General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Prithviraja III.

Key Points

• Prithviraja III, also known as Prithviraj Chauhan, was one of the most prominent rulers of the Chahamana dynasty of Rajasthan.
• He is renowned for his victory over Sultan Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D., where he successfully repelled Ghori's invasion.
• Prithviraj Chauhan utilized skilled strategies and the valor of his Rajput army to decisively defeat Muhammad Ghori, marking a significant event in Indian history.
• The First Battle of Tarain is considered a historic moment as it showcased the resistance of Rajputs against foreign invasions.
• Despite his victory in 1191 A.D., Prithviraja III was defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 A.D., leading to the establishment of Muslim rule in northern India.

Additional Information

• Chahamana Dynasty:
• The Chahamana dynasty, also known as the Chauhan dynasty, ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan and Delhi.
• They were known for their valor and resistance against foreign invasions, particularly from the Ghaznavids and Ghurids.
• The dynasty had several notable rulers, including Ajayaraja II and Vigraharaja IV, who contributed to its expansion and consolidation.
• First Battle of Tarain:
• The battle took place in 1191 A.D. near the town of Tarain, which is located in present-day Haryana, India.
• Prithviraja III's forces successfully defeated Muhammad Ghori's army, forcing him to retreat to Ghazni.
• This battle is celebrated for Rajput bravery and strategic warfare.
• Second Battle of Tarain:
• It occurred in 1192 A.D., a year after the first battle, at the same location.
• In this battle, Muhammad Ghori returned with a stronger army and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, leading to the decline of Rajput dominance in northern India.
• The defeat marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India, particularly under the Delhi Sultanate.
• Muhammad Ghori:
• Muhammad Ghori was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who sought to expand his empire into the Indian subcontinent.
• His invasions laid the foundation for Islamic rule in India, which lasted for several centuries.
• Despite his defeat in the First Battle of Tarain, he persisted and ultimately succeeded in the Second Battle of Tarain.
• Legacy of Prithviraj Chauhan:
• Prithviraja III is remembered as a symbol of Rajput valor and resistance against foreign invasions.
• His exploits have been immortalized in Indian folklore and literature, including the epic poem Prithviraj Raso, attributed to his court poet Chand Bardai.
• He remains an iconic figure in Indian history for his bravery and patriotism.

The correct answer is To promote co-operative societies.

Key Points

• The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens are listed under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, which was added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• The Fundamental Duties include several obligations such as safeguarding the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, promoting harmony, and valuing the rich heritage of the country.
• To promote co-operative societies is not mentioned among the Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A. Hence, this option is correct.
• The duty to protect the integrity of India is explicitly included under the Fundamental Duties, emphasizing the importance of national unity and security. This is correct.
• Similarly, duties like valuing the rich heritage of our composite culture and developing a scientific temper are also part of the Fundamental Duties aimed at fostering intellectual and cultural development. These are correct.
• The Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law; however, they serve as moral obligations for citizens to uphold the spirit of the Constitution.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties were inspired by the Constitution of the USSR and were introduced in India to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
• There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A.
• Examples include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem, promoting harmony, and protecting the environment.
• The 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, added the 11^th duty, which obligates parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children or wards aged 6 to 14 years.
• Key Characteristics of Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be legally enforced by the courts.
• They are considered essential for promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards the nation.
• The duties aim to ensure that citizens actively participate in the process of nation-building and uphold the democratic values of the country.
• Comparison with Fundamental Rights:
• While Fundamental Rights empower citizens, Fundamental Duties remind them of their responsibilities.
• Both Fundamental Rights and Duties are essential for maintaining the balance between individual liberty and societal interests.
• The inclusion of Fundamental Duties was one of the significant recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• Examples of Fundamental Duties:
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
• To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

The correct answer is Election of members of the Rajya Sabha.

Key Points

• The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from the Australian Constitution, but the system for the election of members of the Rajya Sabha is not one of them. The Rajya Sabha members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, which is not a feature of the Australian Constitution.
• The concept of the Concurrent List, which specifies subjects on which both the Union and State Legislatures can legislate, is borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The provision for a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament to resolve deadlocks between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The principle of freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse across the territory of India, as provided under Article 301 of the Indian Constitution, is another feature borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The election process for the members of Rajya Sabha, however, is uniquely adapted to India's federal structure and is not derived from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this is the correct option.

Additional Information

• Concurrent List:
• The Concurrent List is enumerated in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• It contains subjects on which both the Union and State Governments can legislate, such as education, marriage, bankruptcy, and forests.
• This feature was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, where a similar division of powers between the federal and state governments exists.
• Joint Sitting of the Parliament:
• The provision of a joint sitting is mentioned in Article 108 of the Indian Constitution.
• It is summoned by the President to resolve any deadlock between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha when there is a disagreement on a bill.
• This feature is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system.
• Freedom of Trade and Commerce:
• Article 301 of the Indian Constitution ensures the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India.
• This principle was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, which emphasizes economic integration and free trade among its states.
• Restrictions on this freedom can only be imposed by Parliament under specific conditions mentioned in Articles 302-307.
• Election of Members of the Rajya Sabha:
• The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament.
• Its members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies using a system of proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
• This system reflects the federal structure of India and was not borrowed from the Australian Constitution.

