General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Africa.

Key Points

• The ICC Men's ODI Cricket World Cup 2027 is scheduled to be held in Africa, marking a significant return of the tournament to the continent.
• The hosting rights for the 2027 World Cup have been awarded jointly to South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, ensuring a collaborative effort across these nations.
• This will be the second time Africa hosts the ICC Men's ODI Cricket World Cup. The first instance was in 2003, when South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Kenya jointly hosted the tournament.
• The decision reflects the ICC's commitment to promoting cricket globally and utilizing the growing infrastructure for cricket in African nations.
• The tournament will feature 14 teams, with matches played across various venues in South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.

Additional Information

• History of ICC Men's ODI Cricket World Cup:
• The tournament began in 1975 and is held every four years, making it one of the most prestigious events in cricket.
• It has been hosted by countries across continents, including Asia, Europe, Australasia, and Africa.
• The last World Cup held in Africa was the 2003 edition, which saw Australia emerge as champions.
• Infrastructure in African Nations:
• South Africa has world-class cricket stadiums, such as Newlands Cricket Ground (Cape Town) and Wanderers Stadium (Johannesburg).
• Zimbabwe and Namibia have also invested in improving their cricket facilities to host international events.
• Format of the 2027 World Cup:
• The tournament will feature 14 teams, compared to the 10 teams that participated in the 2019 and 2023 editions.
• The format will include group stages, followed by knockout rounds to determine the winner.
• Significance of Hosting in Africa:
• This event is expected to boost the popularity of cricket in Africa and provide a platform for local players to showcase their talents.
• It will also contribute to the economic growth of the host nations through tourism and global attention.

Important Points

• South Africa's Cricket History: South Africa has hosted several major ICC tournaments, including the 2003 Cricket World Cup and the inaugural ICC T20 World Cup in 2007.
• Namibia's Cricket Growth: Namibia has emerged as a strong associate nation, qualifying for recent ICC tournaments and improving its cricket infrastructure.
• Zimbabwe's Contribution: Despite challenges, Zimbabwe remains a significant part of African cricket and has hosted several bilateral and ICC events.
• Global Reach: Hosting the World Cup in Africa showcases cricket's expansion beyond traditional strongholds and promotes inclusivity in the sport.

The correct answer is Kummi.

Key Points

• Kummi is a traditional folk dance of Tamil Nadu performed exclusively by women. It is one of the most ancient forms of folk dances in India.
• The dance is performed in a circle, where women clap their hands rhythmically while moving to the beat of the music.
• The word "Kummi" is derived from the Tamil word "Kommai," which means clapping hands. The clapping forms the core rhythm of the dance.
• Kummi is traditionally performed during festivals, celebrations, and special occasions like harvest festivals, especially Pongal, a major festival in Tamil Nadu.
• This dance form is known for its simplicity and does not involve elaborate instruments. The rhythm is often set by the clapping and occasionally accompanied by folk songs.

Additional Information

• Tusu:
• Tusu is a popular folk festival and dance performed in states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand during the Makar Sankranti festival.
• The dance revolves around the worship of the Tusu goddess and is celebrated with vibrant songs and rituals.
• This dance is not associated with Tamil Nadu and does not involve clapping in a circle.
• Giddha:
• Giddha is a traditional dance form of Punjab, performed by women. It is characterized by energetic movements, rhythmic clapping, and singing boliyan (folk couplets).
• Unlike Kummi, Giddha involves intricate hand gestures and is accompanied by a dhol (drum).
• Kathi:
• Kathi is a form of traditional folk dance from the Gujarat region. It is performed with sticks and is a precursor to the popular Garba and Dandiya Raas dances.
• The use of sticks in this dance differentiates it from Kummi, which is focused on clapping.

Important Points

• Significance of Kummi:
• Kummi is deeply rooted in Tamil culture and often performed to express gratitude during harvest time.
• The simplicity of this dance makes it accessible to all, requiring no formal training or instruments.
• Regional Variations:
• Though primarily associated with Tamil Nadu, similar clapping dances exist in other South Indian states, showcasing cultural overlap.

The correct answer is Revenue expenditure.

Key Points

• Interest payment on debt incurred by the government is classified as Revenue expenditure. This is because it does not create any asset nor reduce any liability for the government.
• Revenue expenditure refers to expenditures incurred by the government for its day-to-day functioning and operations, including interest payments on loans, salaries, subsidies, and grants.
• Such expenditures are recurring in nature and are meant to ensure the smooth running of government services rather than creating or acquiring long-term assets.
• The interest payments by the government are part of its obligations to service its borrowings, and this expenditure is reflected in the Revenue Account of the budget.
• Unlike Capital expenditure, revenue expenditure does not contribute to the creation of infrastructure or investment in development projects.

Additional Information

• Revenue Receipt:
• Revenue receipts include income earned by the government through taxes (such as income tax, GST, and customs duty) and non-tax revenues (such as dividends from public sector enterprises).
• Unlike capital receipts, revenue receipts do not lead to any reduction in government liabilities or asset creation.
• Capital Receipt:
• Capital receipts refer to funds received by the government that either increase its liabilities or decrease its assets. Examples include borrowings, disinvestment proceeds, and recovery of loans.
• These receipts are utilized for financing development projects and infrastructure creation.
• Capital Expenditure:
• Capital expenditure involves spending by the government to acquire assets such as buildings, roads, machinery, and infrastructure.
• It leads to the creation of long-term assets and contributes to economic growth and development.
• Distinction Between Revenue and Capital Expenditure:
• Revenue expenditure: Recurring and short-term expenses like salaries, interest payments, and subsidies.
• Capital expenditure: One-time investments aimed at asset creation, such as construction of highways, railways, and hospitals.

