SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-1 (Held On: 18 Nov, 2025 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is '3' i.e. Either of the answers is acceptable .

Key Points

• Option 3, "Either of the answers is acceptable," is grammatically correct because the subject "either" is singular and requires a singular verb "is."
• Option 1, "Each of the players are given a trophy," is incorrect because "each" is singular and should be followed by a singular verb "is."
• Option 2, "Every boy and girl have their task," is incorrect because "every" is singular and should be followed by a singular verb "has."
• Option 4, "Neither she nor her friends is ready," is incorrect because when using "neither...nor", the verb agrees with the subject closer to it. In this case, "friends" is plural, so the correct verb would be "are."

Correct sentence: Either of the answers is acceptable.

Additional Information

• Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns:
• Singular indefinite pronouns (e.g., "each," "every," "either," "neither") take singular verbs.
• Example: Each of the students has completed their assignment.
• Neither...Nor and Either...Or:
• The verb agrees with the subject closest to it.
• Example: Neither the teacher nor the students are ready.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. have approved should be replaced with "has approved".

Key Points

• The subject of the sentence is "The principal", which is singular.
• The phrase "along with the teachers" is additional information and does not affect the verb agreement.
• In subject-verb agreement, the verb should agree with the main subject of the sentence.
• The correct verb form for a singular subject like "The principal" is "has", not "have".

Correct sentence: The principal, along with the teachers, has approved the new syllabus.

Additional Information

• Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement:
• When the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular.
• When the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
• Parenthetical phrases like "along with," "as well as," "in addition to", etc., do not affect the verb agreement.
• Examples:
• The teacher, along with the students, is preparing for the event.
• The manager, as well as the staff, has agreed to the new policy.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. although .

Key Points

• The given sentence conveys a contrast between two ideas: his determination to win and the fact that the odds were against him.
• The conjunction "although" is used to show a contrast or contradiction between two clauses in a sentence.
• The other options do not fit the context:
• Because: Indicates cause and effect, which is not relevant here.
• Whether: Indicates uncertainty, which is not appropriate in this sentence.
• Since: Indicates cause or time, which does not create the contrast required in this context.

Correct sentence: He was determined to win, although the odds were clearly stacked against him.

Additional Information

• Although:
• Used to introduce a subordinate clause expressing a contrast.
• Example: Although he was tired, he continued working.
• Usage: Often used to connect two ideas that are contradictory or in opposition.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. Persuasive .

Key Points

• The word Cogent is used to describe something that is clear, logical, and convincing.
• Out of the given options:
• Ineffective and Weak are antonyms of "Cogent" and do not align with its meaning.
• Unconvincing is also an antonym, as it means not persuasive or not convincing.
• Persuasive is the synonym of "Cogent" because both convey the idea of compelling or convincing someone effectively.

Correct sentence: The most appropriate synonym of "Cogent" is Persuasive.

Additional Information

• Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.
• Example: "Persuasive" is a synonym of "Cogent".
• Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
• Example: "Unconvincing" and "Weak" are antonyms of "Cogent".

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Historical writing .

Key Points

• The word "historiographical" is derived from the term historiography, which refers to the writing of history and the study of historical methods.
• The most appropriate synonym for "historiographical" is "historical writing", as it directly relates to the process and methods of recording and analyzing history.
• Other options like Fictional, Prophetic, and Verbal are unrelated to the concept of historiography and do not fit the meaning of the word.

Correct sentence: The term historiographical refers to the study and methods of historical writing.

Additional Information

• Historiography:
• Definition: The writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of details from authentic materials, and the synthesis of these details into a narrative.
• Example: The historiographical analysis of World War II looks at how historians have interpreted the causes and outcomes of the war.
• Other Options:
• Fictional: Related to stories or narratives created from imagination, not real or historical.
• Prophetic: Relating to predictions of future events, often based on divine inspiration.
• Verbal: Relating to spoken or written words, not specific to historical context.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Millionaire .

Key Points

• The correct spelling of the word is "Millionaire", which refers to a person whose wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency.
• Option 1 (Millionire), Option 3 (Millioner), and Option 4 (Millionair) are incorrect as they are misspelled and do not conform to standard English usage.
• To verify the spelling, one may refer to authoritative dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary or Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

Correct spelling: Millionaire

Additional Information

• Word Origin:
• The word Millionaire is derived from the French term millionaire, which is based on the word million.
• It was first used in the early 19^th century to describe individuals with substantial wealth.
• Example Usage:
• He became a millionaire after his company was acquired by a large corporation.
• Many people aspire to become millionaires by working hard and investing wisely.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. In chaos or confusion .

Key Points

• The idiom "At sixes and sevens" is used to describe a state of chaos or confusion.
• It is often used in situations where there is disorder, lack of organization, or uncertainty.
• For example: The office was at sixes and sevens after the sudden announcement of the CEO's resignation.

Correct sentence: The team was at sixes and sevens after the project deadline was unexpectedly moved up by a week.

Additional Information

• Origin: The phrase is believed to have originated from an old dice game where the numbers six and seven symbolized confusion or risk.
• Usage in Context: This idiom is commonly used in informal and formal settings to describe disorganized situations.
• Other Idioms with Similar Meaning: "In a shambles," "All over the place," "In disarray."

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Keep quiet .

Key Points

• The idiom "Mum's the word" is used to instruct someone to remain silent or to keep a secret.
• Mum in this phrase refers to silence, not speaking or revealing anything.
• It implies that the speaker is urging secrecy or discretion regarding a particular matter.

Correct usage: "I’ve heard some exciting news, but mum’s the word until it’s officially announced."

Additional Information

• Other idioms related to silence or secrecy:
• "Seal your lips": To keep quiet or not disclose information.
• "Bite your tongue": To stop yourself from saying something you might regret.
• Incorrect Options:
• Option 2: Speak loudly – This is opposite in meaning to the idiom.
• Option 3: Stay neutral – The idiom does not imply neutrality but rather secrecy.
• Option 4: Gossip secretly – This involves speaking, which is contrary to the meaning of the idiom.

The correct answer is 'Overwhelming'.

Key Points

• The passage describes the air as "thick" with the smell of paper and dust. When a sensation is described as thick or dense, it often suggests it is overwhelming (अभिभूत कर देने वाला).
• The phrase "at once soothing and overwhelming" establishes a sensory paradox. It means the scent is comforting (soothing) but also so intense and powerful (overwhelming) that it completely occupies the narrator's senses.
• While "Invigorating" (Option 3) means energizing, it doesn't align as well with the description of a "thick" and "earthy" atmosphere as the concept of intensity does.
• "Refreshing" (Option 1) usually describes light, clean scents, which contrasts with the "dusty" and "earthy" description.
• "Disconcerting" (Option 4) implies a negative or upsetting feeling, which contradicts the bookstore being called a "refuge."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage Segment: The used bookstore was not merely a location where one might purchase books; it was a refuge. The air was thick with the earthy, rich smell of paper and dust, an odd fragrance which was at once soothing and (1) overwhelming*. I would spend hours there, running my fingers over the spines of ancient, forgotten books that stood on the shelves. Each novel was another world to discover, and I finally removed a leather-bound book with an odd, yellowed title. Its pages were dry and (2)________. to the touch, as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate. As I picked up to read the opening lines, the words didn't merely speak a tale-they whisked me off to a whole different world, a place of magical creatures, gallant heroes, and secret spells. The vocabulary was old-fashioned, but impossibly (3)_____, describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles surrounding me. I was amazed by the imagination of the writer, a well that was presumably truly (4)_______.  I felt a rush of awe, an appreciation that these tales, as ancient as they were, remained supremely (5) _________  and capable of igniting the imagination of a new generation.*

Additional Information

• Fragrance (सुगंध): A pleasant, sweet smell. The author uses this word to show that the narrator finds beauty even in the old, dusty air of the shop.
• Tone and Context: In competitive exam "Cloze Tests," the adjectives often work in pairs. "Soothing" and "Overwhelming" describe the duality of a deep, nostalgic experience.
• Refuge: A condition of being safe or sheltered from pursuit, danger, or trouble.

The correct answer is 'Fragile'.

