General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Amritsar.

Key Points

• During the eighteenth century, the Sikh community gathered in Amritsar during the festivals of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as Gurmatas.
• The Gurmata was a form of deliberative assembly among the Sikhs, where important communal and political decisions were taken collectively by the community leaders.
• Amritsar, being a major religious and cultural center for Sikhs, served as the focal point for such gatherings, especially at the Golden Temple.
• These decisions, called Gurmatas, were binding on the entire Sikh community and often pertained to critical matters like military strategy, religious issues, and governance.
• The practice of holding Gurmatas in Amritsar highlights the city’s importance as the spiritual and political heart of the Sikh community during that period.

Additional Information

• Gurmata:
• The term Gurmata translates to "Guru’s decision" and refers to resolutions passed during Sikh gatherings.
• These decisions were considered sacred and of utmost importance, as they were believed to be guided by divine will.
• Gurmatas played a significant role in uniting the Sikh community and addressing both internal and external challenges during the turbulent eighteenth century.
• Amritsar:
• Amritsar is one of the holiest cities for Sikhs and is home to the Golden Temple, also known as Harmandir Sahib.
• It was founded in the 16^th century by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, and became the epicenter of Sikhism.
• The city hosted important Sikh gatherings, especially during the festivals of Baisakhi and Diwali.
• Baisakhi:
• Baisakhi is a major Sikh festival that marks the harvest season and the establishment of the Khalsa Panth in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• It is celebrated with great enthusiasm and is one of the key occasions for the Sikh community to gather and discuss matters of importance.
• Diwali and Sikhs:
• For Sikhs, Diwali holds special significance as it marks the release of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji, from captivity in 1619.
• It is also a time for the community to come together, commemorate historical events, and make collective decisions.
• Historical Importance of Sikh Assemblies:
• Such assemblies contributed to the strengthening of Sikh unity and allowed the community to respond collectively to external threats, especially during the Mughal period and invasions by Afghan rulers.
• The resolutions passed during these gatherings often had far-reaching impacts on Sikh governance and military strategies.

The correct answer is Finance Bill.

Key Points

• The Finance Bill is a legislative proposal presented in Parliament along with the Union Budget to give effect to the financial proposals for the upcoming financial year.
• It contains provisions related to the imposition, abolition, or alteration of taxes, as proposed in the Union Budget.
• The Finance Bill is a Money Bill as per Article 110 of the Indian Constitution, meaning it is primarily concerned with taxation and government spending.
• The Bill needs to be passed by the Lok Sabha and can only be discussed but not amended by the Rajya Sabha, as per the provisions of the Constitution.
• The passage of the Finance Bill is crucial for implementing the financial proposals of the government, including tax amendments and budgetary allocations.

Additional Information

• Private Member Bill:
• A Private Member Bill is introduced by a Member of Parliament who is not a minister.
• It is used to propose new laws or amendments to existing laws but is not related to financial matters.
• Only a small fraction of private member bills are passed in Parliament.
• Constitution Amendment Bill:
• This bill is introduced to amend the Constitution of India under Article 368.
• It requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament and, in some cases, ratification by half of the state legislatures.
• It is not related to the imposition or abolition of taxes.
• Ordinary Bill:
• An Ordinary Bill is concerned with any matter other than financial or constitutional amendments.
• It can be introduced in either House of Parliament and does not require a special procedure for its passage.
• It is not used for tax-related proposals or budget implementation.
• Money Bill:
• A Money Bill is a subset of the Finance Bill and deals only with provisions mentioned in Article 110 of the Constitution, such as taxation, government borrowing, or expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• It is certified as a Money Bill by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
• The Finance Bill encompasses a broader scope than a Money Bill, including tax-related and non-tax-related financial proposals.

Important Points

• Stages of the Finance Bill:
• The Finance Bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha during the presentation of the Union Budget.
• It is debated and voted upon after the General Budget discussion is completed.
• The Bill must be passed within 75 days of its introduction, as per constitutional provisions.
• Role of the Rajya Sabha:
• The Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Finance Bill but cannot amend or reject it.
• The Lok Sabha may accept or reject these recommendations.
• Difference Between Finance Bill and Appropriation Bill:
• The Finance Bill deals with taxation and financial proposals, while the Appropriation Bill authorizes the government to withdraw funds from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• Both are essential for implementing the Union Budget.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBM Act) was enacted by the Government of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce fiscal deficit, and improve macroeconomic management.
• As per the provisions of the FRBM Act, the central government is required to set annual targets to reduce fiscal deficits and eliminate revenue deficits.
• However, Section 4(2) of the FRBM Act provides for certain exceptions where the fiscal deficit targets can be exceeded. These are:
• National Security: In situations where national security is threatened, the government may breach the deficit target. This is deemed a valid exception. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• National Calamity: In the event of a severe national calamity (such as natural disasters), the government is allowed to exceed the prescribed fiscal deficit target to address the crisis effectively. Hence, Statement II is correct.
• The exceptions ensure that the government has the flexibility to respond to extraordinary circumstances without being constrained by fiscal deficit limits.
• It is important to note that these deviations must be approved by Parliament, and the government is required to present a detailed explanation for breaching the fiscal targets.
• Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Additional Information

• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003:
• The FRBM Act was enacted to ensure responsible fiscal management and achieve long-term macroeconomic stability.
• The Act includes measures such as reducing the fiscal deficit to a specified target (e.g., 3% of GDP) and eliminating the revenue deficit over time.
• The objective is to boost public savings, reduce inflationary pressures, and maintain sustainable debt levels.
• It applies to both the central government and state governments, although states have their own versions of FRBM laws.
• Provisions for Deviation under FRBM Act:
• Deviation from deficit targets is permissible under exceptional circumstances such as war, national security threats, natural calamities, or other extraordinary events.
• The government must provide a detailed explanation to Parliament when deviating from set targets, including measures to return to the prescribed path.
• Amendments to the FRBM Act:
• The Act has been amended several times, including the 2018 amendment, which introduced a fiscal deficit glide path and mandated the establishment of a Fiscal Council.
• The fiscal deficit target was revised to a more flexible range, allowing for economic uncertainties.
• Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic:
• The fiscal rules under the FRBM Act were temporarily relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic to allow the government to undertake higher spending to address the health and economic crisis.
• This highlighted the importance of having flexibility in fiscal management policies during emergencies.
• Important Points:
• India's fiscal deficit for FY 2022-23 was projected at 6.4% of GDP, reflecting higher government expenditure due to economic recovery measures.
• The FRBM Act emphasizes transparency and accountability in fiscal management by requiring the government to present fiscal policy statements and medium-term fiscal frameworks to Parliament.

The correct answer is Rajagriha.

Key Points

• Rajagriha, now known as Rajgir in Bihar, was the first capital of the Magadha Empire.
• It served as the capital for several years before the capital was shifted to Pataliputra (modern-day Patna).
• Rajagriha, meaning "House of the King," was strategically located amidst five hills, which provided it with natural fortification and made it an important center of political and cultural significance.
• The city is associated with the early teachings of both Buddhism and Jainism. Lord Buddha spent several years in Rajagriha, and it was here that King Bimbisara of Magadha met Buddha and became his follower.
• Historical records and archaeological evidence indicate that Rajagriha was an important hub of activity during the reigns of rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatashatru.
• The shift to Pataliputra was made due to its more central location and better opportunities for trade, transportation, and military strategy.

Additional Information

• Pataliputra (Patna):
• Pataliputra was established as the capital of Magadha during the reign of King Ajatashatru. It later became the center of major political activities in ancient India.
• It flourished as a cultural and administrative center under the Mauryan and Gupta Empires.
• Notable rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka made Pataliputra their capital, and it became famous for its grand architecture and urban planning.
• Other Options:
• Ujjain: Ujjain, located in modern-day Madhya Pradesh, was a prominent city in ancient India but never served as the capital of Magadha. It was a major center of trade, learning, and spirituality.
• Vaishali: Vaishali, also in Bihar, was the capital of the Vajji confederacy and holds significance in Jain and Buddhist traditions. It was not the capital of Magadha.
• Taxila: Located in present-day Pakistan, Taxila was a center of learning and an important city in the Gandhara region. It was not associated with Magadha.
• Importance of Magadha:
• Magadha was one of the most powerful Mahajanapadas in ancient India, known for its military strength, strategic location, and economic prosperity.
• The Magadha Empire laid the foundation for later empires like the Mauryan and Gupta dynasties, which significantly influenced Indian history.
• Buddhism and Jainism in Rajagriha:
• Rajagriha was an early center for Buddhism and Jainism. It is said to be the location of the first Buddhist Council, which was held after the death of Buddha.
• Mahavira, the 24^th Tirthankara of Jainism, also spent considerable time in Rajagriha, spreading his teachings.
• Geographical and Strategic Importance:
• Rajagriha's location amidst five hills provided natural defense against invasions, making it a secure capital for Magadha.
• The fertile plains around the city contributed to the economic prosperity of the Magadha Empire.

The correct answer is Samaveda.

Key Points

• The Samaveda primarily consists of hymns and melodies that have been taken from the Rigveda. These hymns are specifically arranged for chanting and singing during rituals.
• It is one of the four Vedas—Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—and is regarded as the "Veda of melodies and chants."
• The hymns of the Samaveda are chanted during religious rituals and sacrifices to invoke divine blessings. It is closely associated with the practice of Soma rituals.
• Unlike the Rigveda, which focuses on the poetic aspect of hymns, the Samaveda emphasizes the musical rendition of these hymns, making it a unique collection of Vedic literature.
• While many hymns in the Samaveda are borrowed from the Rigveda, their arrangement and purpose in the Samaveda are distinct, as they are meant to be sung rather than recited.

Additional Information

• Rigveda:
• The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas and consists of hymns that focus on the praise of various deities such as Agni, Indra, and Varuna.
• It is written in Sanskrit and is considered one of the most ancient religious texts in the world.
• The Rigveda contains a total of 1,028 hymns divided into 10 books called Mandalas.
• Its focus is on the poetic and philosophical aspects of Vedic literature.
• Yajurveda:
• The Yajurveda is primarily a compilation of prose and verses designed to guide the performance of rituals and sacrifices.
• It is divided into two parts: the Shukla (White) Yajurveda and the Krishna (Black) Yajurveda.
• Unlike the Samaveda, the Yajurveda focuses more on the procedural and practical aspects of conducting Vedic rituals.
• Atharvaveda:
• The Atharvaveda is considered the Veda of knowledge and includes hymns, spells, and incantations for practical purposes like healing, marriage, and protection against evils.
• It is distinct from the other three Vedas in its focus on the everyday concerns of life rather than rituals.
• Samaveda's Unique Features:
• The Samaveda is often referred to as the "Book of Chants" due to its emphasis on musical notations.
• It is regarded as the origin of Indian classical music and has had a profound influence on its development.
• Priests who specialize in the Samaveda are called Udgatris, and they play a key role in chanting during rituals.
• Important Points:
• The Samaveda is closely associated with the Sama Gana, the singing style of Vedic hymns used during rituals.
• It is especially used in Soma Yajnas, where Soma, a sacred plant, is offered to deities.
• The Samaveda has contributed significantly to the cultural and spiritual heritage of India.

