General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning.

Key Points

• Manual scavenging, the practice of cleaning human excreta by hand, has been banned in India under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• Despite the ban, instances of manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning persist, especially in metropolitan cities, leading to severe health risks and fatalities.
• On January 2025, the Supreme Court of India ordered the complete cessation of manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning in six major metropolitan cities, emphasizing the use of mechanized cleaning methods.
• The Court highlighted the urgent need to enforce mechanization and technological advancements to ensure the dignity, safety, and well-being of sanitation workers.
• Key focus areas included implementing advanced sewer-cleaning machines, providing safety equipment, and ensuring compliance with labor laws to safeguard sanitation workers.

Additional Information

• Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:
• This Act bans manual scavenging and prescribes penalties for those engaging in or employing others for such practices.
• It mandates the identification and rehabilitation of manual scavengers, including financial assistance, education, and alternative employment opportunities.
• Health Risks of Manual Scavenging:
• Manual scavengers are exposed to harmful pathogens, toxic gases, and hazardous chemicals, leading to severe health issues such as respiratory diseases, skin infections, and fatal accidents.
• The lack of safety equipment and training exacerbates the risks faced by sanitation workers.
• Mechanization and Alternatives:
• Technological solutions, such as robotic sewer-cleaning machines and automated tools, are being adopted to eliminate manual scavenging.
• Government initiatives promote the use of mechanized cleaning methods to ensure worker safety and efficiency in sewer management.
• Supreme Court's Directions:
• In several judgments, the Supreme Court has condemned the practice of manual scavenging, terming it a violation of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
• It has directed strict enforcement of laws and monitoring mechanisms to eradicate manual scavenging across the nation.

Important Points

• Government Initiatives:
• The Swachh Bharat Mission aims to eliminate open defecation and promote hygiene and sanitation, indirectly addressing the issue of manual scavenging.
• Programs like National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) provide financial assistance and skill development for sanitation workers.
• Legal Framework:
• Under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, manual scavenging is treated as an atrocity against marginalized communities.
• Employers can face imprisonment and fines for violating the laws prohibiting manual scavenging.
• Statistics:
• According to the latest data, over 50,000 manual scavengers have been identified across India despite the ban.
• Government surveys highlight the urgent need for rehabilitation and stricter enforcement of anti-manual scavenging laws.

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

• The Prime Minister's Internship Scheme (PMIS) is an ambitious program launched by the Government of India to provide youth with meaningful employment opportunities.
• The scheme aims to provide 1 crore young Indians with 12-month paid internships in the nation's top companies over the next five years.
• It is designed to equip Indian youth with practical skills and corporate exposure to enhance their employability and professional growth.
• The program will partner with leading companies across India, ensuring a variety of industrial sectors are covered, including IT, manufacturing, education, healthcare, and more.
• The initiative aligns with the government's broader goal of addressing youth unemployment and encouraging skill development as part of India's demographic dividend.

Additional Information

• Objectives of PMIS:
• To create a structured pathway for youth to transition from education to employment.
• To ensure the participation of India's corporate sector in addressing the unemployment challenge.
• To provide interns with a stipend and financial support during their internship tenure.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• Applicants should be Indian nationals aged between 18 and 30 years.
• They must have at least completed their secondary education or an equivalent qualification.
• Preference may be given to individuals from economically weaker sections or marginalized communities.
• Implementation:
• The scheme will be implemented in collaboration with private companies, public sector enterprises, and non-governmental organizations.
• Internships will cover various domains such as technology, finance, marketing, human resources, and operations.
• The government will provide financial incentives to participating companies to encourage their involvement in the program.
• Expected Outcomes:
• Enhanced employability of Indian youth through skill development and on-the-job training.
• Increased participation of the private sector in nation-building initiatives.
• A reduction in the overall youth unemployment rate in India.

Important Points

• Global Context: Several countries, including the USA and Germany, have implemented similar internship programs to bridge the gap between education and employment.
• Skill Development in India: The PMIS complements other initiatives like Skill India and National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).
• Monitoring and Evaluation: The scheme will be monitored by a dedicated government task force to ensure its effectiveness and scalability.

The correct answer is 10 years.

Key Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) was launched on 15 July 2015 by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). This aligns with the celebration of World Youth Skills Day.
• By July 2025, the scheme will have completed 10 years of its implementation, focusing on skill development and employability enhancement.
• The primary objective of PMKVY is to enable youth to take up industry-relevant skill training that will help them secure better livelihood opportunities.
• The scheme operates under the Skill India Mission, aiming to train over 40 crore people in India by 2022 in different skills.
• PMKVY is implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), which acts as a nodal agency for monitoring and coordinating the program.