Key Points

• The sentence provides a strong contextual clue: "as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate."
• "Fragile" (नाज़ुक/भंगुर) means easily broken or damaged. This perfectly matches the description of dry, ancient pages that are on the verge of falling apart.
• "Rough" (Option 1) describes texture (uneven or coarse) but does not necessarily imply that the object will break or disintegrate.
• "Stiff" (Option 3) means rigid or difficult to bend. While old pages can be stiff, the focus here is on their vulnerability to being destroyed, which "fragile" captures best.
• "Soft" (Option 4) is the opposite of what is expected of "dry" and "ancient" pages that are about to crumble.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage Segment: The used bookstore was not merely a location where one might purchase books; it was a refuge. The air was thick with the earthy, rich smell of paper and dust, an odd fragrance which was at once soothing and (1) overwhelming. I would spend hours there, running my fingers over the spines of ancient, forgotten books that stood on the shelves. Each novel was another world to discover, and I finally removed a leather-bound book with an odd, yellowed title. Its pages were dry and (2)fragile . to the touch, as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate. As I picked up to read the opening lines, the words didn't merely speak a tale-they whisked me off to a whole different world, a place of magical creatures, gallant heroes, and secret spells. The vocabulary was old-fashioned, but impossibly (3), describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles surrounding me. I was amazed by the imagination of the writer, a well that was presumably truly (4).  I felt a rush of awe, an appreciation that these tales, as ancient as they were, remained supremely (5) _________  and capable of igniting the imagination of a new generation.

Additional Information

• Disintegrate (बिखर जाना): To break up into small parts as a result of decay or impact.
• Brittle: A synonym often used in competitive exams to describe old paper; it means hard but liable to shatter easily.
• Contextual Vocabulary: In "Cloze Test" questions, always look for the result described in the sentence (like "disintegrate") to determine the required characteristic of the blank.

The correct answer is 'Vivid'.

Key Points

• The sentence describes the vocabulary as "old-fashioned, but impossibly (3) _________." The word "but" indicates a contrast to the potentially "dry" nature of old-fashioned language.
• The crucial clue follows immediately: "...describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles." This suggests the words created very clear, intense mental images.
• "Vivid" (ज्वलंत/सुस्पष्ट) means producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind. This perfectly fits the description of the reading experience being more "real" than the physical surroundings.
• "Engaging" (Option 1) means charming or attractive, but it doesn't specifically address the ability to create "pictures in the head."
• "Simplistic" (Option 3) and "Unclear" (Option 4) are negative or neutral terms that contradict the narrator's sense of being "amazed" and "whisked off" to another world.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage Segment: The used bookstore was not merely a location where one might purchase books; it was a refuge. The air was thick with the earthy, rich smell of paper and dust, an odd fragrance which was at once soothing and (1) overwhelming. I would spend hours there, running my fingers over the spines of ancient, forgotten books that stood on the shelves. Each novel was another world to discover, and I finally removed a leather-bound book with an odd, yellowed title. Its pages were dry and (2)fragile . to the touch, as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate. As I picked up to read the opening lines, the words didn't merely speak a tale-they whisked me off to a whole different world, a place of magical creatures, gallant heroes, and secret spells. The vocabulary was old-fashioned, but impossibly (3)vivid, describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles surrounding me. I was amazed by the imagination of the writer, a well that was presumably truly (4)_________.  I felt a rush of awe, an appreciation that these tales, as ancient as they were, remained supremely (5) _________  and capable of igniting the imagination of a new generation.

Additional Information

• Gaudy (भड़कीला): Extravagantly bright or showy, typically so as to be tasteless. However, in this context, it emphasizes the brightness and intensity of the mental imagery.
• Whisked off: To take someone or something somewhere else very suddenly and quickly.
• Imagery: A literary device that refers to the use of figurative language to evoke a sensory experience or create a picture with words.

The correct answer is 'Boundless'.

Key Points

• The writer's imagination is compared to a "well." In literature, a well of imagination implies a source of ideas.
• The narrator is "amazed" by this imagination, suggesting it is vast and never-ending.
• "Boundless" (असीम/बेहिसाब) means having no bounds; infinite or vast. This is the only word that fits the positive and awe-struck tone of the passage.
• "Shallow" (Option 2) means lacking depth, which contradicts the narrator's amazement.
• "Stagnant" (Option 3) means showing no activity or dull, which is the opposite of the "vivid" world described.
• "Predictable" (Option 4) means behaving in a way that is expected, whereas the narrator felt they were discovering "another world."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Complete Passage Segment: The used bookstore was not merely a location where one might purchase books; it was a refuge. The air was thick with the earthy, rich smell of paper and dust, an odd fragrance which was at once soothing and (1) overwhelming. I would spend hours there, running my fingers over the spines of ancient, forgotten books that stood on the shelves. Each novel was another world to discover, and I finally removed a leather-bound book with an odd, yellowed title. Its pages were dry and (2)fragile . to the touch, as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate. As I picked up to read the opening lines, the words didn't merely speak a tale-they whisked me off to a whole different world, a place of magical creatures, gallant heroes, and secret spells. The vocabulary was old-fashioned, but impossibly (3)vivid, describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles surrounding me. I was amazed by the imagination of the writer, a well that was presumably truly (4)boundless.  I felt a rush of awe, an appreciation that these tales, as ancient as they were, remained supremely (5) _________  and capable of igniting the imagination of a new generation.

Additional Information

• Metaphor: The use of "well" is a metaphor for a deep, inexhaustible source of creativity.
• Awe (विस्मय): A feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder.
• Inexhaustible: A strong synonym for boundless often used in competitive exams to describe creativity or resources.

The correct answer is 'Relevant'.

Key Points

• The passage describes an appreciation for ancient tales that still have the power to "ignite the imagination of a new generation."
• "Relevant" (प्रासंगिक/सार्थक) means closely connected or appropriate to what is being done or considered. In this context, it suggests that even though the books are old, their themes and stories still matter and connect with modern readers.
• "Dull" (Option 1) and "Boring" (Option 3) are negative descriptors that would prevent a book from "igniting the imagination."
• "Irrelevant" (Option 4) is the exact opposite of what the narrator feels; they are experiencing a "rush of awe," which only happens when something feels meaningful or significant.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage Segment: The used bookstore was not merely a location where one might purchase books; it was a refuge. The air was thick with the earthy, rich smell of paper and dust, an odd fragrance which was at once soothing and (1) overwhelming. I would spend hours there, running my fingers over the spines of ancient, forgotten books that stood on the shelves. Each novel was another world to discover, and I finally removed a leather-bound book with an odd, yellowed title. Its pages were dry and (2)fragile . to the touch, as if one careless turn would make them disintegrate. As I picked up to read the opening lines, the words didn't merely speak a tale-they whisked me off to a whole different world, a place of magical creatures, gallant heroes, and secret spells. The vocabulary was old-fashioned, but impossibly (3)vivid, describing gaudy pictures in my head that were more real than the creaky aisles surrounding me. I was amazed by the imagination of the writer, a well that was presumably truly (4)boundless.  I felt a rush of awe, an appreciation that these tales, as ancient as they were, remained supremely (5) relevant and capable of igniting the imagination of a new generation.

Additional Information

• Universal Themes: Stories that remain relevant across generations often touch on timeless human experiences like heroism, mystery, and wonder.
• Igniting (प्रज्वलित करना): Used metaphorically here to mean to provoke or trigger a sudden, strong interest or emotion.
• Synonyms for Relevant: Pertinent, germane, applicable, significant.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. Alterable .

Key Points

• The word Immutable means "unchanging over time or unable to be changed."
• To find the antonym (opposite meaning), we need a word that implies "capable of being changed."
• Among the options:
• Unchanging: Synonym of "immutable," not the correct answer.
• Fixed: Similar in meaning to "immutable," not the correct answer.
• Alterable: Means "capable of being altered or changed," which is the opposite of "immutable." This is the correct answer.
• Permanent: Synonym of "unchanging," not the correct answer.

Correct sentence: The most appropriate antonym of "immutable" is Alterable.

Additional Information

• Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.
• Example: Immutable - Unchanging, Fixed, Permanent.
• Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
• Example: Immutable - Alterable, Changeable, Flexible.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Psychologist .