Important Points

• The Indian Constitution is unique in its adaptability, borrowing features from various constitutions worldwide, including those of the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, and Ireland.
• While it has borrowed the Concurrent List, Joint Sitting, and Freedom of Trade from Australia, the election process of Rajya Sabha is distinct to India’s federal system.
• The Constitution reflects a deliberate effort to balance the powers of the center and states, ensuring both national unity and state autonomy.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• BIMSTEC stands for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, comprising countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal for trade and economic cooperation.
• The member countries of BIMSTEC as of 31^st July 2025 are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• Thailand is one of the founding members of BIMSTEC, established on 6^th June 1997. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Iran is not a member of BIMSTEC. It is geographically located outside the Bay of Bengal region and has no affiliation with BIMSTEC as of the given date. Hence, Statement II is incorrect.
• BIMSTEC primarily aims to foster cooperation in areas like trade, investment, energy, technology, and tourism among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.

Additional Information

• BIMSTEC Establishment:
• BIMSTEC was established through the Bangkok Declaration on 6^th June 1997 with initial members including Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Later, Myanmar joined in December 1997, Nepal and Bhutan joined in February 2004.
• Key Objectives of BIMSTEC:
• To enhance regional cooperation among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
• To promote economic growth and sustainable development through mutual collaboration.
• To strengthen connectivity, trade, and investment among member nations.
• Focus Areas of BIMSTEC Cooperation:
• Major focus areas include trade and investment, technology, energy, transportation and communication, tourism, fisheries, agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, and climate change adaptation.
• Special emphasis is laid on improving connectivity in the region via infrastructure development.
• Differences with SAARC:
• BIMSTEC is seen as an alternative to SAARC, focusing exclusively on regional cooperation without political conflicts.
• Unlike SAARC, BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan, which makes it a preferred platform for India to strengthen regional ties.
• Recent Developments:
• The 5^th BIMSTEC Summit was held on 30^th March 2022 in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where member countries agreed to enhance cooperation in various sectors.
• India emphasized the importance of regional connectivity and the implementation of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity.

Important Points

• Member Countries:
• India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• These countries represent a significant portion of the global population and economy in the Bay of Bengal region.
• BIMSTEC Secretariat:
• The BIMSTEC Secretariat is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It was established in 2014 to coordinate and monitor BIMSTEC activities.
• Connectivity Projects:
• Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project aim to enhance connectivity between India and Myanmar.
• Efforts are underway to establish a BIMSTEC Free Trade Area (FTA) to boost trade and economic cooperation.
• Future Agenda:
• Strengthening institutional mechanisms and enhancing cooperation in priority sectors.
• Promoting people-to-people contact and cultural exchange among member nations.

The correct answer is France.

Key Points

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a joint initiative launched by India and France during the 21^st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris on 30^th November 2015.
• The primary aim of the ISA is to promote the use of solar energy, facilitate energy access, and help in reducing dependence on fossil fuels to combat climate change.
• It is a coalition of solar resource-rich countries that lie fully or partially between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, although other countries can also join the alliance.
• ISA focuses on key areas such as scaling solar applications for agricultural use, scaling solar mini-grids, and scaling rooftop solar installations.
• The headquarters of the ISA is located in Gurugram, India, and it is the first international intergovernmental organization to have its headquarters in India.

Additional Information

• Objectives of the International Solar Alliance:
• To reduce the cost of solar energy and its components through bulk purchase and local manufacturing.
• To mobilize financial resources for the development of solar energy projects in member countries.
• To promote research and development in solar energy and its applications.
• To increase the use of solar technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development.
• Key Initiatives under ISA:
• One Sun, One World, One Grid: This initiative aims to interconnect solar energy grids across countries to ensure a reliable supply of clean energy globally.
• STAR-C program: Aims to develop solar technology application and research centers across member countries.
• Affordable Finance at Scale: Seeks to lower the cost of capital for solar projects by leveraging international public finance.
• France’s Role in ISA:
• France has been a key partner of India in this initiative, providing technical and financial support to operationalize the ISA framework.
• The French Development Agency (AFD) has committed significant financial resources to support solar energy projects under the ISA initiative.
• Partnerships and Membership:
• As of 2023, 124 countries have signed the ISA framework agreement, out of which more than 90 have ratified it.
• Major partners include the European Union, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.
• Milestones Achieved:
• The ISA has launched several global programs, such as the Affordable Solar Power for Agriculture and Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use (SSAAU).
• It has been instrumental in mobilizing investments in solar energy infrastructure across developing countries.