Additional Information

• Key Components of PMKVY:
• Short Term Training (STT): Aimed at school/college dropouts and unemployed youth, providing industry-relevant skills training aligned with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).
• Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): This component assesses and certifies individuals with existing skills and prior experience.
• Special Projects: This component allows for the creation of projects to address skill requirements in regions or sectors that are not covered under standard PMKVY courses.
• Placement Assistance: Successful candidates are provided placement opportunities through Training Partners under the scheme.
• Achievements of PMKVY:
• As of 2023, over 1.37 crore individuals have received training under PMKVY across various sectors and disciplines.
• The scheme has significantly contributed to bridging the skill gap in industries such as IT, construction, healthcare, and automotive sectors.
• Many beneficiaries of PMKVY have successfully secured employment or started their entrepreneurial ventures.
• Skill India Mission:
• Launched in 2015, the mission aims to create a skilled workforce in India to meet the demands of a growing economy.
• Under this mission, several initiatives like PMKVY, Udaan, and the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) have been introduced.
• It aligns with the government's focus on ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ by promoting self-reliance and skill development.
• Global Perspective:
• India's focus on skill development through initiatives like PMKVY is in line with global efforts to address unemployment and enhance workforce productivity.
• Countries like Germany and Australia have also implemented similar vocational training programs to meet industrial demands.

The correct answer is Leg.

Key Points

• A leg refers to a designated portion or segment of a relay race. It is a critical term used in athletics to divide the race into sections for each team member.
• In a relay race, the total distance is divided into equal segments called "legs," which are run by individual team members.
• The performance in each leg contributes to the overall team result in the relay race. A strong performance by all runners ensures a higher chance of winning.
• Relay races commonly include 4x100 meters or 4x400 meters, where each runner completes a specific leg before passing the baton to the next runner.
• This term is specific to athletics and is not interchangeable with other options provided, such as "heat," which refers to a qualifying race, or "spikes," which are shoes worn by athletes.

Additional Information

• Relay Races:
• Relay races are team events in track and field where four athletes complete equal segments of the race, passing a baton to the next runner after completing their respective leg.
• The two most common relay events are the 4x100 meters and 4x400 meters. In the 4x100 meters relay, each runner covers 100 meters, while in the 4x400 meters relay, each runner covers 400 meters.
• Relay races require precise coordination during baton exchanges to avoid disqualification.
• Other Related Terms:
• Heat: Refers to a preliminary race used to qualify athletes for the final race. It is not related to a portion of the relay race.
• Spikes: Specialized shoes with spikes on the sole to provide better grip and traction on the track, aiding in faster sprints.
• Lifting: This term is unrelated to athletics and is typically associated with weightlifting or the act of picking something up.
• History of Relay Races:
• The concept of relay races originates from ancient Greece, where messengers ran in relays to deliver messages over long distances.
• Modern relay races became part of the Olympic Games in the early 20^th century, with the 4x100m and 4x400m events introduced in 1912.
• Rules and Techniques:
• Each runner must run entirely within their designated lane during their leg of the race, particularly in the 4x100 meters relay.
• The baton must be passed within a designated zone of 20 meters, and dropping the baton or passing it outside this zone leads to disqualification.
• In the 4x400 meters relay, runners may merge into the innermost lane after the first leg is completed.

The correct answer is 3000 metres.

Key Points

• Long-distance races are events in athletics that typically involve running distances of at least 3000 metres.
• These races test the endurance, stamina, and pace control of athletes over extended periods of time.
• The 3000 metres is considered the minimum distance for a race to be categorized as a long-distance event in track and field competitions.
• Examples of long-distance races include the 5000 metres, 10,000 metres, half-marathons, and marathons, which are widely recognized in international athletic events.
• Long-distance running is an essential discipline in athletics, requiring

Additional Information

• Historical Background:
• Long-distance running has been a key component of athletics since the inception of the modern Olympic Games in 1896.
• The marathon, which is 42.195 km, was introduced as a tribute to the legendary run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides in 490 BCE.
• Physiological Aspects:
• Long-distance running requires a well-developed aerobic capacity and efficient oxygen utilization.
• Athletes need to train their bodies to store and use glycogen efficiently, as it's a crucial energy source for endurance activities.
• Popular Events:
• Internationally recognized races include the Boston Marathon, Berlin Marathon, New York City Marathon, and the London Marathon.
• In athletics, the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres are staple events in competitions like the Olympics and World Championships.
• Training Techniques:
• Long-distance runners often use techniques such as interval training, long runs, and tempo runs to build endurance and improve speed.
• Nutrition and hydration strategies play a critical role in ensuring optimal performance and recovery.
• World Records:
• The men's 5000m and 10,000m world records are currently held by Joshua Cheptegei, while the women's records are held by Letesenbet Gidey.
• Marathon world records are held by Eliud Kipchoge (men) and Brigid Kosgei (women).

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• India's first Vista Dome Jungle Safari Train was launched in Uttar Pradesh on May 2025.
• The train is designed to provide an immersive experience for tourists, offering panoramic views of the Chambal Valley and other scenic landscapes.
• It features glass-ceiling coaches, large observation windows, and rotating seats to enhance the sightseeing experience.
• This initiative aims to boost eco-tourism and attract travelers to explore the rich biodiversity and wildlife of the region.
• Uttar Pradesh has been taking significant steps to promote tourism, and the launch of this train adds to the state's efforts to offer unique travel experiences.