The correct answer is European Union.

Key Points

• The European Union (EU) introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on October 1, 2023, as part of its broader commitment to reducing carbon emissions and addressing climate change.
• CBAM is a critical policy under the European Green Deal, aimed at ensuring that the cost of carbon emissions is factored into the price of imported goods.
• The mechanism applies to carbon-intensive products such as cement, aluminum, steel, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen, among others, imported into the European Union.
• The primary goal of CBAM is to prevent carbon leakage, which occurs when companies relocate their production to countries with less stringent climate policies, undermining global climate goals.
• Initially, the mechanism will operate in a transitional phase until 2026, focusing on reporting emissions without imposing financial obligations. Full implementation with a monetary carbon levy is set to begin thereafter.

Additional Information

• European Green Deal:
• Launched in 2019, the European Green Deal is the EU's roadmap to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050.
• It includes policies targeting clean energy, sustainable industry, and biodiversity, along with the CBAM to address carbon leakage.
• Carbon Leakage:
• Occurs when industries relocate production to regions with weaker climate policies, causing an increase in global emissions rather than reducing them.
• CBAM aims to level the playing field by imposing a carbon cost on imports equivalent to the EU’s carbon price.
• Implementation Process:
• During the transitional phase (2023-2026), importers are required to report the embedded emissions of their goods, but no financial payments are demanded.
• From 2026 onwards, importers will need to purchase CBAM certificates to account for the carbon emissions of imported goods.
• Global Implications:
• CBAM has raised concerns among developing countries and trade partners, as it could impact their export competitiveness.
• It encourages other countries to adopt similar carbon pricing mechanisms to align with global climate goals.
• Comparison with Other Initiatives:
• While CBAM is specific to the EU, similar initiatives are being discussed globally to address carbon emissions in trade.
• For example, the United States has proposed a Clean Competition Act with similar objectives.

The correct answer is Manu Bhakar.

Key Points

• Manu Bhakar is a renowned Indian sportsperson associated with the sport of shooting. She has represented India in various national and international shooting competitions.
• She gained prominence for her exceptional performance in the 10m Air Pistol and 25m Pistol events.
• Manu Bhakar won a gold medal at the 2018 ISSF World Cup, becoming one of the youngest Indian shooters to achieve this feat.
• She also clinched gold medals at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2019 ISSF World Cup finals, solidifying her position as a top-tier shooter.
• Her achievements have made her a key figure in Indian shooting sports, and she continues to inspire young athletes in the country.

Additional Information

• D. Gukesh:
• D. Gukesh is an Indian chess prodigy and is not associated with shooting.
• He holds the title of Grandmaster in chess and is among the youngest to achieve this distinction.
• Gukesh has represented India in international chess tournaments and has won multiple accolades in the sport.
• Mithali Raj:
• Mithali Raj is a former captain of the Indian women’s cricket team and is not related to shooting.
• She is known for her exceptional batting skills and has been a leading figure in women’s cricket globally.
• Mithali is the highest run-scorer in women’s international cricket and has received numerous awards for her contributions to the sport.
• Dipa Karmakar:
• Dipa Karmakar is a renowned Indian gymnast and is not associated with shooting.
• She gained fame for her performance in the 2016 Rio Olympics, where she became the first Indian female gymnast to qualify for the Olympics final.
• Dipa is known for executing the Produnova vault, a highly challenging gymnastics move.
• Significance of Shooting in India:
• Shooting is a sport where India has achieved significant success on the international stage, including the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, and Asian Games.
• Notable Indian shooters include Abhinav Bindra (India’s first individual Olympic gold medalist), Gagan Narang, and Rahi Sarnobat.
• Organizations like the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) play a key role in promoting and supporting shooting sports in the country.

The correct answer is Anusuiya Uikey.

Key Points

• Anusuiya Uikey was appointed as the Governor of Manipur in December 2024.
• She previously served as the Governor of Chhattisgarh, showcasing her extensive administrative experience.
• Her appointment as Governor of Manipur highlights the Government of India's focus on appointing experienced leaders to key gubernatorial roles in northeastern states.
• Manipur, being a state of strategic importance in the northeast, benefits from her leadership and administrative capabilities.
• Governors in India are appointed by the President of India under Article 155 of the Constitution, and they serve as the constitutional head of their respective states.