Important Points

• Union Budget Classification: The Indian government classifies its budget into Revenue Account (day-to-day expenses) and Capital Account (asset creation).
• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act: This act emphasizes the importance of controlling revenue expenditure to maintain fiscal discipline.
• Debt Servicing: Interest payments constitute a significant portion of revenue expenditure and are crucial for maintaining the government’s creditworthiness.
• Examples of Revenue Expenditure: Education grants, subsidies, administrative expenses, and defense spending (excluding infrastructure creation).
• Budgetary Implication: High revenue expenditure on interest payments can limit the government's ability to allocate funds for developmental projects under capital expenditure.

The correct answer is 1995.

Key Points

• Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Limited (BRBNMPL) was established in 1995 as a fully owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• The primary objective of BRBNMPL is to cater to the increasing demand for currency notes in India and ensure smooth circulation of banknotes in the economy.
• BRBNMPL operates with two highly secure printing presses located at Mysuru, Karnataka, and Salboni, West Bengal.
• This establishment allowed the Reserve Bank of India to reduce dependence on external sources for currency printing, enhancing efficiency and security.
• BRBNMPL is responsible for printing Indian currency notes of various denominations, adhering to strict quality and security standards.

Additional Information

• Role of BRBNMPL:
• BRBNMPL is crucial for ensuring the availability of adequate currency notes to meet the needs of the Indian economy.
• It employs advanced technologies and the latest machinery to print high-quality and secure banknotes.
• The organization is also involved in research and development to innovate better techniques for counterfeit prevention.
• Other Currency Printing Presses in India:
• Apart from BRBNMPL, currency notes are also printed at presses managed by Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL).
• SPMCIL operates two presses located in Nashik, Maharashtra, and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
• Founded in 1935, the Reserve Bank of India is the central banking institution of India, responsible for regulating monetary policy and managing currency issuance.
• The RBI ensures the availability of sufficient currency notes and coins to maintain economic stability.
• Security Features of Indian Currency Notes:
• Indian currency notes include advanced security features such as watermarks, security threads, intaglio printing, micro-lettering, and color-shifting ink to prevent counterfeiting.
• Each denomination has unique tactile marks to assist visually impaired individuals in identifying the notes.

Important Points

• Currency Demand in India:
• India, as a growing economy, has a significant demand for physical currency due to its large population and cash-driven markets.
• The establishment of BRBNMPL has helped address this demand efficiently by increasing the domestic production capacity for banknotes.
• Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL):
• SPMCIL was established in 2006 and operates under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• It is responsible for producing coins, currency notes, passports, postage stamps, and other security documents.
• Currency Circulation Process:
• Once printed, currency notes are distributed by the Reserve Bank of India through its regional offices and branches.
• Banks further distribute these notes to the public via ATMs and branches.

The correct answer is 1997.

Key Points

• The fixed-rate repos in government securities were introduced in 1997 to enhance the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) ability to manage liquidity effectively.
• This mechanism allowed the RBI to inject or absorb liquidity from the banking system by conducting repo operations at a predetermined fixed rate.
• The primary objective was to ensure stability in the money market and to provide banks with a reliable tool for short-term borrowing or lending.
• The introduction of fixed-rate repos was a significant step in modernizing India's monetary policy framework and aligning it with global practices.
• Fixed-rate repos contributed to better interest rate transmission, which helped the RBI in implementing its monetary policy more efficiently.

Additional Information

• Repo Rate:
• The repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks against government securities.
• It is a key monetary policy tool used to control inflation and regulate liquidity in the economy.
• Changes in the repo rate directly affect borrowing costs for banks and subsequently influence lending rates for consumers and businesses.
• Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF):
• The LAF was introduced by the RBI in 2000 as part of its monetary policy reforms.
• It comprises repo and reverse repo operations to manage liquidity in the banking system.
• While fixed-rate repos were introduced earlier in 1997, the LAF institutionalized their use alongside reverse repos to create a comprehensive framework.
• Impact of Fixed-Rate Repos:
• Improved the predictability and stability of liquidity management.
• Enhanced transparency in monetary policy operations by providing a clear signal to the market.
• Supported the development of a more robust and efficient government securities market.
• Historical Context:
• The introduction of fixed-rate repos came during a period of significant financial reforms in India, including the liberalization of the economy in the 1990s.
• These reforms aimed to modernize India's financial sector and integrate it with global markets.

Important Points

• Reverse Repo Rate:
• The reverse repo rate is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks.
• It is used to absorb excess liquidity in the banking system and is typically lower than the repo rate.
• Government Securities:
• These are debt instruments issued by the government to finance its fiscal deficit.
• They are considered safe investments due to the government's backing and are used in repo transactions.
• Monetary Policy Transmission:
• The effectiveness of repo and reverse repo rates depends on how well they are transmitted to the broader economy.
• Efficient transmission ensures that changes in policy rates influence market rates, inflation, and economic growth.

The correct answer is 2001.

Key Points

• The Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) was established in the year 2001. It was created to provide clearing and settlement services for transactions in the financial markets.
• CCIL is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth functioning and stability in the Indian financial system.
• The corporation primarily serves markets such as government securities, money markets, foreign exchange (FX) markets, and derivatives.
• One of the key objectives of CCIL is to mitigate counterparty risk, which is achieved through processes such as novation and guaranteed settlement.
• It operates under the regulatory oversight of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), ensuring compliance with financial standards and market integrity.