Additional Information

• Vista Dome Coaches:
• Vista Dome coaches are specially designed with glass rooftops and wide windows to provide an enhanced viewing experience.
• These coaches are equipped with modern amenities like air conditioning, Wi-Fi, and rotating seats.
• Such trains are commonly used in scenic routes to promote eco-tourism and offer travelers a closer connection to nature.
• Eco-Tourism in India:
• Eco-tourism focuses on sustainable travel to natural areas, aiming to conserve the environment and improve the well-being of local communities.
• Popular eco-tourism destinations in India include the Kaziranga National Park, Sundarbans, and Kerala's backwaters.
• Chambal Valley:
• The Chambal Valley is known for its unique geography, offering stunning landscapes and rich biodiversity.
• This region is home to rare species like the Gharial and Indian Skimmer, making it a hotspot for wildlife enthusiasts.
• Tourism Initiatives by Uttar Pradesh:
• Uttar Pradesh has been actively promoting tourism through projects like the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor and Heritage Arc.
• The state attracts millions of tourists every year with destinations like Agra (Taj Mahal), Varanasi, and Lucknow.

Important Points

• Tourism Statistics:
• Uttar Pradesh is one of the top tourist destinations in India, attracting both domestic and international visitors.
• In 2022, the state recorded over 100 million domestic tourists, making it a leader in tourism growth.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Ministry of Railways is actively introducing Vista Dome trains to promote scenic travel across India.
• Such initiatives align with the National Tourism Policy, aiming to boost sustainable tourism and regional development.
• Impact of Eco-Tourism:
• Eco-tourism fosters environmental conservation and generates income for local communities.
• It also helps raise awareness about the importance of protecting natural habitats and biodiversity.

The correct answer is 148.

Key Points

• The “Status of Tigers in Kaziranga, 2024” report provides crucial insights into the tiger population in the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, a major habitat for tigers in India.
• The report states that the total number of tigers in the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is 148, showcasing the reserve's role in tiger conservation efforts.
• Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is located in Assam, India, and is globally recognized for its diverse biodiversity, including tigers, rhinos, and elephants.
• The tiger population in this reserve is monitored under the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the Project Tiger initiative, ensuring regular assessments and conservation measures.
• Kaziranga is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, emphasizing its importance as a protected area and a critical tiger habitat.

Additional Information

• Project Tiger:
• Launched in 1973, Project Tiger is a flagship conservation initiative by the Government of India aimed at ensuring the survival and growth of the tiger population.
• It is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), which monitors tiger populations in India through regular assessments and reports.
• India is home to approximately 70% of the global tiger population, making conservation efforts like Project Tiger critically important.
• National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
• The NTCA was established in 2005 under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 to strengthen tiger conservation initiatives.
• It provides funding, technical support, and policy guidance for tiger reserves across India, including Kaziranga.
• The NTCA conducts periodic tiger population assessments using advanced technologies like camera traps and GIS mapping.
• Kaziranga Tiger Reserve:
• Kaziranga National Park, declared a tiger reserve in 2006, spans across 430 sq km and serves as a critical tiger habitat.
• The reserve is also famous for its population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros and other wildlife species.
• It is located along the banks of the Brahmaputra River, providing a rich ecological environment for diverse flora and fauna.
• Global Tiger Day:
• Observed annually on July 29, Global Tiger Day raises awareness about tiger conservation and the threats faced by tigers globally.
• India plays a pivotal role in global tiger conservation efforts due to its significant tiger population and protected areas like Kaziranga.
• Events and campaigns are organized nationwide to promote public engagement in tiger conservation initiatives.
• Challenges in Tiger Conservation:
• Tigers face threats like habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict, which necessitate stringent conservation measures.
• Efforts like community participation and strict anti-poaching laws are essential to address these challenges effectively.

The correct answer is Extensive use of iron tools.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization belongs to the Bronze Age.
• Iron was not discovered or used in this civilization.
• Tools were mainly made of copper and bronze (not iron).
• Hence, “extensive use of iron tools” is not a feature of Indus cities.