Key Points

• A psychologist is a professional who studies the science of the human mind and behavior.
• The question asks for a one-word substitute for someone who focuses on the study of the mind and its processes, such as emotions, thoughts, and mental states.
• The other options are incorrect as they do not align with the definition provided:
• Neurologist: A medical doctor specializing in the nervous system, not the human mind.
• Psychiatrist: A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders, often with medication.
• Psychopath: Refers to an individual with a specific personality disorder, not a scientist or professional studying the mind.

Correct sentence: A person who studies the science of the human mind is called a Psychologist.

Additional Information

• Psychology: The scientific study of the mind and behavior. It encompasses various fields such as cognitive, developmental, and social psychology.
• Psychologist vs Psychiatrist: While both deal with mental health, psychologists primarily use therapy and research, whereas psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication.
• Neurologist: Focuses on the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the nervous system.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Success .

Key Points

• The word Debacle means a sudden and ignominious failure or a complete collapse.
• To find an antonym, we need a word that has the opposite meaning, i.e., something that conveys success or triumph.
• Among the given options:
• Disaster (Option 1): Synonymous with debacle, meaning a catastrophic failure.
• Success (Option 2): Opposite of debacle, meaning achievement or victory.
• Failure (Option 3): Synonymous with debacle, meaning lack of success.
• Collapse (Option 4): Synonymous with debacle, meaning breakdown or failure.

Correct sentence: The most appropriate antonym of the word Debacle is Success.

Additional Information

• Synonyms of Debacle:
• Disaster
• Collapse
• Failure
• Antonyms of Debacle:
• Success
• Triumph
• Achievement

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Recluse .

Key Points

• The word "Recluse" refers to a person who lives in solitude, often avoiding social interactions.
• Option 1, "Dancer", does not fit the description of someone who lives in solitude, as it refers to a person who performs dance.
• Option 3, "Ascetic", refers to someone who leads a life of severe self-discipline and abstention from indulgence, especially for religious reasons. While it may involve solitude, it is not a perfect match for the given definition.
• Option 4, "Monk", refers to a member of a religious community who may live a solitary or communal life, but it does not specifically mean a person who lives in solitude.
• Thus, the best one-word substitute for "a person who lives in solitude" is "Recluse."

Correct sentence: A person who lives in solitude is called a Recluse.

Additional Information

• Recluse: A person who deliberately avoids the company of others and prefers to live a solitary life.
• Synonyms: Hermit, Loner, Solitary.
• Example: After retiring, he became a recluse and spent his days reading and gardening.
• Ascetic vs. Recluse: An ascetic may seek solitude for spiritual or religious reasons, while a recluse may do so for personal preference or other reasons.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. His absense at the meeting was noted by the manager. .

Key Points

• The word "absense" in option 1 is misspelled. The correct spelling is "absence."
• All the other options, i.e., options 2, 3, and 4, use the correct spelling of the word "absence."
• Spelling mistakes such as this can alter the meaning or clarity of a sentence, making it important to identify and correct them.

Correct sentence: His absence at the meeting was noted by the manager.

Additional Information

• Commonly Confused Words:
• Absence: The state of being away or not present.
• Absense: This is a misspelling of "absence" and does not exist as a word in English.
• Tips to Avoid Spelling Errors:
• Double-check words that seem incorrect or unfamiliar.
• Use tools like spell checkers or dictionaries when in doubt.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Please corospond with the client directly to clarify the details. .

Key Points

• The sentence in option 2 contains a misspelled word: corospond.
• The correct spelling of the word is correspond, which means to communicate by exchanging letters, emails, or messages.
• The other options (1, 3, and 4) do not have any spelling errors and use the word "correspond" correctly.

Correct sentence: Please correspond with the client directly to clarify the details.

Additional Information

• Common spelling mistake: "corospond" is a common misspelling of "correspond."
• Definition of "correspond": To communicate by letter, email, or message, or to match or be equivalent to something.
• Example sentences:
• We corresponded through email to finalize the details of the agreement.
• The colors of the charts correspond with the data provided in the report.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. The new plan was being discussed by them.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the past continuous tense, as indicated by the verb "were discussing."
• When converting a sentence from active to passive voice, the tense of the verb must remain the same.
• The structure for the passive voice in the past continuous tense is: Subject + was/were + being + past participle + by + object.

Correct sentence: The new plan was being discussed by them.

Additional Information

• Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., They were discussing the new plan).
• Passive Voice: The focus shifts to the object, which becomes the subject of the sentence (e.g., The new plan was being discussed by them).

The correct answer is '2' i.e. A special exhibition is being organized by the famous art curator, who is known for his unique taste .

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the present continuous tense, as indicated by the use of the verb "is organizing."
• When converting a sentence from active voice to passive voice, the tense of the verb must remain the same. For present continuous, the structure becomes "is/are being + past participle."
• In this case, the subject "The famous art curator" becomes the agent, and the object "A special exhibition" becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.

Correct sentence: A special exhibition is being organized by the famous art curator, who is known for his unique taste.

Additional Information

• Passive Voice Transformation Rules:
• Identify the verb tense: Ensure the tense remains the same while transforming into passive voice.
• Rearrange the sentence: The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
• Use appropriate auxiliary verbs: Add "is/are being" for present continuous tense.
• Add the past participle of the main verb: Use the third form of the verb.
• Example of Passive Voice Transformation:
• Active Voice: The chef is preparing a delicious meal.
• Passive Voice: A delicious meal is being prepared by the chef.

The correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in indirect speech: "The teacher told the students that they had to complete the complex project..."
• While converting it into direct speech:
• The pronoun "they" changes to "you".
• "had to" changes back to "must".
• The reporting verb "told" changes to "said to".
• The time expression "the previous week" changes to "last week".
• Option 1 most closely follows these rules and best represents the original direct speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Direct Speech: "You must complete this complex project that has been assigned to you last week, as it is a crucial part of your curriculum which will determine your final grades," the teacher said to the students.

Additional Information

• Option 2 incorrectly retains the backshifted tense ("had to", "was", "would").
• Option 3 contains a subject-verb agreement error: "which determine" should be "which determines" or "which will determine".
• Option 4 incorrectly retains the deictic expression "the previous week" instead of "last week", and uses "that" where "this" is appropriate in direct speech.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. "Your hard work has been noticed and you will be given a bonus at the end of the quarter, which will be an acknowledgement of your dedication," the manager said to the employees. .

Key Points

• The given sentence requires conversion from indirect speech to direct speech while maintaining the correct tense and structure.
• In indirect speech, the sentence states that the manager told the employees about their hard work being noticed and a bonus being awarded as an acknowledgment.
• When converting to direct speech, the pronouns and tenses must align with the context and time frame of the original message.
• The correct option (1) uses the present perfect tense "has been noticed", which matches the sense of the original indirect statement.
• It also uses the future tense "will be given" and "will be an acknowledgment" to indicate actions that are yet to happen, as expressed in the original sentence.

Correct sentence: "Your hard work has been noticed and you will be given a bonus at the end of the quarter, which will be an acknowledgement of your dedication," the manager said to the employees.

Additional Information

• Rules for Direct and Indirect Speech:
• When converting from indirect to direct speech, ensure the pronouns, tenses, and time expressions are adjusted to match the context.
• For example, "their" becomes "your" and "they" becomes "you" in direct speech when the speaker is addressing the employees directly.
• Why other options are incorrect:
• Option 2: Uses "was noticed", which incorrectly changes the tense from present perfect to past simple.
• Option 3: Uses "had been noticed" and "would be given", which alters the original meaning and implies a hypothetical or past scenario rather than a future event.
• Option 4: Uses "their" and "they", which fails to align with the direct speech perspective where the manager is addressing the employees directly.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. discreet, discrete .

Key Points

• The first blank requires a word that describes the officer as being careful and tactful in his behavior. The word ‘discreet’ fits this context perfectly, as it means showing prudence and self-restraint.
• The second blank requires a word that describes separate or distinct incidents. The word ‘discrete’ is appropriate here, as it means individually separate and distinct.
• Both words are homonyms, i.e., they sound similar but have different meanings and spellings, making them suitable for this sentence.