Additional Information

• Functions of CCIL:
• CCIL acts as a central counterparty (CCP) for clearing and settlement of trades in various segments such as government securities, FX, and money markets.
• It provides risk management services by ensuring that trades are settled even if one of the parties defaults.
• CCIL manages a Trade Repository for recording and storing trade data, enhancing transparency in the financial markets.
• It also offers services such as collateral management and valuation of securities for market participants.
• Regulatory Oversight:
• CCIL is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
• The oversight ensures that CCIL complies with international standards and maintains financial stability in the markets it serves.
• Key Features of CCIL:
• CCIL provides a guaranteed settlement mechanism, ensuring that trades are settled without risk of default.
• It uses advanced technology platforms to execute clearing and settlement processes efficiently and securely.
• CCIL supports multiple financial markets, making it an integral part of India's financial infrastructure.
• Historical Context:
• CCIL was established in response to the growing need for a robust clearing and settlement system in India, particularly after the financial sector reforms in the 1990s.
• Its creation marked a significant step toward improving market efficiency and reducing systemic risk in Indian financial markets.

Important Points

• Government Securities Market:
• CCIL plays a pivotal role in the government securities market by providing efficient clearing and settlement services.
• It ensures that transactions in government bonds are completed without delays or risks.
• Foreign Exchange Markets:
• In the FX market, CCIL provides guaranteed settlement for interbank trades, thereby mitigating counterparty risks.
• It also offers CLS (Continuous Linked Settlement) services to reduce settlement risks in cross-currency transactions.
• Membership:
• Market participants such as banks, financial institutions, and primary dealers are members of CCIL.
• These members benefit from the secure and efficient clearing and settlement services provided by the corporation.
• Recognition:
• CCIL has received international recognition for its role in enhancing market stability and reducing systemic risks.
• It adheres to global standards set by organizations such as the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

The correct answer is 933.

Key Points

• The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males in a population. It is a critical demographic indicator that reflects the social and economic conditions of a society.
• As per the Census 2001, the sex ratio of India was 933 females per 1,000 males. This was an improvement from the sex ratio of 927 recorded in the Census 1991.
• The sex ratio in India varies significantly across states and regions. For instance, states like Kerala reported a higher sex ratio of 1,058, while states like Haryana recorded much lower figures at 861.
• The improvement in the overall sex ratio in 2001 can be attributed to increased awareness about gender equality and various government initiatives aimed at reducing gender disparities.
• The sex ratio is an important measure for policymakers as it highlights issues related to gender equity, female mortality, and the impact of social practices like preference for male children.

Additional Information

• Key Terminologies:
• Sex Ratio: The number of females per 1,000 males in a population.
• Child Sex Ratio (CSR): The sex ratio among children aged 0-6 years. In Census 2001, the CSR was 927, indicating a preference for male children in society.
• Regional Variations:
• Kerala: Known for its high literacy rates and progressive social indicators, it had the highest sex ratio of 1,058 in 2001.
• Haryana: This state recorded one of the lowest sex ratios, highlighting issues like female infanticide and gender bias.
• National Capital Territory (Delhi): Reported a sex ratio of only 821, indicating urban challenges in gender equity.
• Factors Influencing the Sex Ratio:
• Social Practices: Practices like female infanticide, dowry system, and preference for male children heavily skew the sex ratio.
• Economic Factors: In rural areas, male children are often seen as assets for farming, while females are perceived as financial burdens.
• Healthcare: Lack of access to healthcare for women, especially during pregnancy and childbirth, contributes to higher female mortality rates.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme launched in 2015 aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote gender equality.
• The Janani Suraksha Yojana focuses on reducing maternal and infant mortality by promoting institutional deliveries.
• Awareness campaigns and stricter enforcement of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, which prohibits sex determination tests, have been implemented to combat gender-based sex selection.
• Global Comparison:
• The global average sex ratio at birth is around 952 females per 1,000 males. India’s overall sex ratio in 2001 was below this global average.
• Countries like China and Pakistan also face similar challenges with skewed sex ratios due to cultural preferences for male children.

Important Points

• The improvement in the sex ratio from 927 in 1991 to 933 in 2001 was a significant milestone, reflecting a gradual shift in societal attitudes towards gender equality.
• The child sex ratio remains a critical area of concern, as it reflects deep-rooted gender biases and the prevalence of practices like female foeticide.
• Efforts to improve the sex ratio must focus on a multi-pronged approach, including education, awareness campaigns, and strict enforcement of laws against gender discrimination.

The correct answer is Depreciation.