Additional Information

• Well-planned grid-pattern cities (roads intersect at right angles)
• Houses built with burnt (baked) bricks
• Highly developed drainage and sanitation system
• Standardized weights and measures system
• Strong focus on urban planning and trade

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• Nautanki is a popular folk dance-drama form originating from the state of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is known for its musical storytelling with a blend of drama, dance, and humor, performed traditionally in open-air settings.
• Themes in Nautanki are often inspired by mythological stories, historical events, or local legends, making it relatable to the rural audience.
• Performances are accompanied by live music, primarily using instruments like dholak, harmonium, and nagara, which add to the vibrancy of the art form.
• Nautanki has played a significant role in preserving cultural heritage and spreading awareness on social issues in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Other Folk Dances of Uttar Pradesh:
• Raslila: A traditional dance-drama depicting the life of Lord Krishna.
• Charkula: A dance form performed to celebrate Krishna’s birth, where women balance lamps on their heads.
• Kajri: A monsoon folk song and dance form popular in the Mirzapur region.
• Distinct Features of Nautanki:
• Focuses on dialogue delivery and expressive gestures to captivate the audience.
• It is known for its interactive style, often involving audience participation.
• Characters are typically larger-than-life, with exaggerated costumes and makeup.
• Historical Significance:
• The origins of Nautanki can be traced back to the Mughal era, where it evolved as a form of entertainment for the masses.
• The name "Nautanki" is believed to have been derived from a legendary story about a beautiful princess named Nautanki.
• Current Status:
• Despite modern entertainment options, Nautanki continues to thrive in rural areas.
• Efforts are being made by cultural organizations to preserve and promote this traditional art form.

Important Points

• Other States and Their Folk Dances:
• Haryana: Famous for dances like Phag and Jhumar.
• Assam: Known for the Bihu dance, performed during the Assamese New Year.
• Maharashtra: Celebrated for folk dances like Lavani and Koli.
• Role of Folk Arts:
• Folk arts like Nautanki help in preserving regional culture and maintaining a sense of community.
• They are often used as a medium for social change, spreading awareness on issues like health, education, and rights.

The correct answer is Arunachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• The 'Tapu' dance is a traditional dance form performed by tribes of Arunachal Pradesh.
• It is primarily performed by the Adi tribe, one of the prominent tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh.
• The dance is associated with agricultural activities and is performed during festivals like Solung, which is celebrated to invoke blessings for a good harvest.
• The performers of the 'Tapu' dance wear traditional attire, which includes ornate headgear, colorful costumes, and accessories made from natural materials.
• This dance showcases the rich cultural heritage of Arunachal Pradesh and reflects the tribal community's connection with nature and agriculture.

Additional Information

• Adi Tribe:
• The Adi tribe is an indigenous community of Arunachal Pradesh, primarily residing in the Siang district.
• Their culture is deeply rooted in their agrarian lifestyle, and various dance forms like 'Tapu' are performed to celebrate agricultural and social milestones.
• They follow animistic beliefs and worship nature and deities, such as Kine Nane and Doying Bote, for blessings and prosperity.
• Solung Festival:
• The Solung festival is a key cultural celebration of the Adi tribe and is observed annually during the month of September.
• The festival includes rituals to honor deities and to pray for a bountiful harvest and the well-being of livestock.
• Traditional dances like the 'Tapu' dance are an integral part of the festivities, symbolizing unity and joy.
• Other Tribal Dances of Arunachal Pradesh:
• Wancho Dance: Performed by the Wancho tribe to celebrate the harvest season.
• Rikhampada: A dance form performed by the Apatani tribe during festivals.
• Buiya Dance: Performed by the Mishmi tribe to mark festive occasions and rituals.
• Geographical and Cultural Context:
• Arunachal Pradesh is located in the northeastern region of India and is known as the "Land of the Dawn-lit Mountains."
• The state is home to 26 major tribes and over 100 sub-tribes, each with its own unique language, traditions, and dance forms.
• Dance plays a pivotal role in the tribal culture of Arunachal Pradesh, serving as a medium to preserve and showcase their heritage.
• Recognition of Tribal Culture:
• The Indian government and cultural organizations have taken initiatives to promote and preserve the tribal heritage of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Festivals and traditional dance forms like 'Tapu' are showcased at national and international events to highlight the rich diversity of Indian culture.

The correct answer is Amritsar.

Key Points

• During the eighteenth century, the Sikh community gathered in Amritsar during the festivals of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as Gurmatas.
• The Gurmata was a form of deliberative assembly among the Sikhs, where important communal and political decisions were taken collectively by the community leaders.
• Amritsar, being a major religious and cultural center for Sikhs, served as the focal point for such gatherings, especially at the Golden Temple.
• These decisions, called Gurmatas, were binding on the entire Sikh community and often pertained to critical matters like military strategy, religious issues, and governance.
• The practice of holding Gurmatas in Amritsar highlights the city’s importance as the spiritual and political heart of the Sikh community during that period.