Additional Information

• Role of Governors in India:
• The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
• They have the power to reserve certain bills for the consideration of the President under Article 200.
• The Governor also plays a critical role in ensuring the state’s administration is conducted per the provisions of the Constitution.
• Appointment of Governors:
• Governors are appointed by the President of India for a term of five years, but they serve at the pleasure of the President.
• They can be transferred between states and may also be reappointed for a second term.
• Manipur - Strategic Importance:
• Manipur is a northeastern state with significant geographical and cultural importance, sharing borders with Myanmar.
• The state plays a vital role in India's Act East Policy, enhancing trade and connectivity with Southeast Asia.
• It is known for its diverse cultural heritage, including traditional dances like Raas Leela and sports such as Polo, which originated here.
• Key Functions of the Governor:
• Appointing the Chief Minister and other ministers.
• Summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the state legislature.
• Granting pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment under Article 161.
• Ensuring the constitutional machinery of the state is upheld, particularly under Article 356 in case of a constitutional crisis.

The correct answer is Rama Mohan Rao Amara.

Key Points

• Rama Mohan Rao Amara was appointed as the Managing Director (MD) of State Bank of India (SBI) in December 2024.
• He has extensive experience in the banking sector, having served in various roles in SBI over the years.
• His appointment reflects SBI’s commitment to strengthening leadership and ensuring efficient management of India's largest public sector bank.
• As MD, Amara is expected to drive the bank's strategic initiatives, enhance profitability, and focus on innovation in banking services.
• The appointment follows the guidelines set by the Government of India and the Bank Boards Bureau to ensure merit-based leadership in public sector banks.

Additional Information

• State Bank of India (SBI):
• SBI is India's largest public sector bank and financial institution, established in 1955.
• It operates globally, with a network of 22,000+ branches and 58,000+ ATMs.
• The bank plays a significant role in implementing various government schemes like PMJDY, Mudra Yojana, and Atal Pension Yojana.
• Role of Managing Director:
• The MD is responsible for overseeing the bank's operations, strategy, and financial performance.
• Key responsibilities include driving growth, innovation, and digital transformation within the organization.
• The MD also plays a crucial role in implementing government policies through the bank's services and products.
• Bank Boards Bureau:
• The Bank Boards Bureau was established in 2016 to recommend appointments to leadership positions in public sector banks and financial institutions.
• It ensures transparency and merit-based selection for key management roles.
• Recent Initiatives by SBI:
• SBI has been focusing on digital banking and enhancing customer experiences through platforms like YONO.
• The bank is actively involved in promoting financial inclusion and supporting MSMEs through loan schemes.
• SBI has introduced green banking practices, including investments in renewable energy projects.
• Important Leadership Appointments in SBI:
• Key appointments at SBI include Chairman, Managing Directors, and Chief Financial Officers, selected based on expertise and experience.
• Recent leadership appointments are geared toward fostering growth, innovation, and global competitiveness.

The correct answer is Parvathaneni Harish.

Key Points

• Parvathaneni Harish was appointed as India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in August 2024, succeeding his predecessor.
• The Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations is a critical diplomatic position that represents India in all UN forums, including the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
• Parvathaneni Harish is a seasoned diplomat and a senior officer of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), known for his extensive experience in global diplomacy, including holding key positions in India's missions abroad.
• His appointment is seen as part of India's strategy to strengthen its global diplomatic footprint and effectively articulate India's stance on key international issues, including sustainable development, peacekeeping, and global security.
• India's role at the UN has been pivotal, especially with its recent tenure as a non-permanent member of the UNSC for 2021-2022, and Harish's leadership is expected to bolster India's contributions further.

Additional Information

• United Nations and India:
• India is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), having signed the UN Charter in 1945.
• India has been a strong advocate for multilateralism, sustainable development, and international peace and security within the UN framework.
• India has contributed significantly to UN Peacekeeping Missions, being one of the largest troop-contributing nations.
• Role of Permanent Representatives:
• The Permanent Representative acts as the chief diplomat for a country at the UN, representing its interests in all UN forums and negotiations.
• Responsibilities include participating in debates, contributing to resolutions, and fostering multilateral collaborations.
• The position requires strong leadership and diplomatic skills to navigate complex global issues like climate change, conflict resolution, and human rights.
• India's Recent Achievements at the UN:
• India served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for the 2021-2022 term, highlighting its role in global decision-making.
• During this tenure, India chaired key committees, including the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Libya Sanctions Committee.
• India has also been actively advocating for UN reforms, including a permanent seat in the UNSC, under the G4 coalition.
• Parvathaneni Harish's Background:
• He is a senior officer of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), having joined in 1990.
• Harish has served in various capacities, including as India's Ambassador to Vietnam and other key diplomatic postings.
• His expertise spans critical areas like trade negotiations, bilateral relations, and multilateral diplomacy.
• India's Vision at the UN:
• India emphasizes equitable global governance, counter-terrorism, climate change action, and sustainable development.
• It also champions the Global South by advocating for fair representation and addressing developmental challenges faced by developing nations.
• India's initiatives, such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), highlight its global leadership in addressing climate change.

The correct answer is 2.

Key Points

• Subhadra Yojana was introduced by the Odisha government in September 2024 to provide financial assistance to beneficiaries.
• Under the scheme, beneficiaries receive a total of Rs. 50,000 over a period of 5 years. Hence, the correct answer is 5 years.
• This financial support aims to empower vulnerable sections of society, particularly women and economically weaker groups.
• The funds are disbursed systematically in installments to achieve specific goals, such as enhancing livelihood opportunities and ensuring social security.
• The scheme is monitored by the Department of Women and Child Development, Odisha, ensuring transparency and proper implementation.