Key Points

• Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy before accounting for depreciation or capital consumption.
• When Depreciation (also known as capital consumption) is subtracted from GVA, the resulting value is Net Value Added (NVA).
• Depreciation refers to the decrease in the value of capital assets (like machinery, buildings, etc.) over time due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or usage.
• This deduction is crucial as it reflects the actual net output or production of an economy by excluding the value lost due to asset degradation.
• In the calculation of NVA, other components like taxes, subsidies, wages, etc., are not directly subtracted from GVA but are considered under different accounting measures. Hence, Depreciation is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Gross Value Added (GVA):
• GVA is a measure of economic productivity, showing the value of output less intermediate consumption.
• It is used to assess the contribution of various sectors to the overall economic activity of a country.
• GVA is a critical indicator for policymakers to understand sectoral performance and plan interventions accordingly.
• Net Value Added (NVA):
• NVA is derived by subtracting depreciation from the Gross Value Added.
• It represents the true economic value created by an economy, excluding the cost of maintaining and replacing capital assets.
• NVA is used to understand the net productivity and efficiency of an economy.
• Depreciation:
• Depreciation is the systematic reduction in the value of an asset over its useful life.
• It accounts for wear and tear, obsolescence, and usage, ensuring accurate financial representation of assets.
• Methods to calculate depreciation include straight-line method, declining balance method, and units of production method.
• Other Components in Economic Accounting:
• Net Indirect Tax: It represents the difference between indirect taxes and subsidies and is added to NVA to calculate GDP at market prices.
• Subsidy: A financial aid provided by the government to reduce the cost of goods or services, influencing the overall economic calculation.
• Wages: Payments made to labor, which are part of the compensation of employees but not deducted from GVA directly.

Important Points

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
• GDP at market prices is calculated by adding Net Indirect Taxes to GVA at factor cost.
• It provides a comprehensive measure of economic activity, including taxes and subsidies on products.
• Economic Accounting Systems:
• National accounts use measures like GVA, NVA, and GDP to assess economic performance.
• These metrics are essential for policy formulation, economic planning, and international comparisons.
• Application of Depreciation:
• Depreciation is crucial in corporate accounting for tax benefits and accurate financial reporting.
• It ensures businesses set aside resources for asset replacement, maintaining operational efficiency.

The correct answer is Bodh Gaya.

Key Points

• Bodh Gaya is the sacred site where Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Lord Buddha, attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree.
• This location is situated in the state of Bihar, India, and is considered one of the most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists worldwide.
• Siddhartha Gautama meditated here for several days, during which he overcame temptations and distractions and achieved enlightenment, becoming the Buddha.
• The Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, commemorating this significant event in Buddhist history.
• The Bodhi Tree, under which Buddha meditated, is a direct descendent of the original tree and is revered by millions of followers.
• Hence, the correct answer is Bodh Gaya.

Additional Information

• Lumbini:
• Lumbini, located in present-day Nepal, is the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama.
• It is another important site for Buddhists, marked by the Maya Devi Temple and the Ashokan Pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka.
• While significant, it is not the location where Buddha attained enlightenment.
• Varanasi:
• Varanasi, also known as Kashi, is where Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment.
• The site of the sermon is Sarnath, located near Varanasi, and is associated with the
• It is important in Buddhist tradition but not the location of his meditation and enlightenment.
• Ujjain:
• Ujjain is an ancient city known for its spiritual significance in Hinduism, especially for the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga.
• It has no direct connection to the life of Buddha or his meditation and enlightenment.
• Significance of Bodh Gaya:
• The Mahabodhi Temple was first built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3^rd century BCE and later renovated and expanded.
• Bodh Gaya remains a center of Buddhist learning and pilgrimage, attracting visitors from across the globe.
• The annual celebrations during Buddha Purnima are held here to honor Buddha's enlightenment.

Important Points

• Siddhartha Gautama:
• Born in 563 BCE in Lumbini, Nepal, Siddhartha Gautama was a prince of the Shakya clan.
• After renouncing his royal life, he wandered in search of truth and spiritual awakening.
• His teachings later formed the foundation of Buddhism, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
• Buddhism:
• Buddhism is a religion and philosophy founded on Buddha's teachings, focusing on compassion, mindfulness, and the cessation of suffering.
• It spread from India to various parts of Asia, including Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand, and Tibet.
• Key Buddhist scriptures include the Tipitaka and other sutras written in Pali and Sanskrit.
• UNESCO Recognition:
• The Mahabodhi Temple Complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 for its cultural and historical significance.
• This recognition highlights its importance as a global spiritual landmark.

The correct answer is Ravi River.

Key Points

• The Harappan site of Harappa was discovered on the banks of the Ravi River during the excavations conducted between 1920-22 by archaeologists under the leadership of Sir John Marshall, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, and others.
• Harappa is one of the most significant archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing a highly developed urban settlement of the Bronze Age.
• The site is located in present-day Sahiwal district, Punjab, Pakistan. The Ravi River played a crucial role in the establishment and sustenance of the settlement by providing water resources and facilitating trade and agriculture.
• The discovery of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro led to the identification of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which dates back to approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
• The findings at Harappa include granaries, wells, drainage systems, seals, terracotta figurines, and evidence of trade networks, suggesting a sophisticated and organized urban lifestyle.
• The Ravi River, along with other rivers like the Indus, Ghaggar-Hakra, and Saraswati, was integral to the development of settlements in the Indus Valley region.

Additional Information

• Indus Valley Civilization (IVC):
• The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, contemporaneous with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
• It extended across parts of present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, with major sites including Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Dholavira, Kalibangan, and Banawali.
• The civilization is known for its advanced urban planning, including grid-pattern cities, drainage systems, and standardized weights and measures.
• It thrived on agriculture, trade, and craft production, with evidence of trade links extending to Mesopotamia.
• Ravi River:
• The Ravi River is one of the five rivers of the Punjab region, flowing through India and Pakistan.
• It originates from the Kullu hills in Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows into Pakistan, eventually merging with the Chenab River.
• Historically, the Ravi River has been a lifeline for civilizations settled along its banks, including the Harappan Civilization.
• Excavation of Harappa:
• The archaeological excavations at Harappa were initiated by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni under the supervision of Sir John Marshall, then Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
• The findings included seals, pottery, beads, tools, and burial sites, providing insights into the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the civilization.
• The discovery of Harappa marked the beginning of systematic study and understanding of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• Significance of Harappa:
• Harappa is considered the first urban center of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The site provides critical evidence of advanced urban planning, agricultural practices, and trade networks in ancient times.
• The artifacts discovered include seals with inscriptions in the still undeciphered Harappan script, which is believed to represent one of the earliest writing systems.