The correct answer is Bachendri Pal.

Key Points

• Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest on 23^rd May 1984.
• She was a part of the Indian expedition to Mount Everest in 1984, which was organized by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation.
• Her achievement marked a significant milestone in Indian mountaineering history and inspired many women in India to pursue mountaineering.
• Bachendri Pal hails from a small village in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand and is known for her determination and perseverance.
• She has been honored with several awards for her achievement, including the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Arjuna Award in 1986.

Additional Information

• Ruma Pal:
• Ruma Pal is a renowned legal personality and served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
• She has no association with mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Cornelia Sorabji:
• Cornelia Sorabji was the first woman to practice law in India.
• She is known for her contributions to the legal field and women's rights but has no connection with mountaineering.
• Shikha Sharma:
• Shikha Sharma is a well-known Indian banker and the former Managing Director & CEO of Axis Bank.
• She is not related to mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Legacy of Bachendri Pal:
• After her Everest expedition, she continued to inspire young mountaineers by leading several expeditions, including the First All-Women Trans-Himalayan Expedition in 1997.
• She served as the director of the Tata Steel Adventure Foundation, promoting adventure sports and mountaineering in India.

Important Points

• First Indian Woman on Everest: Bachendri Pal’s achievement made her a national icon, showcasing the potential of Indian women in adventure sports.
• Awards and Recognition: Apart from the Padma Shri and Arjuna Award, she has also received the National Adventure Award.
• Inspiration: Her success encouraged many Indian women to take up mountaineering and adventure sports, breaking societal stereotypes.
• Mount Everest Facts: Mount Everest, with an elevation of 8,848.86 meters, is the highest peak in the world, located in the Himalayas on the Nepal-China border.

The correct answer is Kiran Bedi.

Key Points

• Kiran Bedi became the first woman Indian Police Service (IPS) officer in India in 1972.
• She is known for her exceptional service in various challenging roles, including her tenure as the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
• Bedi earned recognition for her anti-corruption efforts and her work in prison reforms, especially during her tenure as the Inspector General of Prisons in Tihar Jail, Delhi.
• In her career, she was awarded several accolades, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994 for her efforts in public service and reforms.
• Kiran Bedi's pioneering journey in the IPS and her contributions to society have made her an inspirational figure in India.

Additional Information

• Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant was a British theosophist, activist, and educationist who played a significant role in India’s independence movement.
• She became the first woman to preside over the Indian National Congress in 1917.
• Though a notable figure in India's history, she was not an IPS officer.
• Matangini Hazra:
• Matangini Hazra was an Indian freedom fighter known for her role in the Quit India Movement.
• She was affectionately called “Gandhi Buri” (old lady Gandhi) for her dedication to the Gandhian principles of non-violence.
• She was not associated with the IPS or police service.
• Lakshmi Sahgal:
• Lakshmi Sahgal was a freedom fighter and officer in Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA).
• She was a prominent leader of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, an all-women regiment of the INA.
• She, however, was not an IPS officer.
• Kiran Bedi’s Achievements:
• She introduced several prison reforms during her tenure as Inspector General of Tihar Jail, focusing on rehabilitation and skill development for inmates.
• She was the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975.
• Her contribution to social causes includes her work on anti-drug campaigns, women’s empowerment, and child welfare.

Important Points

• Indian Police Service (IPS):
• The IPS is one of the All India Services, alongside the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS).
• It was formed in 1948, and IPS officers are recruited through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
• IPS officers are responsible for maintaining law and order, crime prevention, and public safety in India.
• Representation of Women in IPS:
• Kiran Bedi’s entry into the IPS marked a significant milestone for women’s representation in law enforcement.
• Over the years, the number of women in the IPS has increased, but they still constitute a minority in the service.
• Several initiatives, including reservations and awareness programs, aim to increase female representation in the police force.

The correct answer is Jitender Pal Singh.

Key Points

• Jitender Pal Singh has been appointed as India's new Ambassador to Israel in January 2025.
• The appointment comes amidst strengthening diplomatic relations between India and Israel, focusing on areas such as technology, defense, agriculture, and innovation.
• Ambassadors play a crucial role in representing India's interests in foreign countries and fostering bilateral cooperation.
• India and Israel have shared a strong relationship since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992, with collaborations in sectors like counter-terrorism, water management, and cybersecurity.
• The role of an ambassador involves facilitating agreements, coordinating diplomatic missions, and promoting cultural exchange between the two nations.