Additional Information

• Gurmata:
• The term Gurmata translates to "Guru’s decision" and refers to resolutions passed during Sikh gatherings.
• These decisions were considered sacred and of utmost importance, as they were believed to be guided by divine will.
• Gurmatas played a significant role in uniting the Sikh community and addressing both internal and external challenges during the turbulent eighteenth century.
• Amritsar:
• Amritsar is one of the holiest cities for Sikhs and is home to the Golden Temple, also known as Harmandir Sahib.
• It was founded in the 16^th century by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, and became the epicenter of Sikhism.
• The city hosted important Sikh gatherings, especially during the festivals of Baisakhi and Diwali.
• Baisakhi:
• Baisakhi is a major Sikh festival that marks the harvest season and the establishment of the Khalsa Panth in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• It is celebrated with great enthusiasm and is one of the key occasions for the Sikh community to gather and discuss matters of importance.
• Diwali and Sikhs:
• For Sikhs, Diwali holds special significance as it marks the release of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji, from captivity in 1619.
• It is also a time for the community to come together, commemorate historical events, and make collective decisions.
• Historical Importance of Sikh Assemblies:
• Such assemblies contributed to the strengthening of Sikh unity and allowed the community to respond collectively to external threats, especially during the Mughal period and invasions by Afghan rulers.
• The resolutions passed during these gatherings often had far-reaching impacts on Sikh governance and military strategies.

The correct answer is Finance Bill.

Key Points

• The Finance Bill is a legislative proposal presented in Parliament along with the Union Budget to give effect to the financial proposals for the upcoming financial year.
• It contains provisions related to the imposition, abolition, or alteration of taxes, as proposed in the Union Budget.
• The Finance Bill is a Money Bill as per Article 110 of the Indian Constitution, meaning it is primarily concerned with taxation and government spending.
• The Bill needs to be passed by the Lok Sabha and can only be discussed but not amended by the Rajya Sabha, as per the provisions of the Constitution.
• The passage of the Finance Bill is crucial for implementing the financial proposals of the government, including tax amendments and budgetary allocations.

Additional Information

• Private Member Bill:
• A Private Member Bill is introduced by a Member of Parliament who is not a minister.
• It is used to propose new laws or amendments to existing laws but is not related to financial matters.
• Only a small fraction of private member bills are passed in Parliament.
• Constitution Amendment Bill:
• This bill is introduced to amend the Constitution of India under Article 368.
• It requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament and, in some cases, ratification by half of the state legislatures.
• It is not related to the imposition or abolition of taxes.
• Ordinary Bill:
• An Ordinary Bill is concerned with any matter other than financial or constitutional amendments.
• It can be introduced in either House of Parliament and does not require a special procedure for its passage.
• It is not used for tax-related proposals or budget implementation.
• Money Bill:
• A Money Bill is a subset of the Finance Bill and deals only with provisions mentioned in Article 110 of the Constitution, such as taxation, government borrowing, or expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• It is certified as a Money Bill by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
• The Finance Bill encompasses a broader scope than a Money Bill, including tax-related and non-tax-related financial proposals.

Important Points

• Stages of the Finance Bill:
• The Finance Bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha during the presentation of the Union Budget.
• It is debated and voted upon after the General Budget discussion is completed.
• The Bill must be passed within 75 days of its introduction, as per constitutional provisions.
• Role of the Rajya Sabha:
• The Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Finance Bill but cannot amend or reject it.
• The Lok Sabha may accept or reject these recommendations.
• Difference Between Finance Bill and Appropriation Bill:
• The Finance Bill deals with taxation and financial proposals, while the Appropriation Bill authorizes the government to withdraw funds from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• Both are essential for implementing the Union Budget.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBM Act) was enacted by the Government of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce fiscal deficit, and improve macroeconomic management.
• As per the provisions of the FRBM Act, the central government is required to set annual targets to reduce fiscal deficits and eliminate revenue deficits.
• However, Section 4(2) of the FRBM Act provides for certain exceptions where the fiscal deficit targets can be exceeded. These are:
• National Security: In situations where national security is threatened, the government may breach the deficit target. This is deemed a valid exception. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• National Calamity: In the event of a severe national calamity (such as natural disasters), the government is allowed to exceed the prescribed fiscal deficit target to address the crisis effectively. Hence, Statement II is correct.
• The exceptions ensure that the government has the flexibility to respond to extraordinary circumstances without being constrained by fiscal deficit limits.
• It is important to note that these deviations must be approved by Parliament, and the government is required to present a detailed explanation for breaching the fiscal targets.
• Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Additional Information

• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003:
• The FRBM Act was enacted to ensure responsible fiscal management and achieve long-term macroeconomic stability.
• The Act includes measures such as reducing the fiscal deficit to a specified target (e.g., 3% of GDP) and eliminating the revenue deficit over time.
• The objective is to boost public savings, reduce inflationary pressures, and maintain sustainable debt levels.
• It applies to both the central government and state governments, although states have their own versions of FRBM laws.
• Provisions for Deviation under FRBM Act:
• Deviation from deficit targets is permissible under exceptional circumstances such as war, national security threats, natural calamities, or other extraordinary events.
• The government must provide a detailed explanation to Parliament when deviating from set targets, including measures to return to the prescribed path.
• Amendments to the FRBM Act:
• The Act has been amended several times, including the 2018 amendment, which introduced a fiscal deficit glide path and mandated the establishment of a Fiscal Council.
• The fiscal deficit target was revised to a more flexible range, allowing for economic uncertainties.
• Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic:
• The fiscal rules under the FRBM Act were temporarily relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic to allow the government to undertake higher spending to address the health and economic crisis.
• This highlighted the importance of having flexibility in fiscal management policies during emergencies.
• Important Points:
• India's fiscal deficit for FY 2022-23 was projected at 6.4% of GDP, reflecting higher government expenditure due to economic recovery measures.
• The FRBM Act emphasizes transparency and accountability in fiscal management by requiring the government to present fiscal policy statements and medium-term fiscal frameworks to Parliament.