Important Points

• Other Rivers in the Question:
• Ganga River: It is a major river in northern India and holds significant religious importance, but it is not related to the Harappan site of Harappa.
• Luni River: This river flows through the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India, and is associated with other archaeological sites like Balathal but not Harappa.
• Yamuna River: A tributary of the Ganga, it flows through northern India and is important in Indian culture and history but does not relate to Harappa.
• Key Takeaways:
• Harappa's location on the Ravi River highlights the importance of rivers in sustaining ancient civilizations.
• The discoveries at Harappa provide valuable insights into the socio-economic and cultural practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The site’s archaeological significance continues to contribute to our understanding of ancient history and urban development.

The correct answer is Prithviraja III.

Key Points

• Prithviraja III, also known as Prithviraj Chauhan, was one of the most prominent rulers of the Chahamana dynasty of Rajasthan.
• He is renowned for his victory over Sultan Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D., where he successfully repelled Ghori's invasion.
• Prithviraj Chauhan utilized skilled strategies and the valor of his Rajput army to decisively defeat Muhammad Ghori, marking a significant event in Indian history.
• The First Battle of Tarain is considered a historic moment as it showcased the resistance of Rajputs against foreign invasions.
• Despite his victory in 1191 A.D., Prithviraja III was defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 A.D., leading to the establishment of Muslim rule in northern India.

Additional Information

• Chahamana Dynasty:
• The Chahamana dynasty, also known as the Chauhan dynasty, ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan and Delhi.
• They were known for their valor and resistance against foreign invasions, particularly from the Ghaznavids and Ghurids.
• The dynasty had several notable rulers, including Ajayaraja II and Vigraharaja IV, who contributed to its expansion and consolidation.
• First Battle of Tarain:
• The battle took place in 1191 A.D. near the town of Tarain, which is located in present-day Haryana, India.
• Prithviraja III's forces successfully defeated Muhammad Ghori's army, forcing him to retreat to Ghazni.
• This battle is celebrated for Rajput bravery and strategic warfare.
• Second Battle of Tarain:
• It occurred in 1192 A.D., a year after the first battle, at the same location.
• In this battle, Muhammad Ghori returned with a stronger army and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, leading to the decline of Rajput dominance in northern India.
• The defeat marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India, particularly under the Delhi Sultanate.
• Muhammad Ghori:
• Muhammad Ghori was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who sought to expand his empire into the Indian subcontinent.
• His invasions laid the foundation for Islamic rule in India, which lasted for several centuries.
• Despite his defeat in the First Battle of Tarain, he persisted and ultimately succeeded in the Second Battle of Tarain.
• Legacy of Prithviraj Chauhan:
• Prithviraja III is remembered as a symbol of Rajput valor and resistance against foreign invasions.
• His exploits have been immortalized in Indian folklore and literature, including the epic poem Prithviraj Raso, attributed to his court poet Chand Bardai.
• He remains an iconic figure in Indian history for his bravery and patriotism.

The correct answer is To promote co-operative societies.

Key Points

• The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens are listed under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, which was added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• The Fundamental Duties include several obligations such as safeguarding the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, promoting harmony, and valuing the rich heritage of the country.
• To promote co-operative societies is not mentioned among the Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A. Hence, this option is correct.
• The duty to protect the integrity of India is explicitly included under the Fundamental Duties, emphasizing the importance of national unity and security. This is correct.
• Similarly, duties like valuing the rich heritage of our composite culture and developing a scientific temper are also part of the Fundamental Duties aimed at fostering intellectual and cultural development. These are correct.
• The Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law; however, they serve as moral obligations for citizens to uphold the spirit of the Constitution.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties were inspired by the Constitution of the USSR and were introduced in India to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
• There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A.
• Examples include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem, promoting harmony, and protecting the environment.
• The 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, added the 11^th duty, which obligates parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children or wards aged 6 to 14 years.
• Key Characteristics of Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be legally enforced by the courts.
• They are considered essential for promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards the nation.
• The duties aim to ensure that citizens actively participate in the process of nation-building and uphold the democratic values of the country.
• Comparison with Fundamental Rights:
• While Fundamental Rights empower citizens, Fundamental Duties remind them of their responsibilities.
• Both Fundamental Rights and Duties are essential for maintaining the balance between individual liberty and societal interests.
• The inclusion of Fundamental Duties was one of the significant recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• Examples of Fundamental Duties:
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
• To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

The correct answer is Election of members of the Rajya Sabha.

Key Points

• The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from the Australian Constitution, but the system for the election of members of the Rajya Sabha is not one of them. The Rajya Sabha members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies through a system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, which is not a feature of the Australian Constitution.
• The concept of the Concurrent List, which specifies subjects on which both the Union and State Legislatures can legislate, is borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The provision for a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament to resolve deadlocks between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The principle of freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse across the territory of India, as provided under Article 301 of the Indian Constitution, is another feature borrowed from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this statement is correct.
• The election process for the members of Rajya Sabha, however, is uniquely adapted to India's federal structure and is not derived from the Australian Constitution. Hence, this is the correct option.

