Computer Knowledge PYQs

Trojan is malicious programs that are often disguised as legitimate software.

Computer viruses are unwanted software programs or pieces of code that interfere with the functioning of the computer. They are self-replicating computer program that interferes with the functioning of the computer by infecting files, data, programs, etc.

Key Points

Trojan Horse 

• A Trojan is sometimes called a Trojan virus or a Trojan horse virus, but that’s a misnomer.
• Viruses can execute and replicate themselves but Trojan cannot.
• A user has to execute Trojans.
• It can't replicate like viruses and worms as a Trojan horse hides in a program.
• it is a type of malicious code or software that looks legitimate and acts as a bona fide application or file Once installed, Once you install any such program, the trojan horse enters your computer.
• It can provide unauthorized access to your computer, send your files to other computers, and may delete files or can make other unwanted changes in your computer by gathering information by monitoring.

Trojan malware example to show how it works.

• You might think you’ve received an email from someone you know and click on what looks like a legitimate attachment. But you’ve been fooled. The email is from a cybercriminal, and the file you clicked on — and downloaded and opened — has gone on to install malware on your device.
• When you execute the program, the malware can spread to other files and damage your computer

Common Types Of Computer Viruses are·-Trojan virus, File-infecting Virus, Macro Virus, Web Scripting Virus, Boot Sector Virus, etc

• A ribbon is a set of tools that are found on the top of the window in the MS Office suite.
• This provides the tools for changing the format of the document.
• This gives the extra space to view the document.
• To expand or collapse the ribbon, double-click on any of the tab names on the top.
• You can also use the shortcut CTRL + F1 to do it. Hence option 1 is correct.

Additional Information CTRL + F2 shortcut displays the print preview. To access it without a shortcut:

• Go to the File tab, and click the print option, there you can find the print preview box.
• ALT + F1 shortcut creates an embedded chart of the data in the current range.
• ALT + F2 shortcut opens the "Save As" dialog box to save the workbook in a specific location.
• In MS-Excel 365, the Ribbon appears across the top of the screen and below the title bar, and it contains all the commands, formulas, and features needed to create data-intense spreadsheets.
• The Ribbon is organized into tabs, such as Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View, each of which contains groups of related commands.
• By clicking on a tab, you can access the commands and features related to that tab.
• The Ribbon is customizable, which means you can add or remove commands and create your own custom tabs to suit your specific needs.

Option 3) Solid-State Drive is also known as electronic disk.

• Solid State Drive (SSD) is a type of mass storage device similar to a hard disk drive (HDD).
• It supports reading and writing data and maintains stored data in a permanent state even without power.
• Internal SSDs connect to a computer like a hard drive, using standard IDE or SATA connections.
• While SSDs serve the same function as hard drives, their internal components are much different.
• Unlike hard drives, SSDs do not have any moving parts (which is why they are called solid-state drives). Instead of storing data on magnetic platters, SSDs store data using flash memory.

Registers:

• Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.
• The registers used by the CPU are often termed Processor registers.
• A processor register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data.
• The computer needs processor registers for manipulating data and a register for holding a memory address.

Cache memory:

A cache is a temporary storage area that is more accessible to the processor than the computer's primary memory source. It is also known as CPU memory because it is often incorporated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip with a bus interface to the CPU. The cache stores data or commands related to CPU on a temporary basis.

RAM:

The RAM refers to the fact that the processor may directly access any storage location.

There are many primary memories are, 

• Dynamic RAM,
• Static RAM,
• Double Data Rate SDRAM,
• Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM,
• Rambus Dynamic RAM,
• Read-only memory,
• Programmable ROM,
• Erasable PROM,
• Electrically erasable PROM, and
• Virtual memory.

Hence the correct answer is true.

Additional Information

Types of computer memory:

The correct option for choosing only specific pages in MS-Word 365 is "Print Custom".

"Print Current Page" will print only the page that is currently selected.