Additional Information

• India-Israel Relations:
• India officially recognized Israel in 1950, but formal diplomatic ties were established in 1992.
• Key areas of collaboration include defense technology, agricultural advancements, and strategic partnerships in combating terrorism.
• In 2017, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first Indian PM to visit Israel, further strengthening bilateral ties.
• Role of Ambassadors:
• An ambassador is the highest-ranking diplomat representing their nation in a foreign country.
• They are responsible for promoting economic, cultural, and political interests and maintaining bilateral relations.
• Ambassadors coordinate negotiations, treaties, and agreements between nations.
• Israel's Importance to India:
• Israel is one of India's leading partners in the defense sector, supplying cutting-edge military technology.
• India imports agricultural innovations, water management technologies, and cybersecurity tools from Israel.
• Israel is also a key player in India's energy and renewable energy initiatives.
• Diplomatic Appointments:
• Diplomatic appointments are decided by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in India.
• Such appointments are crucial in strengthening global partnerships and advancing India's foreign policy objectives.
• Ambassadors are often chosen based on their expertise in foreign relations and their ability to represent India effectively on international platforms.

Important Points

• India-Israel Defense Collaboration:
• India is the largest buyer of Israeli military equipment, ranging from drones to missile defense systems.
• Israel has supported India's defense modernization efforts and provides joint research and development opportunities.
• Strategic Cooperation:
• Both countries collaborate on counter-terrorism strategies and intelligence sharing to combat global security challenges.
• Israel has supported India on issues like border security and fighting terrorism in international forums.
• Agricultural and Water Management:
• Israel's drip irrigation and water recycling technologies have been widely adopted in India to improve agricultural productivity.
• Joint projects focus on enhancing rural livelihoods and combating water scarcity issues.

The correct answer is Droupadi Murmu.

Key Points

• Droupadi Murmu, the 15^th President of India, received the 'Grand Collar of the Order', the highest civilian honor of Timor Leste in August 2024.
• The award was conferred on her for her significant contributions to strengthening bilateral relations between India and Timor Leste.
• The 'Grand Collar of the Order' is a prestigious civilian honor awarded to distinguished personalities for their exceptional service and contributions.
• This recognition highlights India's growing influence and its leaders' efforts in fostering global partnerships and diplomatic ties.
• Droupadi Murmu is India's first tribal President and has been actively working towards promoting inclusivity and representation, both domestically and internationally.

Additional Information

• Timor Leste:
• Timor Leste, also known as East Timor, is a Southeast Asian nation located in the eastern half of the island of Timor.
• It gained independence from Indonesia in 2002 and has been a member of the United Nations since then.
• The country shares a strong diplomatic relationship with India, with both nations focusing on areas like education, health, and cultural exchange.
• Grand Collar of the Order:
• This honor is typically reserved for heads of state or distinguished individuals who have made exceptional contributions to international relations.
• It symbolizes friendship, unity, and collaboration between nations.
• Droupadi Murmu's Contributions:
• As the President of India, Droupadi Murmu represents the highest constitutional authority in the country.
• Her leadership has played a significant role in reinforcing India's global standing, particularly in regions like Southeast Asia.
• She is also recognized for her efforts in promoting social justice, tribal welfare, and inclusive development.
• India-Timor Leste Relations:
• India was one of the first countries to recognize Timor Leste's independence.
• Both nations cooperate in sectors like education, agriculture, and capacity building under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program.
• The award to Droupadi Murmu reflects the strong diplomatic ties and mutual respect between the two nations.

Important Points

• Historical Significance:
• The award symbolizes global acknowledgment of India's leadership and its leaders' commitment to fostering global partnerships.
• Droupadi Murmu's recognition as the recipient of this honor reflects the growing acknowledgment of diversity and inclusivity in international relations.
• India's Role in Global Diplomacy:
• India has been increasingly recognized as a major player in promoting peace, development, and cooperation in the international arena.
• Awards like the 'Grand Collar of the Order' are a testament to India's efforts to strengthen its diplomatic ties worldwide.

The correct answer is EmpowHER Biz - Sapno Ki Udaan.

Key Points

• EmpowHER Biz - Sapno Ki Udaan was launched by the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog in January 2025.
• It aims to empower aspiring and existing women entrepreneurs by providing them with the necessary tools, resources, and networks to achieve their entrepreneurial dreams.
• This initiative focuses on equipping women with business mentoring, skill enhancement, and market linkages to help them establish and grow their ventures.
• The program also emphasizes financial inclusion, enabling women entrepreneurs to access loans, grants, and other financial assistance required to scale their businesses.
• Through partnerships with various stakeholders, including the corporate sector, non-profits, and government agencies, the initiative ensures a comprehensive ecosystem for women entrepreneurship development.

Additional Information

• Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):
• The WEP is a flagship initiative by NITI Aayog launched in 2018 to create an ecosystem that supports and promotes women entrepreneurs across India.
• It provides information, mentorship, and funding support tailored to the needs of women-led businesses.
• The platform collaborates with industry leaders, financial institutions, and non-profits to foster entrepreneurship among women.
• Key Features of EmpowHER Biz:
• Focuses on capacity building, financial literacy, and market access.
• Encourages participation from women in rural and semi-urban areas.
• Includes training modules on digital marketing, e-commerce, and business management.
• Provides a platform for networking and knowledge-sharing among women entrepreneurs.
• Other Women-Centric Initiatives by the Government:
• Mahila E-Haat: An online platform for women entrepreneurs to showcase their products and services.
• Stand-Up India: Facilitates bank loans between Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore to women entrepreneurs.
• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Provides financial support to small business owners, including women.
• Importance of Women Entrepreneurship:
• Encourages economic independence and empowers women to contribute to the nation’s GDP.
• Drives innovation and enhances job creation opportunities in various sectors.
• Helps in achieving gender equality and reducing the gender gap in the workforce.