Additional Information

• Key Objectives of Subhadra Yojana:
• The scheme is designed to provide financial aid to marginalized sections of society, with a focus on women-led households.
• It promotes inclusive development by addressing poverty and improving access to education, healthcare, and basic needs.
• Implementation Process:
• Funds are disbursed through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to ensure transparency and prevent leakages.
• The scheme is overseen by the Department of Women and Child Development, Odisha, ensuring that all targeted beneficiaries receive their entitlements.
• Comparison with Similar Initiatives:
• Mission Shakti, another scheme by the Odisha government, focuses on women empowerment.
• Other states in India have launched similar initiatives to support vulnerable groups, such as the KALIA Scheme for farmers.
• Statistical Overview:
• The scheme aims to cover a significant portion of the population below the poverty line in Odisha.
• This initiative is expected to contribute positively to the state's Human Development Index (HDI) rankings.

Important Points

• Eligibility Criteria:
• Beneficiaries must belong to economically weaker sections or marginalized communities.
• Preference is given to women-led households and families with limited access to resources.
• Financial Inclusion:
• The scheme encourages beneficiaries to open and operate bank accounts.
• Funds are credited directly to beneficiaries’ accounts to ensure transparency.
• Examples of Similar Initiatives:
• The KALIA Scheme in Odisha provides financial assistance to farmers and landless agricultural laborers.
• The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) focuses on financial inclusion by offering banking facilities to underprivileged groups.

The correct answer is Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign.

Key Points

• The Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign is a flagship initiative of the Department of Health Research, aligned with the Swachh Bharat Mission, to promote cleanliness and hygiene across India.
• The campaign is scheduled from 17^th September 2024 to 2^nd October 2024, coinciding with the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, a staunch advocate of cleanliness and sanitation.
• It emphasizes community participation to drive activities such as cleanliness drives, waste removal, and awareness programs aimed at achieving a cleaner and healthier environment.
• The campaign focuses on ensuring the active involvement of citizens, schools, businesses, NGOs, and local bodies to promote sustainable hygiene practices, particularly in urban and rural areas.
• This initiative is part of the larger Swachh Bharat Mission, which was launched on 2^nd October 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to achieve universal sanitation coverage and eliminate open defecation in India.

Additional Information

• Swachh Bharat Mission:
• The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2^nd October 2014 to honor Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of cleanliness and sanitation.
• The mission comprises two components: Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural).
• As of today, the mission has led to the construction of over 100 million toilets across India, significantly reducing open defecation.
• It also emphasizes waste management through methods like solid waste management and door-to-door waste collection.
• Mahatma Gandhi's Role in Cleanliness Advocacy:
• Mahatma Gandhi consistently advocated for the importance of cleanliness, considering it equally important as independence.
• He often emphasized that a clean environment is essential for building a healthy and progressive society.
• His teachings continue to inspire modern initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign.
• Plastic-Free India Campaign:
• The Plastic-Free India Campaign aims to eliminate the use of single-use plastics to combat environmental pollution.
• It promotes the adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste.
• Namami Gange Program:
• The Namami Gange Program is a flagship initiative by the Government of India to clean and rejuvenate the Ganga River.
• It integrates efforts to address issues such as water pollution, waste management, and biodiversity conservation.
• Impact of the Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign:
• Contributes to reducing the prevalence of diseases such as diarrhea and cholera caused by unhygienic conditions.
• Improves the quality of life, especially for women and children.
• Promotes sustainable waste management practices like recycling and composting.

Important Points

• Government Support:
• The government provides financial assistance to urban and rural areas for constructing toilets and waste management systems.
• Educational campaigns are organized to spread awareness about the importance of cleanliness and hygiene.
• Digital platforms monitor and report the progress of cleanliness initiatives under this campaign.
• Community Involvement:
• Local bodies, schools, and NGOs are encouraged to actively participate in cleanliness drives.
• Competitions, workshops, and rallies are organized to engage citizens in promoting hygiene practices.

The correct answer is Square.

Key Points

• The standard competition platform used in Judo is a square-shaped mat, commonly referred to as the tatami.
• The contest area is typically 10 meters x 10 meters, with an additional 3-meter safety area surrounding it to ensure the safety of participants.
• The square layout ensures equal opportunities for both players, providing enough space for techniques like throws, grappling, and groundwork.
• The mats are made of shock-absorbing materials to minimize injuries during high-impact throws and falls.
• The International Judo Federation (IJF) regulations mandate the use of a square contest area to standardize competitions globally, including major events like the Olympics and World Championships.

Additional Information

• Judo History:
• Judo was founded in 1882 by Jigoro Kano in Japan.
• It emphasizes leverage, technique, and balance rather than brute strength.
• Judo became an Olympic sport in 1964 during the Tokyo Games.
• Tatami Mats:
• The mats used in Judo are known as tatami.
• Traditionally, they were made from rice straw, but modern versions use materials like foam.
• The tatami provides a non-slip surface and cushions falls to prevent injuries.
• Other Shapes in Combat Sports:
• Rectangular: Used in sports like wrestling and boxing, suitable for movement patterns in those sports.
• Hexagonal: Seen in mixed martial arts (MMA) to enhance visibility and mobility.
• Circular: Common in traditional martial arts or sumo wrestling to emphasize boundaries.
• Safety Regulations:
• The International Judo Federation (IJF) mandates a 3-meter safety area around the contest area to prevent injuries during high-intensity matches.
• The shock-absorbing mats are maintained to ensure safe competition conditions.