Correct sentence: The officer was discreet in his conduct, revealing nothing about the investigation into his superior's involvement in several discrete incidents of bribery.

Additional Information

• Discreet:
• Meaning: Careful and circumspect in one's speech or actions, especially to avoid causing offense or gaining attention.
• Example: She was very discreet about her personal life.
• Usage: Used to describe someone who exercises caution or prudence.
• Discrete:
• Meaning: Individually separate and distinct.
• Example: The data can be divided into discrete categories.
• Usage: Used in contexts where separation or distinction between entities is emphasized.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. council, counsel .

Key Points

• The sentence requires two homonyms that fit the context of the blanks.
• The first blank refers to a "special group or body" which is correctly represented by the word council.
• The second blank refers to "legal advice or guidance" which is correctly represented by the word counsel.
• Homonyms are words that sound similar but have different meanings and spellings.

Correct sentence: The special council members decided to seek legal counsel before taking the final decision.

Additional Information

• Homonyms Examples:
• Council vs Counsel:
• Council: A group of people convened for advice or decision-making. Example: The student council organized the event.
• Counsel: Advice or guidance, particularly legal advice. Example: She sought counsel from her lawyer.
• Stationary vs Stationery:
• Stationary: Not moving. Example: The car remained stationary at the signal.
• Stationery: Writing materials. Example: I bought new stationery for school.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The word is written in reverse order.

FLOWER → REWOLF

GARDEN → NEDRAG

RAINBOW → WOBNIAR

Apply to MOUNTAIN → NIATNUOM

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter of the word is shifted one step forward in the English alphabetical order.

CONSTELLATION → DPOTUFMMBUJPO

OBSERVATORY → PCTFSWBUPSZ

Apply to PLANETARIUM:

So, PLANETARIUM → QMBOFUBSJVN

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic is based on effective decision-making and conflict resolution.

Option 1: Ignore the team and push them harder – May reduce morale and productivity.

Option 2: Request a partial delivery plan to satisfy both – Balances team capacity and client expectations.

Option 3: Cancel the project – Not practical or appropriate.

Option 4: Replace the team – Extreme and unnecessary action.

Among these, requesting a partial delivery plan is the most balanced and practical solution.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

BODMAS Table: 

Given equation: 2 ? 11 % 4 % 5

Now, if ‘%’ stands for ‘×’, ‘?’ stands for ‘+’, ‘&’ stands for ‘÷’, and ‘^’ stands for ‘−’, then:

⇒ 2 + 11 × 4 × 5

⇒ 11 × 4 = 44

⇒ 44 × 5 = 220

⇒ 2 + 220 = 222

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic is based on professional and constructive workplace behavior.

Option 1: Do their work secretly – Encourages dependency and avoids addressing the issue.

Option 2: Discuss with them privately to understand if there's a reason and adjust task distribution collaboratively – Promotes communication, fairness, and teamwork.

Option 3: Complain to management immediately – May be premature without first addressing the issue directly.

Option 4: Spread rumors about their laziness – Unprofessional and harmful to the work environment.

Among these, discussing the issue privately and collaborating is the most constructive approach.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Family Chart:

Given:

Q is the son of R.

R is not the mother of Q.

P and R are a married couple.

T is the brother of R.

S is the daughter of P.

U is the brother of P.

Therefore, male members are: R, Q, T, U → Total = 4

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

Given:

A work can be completed by 10 men in 8 days.

Logic:  Work = Men × Days

Total work = 10 × 8 = 80 man-days

Now, for 16 men:

Required days = Total work ÷ Men

= 80 ÷ 16 = 5 days

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

BODMAS Table: 

Given: 1/4 + 1/3 − 1/6

Logic: Take LCM of 4, 3, and 6 = 12

Convert into like fractions:

1/4 = 3/12

1/3 = 4/12

1/6 = 2/12

Now,

3/12 + 4/12 − 2/12 = 5/12

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

So, 'W' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'A' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Given word: CHARACTER

Now, Checking the options:

Thus, HEARTY and CHARTER cannot be formed, but since HEARTY fails due to missing letter, it is the correct choice.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The logic followed here is:

thus, "125" will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct option is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

thus, "156" will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct option is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Given: BKMP → EFPK

So, the pattern is: +3, −5, +3, −5

Similarly, For DJOS:

So, DJOS → GERN

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Each letter is replaced by its opposite letter in the alphabet (Atbash pattern)

Given: BEIN → YVRM

B ↔ Y

E ↔ V

I ↔ R

N ↔ M

Similarly, For DGKP:

D ↔ W

G ↔ T

K ↔ P

P ↔ K

So, DGKP → WTPK

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The address given in the problem is,

Gate No. 5, IT Park, Phase IV, Electronic City, Bengaluru - 560100

Let's match this address with the given options one by one to find the exact match.

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

The logic is based on ethics and integrity.

Option 1: Stay loyal and silent – Supports dishonest behavior.

Option 2: Report them anonymously – Upholds fairness and integrity while avoiding personal conflict.

Option 3: Give a warning only – Does not address the seriousness of cheating.

Option 4: Talk to them but take no action – Acknowledges the issue but fails to act responsibly.

Among these, reporting anonymously is the most ethical and appropriate response.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The logic followed here is:

Given Sequence: A S _ F G J _ _ S F G J A S S _ _ _

Now, putting the letters in the blank spaces given in the option one by one:

Option 1) S, F, S, A, G, J → A S S / F G J / F S F / G J A / S S A / G J

Option 2) S, A, A, G, G, J → A S S / F G J / A A F / G J A / S S G / G J

Option 3) S, A, S, G, F, J → A S S / F G J / A S F / G J A / S S G / F J

Option 4) S, A, S, F, G, J → A S S / F G J / A S F / G J A / S S F / G J

Here, ASFGJ is repeating as a pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

thus, "10.8" will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct option is "Option 2".

Given Statement:

Only students with a GPA above 3.5 can join the honor society. Michael joined the honor society.

Conclusions:

I. Michael has exactly a 3.5 GPA –

False (Because, the condition says GPA must be above 3.5, not equal to 3.5.)

II. Michael has a GPA above 3.5 –

True (Because, only students with GPA above 3.5 are allowed, and Michael joined, so he must satisfy this condition.)

III. Michael is the smartest student –

False (No information about comparison with others.)

IV. Michael studies very hard –

False (No such information is given in the statement.)

So, only conclusion II follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Statement: Every house on Maple Street has a red roof. The house at 123 Oak Street has a blue roof.

Check the options:

Option (1): 23 Oak Street is not on Maple Street ⇒ Correct

This follows directly from the given statements.

Option (2): The house was recently painted ⇒ Incorrect

No information is given about painting.

Option (3): Oak Street is different from Maple Street ⇒ Incorrect

While the addresses suggest different streets, this is not the logical inference intended from the conditional statement. The conclusion is about the house, not the identity of the streets.

Option (4): The homeowner likes blue colour ⇒ Incorrect

No such information is provided.

Hence, the correct is 123 Oak Street is not on Maple Street.

Given:

P walks 20 km towards north.

He turns right and walks 40 km.

He again turns right and walks 20 km.

So, net vertical displacement = 20 − 20 = 0 km (north-south)

Net horizontal displacement = 40 km (east-west) = 40 km East

Hence, P is 40 km East from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is based on companies primarily known for internet-based consumer services (tech platforms).

Google → Internet services

Amazon → E-commerce platform 

Facebook → Social media platform 

Oracle → Mainly enterprise software (not a consumer internet platform) 

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The pattern is → Number is multiplied by 2, and letters shift forward by +1 position each.

Option 1) 78AV

→ 78 × 2 = 156, A→B, V→Y 

Option 2)  94TC

→ 94 × 2 = 188 (but given 198 ), T→U, C→F (number rule fails)

Option 3)  108LD

→ 108 × 2 = 216, L→M, D→G 

Option 4) 136MI

→ 136 × 2 = 272, M→N, I→L 

Only Option 2 does not follow the number pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Given word: CONSERVATION

Rule: Check which word cannot be formed using the letters of the given word.