Important Points

• Empowering Women through Entrepreneurship:
• Access to Credit: Programs like EmpowHER Biz bridge the financial gap for women entrepreneurs.
• Networking Opportunities: Women entrepreneurs are connected with mentors, industry leaders, and peers.
• Skill Development: Training modules ensure that women entrepreneurs are equipped with modern business practices.
• Impact of Women Entrepreneurship:
• Contributes to socio-economic progress by uplifting families and communities.
• Reduces unemployment by creating new business opportunities.
• Promotes a diverse and inclusive economy.

The correct answer is Manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning.

Key Points

• Manual scavenging, the practice of cleaning human excreta by hand, has been banned in India under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• Despite the ban, instances of manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning persist, especially in metropolitan cities, leading to severe health risks and fatalities.
• On January 2025, the Supreme Court of India ordered the complete cessation of manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning in six major metropolitan cities, emphasizing the use of mechanized cleaning methods.
• The Court highlighted the urgent need to enforce mechanization and technological advancements to ensure the dignity, safety, and well-being of sanitation workers.
• Key focus areas included implementing advanced sewer-cleaning machines, providing safety equipment, and ensuring compliance with labor laws to safeguard sanitation workers.

Additional Information

• Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:
• This Act bans manual scavenging and prescribes penalties for those engaging in or employing others for such practices.
• It mandates the identification and rehabilitation of manual scavengers, including financial assistance, education, and alternative employment opportunities.
• Health Risks of Manual Scavenging:
• Manual scavengers are exposed to harmful pathogens, toxic gases, and hazardous chemicals, leading to severe health issues such as respiratory diseases, skin infections, and fatal accidents.
• The lack of safety equipment and training exacerbates the risks faced by sanitation workers.
• Mechanization and Alternatives:
• Technological solutions, such as robotic sewer-cleaning machines and automated tools, are being adopted to eliminate manual scavenging.
• Government initiatives promote the use of mechanized cleaning methods to ensure worker safety and efficiency in sewer management.
• Supreme Court's Directions:
• In several judgments, the Supreme Court has condemned the practice of manual scavenging, terming it a violation of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
• It has directed strict enforcement of laws and monitoring mechanisms to eradicate manual scavenging across the nation.

Important Points

• Government Initiatives:
• The Swachh Bharat Mission aims to eliminate open defecation and promote hygiene and sanitation, indirectly addressing the issue of manual scavenging.
• Programs like National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) provide financial assistance and skill development for sanitation workers.
• Legal Framework:
• Under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, manual scavenging is treated as an atrocity against marginalized communities.
• Employers can face imprisonment and fines for violating the laws prohibiting manual scavenging.
• Statistics:
• According to the latest data, over 50,000 manual scavengers have been identified across India despite the ban.
• Government surveys highlight the urgent need for rehabilitation and stricter enforcement of anti-manual scavenging laws.

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

• The Prime Minister's Internship Scheme (PMIS) is an ambitious program launched by the Government of India to provide youth with meaningful employment opportunities.
• The scheme aims to provide 1 crore young Indians with 12-month paid internships in the nation's top companies over the next five years.
• It is designed to equip Indian youth with practical skills and corporate exposure to enhance their employability and professional growth.
• The program will partner with leading companies across India, ensuring a variety of industrial sectors are covered, including IT, manufacturing, education, healthcare, and more.
• The initiative aligns with the government's broader goal of addressing youth unemployment and encouraging skill development as part of India's demographic dividend.

Additional Information

• Objectives of PMIS:
• To create a structured pathway for youth to transition from education to employment.
• To ensure the participation of India's corporate sector in addressing the unemployment challenge.
• To provide interns with a stipend and financial support during their internship tenure.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• Applicants should be Indian nationals aged between 18 and 30 years.
• They must have at least completed their secondary education or an equivalent qualification.
• Preference may be given to individuals from economically weaker sections or marginalized communities.
• Implementation:
• The scheme will be implemented in collaboration with private companies, public sector enterprises, and non-governmental organizations.
• Internships will cover various domains such as technology, finance, marketing, human resources, and operations.
• The government will provide financial incentives to participating companies to encourage their involvement in the program.
• Expected Outcomes:
• Enhanced employability of Indian youth through skill development and on-the-job training.
• Increased participation of the private sector in nation-building initiatives.
• A reduction in the overall youth unemployment rate in India.