Additional Information

• Concurrent List:
• The Concurrent List is enumerated in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• It contains subjects on which both the Union and State Governments can legislate, such as education, marriage, bankruptcy, and forests.
• This feature was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, where a similar division of powers between the federal and state governments exists.
• Joint Sitting of the Parliament:
• The provision of a joint sitting is mentioned in Article 108 of the Indian Constitution.
• It is summoned by the President to resolve any deadlock between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha when there is a disagreement on a bill.
• This feature is also inspired by the Australian parliamentary system.
• Freedom of Trade and Commerce:
• Article 301 of the Indian Constitution ensures the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India.
• This principle was borrowed from the Australian Constitution, which emphasizes economic integration and free trade among its states.
• Restrictions on this freedom can only be imposed by Parliament under specific conditions mentioned in Articles 302-307.
• Election of Members of the Rajya Sabha:
• The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament.
• Its members are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies using a system of proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
• This system reflects the federal structure of India and was not borrowed from the Australian Constitution.

Important Points

• The Indian Constitution is unique in its adaptability, borrowing features from various constitutions worldwide, including those of the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, and Ireland.
• While it has borrowed the Concurrent List, Joint Sitting, and Freedom of Trade from Australia, the election process of Rajya Sabha is distinct to India’s federal system.
• The Constitution reflects a deliberate effort to balance the powers of the center and states, ensuring both national unity and state autonomy.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• BIMSTEC stands for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, comprising countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal for trade and economic cooperation.
• The member countries of BIMSTEC as of 31^st July 2025 are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• Thailand is one of the founding members of BIMSTEC, established on 6^th June 1997. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Iran is not a member of BIMSTEC. It is geographically located outside the Bay of Bengal region and has no affiliation with BIMSTEC as of the given date. Hence, Statement II is incorrect.
• BIMSTEC primarily aims to foster cooperation in areas like trade, investment, energy, technology, and tourism among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.

Additional Information

• BIMSTEC Establishment:
• BIMSTEC was established through the Bangkok Declaration on 6^th June 1997 with initial members including Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Later, Myanmar joined in December 1997, Nepal and Bhutan joined in February 2004.
• Key Objectives of BIMSTEC:
• To enhance regional cooperation among member countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
• To promote economic growth and sustainable development through mutual collaboration.
• To strengthen connectivity, trade, and investment among member nations.
• Focus Areas of BIMSTEC Cooperation:
• Major focus areas include trade and investment, technology, energy, transportation and communication, tourism, fisheries, agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, and climate change adaptation.
• Special emphasis is laid on improving connectivity in the region via infrastructure development.
• Differences with SAARC:
• BIMSTEC is seen as an alternative to SAARC, focusing exclusively on regional cooperation without political conflicts.
• Unlike SAARC, BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan, which makes it a preferred platform for India to strengthen regional ties.
• Recent Developments:
• The 5^th BIMSTEC Summit was held on 30^th March 2022 in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where member countries agreed to enhance cooperation in various sectors.
• India emphasized the importance of regional connectivity and the implementation of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity.

Important Points

• Member Countries:
• India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.
• These countries represent a significant portion of the global population and economy in the Bay of Bengal region.
• BIMSTEC Secretariat:
• The BIMSTEC Secretariat is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It was established in 2014 to coordinate and monitor BIMSTEC activities.
• Connectivity Projects:
• Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project aim to enhance connectivity between India and Myanmar.
• Efforts are underway to establish a BIMSTEC Free Trade Area (FTA) to boost trade and economic cooperation.
• Future Agenda:
• Strengthening institutional mechanisms and enhancing cooperation in priority sectors.
• Promoting people-to-people contact and cultural exchange among member nations.

The correct answer is France.

Key Points

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a joint initiative launched by India and France during the 21^st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris on 30^th November 2015.
• The primary aim of the ISA is to promote the use of solar energy, facilitate energy access, and help in reducing dependence on fossil fuels to combat climate change.
• It is a coalition of solar resource-rich countries that lie fully or partially between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, although other countries can also join the alliance.
• ISA focuses on key areas such as scaling solar applications for agricultural use, scaling solar mini-grids, and scaling rooftop solar installations.
• The headquarters of the ISA is located in Gurugram, India, and it is the first international intergovernmental organization to have its headquarters in India.

Additional Information

• Objectives of the International Solar Alliance:
• To reduce the cost of solar energy and its components through bulk purchase and local manufacturing.
• To mobilize financial resources for the development of solar energy projects in member countries.
• To promote research and development in solar energy and its applications.
• To increase the use of solar technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development.
• Key Initiatives under ISA:
• One Sun, One World, One Grid: This initiative aims to interconnect solar energy grids across countries to ensure a reliable supply of clean energy globally.
• STAR-C program: Aims to develop solar technology application and research centers across member countries.
• Affordable Finance at Scale: Seeks to lower the cost of capital for solar projects by leveraging international public finance.
• France’s Role in ISA:
• France has been a key partner of India in this initiative, providing technical and financial support to operationalize the ISA framework.
• The French Development Agency (AFD) has committed significant financial resources to support solar energy projects under the ISA initiative.
• Partnerships and Membership:
• As of 2023, 124 countries have signed the ISA framework agreement, out of which more than 90 have ratified it.
• Major partners include the European Union, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.
• Milestones Achieved:
• The ISA has launched several global programs, such as the Affordable Solar Power for Agriculture and Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use (SSAAU).
• It has been instrumental in mobilizing investments in solar energy infrastructure across developing countries.