The correct answer is Rajagriha.

Key Points

• Rajagriha, now known as Rajgir in Bihar, was the first capital of the Magadha Empire.
• It served as the capital for several years before the capital was shifted to Pataliputra (modern-day Patna).
• Rajagriha, meaning "House of the King," was strategically located amidst five hills, which provided it with natural fortification and made it an important center of political and cultural significance.
• The city is associated with the early teachings of both Buddhism and Jainism. Lord Buddha spent several years in Rajagriha, and it was here that King Bimbisara of Magadha met Buddha and became his follower.
• Historical records and archaeological evidence indicate that Rajagriha was an important hub of activity during the reigns of rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatashatru.
• The shift to Pataliputra was made due to its more central location and better opportunities for trade, transportation, and military strategy.

Additional Information

• Pataliputra (Patna):
• Pataliputra was established as the capital of Magadha during the reign of King Ajatashatru. It later became the center of major political activities in ancient India.
• It flourished as a cultural and administrative center under the Mauryan and Gupta Empires.
• Notable rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka made Pataliputra their capital, and it became famous for its grand architecture and urban planning.
• Other Options:
• Ujjain: Ujjain, located in modern-day Madhya Pradesh, was a prominent city in ancient India but never served as the capital of Magadha. It was a major center of trade, learning, and spirituality.
• Vaishali: Vaishali, also in Bihar, was the capital of the Vajji confederacy and holds significance in Jain and Buddhist traditions. It was not the capital of Magadha.
• Taxila: Located in present-day Pakistan, Taxila was a center of learning and an important city in the Gandhara region. It was not associated with Magadha.
• Importance of Magadha:
• Magadha was one of the most powerful Mahajanapadas in ancient India, known for its military strength, strategic location, and economic prosperity.
• The Magadha Empire laid the foundation for later empires like the Mauryan and Gupta dynasties, which significantly influenced Indian history.
• Buddhism and Jainism in Rajagriha:
• Rajagriha was an early center for Buddhism and Jainism. It is said to be the location of the first Buddhist Council, which was held after the death of Buddha.
• Mahavira, the 24^th Tirthankara of Jainism, also spent considerable time in Rajagriha, spreading his teachings.
• Geographical and Strategic Importance:
• Rajagriha's location amidst five hills provided natural defense against invasions, making it a secure capital for Magadha.
• The fertile plains around the city contributed to the economic prosperity of the Magadha Empire.

The correct answer is Samaveda.

Key Points

• The Samaveda primarily consists of hymns and melodies that have been taken from the Rigveda. These hymns are specifically arranged for chanting and singing during rituals.
• It is one of the four Vedas—Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—and is regarded as the "Veda of melodies and chants."
• The hymns of the Samaveda are chanted during religious rituals and sacrifices to invoke divine blessings. It is closely associated with the practice of Soma rituals.
• Unlike the Rigveda, which focuses on the poetic aspect of hymns, the Samaveda emphasizes the musical rendition of these hymns, making it a unique collection of Vedic literature.
• While many hymns in the Samaveda are borrowed from the Rigveda, their arrangement and purpose in the Samaveda are distinct, as they are meant to be sung rather than recited.

Additional Information

• Rigveda:
• The Rigveda is the oldest of the four Vedas and consists of hymns that focus on the praise of various deities such as Agni, Indra, and Varuna.
• It is written in Sanskrit and is considered one of the most ancient religious texts in the world.
• The Rigveda contains a total of 1,028 hymns divided into 10 books called Mandalas.
• Its focus is on the poetic and philosophical aspects of Vedic literature.
• Yajurveda:
• The Yajurveda is primarily a compilation of prose and verses designed to guide the performance of rituals and sacrifices.
• It is divided into two parts: the Shukla (White) Yajurveda and the Krishna (Black) Yajurveda.
• Unlike the Samaveda, the Yajurveda focuses more on the procedural and practical aspects of conducting Vedic rituals.
• Atharvaveda:
• The Atharvaveda is considered the Veda of knowledge and includes hymns, spells, and incantations for practical purposes like healing, marriage, and protection against evils.
• It is distinct from the other three Vedas in its focus on the everyday concerns of life rather than rituals.
• Samaveda's Unique Features:
• The Samaveda is often referred to as the "Book of Chants" due to its emphasis on musical notations.
• It is regarded as the origin of Indian classical music and has had a profound influence on its development.
• Priests who specialize in the Samaveda are called Udgatris, and they play a key role in chanting during rituals.
• Important Points:
• The Samaveda is closely associated with the Sama Gana, the singing style of Vedic hymns used during rituals.
• It is especially used in Soma Yajnas, where Soma, a sacred plant, is offered to deities.
• The Samaveda has contributed significantly to the cultural and spiritual heritage of India.