Important Points

• Judo Belt System:
• Judokas progress through a belt ranking system (kyu and dan grades) based on their skill levels.
• The belt colors range from white (beginner) to black (expert).
• Scoring in Judo:
• Points are awarded for techniques like throws (ippon), pins (osaekomi), and submissions.
• An ippon signifies a perfect throw or submission, instantly ending the match.

The correct answer is 1928.

Key Points

• India won its first Olympic gold medal in hockey in the year 1928 during the Amsterdam Olympics.
• The Indian hockey team defeated the Netherlands (host nation) in the final with a score of 3-0 to secure the gold medal.
• The victory marked the beginning of India's dominance in field hockey, as the team went on to win six consecutive Olympic gold medals from 1928 to 1956.
• Dhyan Chand, one of the greatest hockey players in history, played a pivotal role in this victory by scoring two goals in the final match.
• This was the first time India participated as an independent hockey team, symbolizing its emergence as a global powerhouse in the sport.

Additional Information

• Dhyan Chand's Legacy:
• Dhyan Chand, widely known as the "Wizard of Hockey," scored a total of 14 goals in five matches during the 1928 Olympics.
• His birthday, 29^th August, is celebrated as National Sports Day in India to honor his contributions to Indian hockey.
• India's Dominance in Hockey:
• India won six consecutive Olympic gold medals in hockey from 1928 to 1956, remaining unbeaten during this period.
• During these years, India scored a total of 178 goals while conceding only seven, showcasing its unparalleled dominance in the sport.
• Other Olympic Gold Medals:
• India has won a total of eight Olympic gold medals in hockey. These victories came in 1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, and 1980.
• The last Olympic gold medal in hockey was achieved during the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
• Field Hockey in the Olympics:
• Field hockey was introduced in the Olympics in 1908, but India participated for the first time in 1928.
• India's early success in hockey helped popularize the sport across the country.
• In recent decades, nations like Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have emerged as strong competitors in the sport.
• Important Points:
• The 1928 victory was India's first major international achievement, instilling a sense of pride and unity during the colonial period.
• Post-independence, players like Balbir Singh Sr. and Leslie Claudius contributed to India's continued success in hockey.
• Efforts to revive Indian hockey include initiatives like the Hockey India League and grassroots development programs.
• India's bronze medal win in men's hockey at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics marked a significant step in the sport's revival.

The correct answer is Cricket.

Key Points

• Cricket is often referred to as the "Gentleman's Game" due to its long-standing association with fairness, respect, and sportsmanship.
• The term originated during the early days of cricket in England, where the sport was played predominantly by aristocrats and upper-class individuals, emphasizing gentlemanly conduct.
• Etiquette plays a key role in cricket, including respecting the umpire’s decisions, applauding opponents’ achievements, and maintaining discipline on the field.
• The International Cricket Council (ICC) actively promotes values such as fair play and mutual respect among players, aligning with the principles of the "Gentleman's Game."
• Although the phrase is traditional, modern cricket has evolved to include players from diverse social backgrounds, but the emphasis on sportsmanship remains central to the game.

Additional Information

• History of Cricket:
• Cricket originated in England during the 16^th century and became a professional sport by the 18^th century.
• The first recorded international match took place between the USA and Canada in 1844.
• Test cricket, the longest format of the game, began in 1877 with a match between England and Australia.
• Features of Cricket:
• Cricket is played in three formats: Test matches, One-Day Internationals (ODIs), and T20 Internationals.
• It involves two teams of 11 players each, with roles such as batsmen, bowlers, and fielders.
• Key equipment includes a bat, ball, wickets, and protective gear such as helmets and pads.
• Global Reach:
• Cricket is popular in countries like India, Australia, England, South Africa, Pakistan, and New Zealand.
• The ICC Cricket World Cup, held every four years, is one of the most prestigious tournaments in cricket.
• Sportsmanship in Cricket:
• Players are expected to uphold values like respect, integrity, and team spirit.
• Incidents of sledging or unsportsmanlike behavior are discouraged and can lead to penalties.
• Important Points:
• Kabaddi: A traditional Indian sport emphasizing physical strength and strategy, popular in South Asia.
• Badminton: A racket sport played indoors, originating in British India, now globally popular.
• Lawn Tennis: A global sport played on grass, clay, or hard courts, requiring skill, speed, and strategy.
• Cricket's Cultural Impact: Cricket has a massive fan base, especially in countries like India, where it is considered more than a sport—almost a religion. Players like Sachin Tendulkar, Virat Kohli, and Don Bradman are celebrated as icons of the game.
• Cricket Governance: The ICC is the global governing body responsible for organizing international tournaments and ensuring fair play. Domestic cricket leagues like the Indian Premier League (IPL) have added commercial value to the sport.

The correct answer is spherical.

Key Points

• The shape of a basketball is spherical, ensuring uniformity in its bounce, roll, and gameplay.
• A spherical design provides a smooth and round surface, allowing consistent handling, dribbling, and shooting accuracy.
• Basketballs are designed to meet international standards set by governing bodies like FIBA (International Basketball Federation) and the NBA (National Basketball Association).
• The spherical shape ensures the ball rolls predictably and maintains its balance during play, which is crucial for professional and recreational games.
• Other shapes such as cylindrical, geoid, or conical would cause erratic bouncing and movement, making them unsuitable for basketball.