Now check each option:

Option (1): VAIN

V A I N → All letters available

 Can be formed

Option (2): CAUTION

C A U T I O N → ‘U’ is not present in given word

 Cannot be formed

Option (3): ACTOR

A C T O R → All letters available

Can be formed

Option (4): STAIN

S T A I N → All letters available

Can be formed

Hence, the word that cannot be formed is CAUTION.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Given:

Cost price = 3000

Discount₁ = 12%

Discount₂ = 5%

Difference in profit = 504

Formula Used:

Selling price = Marked price × (100 − discount%) ÷ 100

Profit = Selling price − Cost price

Calculation:

⇒ Let Marked price = M

⇒ SP₁ = M × (88 ÷ 100)

⇒ SP₂ = M × (95 ÷ 100)

⇒ Profit difference = SP₂ − SP₁

⇒ 504 = M × (95 ÷ 100) − M × (88 ÷ 100)

⇒ 504 = M × (7 ÷ 100)

⇒ M = 504 × (100 ÷ 7)

⇒ M = 7200

∴ The correct answer is 7200.

Given:

Ratio of marked prices (pen : pencil) = 5 : 6

Discount on pen = 18%

Total discount = 12%

Formula Used:

Discount amount = Marked price × discount% ÷ 100

Total discount % = (Total discount ÷ Total marked price) × 100

Calculation:

⇒ Let marked prices = 5x and 6x

⇒ Discount on pen = 5x × (18 ÷ 100) = 0.9x

⇒ Discount on pencil = 6x × (d ÷ 100) = (6d ÷ 100)x

⇒ Total marked price = 11x

⇒ Total discount = 0.9x + (6d ÷ 100)x

⇒ 12% of 11x = 0.9x + (6d ÷ 100)x

⇒ (12 ÷ 100) × 11x = 0.9x + (6d ÷ 100)x

⇒ 1.32x = 0.9x + (6d ÷ 100)x

⇒ 1.32 − 0.9 = (6d ÷ 100)

⇒ 0.42 = (6d ÷ 100)

⇒ d = (0.42 × 100) ÷ 6 = 7

∴ The correct answer is 7%.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of number of bricks in Stack A : B : C = 12 : 8 : 16 = 3 : 2 : 4.

Assume base average = 110 kg.

Net Deviation = [3 × (112.5 − 110)] + [2 × (118.75 − 110)] + [4 × (107.25 − 110)]

Net Deviation = [3 × 2.5] + [2 × 8.75] + [4 × (−2.75)] = 7.5 + 17.5 − 11 = 14.

Overall Average = 110 + (14 ÷ 9) = 110 + 1.555... ≈ 111.55 kg.

∴ The correct answer is 111.55 kg.

Alternate Method

Given:

Stack A: 12 bricks at 112.5 kg | Stack B: 8 bricks at 118.75 kg | Stack C: 16 bricks at 107.25 kg

Formula Used:

Overall Average = (Total Weight) ÷ (Total Number of Bricks)

⇒ Total weight of Stack A = 12 × 112.5 = 1350 kg

⇒ Total weight of Stack B = 8 × 118.75 = 950 kg

⇒ Total weight of Stack C = 16 × 107.25 = 1716 kg

⇒ Total Weight of all bricks = 1350 + 950 + 1716 = 4016 kg

⇒ Total number of bricks = 12 + 8 + 16 = 36

⇒ Overall Average = 4016 ÷ 36

⇒ Overall Average = 1004 ÷ 9 = 111.555...

∴ The correct answer is 111.55 kg.

Additional Information

Weighted Average Formula

The weighted average is calculated as (w₁x₁ + w₂x₂ + ... + w_nx_n) ÷ (w₁ + w₂ + ... + w_n), where w is the weight (quantity) and x is the value.

Deviation Method

New Average = Assumed Average + (Net Deviation ÷ Total Count). This simplifies calculations by using smaller numbers.

Average Property

If every value in a set is increased or decreased by a constant k, the overall average also increases or decreases by k.

Formula Used:

Perfect square: A number that can be expressed as the square of an integer.

Largest three-digit number: 999.

Calculation:

⇒ Check if the square root of each option is an integer:

⇒ √951 ≈ 30.81 (not an integer)

⇒ √961 = 31 (an integer)

⇒ √971 ≈ 31.17 (not an integer)

⇒ √981 ≈ 31.34 (not an integer)

∴ The correct answer is 961.

Given:

A's investment = ₹30,000

B's investment = ₹40,000

B joined after 6 months

Total time = 1 year

Formula Used:

Profit-sharing ratio = (Investment × Time)

Calculation:

⇒ A's share = ₹30,000 × 12 months

⇒ A's share = ₹360,000

⇒ B's share = ₹40,000 × 6 months

⇒ B's share = ₹240,000

⇒ Profit-sharing ratio = A's share : B's share

⇒ Profit-sharing ratio = ₹360,000 : ₹240,000

⇒ Profit-sharing ratio = 3 : 2

∴ The correct answer is 3:2.

Given:

sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

75° = 45° + 30°

Formula Used:

sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB

Calculation:

⇒ sin75° = sin(45 + 30)

⇒ sin75° = sin45 × cos30 + cos45 × sin30

⇒ sin45 = 1 ÷ √2, cos30 = √3 ÷ 2

⇒ cos45 = 1 ÷ √2, sin30 = 1 ÷ 2

⇒ sin75° = (1 ÷ √2 × √3 ÷ 2) + (1 ÷ √2 × 1 ÷ 2)

⇒ sin75° = (√3 ÷ 2√2) + (1 ÷ 2√2)

⇒ sin75° = (√3 + 1) ÷ (2√2)

∴ The correct answer is (√3 + 1) ÷ (2√2).

Given:

Ratio = 2 : 5 : 3 : 4

Increase = 20%, 30%, 40%, 10%

Formula Used:

New value = Original × (100 + increase%) ÷ 100

Calculation:

⇒ New values = 2 × (120 ÷ 100), 5 × (130 ÷ 100), 3 × (140 ÷ 100), 4 × (110 ÷ 100)

⇒ = 2.4, 6.5, 4.2, 4.4

⇒ Multiply by 10 ⇒ 24 : 65 : 42 : 44

∴ The correct answer is 24 : 65 : 42 : 44.

Given:

Total mixture = 560 litres

Ratio (milk : water) = 4 : 3

Mixture removed = 140 litres

Formula Used:

Quantity = Total × (part ÷ sum of ratio)

Remaining = Initial − Removed proportion

Calculation:

⇒ Milk initially = 560 × (4 ÷ 7) = 320

⇒ Milk removed = 140 × (4 ÷ 7) = 80

⇒ Milk remaining = 320 − 80 = 240

∴ The correct answer is 240 litres.

Given:

Total mixture = 60 litres

Initial ratio (wine : water) = 1 : 2

New ratio = 1 : 3

Formula Used:

Quantity = Total × (part ÷ sum of ratio)

Calculation:

⇒ Wine = 60 × (1 ÷ 3) = 20

⇒ Water = 60 × (2 ÷ 3) = 40

⇒ Let water added = x

⇒ New ratio = 20 : (40 + x) = 1 : 3

⇒ 20 ÷ (40 + x) = 1 ÷ 3

⇒ 60 = 40 + x

⇒ x = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 litres.

Given:

secθ + tanθ = 5

θ is acute

Formula Used:

(secθ + tanθ)(secθ − tanθ) = 1

Calculation:

⇒ secθ − tanθ = 1 ÷ 5

⇒ Add equations:

⇒ (secθ + tanθ) + (secθ − tanθ) = 5 + 1 ÷ 5

⇒ 2secθ = 26 ÷ 5

⇒ secθ = 13 ÷ 5

∴ The correct answer is 13 ÷ 5.

Given:

Speed of bike = 96 km/h

Speed of car = 60 km/h

Initial distance = 12 km

Formula Used:

Relative speed = Speed of bike - Speed of car

Time = Distance ÷ Relative speed

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

⇒ Relative speed = 96 - 60 = 36 km/h

⇒ Time to catch = 12 ÷ 36 = 1/3 hour

⇒ a = 1/3 × 60 = 20 minutes

Now,

(a - 16) = 20 - 16 = 4 hours

So, distance covered by the bike in (a - 16) hours

⇒ 96 × 4 = 384 km

∴ The correct answer is 384 km

Given:

x = √10 + √3

y = √10 - √3

Formula Used:

(a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

(a - b)² = a² + b² - 2ab

Calculation:

⇒ x² = (√10 + √3)²

⇒ x² = 10 + 3 + 2√30 = 13 + 2√30

⇒ y² = (√10 - √3)²

⇒ y² = 10 + 3 - 2√30 = 13 - 2√30

⇒ x² + y² = (13 + 2√30) + (13 - 2√30)

⇒ x² + y² = 26

∴ The correct answer is 26.