The correct answer is Bachendri Pal.

Key Points

• Bachendri Pal became the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest on 23^rd May 1984.
• She was a part of the Indian expedition to Mount Everest in 1984, which was organized by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation.
• Her achievement marked a significant milestone in Indian mountaineering history and inspired many women in India to pursue mountaineering.
• Bachendri Pal hails from a small village in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand and is known for her determination and perseverance.
• She has been honored with several awards for her achievement, including the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Arjuna Award in 1986.

Additional Information

• Ruma Pal:
• Ruma Pal is a renowned legal personality and served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
• She has no association with mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Cornelia Sorabji:
• Cornelia Sorabji was the first woman to practice law in India.
• She is known for her contributions to the legal field and women's rights but has no connection with mountaineering.
• Shikha Sharma:
• Shikha Sharma is a well-known Indian banker and the former Managing Director & CEO of Axis Bank.
• She is not related to mountaineering or climbing Mount Everest.
• Legacy of Bachendri Pal:
• After her Everest expedition, she continued to inspire young mountaineers by leading several expeditions, including the First All-Women Trans-Himalayan Expedition in 1997.
• She served as the director of the Tata Steel Adventure Foundation, promoting adventure sports and mountaineering in India.

Important Points

• First Indian Woman on Everest: Bachendri Pal’s achievement made her a national icon, showcasing the potential of Indian women in adventure sports.
• Awards and Recognition: Apart from the Padma Shri and Arjuna Award, she has also received the National Adventure Award.
• Inspiration: Her success encouraged many Indian women to take up mountaineering and adventure sports, breaking societal stereotypes.
• Mount Everest Facts: Mount Everest, with an elevation of 8,848.86 meters, is the highest peak in the world, located in the Himalayas on the Nepal-China border.

The correct answer is Kiran Bedi.

Key Points

• Kiran Bedi became the first woman Indian Police Service (IPS) officer in India in 1972.
• She is known for her exceptional service in various challenging roles, including her tenure as the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
• Bedi earned recognition for her anti-corruption efforts and her work in prison reforms, especially during her tenure as the Inspector General of Prisons in Tihar Jail, Delhi.
• In her career, she was awarded several accolades, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994 for her efforts in public service and reforms.
• Kiran Bedi's pioneering journey in the IPS and her contributions to society have made her an inspirational figure in India.

Additional Information

• Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant was a British theosophist, activist, and educationist who played a significant role in India’s independence movement.
• She became the first woman to preside over the Indian National Congress in 1917.
• Though a notable figure in India's history, she was not an IPS officer.
• Matangini Hazra:
• Matangini Hazra was an Indian freedom fighter known for her role in the Quit India Movement.
• She was affectionately called “Gandhi Buri” (old lady Gandhi) for her dedication to the Gandhian principles of non-violence.
• She was not associated with the IPS or police service.
• Lakshmi Sahgal:
• Lakshmi Sahgal was a freedom fighter and officer in Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA).
• She was a prominent leader of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, an all-women regiment of the INA.
• She, however, was not an IPS officer.
• Kiran Bedi’s Achievements:
• She introduced several prison reforms during her tenure as Inspector General of Tihar Jail, focusing on rehabilitation and skill development for inmates.
• She was the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975.
• Her contribution to social causes includes her work on anti-drug campaigns, women’s empowerment, and child welfare.

Important Points

• Indian Police Service (IPS):
• The IPS is one of the All India Services, alongside the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS).
• It was formed in 1948, and IPS officers are recruited through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
• IPS officers are responsible for maintaining law and order, crime prevention, and public safety in India.
• Representation of Women in IPS:
• Kiran Bedi’s entry into the IPS marked a significant milestone for women’s representation in law enforcement.
• Over the years, the number of women in the IPS has increased, but they still constitute a minority in the service.
• Several initiatives, including reservations and awareness programs, aim to increase female representation in the police force.

The correct answer is Jitender Pal Singh.

Key Points

• Jitender Pal Singh has been appointed as India's new Ambassador to Israel in January 2025.
• The appointment comes amidst strengthening diplomatic relations between India and Israel, focusing on areas such as technology, defense, agriculture, and innovation.
• Ambassadors play a crucial role in representing India's interests in foreign countries and fostering bilateral cooperation.
• India and Israel have shared a strong relationship since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992, with collaborations in sectors like counter-terrorism, water management, and cybersecurity.
• The role of an ambassador involves facilitating agreements, coordinating diplomatic missions, and promoting cultural exchange between the two nations.

Additional Information

• India-Israel Relations:
• India officially recognized Israel in 1950, but formal diplomatic ties were established in 1992.
• Key areas of collaboration include defense technology, agricultural advancements, and strategic partnerships in combating terrorism.
• In 2017, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first Indian PM to visit Israel, further strengthening bilateral ties.
• Role of Ambassadors:
• An ambassador is the highest-ranking diplomat representing their nation in a foreign country.
• They are responsible for promoting economic, cultural, and political interests and maintaining bilateral relations.
• Ambassadors coordinate negotiations, treaties, and agreements between nations.
• Israel's Importance to India:
• Israel is one of India's leading partners in the defense sector, supplying cutting-edge military technology.
• India imports agricultural innovations, water management technologies, and cybersecurity tools from Israel.
• Israel is also a key player in India's energy and renewable energy initiatives.
• Diplomatic Appointments:
• Diplomatic appointments are decided by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in India.
• Such appointments are crucial in strengthening global partnerships and advancing India's foreign policy objectives.
• Ambassadors are often chosen based on their expertise in foreign relations and their ability to represent India effectively on international platforms.

