionary.'

 

Additional Information

• 'It was very' – This is a grammatically correct introductory phrase for this type of sentence structure.
• 'have spent five thousand' – The use of the perfect infinitive ('to have spent') is correct here as it refers to an action that took place before the time referred to by the main verb ('was').
• 'rupees on that dictionary' – The verb spend is correctly paired with the preposition on when indicating what the money was exchanged for.

The correct answer is 'of'.

 

Key Points

• The verb boast means to speak with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities.
• In English grammar, the verb boast is typically followed by the preposition of or about to indicate the subject of the pride.
• The phrase boast of something is a standard idiomatic construction. In this sentence, Sebastian is speaking proudly of his European descent.
• Options 1, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect because these prepositions do not collocate with the verb boast in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

 

Complete Sentence: 'Sebastian always boasts of his European descent.'

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'with' is incorrect; we do not use with to specify what is being boasted about.
• Option 3: 'at' is incorrect; the preposition at is used for locations or specific points in time, not with the verb boast.
• Option 4: 'for' is incorrect; while for can indicate purpose, it does not function as the required preposition for the verb boast.

The correct answer is No improvement required.

Key Points

• The underlined phrase 'come to terms with' is a fixed idiomatic expression in English which means to gradually accept a sad or difficult situation or to find a way to live with it.
• This idiom follows a strict syntactic structure consisting of the verb 'come', the prepositional phrase 'to terms', and the preposition 'with'. Any deviation from these specific prepositions results in an ungrammatical or non-idiomatic construction.
• In the sentence provided, the object of acceptance is 'the fact', referring to the specific situation of losing a chance. The use of the definite article 'the' before the singular noun 'fact' is logically and grammatically sound because it identifies the propositional content that follows (that you have lost your chance).
• Because the original sentence correctly utilizes the standard idiom and maintains proper prepositional usage, it does not require any stylistic or grammatical changes. The integrity of the clause structure and the semantic meaning are both intact.

 Additional Information

• Analysis of incorrect prepositional combinations:
• 'Come at terms of': This is incorrect because 'at terms' is not a recognized phrase for acceptance; 'at' usually denotes a specific location or point in time, and 'of' fails to show the relational bond required by the idiom.
• 'Come on terms with': Although the phrase 'on good terms' exists to describe a friendly relationship, it cannot substitute 'to terms' when describing the psychological process of resignation or acceptance.
• 'Come in terms to': This is often confused with 'in terms of' (meaning regarding), but 'in terms' cannot be paired with the verb 'come' to convey acceptance. Furthermore, 'terms' must be followed by 'with' to correctly link to the situation being accepted.
• The word 'terms' in this context relates to 'conditions' or 'provisions', suggesting that the person has reached a state where they can coexist with the harsh conditions of their reality.

The correct answer is Because human nature ensures that new suffering will emerge..

Key Points

• The passage explicitly states that material assistance, such as providing food to the hungry or shelter for the homeless, provides only temporary relief rather than a permanent solution to human misery.
• According to the author, the persistence of physical needs and suffering is a direct result of human nature; as long as character remains unchanged, new forms of suffering will inevitably emerge.
• The text argues that no amount of material aid, including the distribution of medicine or the construction of hospitals, can fully eradicate miseries because it does not address the root cause of evil.
• The inadequacy of material help is highlighted by the claim that even if every house became a charitable institution, the suffering of humanity would not cease without a fundamental change in character.
• The author identifies ignorance as the primary source of societal evil, implying that misery is a recurring cycle that only moral purity and enlightenment can break.

 Additional Information

• Fundamental Remedy for Suffering:
• The passage suggests that the only way to reduce misery effectively is for individuals to become enlightened, morally steadfast, and spiritually strong.
• Cultivating moral purity is presented as the essential transformation required to move beyond the limitations of material assistance.
• Role of Institutions and Infrastructure:
• Charitable Institutions: The text suggests that the proliferation of charity is secondary to the moral development of the population; institutions alone cannot solve the problem of misery.
• Hospital Facilities: Even with state-of-the-art medical resources, the author believes humanity's suffering will persist if the underlying character flaws and ignorance are not addressed.
• Nature of Physical Needs:
• The text implies that while physical needs are recurrent, the focus should be on the spiritual and educational aspects of mankind to achieve lasting alleviation of misery.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• The passage argues that material assistance like food and shelter only provides temporary relief because physical needs and suffering persist as long as human nature remains the same.
• The author explicitly mentions that the fundamental remedy for world misery consists in cultivating moral purity in mankind.
• The text highlights that ignorance is the root cause of evil, and true reduction in misery occurs only when individuals become enlightened, morally steadfast, and spiritually strong.
• The author concludes that even if every house became a charitable institution, suffering would not cease without a change in human character.