The correct answer is European Union.

Key Points

• The European Union (EU) introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on October 1, 2023, as part of its broader commitment to reducing carbon emissions and addressing climate change.
• CBAM is a critical policy under the European Green Deal, aimed at ensuring that the cost of carbon emissions is factored into the price of imported goods.
• The mechanism applies to carbon-intensive products such as cement, aluminum, steel, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen, among others, imported into the European Union.
• The primary goal of CBAM is to prevent carbon leakage, which occurs when companies relocate their production to countries with less stringent climate policies, undermining global climate goals.
• Initially, the mechanism will operate in a transitional phase until 2026, focusing on reporting emissions without imposing financial obligations. Full implementation with a monetary carbon levy is set to begin thereafter.

Additional Information

• European Green Deal:
• Launched in 2019, the European Green Deal is the EU's roadmap to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050.
• It includes policies targeting clean energy, sustainable industry, and biodiversity, along with the CBAM to address carbon leakage.
• Carbon Leakage:
• Occurs when industries relocate production to regions with weaker climate policies, causing an increase in global emissions rather than reducing them.
• CBAM aims to level the playing field by imposing a carbon cost on imports equivalent to the EU’s carbon price.
• Implementation Process:
• During the transitional phase (2023-2026), importers are required to report the embedded emissions of their goods, but no financial payments are demanded.
• From 2026 onwards, importers will need to purchase CBAM certificates to account for the carbon emissions of imported goods.
• Global Implications:
• CBAM has raised concerns among developing countries and trade partners, as it could impact their export competitiveness.
• It encourages other countries to adopt similar carbon pricing mechanisms to align with global climate goals.
• Comparison with Other Initiatives:
• While CBAM is specific to the EU, similar initiatives are being discussed globally to address carbon emissions in trade.
• For example, the United States has proposed a Clean Competition Act with similar objectives.

The correct answer is Manu Bhakar.

Key Points

• Manu Bhakar is a renowned Indian sportsperson associated with the sport of shooting. She has represented India in various national and international shooting competitions.
• She gained prominence for her exceptional performance in the 10m Air Pistol and 25m Pistol events.
• Manu Bhakar won a gold medal at the 2018 ISSF World Cup, becoming one of the youngest Indian shooters to achieve this feat.
• She also clinched gold medals at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2019 ISSF World Cup finals, solidifying her position as a top-tier shooter.
• Her achievements have made her a key figure in Indian shooting sports, and she continues to inspire young athletes in the country.

Additional Information

• D. Gukesh:
• D. Gukesh is an Indian chess prodigy and is not associated with shooting.
• He holds the title of Grandmaster in chess and is among the youngest to achieve this distinction.
• Gukesh has represented India in international chess tournaments and has won multiple accolades in the sport.
• Mithali Raj:
• Mithali Raj is a former captain of the Indian women’s cricket team and is not related to shooting.
• She is known for her exceptional batting skills and has been a leading figure in women’s cricket globally.
• Mithali is the highest run-scorer in women’s international cricket and has received numerous awards for her contributions to the sport.
• Dipa Karmakar:
• Dipa Karmakar is a renowned Indian gymnast and is not associated with shooting.
• She gained fame for her performance in the 2016 Rio Olympics, where she became the first Indian female gymnast to qualify for the Olympics final.
• Dipa is known for executing the Produnova vault, a highly challenging gymnastics move.
• Significance of Shooting in India:
• Shooting is a sport where India has achieved significant success on the international stage, including the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, and Asian Games.
• Notable Indian shooters include Abhinav Bindra (India’s first individual Olympic gold medalist), Gagan Narang, and Rahi Sarnobat.
• Organizations like the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) play a key role in promoting and supporting shooting sports in the country.

The correct answer is Anusuiya Uikey.

Key Points

• Anusuiya Uikey was appointed as the Governor of Manipur in December 2024.
• She previously served as the Governor of Chhattisgarh, showcasing her extensive administrative experience.
• Her appointment as Governor of Manipur highlights the Government of India's focus on appointing experienced leaders to key gubernatorial roles in northeastern states.
• Manipur, being a state of strategic importance in the northeast, benefits from her leadership and administrative capabilities.
• Governors in India are appointed by the President of India under Article 155 of the Constitution, and they serve as the constitutional head of their respective states.