Important Points

• India-Israel Defense Collaboration:
• India is the largest buyer of Israeli military equipment, ranging from drones to missile defense systems.
• Israel has supported India's defense modernization efforts and provides joint research and development opportunities.
• Strategic Cooperation:
• Both countries collaborate on counter-terrorism strategies and intelligence sharing to combat global security challenges.
• Israel has supported India on issues like border security and fighting terrorism in international forums.
• Agricultural and Water Management:
• Israel's drip irrigation and water recycling technologies have been widely adopted in India to improve agricultural productivity.
• Joint projects focus on enhancing rural livelihoods and combating water scarcity issues.

The correct answer is Droupadi Murmu.

Key Points

• Droupadi Murmu, the 15^th President of India, received the 'Grand Collar of the Order', the highest civilian honor of Timor Leste in August 2024.
• The award was conferred on her for her significant contributions to strengthening bilateral relations between India and Timor Leste.
• The 'Grand Collar of the Order' is a prestigious civilian honor awarded to distinguished personalities for their exceptional service and contributions.
• This recognition highlights India's growing influence and its leaders' efforts in fostering global partnerships and diplomatic ties.
• Droupadi Murmu is India's first tribal President and has been actively working towards promoting inclusivity and representation, both domestically and internationally.

Additional Information

• Timor Leste:
• Timor Leste, also known as East Timor, is a Southeast Asian nation located in the eastern half of the island of Timor.
• It gained independence from Indonesia in 2002 and has been a member of the United Nations since then.
• The country shares a strong diplomatic relationship with India, with both nations focusing on areas like education, health, and cultural exchange.
• Grand Collar of the Order:
• This honor is typically reserved for heads of state or distinguished individuals who have made exceptional contributions to international relations.
• It symbolizes friendship, unity, and collaboration between nations.
• Droupadi Murmu's Contributions:
• As the President of India, Droupadi Murmu represents the highest constitutional authority in the country.
• Her leadership has played a significant role in reinforcing India's global standing, particularly in regions like Southeast Asia.
• She is also recognized for her efforts in promoting social justice, tribal welfare, and inclusive development.
• India-Timor Leste Relations:
• India was one of the first countries to recognize Timor Leste's independence.
• Both nations cooperate in sectors like education, agriculture, and capacity building under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program.
• The award to Droupadi Murmu reflects the strong diplomatic ties and mutual respect between the two nations.

Important Points

• Historical Significance:
• The award symbolizes global acknowledgment of India's leadership and its leaders' commitment to fostering global partnerships.
• Droupadi Murmu's recognition as the recipient of this honor reflects the growing acknowledgment of diversity and inclusivity in international relations.
• India's Role in Global Diplomacy:
• India has been increasingly recognized as a major player in promoting peace, development, and cooperation in the international arena.
• Awards like the 'Grand Collar of the Order' are a testament to India's efforts to strengthen its diplomatic ties worldwide.

The correct answer is EmpowHER Biz - Sapno Ki Udaan.

Key Points

• EmpowHER Biz - Sapno Ki Udaan was launched by the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog in January 2025.
• It aims to empower aspiring and existing women entrepreneurs by providing them with the necessary tools, resources, and networks to achieve their entrepreneurial dreams.
• This initiative focuses on equipping women with business mentoring, skill enhancement, and market linkages to help them establish and grow their ventures.
• The program also emphasizes financial inclusion, enabling women entrepreneurs to access loans, grants, and other financial assistance required to scale their businesses.
• Through partnerships with various stakeholders, including the corporate sector, non-profits, and government agencies, the initiative ensures a comprehensive ecosystem for women entrepreneurship development.

Additional Information

• Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):
• The WEP is a flagship initiative by NITI Aayog launched in 2018 to create an ecosystem that supports and promotes women entrepreneurs across India.
• It provides information, mentorship, and funding support tailored to the needs of women-led businesses.
• The platform collaborates with industry leaders, financial institutions, and non-profits to foster entrepreneurship among women.
• Key Features of EmpowHER Biz:
• Focuses on capacity building, financial literacy, and market access.
• Encourages participation from women in rural and semi-urban areas.
• Includes training modules on digital marketing, e-commerce, and business management.
• Provides a platform for networking and knowledge-sharing among women entrepreneurs.
• Other Women-Centric Initiatives by the Government:
• Mahila E-Haat: An online platform for women entrepreneurs to showcase their products and services.
• Stand-Up India: Facilitates bank loans between Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore to women entrepreneurs.
• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Provides financial support to small business owners, including women.
• Importance of Women Entrepreneurship:
• Encourages economic independence and empowers women to contribute to the nation’s GDP.
• Drives innovation and enhances job creation opportunities in various sectors.
• Helps in achieving gender equality and reducing the gender gap in the workforce.

Important Points

• Empowering Women through Entrepreneurship:
• Access to Credit: Programs like EmpowHER Biz bridge the financial gap for women entrepreneurs.
• Networking Opportunities: Women entrepreneurs are connected with mentors, industry leaders, and peers.
• Skill Development: Training modules ensure that women entrepreneurs are equipped with modern business practices.
• Impact of Women Entrepreneurship:
• Contributes to socio-economic progress by uplifting families and communities.
• Reduces unemployment by creating new business opportunities.
• Promotes a diverse and inclusive economy.