Therefore, the correct answer is Cultivating moral purity and enlightenment.

 

Additional Information

• Building more hospitals and schools: The text classifies these as material aid that cannot fully eradicate miseries because they do not address the root cause of evil.
• Increasing charitable donations: While helpful, the author suggests that turning the whole country into charitable institutions is insufficient without inner transformation.
• Expanding government welfare programs: This represents a form of external material help, which the passage deems inadequate for solving the fundamental problem of human suffering.

The correct answer is Ignorance leads to moral weakness and unethical behavior.

Key Points

• The author argues that misery cannot be eradicated through material assistance alone, as physical aid like food and shelter only addresses transient symptoms of a deeper problem.
• According to the passage, ignorance serves as the fundamental root cause of all social evil because it prevents individuals from achieving moral steadfastness and spiritual strength.
• The text implies that without enlightenment and education, individuals remain susceptible to moral weakness, which leads to the unethical behavior that perpetuates suffering in society.
• The author emphasizes that even if a nation were covered in hospitals and charitable institutions, human suffering would persist unless there is a significant transformation in human character.
• True relief from misery is therefore dependent on cultivating moral purity and fostering a sense of spiritual well-being, which effectively counters the negative effects of ignorance.

 Additional Information

• Understanding Ignorance in a Moral Context:
• In many philosophical and spiritual frameworks, ignorance (often termed 'Avidya') refers to the lack of awareness regarding the interconnectedness of life and ethical laws.
• This lack of awareness leads to selfishness and greed, which are the primary drivers of social injustice and collective misery.
• Enlightenment is presented not just as intellectual knowledge, but as a holistic awakening that empowers an individual to act with integrity and compassion.
• The author suggests that character-building education is the most sustainable way to achieve long-term social reform, surpassing the impact of mere economic or physical interventions.

The correct answer is Option 4.

 

Key Points

• The author uses a hypothetical scenario to emphasize that material aid is insufficient to end human misery.
• The specific imaginary situation described is turning 'every house in every village' into a charitable institution and covering the entire country with hospitals.
• The passage argues that even in such an extreme case of physical abundance and care, suffering would not cease because the root cause lies in human character rather than physical lack.
• Therefore, the author points out that a change in human character is the essential requirement for lasting relief from misery.

Therefore, the correct answer is A nation where every house is a charitable institution.

 

Correct Sentence: 'If every house in every village were turned into a charitable institution and the whole country covered with hospitals, the suffering of humanity would not cease until there is a change in human character.'

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: The text does not mention natural resources or their impact on the alleviation of misery.
• Option 2: While economic factors like employment and markets are related to social welfare, the author focuses on moral and spiritual enlightenment rather than economic structures.
• Option 3: The author does not describe a collapsed civilization; instead, they describe a scenario of maximum possible charity to highlight its limitations.

The correct answer is Spiritual and moral development is essential for lasting change.

Key Points

• The author asserts that material assistance, including providing food, shelter, and medicine, provides only transient relief and cannot permanently eliminate the world's miseries. Hence, the principle emphasizes spiritual and moral development as the primary solution.
• The passage identifies human nature and character as the core factors; as long as these remain unchanged, physical needs and suffering will continue to manifest regardless of external aid. Hence, internal transformation is seen as essential for lasting change.
• The text explicitly states that ignorance is the root cause of evil and societal misery, concluding that only through enlightenment and becoming spiritually strong can humanity be truly uplifted. Hence, moral steadfastness is the fundamental remedy.
• To illustrate the inadequacy of purely physical solutions, the author uses the hypothetical scenario where every village house becomes a charitable institution, yet suffering persists because the human character remains the same. Hence, the underlying argument favors moral growth over infrastructure.
• The ultimate goal for reducing misery, according to the passage, is cultivating moral purity and enlightenment, which serves as the fundamental remedy for the persistence of human suffering. Hence, spiritual development is the core principle.

 Additional Information

• Social welfare programs:
• These refer to organized efforts like hospitals and charities mentioned in the text. The author argues they are inadequate on their own because they treat the symptoms of misery rather than its root cause in human nature.
• Economic growth:
• While not explicitly named, the material aid discussed relates to economic resources. The text posits that materialism cannot solve the problems arising from moral weakness or unethical behavior.
• Technological progress:
• The passage focuses on the human condition and spirituality. It implies that advancements in physical infrastructure or medication are secondary to the educational and moral enlightenment of the individual.