Given:

a = √8 + √3

b = √8 - √3

Formula Used:

(a + b)

(a - b)

Calculation:

⇒ a + b = (√8 + √3) + (√8 - √3)

⇒ a + b = 2√8

⇒ a - b = (√8 + √3) - (√8 - √3)

⇒ a - b = 2√3

⇒ (a + b) ÷ (a - b) = (2√8) ÷ (2√3)

⇒ (a + b) ÷ (a - b) = √8 ÷ √3

⇒ (a + b) ÷ (a - b) = √(8 ÷ 3)

⇒ (a + b) ÷ (a - b) = 2√6 ÷ 3

∴ The correct answer is 2√6/3.

Given:

Perimeter of tile = 224 cm

Ratio = 4 : 3

Floor = 25.6 m × 14.4 m

Formula Used:

Perimeter = 2 × (l + b)

Number of tiles = Area of floor ÷ Area of tile

Calculation:

⇒ Let l = 4x, b = 3x

⇒ 2 × (4x + 3x) = 224

⇒ 2 × 7x = 224

⇒ 14x = 224

⇒ x = 16

⇒ l = 64 cm, b = 48 cm

⇒ Area of tile = 64 × 48 = 3072 cm²

⇒ Floor = 25.6 m × 14.4 m = 2560 cm × 1440 cm

⇒ Area of floor = 2560 × 1440 = 3686400 cm²

⇒ Number of tiles = 3686400 ÷ 3072

⇒ Number of tiles = 1200

∴ The correct answer is 1200.

Given:

One side = 6 cm

Diagonal = 22 cm

Formula Used:

Diagonal² = length² + breadth²

Area = length × breadth

Calculation:

⇒ Other side² = 22² - 6²

⇒ Other side² = 484 - 36

⇒ Other side² = 448

⇒ Other side = √448

⇒ Other side = 8√7 cm

⇒ Area = 6 × 8√7

⇒ Area = 48√7 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 8√7 and 48√7.

Given:

Average of 5 consecutive even numbers = 46

Formula Used:

Average of consecutive numbers = middle number

Average = Sum ÷ Number of terms

Calculation:

⇒ Middle number = 46

⇒ Numbers = 42, 44, 46, 48, 50

⇒ Next numbers = 52, 54, 56

⇒ Total sum = 42 + 44 + 46 + 48 + 50 + 52 + 54 + 56

⇒ Total sum = 392

⇒ New average = 392 ÷ 8

⇒ New average = 49

∴ The correct answer is 49.

Shortcut Trick

To restore a value after a percentage decrease, use the formula:

Required Increase % = [r ÷ (100 − r)] × 100, where r is the percentage fall.

Required Increase % = [12 ÷ (100 − 12)] × 100

Required Increase % = (12 ÷ 88) × 100 ≈ 13.63%

∴ The correct answer is 13.6%.

Alternate Method

Given: First year population decrease = 12%.

Formula Used: Percentage Increase = (Change ÷ Initial Value) × 100

⇒ Let the original population be 100.

⇒ Population after 1^st year = 100 − (12% of 100) = 100 − 12 = 88.

⇒ To return to 100, the increase needed = 100 − 88 = 12.

⇒ Percentage increase required on the new base (88) = (12 ÷ 88) × 100

⇒ Percentage increase = (3 ÷ 22) × 100 = 300 ÷ 22

⇒ Percentage increase = 13.6363...

∴ The correct answer is 13.6%.

Additional Information

Percentage Reversal Rule

If a value decreases by x%, the percentage increase required to restore the original value is [x ÷ (100 − x)] × 100.

Base Change Principle

Percentage values change when the base value changes. Here, the first change is calculated on 100, while the second must be calculated on 88.

Reciprocal Ratios

Common restoration pairs: a 20% decrease requires a 25% increase; a 25% decrease requires a 33.33% increase; a 50% decrease requires a 100% increase.

Shortcut Trick

Net Profit% = Markup% − Discount% − (Markup × Discount / 100)

Net Profit% = 20 − 10 − (20 × 10 / 100) = 20 − 10 − 2 = 8%

Selling Price (SP) = 108% of Cost Price (CP) = 1.08 × 500 = ₹540

∴ The correct answer is ₹540.

Alternate Method

Given:

Cost Price (CP) = ₹500

Markup Percentage = 20%

Discount Percentage = 10%

Formula Used:

1. Marked Price (MP) = CP × (100 + Markup%) / 100
2. Selling Price (SP) = MP × (100 − Discount%) / 100

Calculations:

⇒ Marked Price (MP) = 500 × (1 + 20/100)

⇒ Marked Price (MP) = 500 × 1.2 = ₹600

⇒ Selling Price (SP) = 600 × (1 − 10/100)

⇒ Selling Price (SP) = 600 × 0.9 = ₹540

∴ The correct answer is ₹540.

Additional Information

Marked Price and Markup

Marked Price is the price at which a shopkeeper intends to sell a product before any discounts. Markup is the amount added to the Cost Price to arrive at the Marked Price.

Relation between CP and MP

A direct relationship exists between CP and MP: CP/MP = (100 − Discount%) / (100 + Profit%).

Profit and Discount Interaction

Profit is always calculated on Cost Price, whereas Discount is always calculated on the Marked Price. Effective profit change follows the successive percentage rule.

Given:

Final amount = 16 × Principal

Time = 2 years

Formula Used:

Amount = Principal × (1 + R ÷ 100)ⁿ

Calculation:

⇒ 16P = P × (1 + R ÷ 100)²

⇒ 16 = (1 + R ÷ 100)²

⇒ 1 + R ÷ 100 = 4

⇒ R ÷ 100 = 3

⇒ R = 300%

∴ The correct answer is 300%.

Given:

Distance = 150 km

Time lost = 30 minutes = 1 ÷ 2 hour

Increase in speed = 25 km/h

Formula Used:

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Calculation:

⇒ Let usual speed = x

⇒ Usual time = 150 ÷ x

⇒ New time = 150 ÷ (x + 25)

⇒ Time difference = 1 ÷ 2

⇒ 150 ÷ x − 150 ÷ (x + 25) = 1 ÷ 2

⇒ 150(x + 25) − 150x = (1 ÷ 2) × x(x + 25)

⇒ 3750 = (1 ÷ 2)(x² + 25x)

⇒ 7500 = x² + 25x

⇒ x² + 25x − 7500 = 0

⇒ x = 75

∴ The correct answer is 75.

Given:

Winning rate initially = 70%

Matches = x

Lost matches = 20

Final winning rate = 50%

Formula Used:

Wins = (Winning % ÷ 100) × Total matches

Calculation:

⇒ Initial wins = (70 ÷ 100) × x = 0.7x

⇒ Total matches after losing = x + 20

⇒ Wins remain = 0.7x

⇒ Final winning rate = 50%

⇒ 0.7x = (50 ÷ 100) × (x + 20)

⇒ 0.7x = 0.5(x + 20)

⇒ 0.7x = 0.5x + 10

⇒ 0.2x = 10

⇒ x = 50

∴ The correct answer is 50.

Shortcut Trick

Let Total Work be the LCM of 8 and 16 = 16 units.

Efficiency of (A + B) = 16 ÷ 8 = 2 units/day.

Efficiency of A = 16 ÷ 16 = 1 unit/day.

Efficiency of B = 2 − 1 = 1 unit/day.

Time taken by B = 16 ÷ 1 = 16 days.

∴ The correct answer is 16 days.

Alternate Method

Given: Time taken by (A + B) = 8 days | Time taken by A = 16 days.

Formula Used: Total Work = Efficiency × Time | Efficiency of B = Efficiency of (A+B) − Efficiency of A.