Important Points

• Global Context: Several countries, including the USA and Germany, have implemented similar internship programs to bridge the gap between education and employment.
• Skill Development in India: The PMIS complements other initiatives like Skill India and National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).
• Monitoring and Evaluation: The scheme will be monitored by a dedicated government task force to ensure its effectiveness and scalability.

The correct answer is 10 years.

Key Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) was launched on 15 July 2015 by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). This aligns with the celebration of World Youth Skills Day.
• By July 2025, the scheme will have completed 10 years of its implementation, focusing on skill development and employability enhancement.
• The primary objective of PMKVY is to enable youth to take up industry-relevant skill training that will help them secure better livelihood opportunities.
• The scheme operates under the Skill India Mission, aiming to train over 40 crore people in India by 2022 in different skills.
• PMKVY is implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), which acts as a nodal agency for monitoring and coordinating the program.

Additional Information

• Key Components of PMKVY:
• Short Term Training (STT): Aimed at school/college dropouts and unemployed youth, providing industry-relevant skills training aligned with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).
• Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): This component assesses and certifies individuals with existing skills and prior experience.
• Special Projects: This component allows for the creation of projects to address skill requirements in regions or sectors that are not covered under standard PMKVY courses.
• Placement Assistance: Successful candidates are provided placement opportunities through Training Partners under the scheme.
• Achievements of PMKVY:
• As of 2023, over 1.37 crore individuals have received training under PMKVY across various sectors and disciplines.
• The scheme has significantly contributed to bridging the skill gap in industries such as IT, construction, healthcare, and automotive sectors.
• Many beneficiaries of PMKVY have successfully secured employment or started their entrepreneurial ventures.
• Skill India Mission:
• Launched in 2015, the mission aims to create a skilled workforce in India to meet the demands of a growing economy.
• Under this mission, several initiatives like PMKVY, Udaan, and the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) have been introduced.
• It aligns with the government's focus on ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ by promoting self-reliance and skill development.
• Global Perspective:
• India's focus on skill development through initiatives like PMKVY is in line with global efforts to address unemployment and enhance workforce productivity.
• Countries like Germany and Australia have also implemented similar vocational training programs to meet industrial demands.

The correct answer is Leg.

Key Points

• A leg refers to a designated portion or segment of a relay race. It is a critical term used in athletics to divide the race into sections for each team member.
• In a relay race, the total distance is divided into equal segments called "legs," which are run by individual team members.
• The performance in each leg contributes to the overall team result in the relay race. A strong performance by all runners ensures a higher chance of winning.
• Relay races commonly include 4x100 meters or 4x400 meters, where each runner completes a specific leg before passing the baton to the next runner.
• This term is specific to athletics and is not interchangeable with other options provided, such as "heat," which refers to a qualifying race, or "spikes," which are shoes worn by athletes.

Additional Information

• Relay Races:
• Relay races are team events in track and field where four athletes complete equal segments of the race, passing a baton to the next runner after completing their respective leg.
• The two most common relay events are the 4x100 meters and 4x400 meters. In the 4x100 meters relay, each runner covers 100 meters, while in the 4x400 meters relay, each runner covers 400 meters.
• Relay races require precise coordination during baton exchanges to avoid disqualification.
• Other Related Terms:
• Heat: Refers to a preliminary race used to qualify athletes for the final race. It is not related to a portion of the relay race.
• Spikes: Specialized shoes with spikes on the sole to provide better grip and traction on the track, aiding in faster sprints.
• Lifting: This term is unrelated to athletics and is typically associated with weightlifting or the act of picking something up.
• History of Relay Races:
• The concept of relay races originates from ancient Greece, where messengers ran in relays to deliver messages over long distances.
• Modern relay races became part of the Olympic Games in the early 20^th century, with the 4x100m and 4x400m events introduced in 1912.
• Rules and Techniques:
• Each runner must run entirely within their designated lane during their leg of the race, particularly in the 4x100 meters relay.
• The baton must be passed within a designated zone of 20 meters, and dropping the baton or passing it outside this zone leads to disqualification.
• In the 4x400 meters relay, runners may merge into the innermost lane after the first leg is completed.

The correct answer is 3000 metres.