Additional Information

• Specific Characteristics of Basketball:
• The circumference of a standard basketball for men’s games is approximately 29.5 inches (75 cm), while for women’s games, it is 28.5 inches (72 cm).
• Basketballs are made of materials like leather, composite leather, or rubber, ensuring durability and grip.
• The balls are inflated to a standard pressure, typically 7.5 to 8.5 pounds per square inch (psi), to maintain their spherical shape during play.
• Why Other Shapes Are Unsuitable:
• Cylindrical: Would lead to uneven bouncing and rolling, making it unsuitable for basketball gameplay.
• Geoid: An irregular shape like Earth's would result in unpredictable movement and bounce.
• Conical: Would not roll or bounce properly, creating challenges in dribbling and shooting.
• Historical Context:
• The basketball was first used in 1891 when Dr. James Naismith invented the game.
• Initially, soccer balls were used, but later, spherical basketballs were designed specifically for the sport to ensure better control, bounce, and gameplay.
• Applications:
• Basketballs are used in professional leagues like NBA, WNBA, and FIBA, college games, and recreational play.
• They are also employed in training sessions to develop skills like dribbling, passing, and shooting.

Important Points

• FIBA Specifications:
• Official basketball size for men’s games is size 7 (29.5 inches), while for women’s games, it is size 6 (28.5 inches).
• Material Innovation:
• Modern basketballs use advanced materials like microfiber composite leather for enhanced grip and durability.
• Some feature moisture-wicking technology for better performance in various conditions.

The correct answer is Major Dhyan Chand is related to Hockey.

Key Points

• Major Dhyan Chand was an Indian field hockey player and is widely regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time.
• He was popularly known as the "Wizard of Hockey" due to his extraordinary control and skills in the game.
• Major Dhyan Chand was instrumental in helping India win three Olympic gold medals in hockey – in 1928 (Amsterdam), 1932 (Los Angeles), and 1936 (Berlin).
• His performance in the 1936 Berlin Olympics is considered legendary, as India defeated Germany 8-1, with Dhyan Chand scoring multiple goals.
• In India, National Sports Day is celebrated on 29^th August every year, which is Dhyan Chand's birth anniversary.

Additional Information

• Early Life:
• Major Dhyan Chand was born on 29 August 1905 in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh.
• He joined the Indian Army at the age of 16 in 1922, where he began to play hockey seriously.
• Career Achievements:
• Dhyan Chand scored over 400 international goals and more than 1,000 goals in his entire hockey career.
• He represented the Indian hockey team from 1926 to 1948, contributing significantly to its dominance in the sport during that period.
• Recognition:
• He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India’s third-highest civilian honor, in 1956.
• The National Stadium in New Delhi was renamed as Dhyan Chand National Stadium in his honor.
• In 2021, the Khel Ratna Award, India’s highest sporting honor, was renamed the "Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award" in recognition of his contributions to sports.
• Legacy:
• Major Dhyan Chand is celebrated as a sports icon in India, inspiring generations of hockey players.
• A biography titled "Goal!" was written to commemorate his achievements and contributions to hockey.

Important Points

• Other Sports Options:
• Shooting: India has produced renowned shooters like Abhinav Bindra, who won a gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, but this sport is unrelated to Major Dhyan Chand.
• Cricket: While cricket is highly popular in India, with legends like Sachin Tendulkar, Dhyan Chand’s achievements are specific to hockey.
• Badminton: India has badminton stars like P.V. Sindhu and Saina Nehwal, but this sport is unrelated to Major Dhyan Chand’s legacy.
• Olympic Dominance:
• Hockey was introduced as a medal sport in the Olympics in 1928, the same year India won its first gold medal in hockey under Major Dhyan Chand's leadership.
• India dominated hockey in the Olympics during 1928-1956, winning six consecutive gold medals.

The correct answer is Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• Nilgiri Tahr Census: The Nilgiri Tahr census is a joint initiative conducted by the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in April 2025. The primary objective is to estimate the population and study the distribution of the Nilgiri Tahr, an endangered species endemic to the Western Ghats.
• Collaboration: Both states collaborated in April 2025 to undertake a comprehensive survey of the species. This effort highlights their commitment to preserving biodiversity in the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats.
• Ecological Importance: The Nilgiri Tahr is classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and declining population. The census is essential for evaluating existing conservation measures and developing future strategies.
• Habitat: The species is predominantly found in the Nilgiri Hills and other parts of the Western Ghats, which span across Kerala and Tamil Nadu. These regions are known for their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems.
• Protected Areas: Conservation efforts include protected areas like Eravikulam National Park in Kerala and Mukurthi National Park in Tamil Nadu, which are critical habitats for the Nilgiri Tahr.

Additional Information

• Nilgiri Tahr:
• The Nilgiri Tahr is a mountain goat-like ungulate species endemic to the Western Ghats of India.
• Scientific Name: Nilgiritragus hylocrius.
• It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu and primarily inhabits high-altitude grasslands and rocky areas.
• Conservation Status:
• The Nilgiri Tahr is classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List, with major threats including habitat destruction, poaching, and livestock competition.
• Key Protected Areas:
• Eravikulam National Park: Located in Kerala, this park hosts the largest population of Nilgiri Tahr.
• Mukurthi National Park: Situated in Tamil Nadu, it is another critical habitat for the species.
• Silent Valley National Park: Located in Kerala, contributing significantly to biodiversity conservation.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Nilgiri Tahr Recovery Program was launched to monitor and protect the species.
• Regular censuses and habitat restoration initiatives are being carried out by both state governments.
• Western Ghats:
• The Western Ghats is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its exceptional biodiversity and is one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity globally.
• It spans across six Indian states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
• It is the origin of many perennial rivers such as Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna, essential for agriculture and drinking water.
• Threats include deforestation, climate change, and human encroachment.