⇒ Efficiency of B = Efficiency of (A + B) − Efficiency of A

⇒ Efficiency of B = 2 − 1 = 1 unit/day

⇒ Time taken by B = Total Work ÷ Efficiency of B

⇒ Time taken by B = 16 ÷ 1 = 16 days

∴ The correct answer is 16 days.

Additional Information

Work and Efficiency Relation

Efficiency is inversely proportional to Time taken when Work is constant. If time ratio is x : y, efficiency ratio is y : x.

Total Work Formula

Total Work = Efficiency × Time. For multiple people, total efficiency is the sum of their individual efficiencies.

Pipes and Cisterns

This logic applies to Pipes and Cisterns, where an outlet pipe has negative efficiency (work done in removing water).

Given:

Marked price = 2050

Discount = 26%

Formula Used:

Selling price = Marked price × (100 − discount%) ÷ 100

Calculation:

⇒ Selling price = 2050 × (74 ÷ 100)

⇒ Selling price = 1517

∴ The correct answer is 1517.

Given:

Sides = 60 m, 111 m, 123 m

Cost per meter = 18

Formula Used:

Perimeter = Sum of all sides

Total cost = Perimeter × cost per meter

Calculation:

⇒ Perimeter = 60 + 111 + 123 = 294

⇒ Total cost = 294 × 18 = 5292

∴ The correct answer is 5292.

Shortcut Trick Total Ratio of sides = 3 : 5 : 7 ⇒ Sum of parts = 15 units. Given Total Perimeter = 300 m. Value of 1 unit = 300 ÷ 15 = 20 m. Sides = (3 × 20) m, (5 × 20) m, (7 × 20) m = 60 m, 100 m, 140 m. ∴ The correct answer is 60 m, 100 m, 140 m. Alternate Method Given: The ratio of the sides of the triangular land is 3 : 5 : 7 and the Perimeter is 300 m. Formula Used: Perimeter of triangle = Side1 + Side2 + Side3

⇒ Let the actual sides of the triangle be 3x, 5x, and 7x. ⇒ Sum of sides = Perimeter ⇒ 3x + 5x + 7x = 300 ⇒ 15x = 300 ⇒ x = 300 ÷ 15 ⇒ x = 20 ⇒ Side1 = 3 × 20 = 60 m ⇒ Side2 = 5 × 20 = 100 m ⇒ Side3 = 7 × 20 = 140 m ∴ The correct answer is 60 m, 100 m, 140 m. Additional Information Heron's Formula Used to find the area of a triangle when all three sides (a, b, c) are known: Area = √[s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)], where s is the semi-perimeter (a+b+c)/2. Triangle Inequality Theorem The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the length of the third side (a + b > c). Semi-Perimeter It is half of the total perimeter of the triangle. For this land, s = 300 ÷ 2 = 150 m. Classification of Triangles Based on sides: Equilateral (all sides equal), Isosceles (two sides equal), and Scalene (no sides equal). This land is a Scalene triangle.

The correct answer is Prithviraja III.

Key Points

• Prithviraja III, also known as Prithviraj Chauhan, was one of the most prominent rulers of the Chahamana dynasty of Rajasthan.
• He is renowned for his victory over Sultan Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D., where he successfully repelled Ghori's invasion.
• Prithviraj Chauhan utilized skilled strategies and the valor of his Rajput army to decisively defeat Muhammad Ghori, marking a significant event in Indian history.
• The First Battle of Tarain is considered a historic moment as it showcased the resistance of Rajputs against foreign invasions.
• Despite his victory in 1191 A.D., Prithviraja III was defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 A.D., leading to the establishment of Muslim rule in northern India.

Additional Information

• Chahamana Dynasty:
• The Chahamana dynasty, also known as the Chauhan dynasty, ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan and Delhi.
• They were known for their valor and resistance against foreign invasions, particularly from the Ghaznavids and Ghurids.
• The dynasty had several notable rulers, including Ajayaraja II and Vigraharaja IV, who contributed to its expansion and consolidation.
• First Battle of Tarain:
• The battle took place in 1191 A.D. near the town of Tarain, which is located in present-day Haryana, India.
• Prithviraja III's forces successfully defeated Muhammad Ghori's army, forcing him to retreat to Ghazni.
• This battle is celebrated for Rajput bravery and strategic warfare.
• Second Battle of Tarain:
• It occurred in 1192 A.D., a year after the first battle, at the same location.
• In this battle, Muhammad Ghori returned with a stronger army and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, leading to the decline of Rajput dominance in northern India.
• The defeat marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India, particularly under the Delhi Sultanate.
• Muhammad Ghori:
• Muhammad Ghori was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who sought to expand his empire into the Indian subcontinent.
• His invasions laid the foundation for Islamic rule in India, which lasted for several centuries.
• Despite his defeat in the First Battle of Tarain, he persisted and ultimately succeeded in the Second Battle of Tarain.
• Legacy of Prithviraj Chauhan:
• Prithviraja III is remembered as a symbol of Rajput valor and resistance against foreign invasions.
• His exploits have been immortalized in Indian folklore and literature, including the epic poem Prithviraj Raso, attributed to his court poet Chand Bardai.
• He remains an iconic figure in Indian history for his bravery and patriotism.

The correct answer is To promote co-operative societies.

Key Points

• The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens are listed under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, which was added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• The Fundamental Duties include several obligations such as safeguarding the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, promoting harmony, and valuing the rich heritage of the country.
• To promote co-operative societies is not mentioned among the Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A. Hence, this option is correct.
• The duty to protect the integrity of India is explicitly included under the Fundamental Duties, emphasizing the importance of national unity and security. This is correct.
• Similarly, duties like valuing the rich heritage of our composite culture and developing a scientific temper are also part of the Fundamental Duties aimed at fostering intellectual and cultural development. These are correct.
• The Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law; however, they serve as moral obligations for citizens to uphold the spirit of the Constitution.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties were inspired by the Constitution of the USSR and were introduced in India to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
• There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A.
• Examples include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem, promoting harmony, and protecting the environment.
• The 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, added the 11^th duty, which obligates parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children or wards aged 6 to 14 years.
• Key Characteristics of Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be legally enforced by the courts.
• They are considered essential for promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards the nation.
• The duties aim to ensure that citizens actively participate in the process of nation-building and uphold the democratic values of the country.
• Comparison with Fundamental Rights:
• While Fundamental Rights empower citizens, Fundamental Duties remind them of their responsibilities.
• Both Fundamental Rights and Duties are essential for maintaining the balance between individual liberty and societal interests.
• The inclusion of Fundamental Duties was one of the significant recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• Examples of Fundamental Duties:
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
• To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

The correct answer is Election of members of the Rajya Sabha.

Key Points

• The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from the Australian Constitution, but the system for the election of members of the Rajya Sabha is not one of them. The Rajya Sabha members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, which is not a feature of the Australian Constitution.
• The concept of the Concurrent List, which specifies subjects on which both the Union and State Legislatures can legislate, is borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The provision for a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament to resolve deadlocks between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The principle of freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse across the territory of India, as provided under Article 301 of the Indian Constitution, is another feature borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The election process for the members of Rajya Sabha, however, is uniquely adapted to India's federal structure and is not derived from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this is the correct option.

Additional Information

• Concurrent List:
• The Concurrent List is enumerated in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• It contains subjects on which both the Union and State Governments can legislate, such as education, marriage, bankruptcy, and forests.
• This feature was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, where a similar division of powers between the federal and state governments exists.
• Joint Sitting of the Parliament:
• The provision of a joint sitting is mentioned in Article 108 of the Indian Constitution.
• It is summoned by the President to resolve any deadlock between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha when there is a disagreement on a bill.
• This feature is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system.
• Freedom of Trade and Commerce:
• Article 301 of the Indian Constitution ensures the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India.
• This principle was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, which emphasizes economic integration and free trade among its states.
• Restrictions on this freedom can only be imposed by Parliament under specific conditions mentioned in Articles 302-307.
• Election of Members of the Rajya Sabha:
• The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament.
• Its members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies using a system of proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
• This system reflects the federal structure of India and was not borrowed from the Australian Constitution.