Key Points

• Long-distance races are events in athletics that typically involve running distances of at least 3000 metres.
• These races test the endurance, stamina, and pace control of athletes over extended periods of time.
• The 3000 metres is considered the minimum distance for a race to be categorized as a long-distance event in track and field competitions.
• Examples of long-distance races include the 5000 metres, 10,000 metres, half-marathons, and marathons, which are widely recognized in international athletic events.
• Long-distance running is an essential discipline in athletics, requiring

Additional Information

• Historical Background:
• Long-distance running has been a key component of athletics since the inception of the modern Olympic Games in 1896.
• The marathon, which is 42.195 km, was introduced as a tribute to the legendary run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides in 490 BCE.
• Physiological Aspects:
• Long-distance running requires a well-developed aerobic capacity and efficient oxygen utilization.
• Athletes need to train their bodies to store and use glycogen efficiently, as it's a crucial energy source for endurance activities.
• Popular Events:
• Internationally recognized races include the Boston Marathon, Berlin Marathon, New York City Marathon, and the London Marathon.
• In athletics, the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres are staple events in competitions like the Olympics and World Championships.
• Training Techniques:
• Long-distance runners often use techniques such as interval training, long runs, and tempo runs to build endurance and improve speed.
• Nutrition and hydration strategies play a critical role in ensuring optimal performance and recovery.
• World Records:
• The men's 5000m and 10,000m world records are currently held by Joshua Cheptegei, while the women's records are held by Letesenbet Gidey.
• Marathon world records are held by Eliud Kipchoge (men) and Brigid Kosgei (women).

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• India's first Vista Dome Jungle Safari Train was launched in Uttar Pradesh on May 2025.
• The train is designed to provide an immersive experience for tourists, offering panoramic views of the Chambal Valley and other scenic landscapes.
• It features glass-ceiling coaches, large observation windows, and rotating seats to enhance the sightseeing experience.
• This initiative aims to boost eco-tourism and attract travelers to explore the rich biodiversity and wildlife of the region.
• Uttar Pradesh has been taking significant steps to promote tourism, and the launch of this train adds to the state's efforts to offer unique travel experiences.

Additional Information

• Vista Dome Coaches:
• Vista Dome coaches are specially designed with glass rooftops and wide windows to provide an enhanced viewing experience.
• These coaches are equipped with modern amenities like air conditioning, Wi-Fi, and rotating seats.
• Such trains are commonly used in scenic routes to promote eco-tourism and offer travelers a closer connection to nature.
• Eco-Tourism in India:
• Eco-tourism focuses on sustainable travel to natural areas, aiming to conserve the environment and improve the well-being of local communities.
• Popular eco-tourism destinations in India include the Kaziranga National Park, Sundarbans, and Kerala's backwaters.
• Chambal Valley:
• The Chambal Valley is known for its unique geography, offering stunning landscapes and rich biodiversity.
• This region is home to rare species like the Gharial and Indian Skimmer, making it a hotspot for wildlife enthusiasts.
• Tourism Initiatives by Uttar Pradesh:
• Uttar Pradesh has been actively promoting tourism through projects like the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor and Heritage Arc.
• The state attracts millions of tourists every year with destinations like Agra (Taj Mahal), Varanasi, and Lucknow.

Important Points

• Tourism Statistics:
• Uttar Pradesh is one of the top tourist destinations in India, attracting both domestic and international visitors.
• In 2022, the state recorded over 100 million domestic tourists, making it a leader in tourism growth.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Ministry of Railways is actively introducing Vista Dome trains to promote scenic travel across India.
• Such initiatives align with the National Tourism Policy, aiming to boost sustainable tourism and regional development.
• Impact of Eco-Tourism:
• Eco-tourism fosters environmental conservation and generates income for local communities.
• It also helps raise awareness about the importance of protecting natural habitats and biodiversity.

The correct answer is 148.

Key Points

• The “Status of Tigers in Kaziranga, 2024” report provides crucial insights into the tiger population in the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, a major habitat for tigers in India.
• The report states that the total number of tigers in the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is 148, showcasing the reserve's role in tiger conservation efforts.
• Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is located in Assam, India, and is globally recognized for its diverse biodiversity, including tigers, rhinos, and elephants.
• The tiger population in this reserve is monitored under the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the Project Tiger initiative, ensuring regular assessments and conservation measures.
• Kaziranga is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, emphasizing its importance as a protected area and a critical tiger habitat.

Additional Information

• Project Tiger:
• Launched in 1973, Project Tiger is a flagship conservation initiative by the Government of India aimed at ensuring the survival and growth of the tiger population.
• It is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), which monitors tiger populations in India through regular assessments and reports.
• India is home to approximately 70% of the global tiger population, making conservation efforts like Project Tiger critically important.
• National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
• The NTCA was established in 2005 under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 to strengthen tiger conservation initiatives.
• It provides funding, technical support, and policy guidance for tiger reserves across India, including Kaziranga.
• The NTCA conducts periodic tiger population assessments using advanced technologies like camera traps and GIS mapping.
• Kaziranga Tiger Reserve:
• Kaziranga National Park, declared a tiger reserve in 2006, spans across 430 sq km and serves as a critical tiger habitat.
• The reserve is also famous for its population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros and other wildlife species.
• It is located along the banks of the Brahmaputra River, providing a rich ecological environment for diverse flora and fauna.
• Global Tiger Day:
• Observed annually on July 29, Global Tiger Day raises awareness about tiger conservation and the threats faced by tigers globally.
• India plays a pivotal role in global tiger conservation efforts due to its significant tiger population and protected areas like Kaziranga.
• Events and campaigns are organized nationwide to promote public engagement in tiger conservation initiatives.
• Challenges in Tiger Conservation:
• Tigers face threats like habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict, which necessitate stringent conservation measures.
• Efforts like community participation and strict anti-poaching laws are essential to address these challenges effectively.