Important Points

• Importance of Biodiversity Conservation:
• The Nilgiri Tahr census is a vital step towards understanding and conserving endangered species in the Western Ghats.
• Efforts like afforestation, strict wildlife protection laws, and the establishment of protected areas are essential to mitigate biodiversity loss.
• Role of State Collaboration:
• The collaboration between Kerala and Tamil Nadu showcases the importance of joint efforts in addressing ecological challenges.

The correct answer is 4) 91.

Key Points

• As of July 2025, India has a total of 91 Ramsar Sites, which are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
• The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, and India is one of its signatories, committed to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• The total area covered by these Ramsar Sites in India is approximately 1.8 million hectares, spanning various ecosystems such as mangroves, lakes, rivers, and marshes.
• Examples of significant Ramsar Sites in India include Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan), Loktak Lake (Manipur), and Sundarbans Wetland (West Bengal).
• India has made substantial progress in wetland conservation, with the addition of 50 new Ramsar Sites since 2019, demonstrating its commitment to ecological preservation.
• The inclusion of a wetland as a Ramsar Site ensures international recognition and emphasizes its protection and sustainable use.

Additional Information

• Ramsar Convention:
• The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty adopted on February 2, 1971, to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• It aims to prevent the degradation of wetlands and is celebrated as World Wetlands Day annually on February 2.
• Globally, there are over 2,500 Ramsar Sites, highlighting the importance of wetland conservation worldwide.
• Criteria for Ramsar Sites:
• To qualify as a Ramsar Site, a wetland must meet at least one of the nine criteria related to biodiversity, ecological significance, or cultural importance.
• These criteria include supporting vulnerable species, maintaining ecological diversity, or hosting large populations of birds and fish.
• India’s Achievements:
• India has added 50 new Ramsar Sites since 2019, showcasing its dedication to wetland conservation.
• The largest Ramsar Site in India is the Sundarbans Wetland, while the smallest is the Renuka Wetland in Himachal Pradesh.
• Importance of Wetlands:
• Wetlands act as natural water filters, help in flood control, and support biodiversity.
• They play a vital role in carbon sequestration, making them crucial in combating climate change.
• Key Indian Initiatives:
• The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) is a government initiative aimed at protecting and managing wetlands and lakes in India.
• The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 provide a legal framework for wetland conservation in India.
• International Cooperation:
• Through the Ramsar Convention, India collaborates with other nations to share knowledge and best practices for wetland conservation.

The correct answer is Mumbai.

Key Points

• Mumbai, the financial capital of India, hosted the final match of the Women's Premier League (Cricket) 2025. The city is renowned for its world-class cricket infrastructure.
• The Wankhede Stadium, located in Mumbai, is a premier cricket venue with a seating capacity of over 30,000. It has hosted iconic matches, including the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 Final.
• The Women's Premier League (WPL), modeled after the IPL, is an annual cricket tournament aimed at promoting women’s cricket and providing a platform for showcasing talent.
• Mumbai's established cricketing ecosystem, vibrant fan base, and excellent facilities make it a preferred choice for hosting high-profile matches.
• The WPL final in Mumbai highlights the city's pivotal role in fostering cricket in India, especially in the domain of women’s sports.

Additional Information

• Women's Premier League (WPL):
• The WPL was launched in 2023 by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
• The league aims to promote women’s cricket and provide a platform for domestic and international players.
• It follows an auction-based team selection model and features multiple franchises representing various Indian cities.
• Mumbai as a Cricketing Hub:
• Mumbai has a rich cricketing legacy and is home to cricket legends like Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavaskar.
• The city houses two iconic stadiums: Wankhede Stadium and Brabourne Stadium, which regularly host international and domestic matches.
• These venues have state-of-the-art facilities and provide a world-class experience for players and spectators alike.
• Other Cities:
• Chennai: Known for the MA Chidambaram Stadium, it has a strong cricket culture but was not chosen for the WPL 2025 final.
• Kolkata: The Eden Gardens, one of the largest cricket stadiums globally, did not host the WPL 2025 final.
• Vadodara: While Vadodara has a cricketing tradition, it lacks the infrastructure required for hosting high-profile matches like the WPL final.
• Significance of WPL:
• The WPL has played a crucial role in breaking gender barriers and promoting women’s participation in cricket.
• It has increased the visibility of women’s cricket, attracting more viewership and sponsorships.
• Young girls aspiring to play cricket now have a professional platform to showcase their talent and gain international recognition.

Important Points

• Wankhede Stadium:
• Located in South Mumbai, it is one of India’s premier cricket venues.
• It has hosted several iconic matches, including the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup Final, where India emerged victorious.
• It is known for its electrifying crowd atmosphere and modern facilities.
• Growth of Women’s Cricket in India:
• Women’s cricket gained momentum after India finished as runners-up in the 2017 ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup.
• Players like Mithali Raj and Harmanpreet Kaur have been instrumental in raising the profile of women’s cricket in India.
• The WPL is a crucial step towards establishing a strong pipeline of talent for women’s cricket in India.