Important Points

• The Indian Constitution is unique in its adaptability, borrowing features from various constitutions worldwide, including those of the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, and Ireland.
• While it has borrowed the Concurrent List, Joint Sitting, and Freedom of Trade from Australia, the election process of Rajya Sabha is distinct to India’s federal system.
• The Constitution reflects a deliberate effort to balance the powers of the center and states, ensuring both national unity and state autonomy.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• BIMSTEC stands for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, comprising countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal for trade and economic cooperation.
• The member countries of BIMSTEC as of 31^st July 2025 are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• Thailand is one of the founding members of BIMSTEC, established on 6^th June 1997. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Iran is not a member of BIMSTEC. It is geographically located outside the Bay of Bengal region and has no affiliation with BIMSTEC as of the given date. Hence, Statement II is incorrect.
• BIMSTEC primarily aims to foster cooperation in areas like trade, investment, energy, technology, and tourism among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.

Additional Information

• BIMSTEC Establishment:
• BIMSTEC was established through the Bangkok Declaration on 6^th June 1997 with initial members including Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Later, Myanmar joined in December 1997, Nepal and Bhutan joined in February 2004.
• Key Objectives of BIMSTEC:
• To enhance regional cooperation among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
• To promote economic growth and sustainable development through mutual collaboration.
• To strengthen connectivity, trade, and investment among member nations.
• Focus Areas of BIMSTEC Cooperation:
• Major focus areas include trade and investment, technology, energy, transportation and communication, tourism, fisheries, agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, and climate change adaptation.
• Special emphasis is laid on improving connectivity in the region via infrastructure development.
• Differences with SAARC:
• BIMSTEC is seen as an alternative to SAARC, focusing exclusively on regional cooperation without political conflicts.
• Unlike SAARC, BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan, which makes it a preferred platform for India to strengthen regional ties.
• Recent Developments:
• The 5^th BIMSTEC Summit was held on 30^th March 2022 in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where member countries agreed to enhance cooperation in various sectors.
• India emphasized the importance of regional connectivity and the implementation of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity.

Important Points

• Member Countries:
• India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• These countries represent a significant portion of the global population and economy in the Bay of Bengal region.
• BIMSTEC Secretariat:
• The BIMSTEC Secretariat is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It was established in 2014 to coordinate and monitor BIMSTEC activities.
• Connectivity Projects:
• Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project aim to enhance connectivity between India and Myanmar.
• Efforts are underway to establish a BIMSTEC Free Trade Area (FTA) to boost trade and economic cooperation.
• Future Agenda:
• Strengthening institutional mechanisms and enhancing cooperation in priority sectors.
• Promoting people-to-people contact and cultural exchange among member nations.

The correct answer is France.

Key Points

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a joint initiative launched by India and France during the 21^st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris on 30^th November 2015.
• The primary aim of the ISA is to promote the use of solar energy, facilitate energy access, and help in reducing dependence on fossil fuels to combat climate change.
• It is a coalition of solar resource-rich countries that lie fully or partially between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, although other countries can also join the alliance.
• ISA focuses on key areas such as scaling solar applications for agricultural use, scaling solar mini-grids, and scaling rooftop solar installations.
• The headquarters of the ISA is located in Gurugram, India, and it is the first international intergovernmental organization to have its headquarters in India.

Additional Information

• Objectives of the International Solar Alliance:
• To reduce the cost of solar energy and its components through bulk purchase and local manufacturing.
• To mobilize financial resources for the development of solar energy projects in member countries.
• To promote research and development in solar energy and its applications.
• To increase the use of solar technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development.
• Key Initiatives under ISA:
• One Sun, One World, One Grid: This initiative aims to interconnect solar energy grids across countries to ensure a reliable supply of clean energy globally.
• STAR-C program: Aims to develop solar technology application and research centers across member countries.
• Affordable Finance at Scale: Seeks to lower the cost of capital for solar projects by leveraging international public finance.
• France’s Role in ISA:
• France has been a key partner of India in this initiative, providing technical and financial support to operationalize the ISA framework.
• The French Development Agency (AFD) has committed significant financial resources to support solar energy projects under the ISA initiative.
• Partnerships and Membership:
• As of 2023, 124 countries have signed the ISA framework agreement, out of which more than 90 have ratified it.
• Major partners include the European Union, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.
• Milestones Achieved:
• The ISA has launched several global programs, such as the Affordable Solar Power for Agriculture and Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use (SSAAU).
• It has been instrumental in mobilizing investments in solar energy infrastructure across developing countries.

The correct answer is Bachendri Pal.

Key Points

• Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest on 23^rd May 1984.
• She was a part of the Indian expedition to Mount Everest in 1984, which was organized by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation.
• Her achievement marked a significant milestone in Indian mountaineering history and inspired many women in India to pursue mountaineering.
• Bachendri Pal hails from a small village in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand and is known for her determination and perseverance.
• She has been honored with several awards for her achievement, including the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Arjuna Award in 1986.

Additional Information

• Ruma Pal:
• Ruma Pal is a renowned legal personality and served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
• She has no association with mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Cornelia Sorabji:
• Cornelia Sorabji was the first woman to practice law in India.
• She is known for her contributions to the legal field and women's rights but has no connection with mountaineering.
• Shikha Sharma:
• Shikha Sharma is a well-known Indian banker and the former Managing Director & CEO of Axis Bank.
• She is not related to mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Legacy of Bachendri Pal:
• After her Everest expedition, she continued to inspire young mountaineers by leading several expeditions, including the First All-Women Trans-Himalayan Expedition in 1997.
• She served as the director of the Tata Steel Adventure Foundation, promoting adventure sports and mountaineering in India.

Important Points

• First Indian Woman on Everest: Bachendri Pal’s achievement made her a national icon, showcasing the potential of Indian women in adventure sports.
• Awards and Recognition: Apart from the Padma Shri and Arjuna Award, she has also received the National Adventure Award.
• Inspiration: Her success encouraged many Indian women to take up mountaineering and adventure sports, breaking societal stereotypes.
• Mount Everest Facts: Mount Everest, with an elevation of 8,848.86 meters, is the highest peak in the world, located in the Himalayas on the Nepal-China border.

The correct answer is Kiran Bedi.

Key Points

• Kiran Bedi became the first woman Indian Police Service (IPS) officer in India in 1972.
• She is known for her exceptional service in various challenging roles, including her tenure as the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
• Bedi earned recognition for her anti-corruption efforts and her work in prison reforms, especially during her tenure as the Inspector General of Prisons in Tihar Jail, Delhi.
• In her career, she was awarded several accolades, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994 for her efforts in public service and reforms.
• Kiran Bedi's pioneering journey in the IPS and her contributions to society have made her an inspirational figure in India.

Additional Information

• Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant was a British theosophist, activist, and educationist who played a significant role in India’s independence movement.
• She became the first woman to preside over the Indian National Congress in 1917.
• Though a notable figure in India's history, she was not an IPS officer.
• Matangini Hazra:
• Matangini Hazra was an Indian freedom fighter known for her role in the Quit India Movement.
• She was affectionately called “Gandhi Buri” (old lady Gandhi) for her dedication to the Gandhian principles of non-violence.
• She was not associated with the IPS or police service.
• Lakshmi Sahgal:
• Lakshmi Sahgal was a freedom fighter and officer in Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA).
• She was a prominent leader of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, an all-women regiment of the INA.
• She, however, was not an IPS officer.
• Kiran Bedi’s Achievements:
• She introduced several prison reforms during her tenure as Inspector General of Tihar Jail, focusing on rehabilitation and skill development for inmates.
• She was the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975.
• Her contribution to social causes includes her work on anti-drug campaigns, women’s empowerment, and child welfare.

Important Points

• Indian Police Service (IPS):
• The IPS is one of the All India Services, alongside the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS).
• It was formed in 1948, and IPS officers are recruited through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
• IPS officers are responsible for maintaining law and order, crime prevention, and public safety in India.
• Representation of Women in IPS:
• Kiran Bedi’s entry into the IPS marked a significant milestone for women’s representation in law enforcement.
• Over the years, the number of women in the IPS has increased, but they still constitute a minority in the service.
• Several initiatives, including reservations and awareness programs, aim to increase female representation in the police force.