The correct answer is Extensive use of iron tools.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization belongs to the Bronze Age.
• Iron was not discovered or used in this civilization.
• Tools were mainly made of copper and bronze (not iron).
• Hence, “extensive use of iron tools” is not a feature of Indus cities.

Additional Information

• Well-planned grid-pattern cities (roads intersect at right angles)
• Houses built with burnt (baked) bricks
• Highly developed drainage and sanitation system
• Standardized weights and measures system
• Strong focus on urban planning and trade

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• Nautanki is a popular folk dance-drama form originating from the state of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is known for its musical storytelling with a blend of drama, dance, and humor, performed traditionally in open-air settings.
• Themes in Nautanki are often inspired by mythological stories, historical events, or local legends, making it relatable to the rural audience.
• Performances are accompanied by live music, primarily using instruments like dholak, harmonium, and nagara, which add to the vibrancy of the art form.
• Nautanki has played a significant role in preserving cultural heritage and spreading awareness on social issues in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Other Folk Dances of Uttar Pradesh:
• Raslila: A traditional dance-drama depicting the life of Lord Krishna.
• Charkula: A dance form performed to celebrate Krishna’s birth, where women balance lamps on their heads.
• Kajri: A monsoon folk song and dance form popular in the Mirzapur region.
• Distinct Features of Nautanki:
• Focuses on dialogue delivery and expressive gestures to captivate the audience.
• It is known for its interactive style, often involving audience participation.
• Characters are typically larger-than-life, with exaggerated costumes and makeup.
• Historical Significance:
• The origins of Nautanki can be traced back to the Mughal era, where it evolved as a form of entertainment for the masses.
• The name "Nautanki" is believed to have been derived from a legendary story about a beautiful princess named Nautanki.
• Current Status:
• Despite modern entertainment options, Nautanki continues to thrive in rural areas.
• Efforts are being made by cultural organizations to preserve and promote this traditional art form.

Important Points

• Other States and Their Folk Dances:
• Haryana: Famous for dances like Phag and Jhumar.
• Assam: Known for the Bihu dance, performed during the Assamese New Year.
• Maharashtra: Celebrated for folk dances like Lavani and Koli.
• Role of Folk Arts:
• Folk arts like Nautanki help in preserving regional culture and maintaining a sense of community.
• They are often used as a medium for social change, spreading awareness on issues like health, education, and rights.

The correct answer is Arunachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• The 'Tapu' dance is a traditional dance form performed by tribes of Arunachal Pradesh.
• It is primarily performed by the Adi tribe, one of the prominent tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh.
• The dance is associated with agricultural activities and is performed during festivals like Solung, which is celebrated to invoke blessings for a good harvest.
• The performers of the 'Tapu' dance wear traditional attire, which includes ornate headgear, colorful costumes, and accessories made from natural materials.
• This dance showcases the rich cultural heritage of Arunachal Pradesh and reflects the tribal community's connection with nature and agriculture.

Additional Information

• Adi Tribe:
• The Adi tribe is an indigenous community of Arunachal Pradesh, primarily residing in the Siang district.
• Their culture is deeply rooted in their agrarian lifestyle, and various dance forms like 'Tapu' are performed to celebrate agricultural and social milestones.
• They follow animistic beliefs and worship nature and deities, such as Kine Nane and Doying Bote, for blessings and prosperity.
• Solung Festival:
• The Solung festival is a key cultural celebration of the Adi tribe and is observed annually during the month of September.
• The festival includes rituals to honor deities and to pray for a bountiful harvest and the well-being of livestock.
• Traditional dances like the 'Tapu' dance are an integral part of the festivities, symbolizing unity and joy.
• Other Tribal Dances of Arunachal Pradesh:
• Wancho Dance: Performed by the Wancho tribe to celebrate the harvest season.
• Rikhampada: A dance form performed by the Apatani tribe during festivals.
• Buiya Dance: Performed by the Mishmi tribe to mark festive occasions and rituals.
• Geographical and Cultural Context:
• Arunachal Pradesh is located in the northeastern region of India and is known as the "Land of the Dawn-lit Mountains."
• The state is home to 26 major tribes and over 100 sub-tribes, each with its own unique language, traditions, and dance forms.
• Dance plays a pivotal role in the tribal culture of Arunachal Pradesh, serving as a medium to preserve and showcase their heritage.
• Recognition of Tribal Culture:
• The Indian government and cultural organizations have taken initiatives to promote and preserve the tribal heritage of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Festivals and traditional dance forms like 'Tapu' are showcased at national and international events to highlight the rich diversity of Indian culture.