Additional Information

• Role of Governors in India:
• The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
• They have the power to reserve certain bills for the consideration of the President under Article 200.
• The Governor also plays a critical role in ensuring the state’s administration is conducted per the provisions of the Constitution.
• Appointment of Governors:
• Governors are appointed by the President of India for a term of five years, but they serve at the pleasure of the President.
• They can be transferred between states and may also be reappointed for a second term.
• Manipur - Strategic Importance:
• Manipur is a northeastern state with significant geographical and cultural importance, sharing borders with Myanmar.
• The state plays a vital role in India's Act East Policy, enhancing trade and connectivity with Southeast Asia.
• It is known for its diverse cultural heritage, including traditional dances like Raas Leela and sports such as Polo, which originated here.
• Key Functions of the Governor:
• Appointing the Chief Minister and other ministers.
• Summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the state legislature.
• Granting pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment under Article 161.
• Ensuring the constitutional machinery of the state is upheld, particularly under Article 356 in case of a constitutional crisis.

The correct answer is Rama Mohan Rao Amara.

Key Points

• Rama Mohan Rao Amara was appointed as the Managing Director (MD) of State Bank of India (SBI) in December 2024.
• He has extensive experience in the banking sector, having served in various roles in SBI over the years.
• His appointment reflects SBI’s commitment to strengthening leadership and ensuring efficient management of India's largest public sector bank.
• As MD, Amara is expected to drive the bank's strategic initiatives, enhance profitability, and focus on innovation in banking services.
• The appointment follows the guidelines set by the Government of India and the Bank Boards Bureau to ensure merit-based leadership in public sector banks.

Additional Information

• State Bank of India (SBI):
• SBI is India's largest public sector bank and financial institution, established in 1955.
• It operates globally, with a network of 22,000+ branches and 58,000+ ATMs.
• The bank plays a significant role in implementing various government schemes like PMJDY, Mudra Yojana, and Atal Pension Yojana.
• Role of Managing Director:
• The MD is responsible for overseeing the bank's operations, strategy, and financial performance.
• Key responsibilities include driving growth, innovation, and digital transformation within the organization.
• The MD also plays a crucial role in implementing government policies through the bank's services and products.
• Bank Boards Bureau:
• The Bank Boards Bureau was established in 2016 to recommend appointments to leadership positions in public sector banks and financial institutions.
• It ensures transparency and merit-based selection for key management roles.
• Recent Initiatives by SBI:
• SBI has been focusing on digital banking and enhancing customer experiences through platforms like YONO.
• The bank is actively involved in promoting financial inclusion and supporting MSMEs through loan schemes.
• SBI has introduced green banking practices, including investments in renewable energy projects.
• Important Leadership Appointments in SBI:
• Key appointments at SBI include Chairman, Managing Directors, and Chief Financial Officers, selected based on expertise and experience.
• Recent leadership appointments are geared toward fostering growth, innovation, and global competitiveness.

The correct answer is Parvathaneni Harish.

Key Points

• Parvathaneni Harish was appointed as India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in August 2024, succeeding his predecessor.
• The Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations is a critical diplomatic position that represents India in all UN forums, including the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
• Parvathaneni Harish is a seasoned diplomat and a senior officer of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), known for his extensive experience in global diplomacy, including holding key positions in India's missions abroad.
• His appointment is seen as part of India's strategy to strengthen its global diplomatic footprint and effectively articulate India's stance on key international issues, including sustainable development, peacekeeping, and global security.
• India's role at the UN has been pivotal, especially with its recent tenure as a non-permanent member of the UNSC for 2021-2022, and Harish's leadership is expected to bolster India's contributions further.

Additional Information

• United Nations and India:
• India is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), having signed the UN Charter in 1945.
• India has been a strong advocate for multilateralism, sustainable development, and international peace and security within the UN framework.
• India has contributed significantly to UN Peacekeeping Missions, being one of the largest troop-contributing nations.
• Role of Permanent Representatives:
• The Permanent Representative acts as the chief diplomat for a country at the UN, representing its interests in all UN forums and negotiations.
• Responsibilities include participating in debates, contributing to resolutions, and fostering multilateral collaborations.
• The position requires strong leadership and diplomatic skills to navigate complex global issues like climate change, conflict resolution, and human rights.
• India's Recent Achievements at the UN:
• India served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for the 2021-2022 term, highlighting its role in global decision-making.
• During this tenure, India chaired key committees, including the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Libya Sanctions Committee.
• India has also been actively advocating for UN reforms, including a permanent seat in the UNSC, under the G4 coalition.
• Parvathaneni Harish's Background:
• He is a senior officer of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), having joined in 1990.
• Harish has served in various capacities, including as India's Ambassador to Vietnam and other key diplomatic postings.
• His expertise spans critical areas like trade negotiations, bilateral relations, and multilateral diplomacy.
• India's Vision at the UN:
• India emphasizes equitable global governance, counter-terrorism, climate change action, and sustainable development.
• It also champions the Global South by advocating for fair representation and addressing developmental challenges faced by developing nations.
• India's initiatives, such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), highlight its global leadership in addressing climate change.