Additional Information

• "Print All Pages" is an option that will print every page in the document.
• "Print Selection" will print only the selected text or object in the document.
• "Print Custom" allows you to specify a range of pages to be printed. For example, if you only want to print pages 3-5 of a document, you can enter "3-5" in the Custom Range field.
• To access these print options in MS-Word 365, you can click on the "File" menu and then select "Print".
• In the print settings window, you will see a "Settings" section where you can choose the type of print job you want to perform.
• Select "Print Custom Range" and enter the page numbers you want to print in the "Pages" field.
• You can enter a single page number, a range of pages separated by a hyphen, or a combination of both.
• Once you have entered the desired pages, click "Print" to start the print job.

The correct option is "Control Panel".

• Control Panel is a built-in feature in the Windows operating system that provides a centralized location to configure and manage various settings for the computer system, as well as to install software and hardware.
• It contains a variety of applets or utilities, each of which provides access to specific settings or tasks.
• Examples of applets in the Control Panel include "Programs and Features", which allows you to install and uninstall programs, "Device Manager", which allows you to manage hardware devices installed on the computer, "Display Settings", which allows you to adjust the display resolution and other settings, and "User Accounts", which allows you to manage user accounts on the computer.

Additional Information

• Help and Support is a feature that provides access to help documentation and support resources for Windows and other software applications. It contains a variety of articles, tutorials, and troubleshooting guides to help users resolve common issues and learn how to use different features of the operating system and applications.
• Taskbar is a bar that appears at the bottom of the Windows desktop, displaying a list of open programs and providing quick access to various system settings and features, such as the Start menu, notifications, and system tray.
• Run is a feature that allows you to quickly open and run programs, files, and system commands by typing in their names or file paths in the "Run" dialog box. It is accessed by pressing the "Windows key + R" keyboard shortcut.

The correct option in MS-Excel 365, if a value in a cell of column A and row 10 is to be referred in a function or formula, is option 3) A10.

• In Excel, cell references are used in formulas to refer to specific cells or ranges of cells.
• A cell reference consists of the column letter and row number of the cell.
• In this case, the value in cell A10 can be referred to in a formula or function by using the cell reference A10.
• Suppose you have an Excel spreadsheet with data in various cells, and you want to refer to the value in cell A10 using a function or formula.
• For example, let's assume that cell A10 contains the value 50.
• In this case, if you want to use the value in cell A10 in a formula, you would use the reference A10.
• Here's a simple example using the SUM function to add the value in cell A10 to the value in cell B5: =SUM(A10, B5)
• In the above formula, we are instructing Excel to sum the value in cell A10 (which is 50) with the value in cell B5. The reference A10 tells Excel to use the value from that specific cell.
• So, by using the reference A10 in your formulas or functions, you can effectively refer to the value in the cell and incorporate it into your calculations or logical operations within MS Excel 365.

Additional Information

• Option 1) A-10 is not a valid cell reference as the hyphen (-) is not used to indicate the cell location in Excel.
• Option 2) 10A is also an invalid cell reference as the row number should always come after the column letter.
• Option 4) A : 10 is a range reference, not a cell reference, which would refer to all cells in columns A through 10, which is not what is needed in this case.

The correct option is "uploading".

• Uploading is the process of transferring data or files from the customer's machine to the server.
• This is typically done when the customer wants to share files, photos, videos or other types of data with other users on the internet or store data in the cloud.

Additional Information

• Browsing refers to the act of searching or exploring the internet by opening web pages and following links.
• Browsing does not involve transferring data from the customer's machine to the server.
• Forwarding refers to the process of sending an email or message from one person to another.
• This also does not involve transferring data from the customer's machine to the server.
• Downloading is the process of transferring data or files from the server to the customer's machine.
• This is typically done when the customer wants to access files, photos, videos or other types of data from the internet or cloud storage.
• In summary, while uploading data transfers from the customer's machine to the server, and while downloading data transfers from the server to the customer's machine.

Option 2) Cannot print multiple copies at a time is incorrect about Laser Printers.

• Laser printers can print multiple copies at a time by either using manual duplex printing or automatic duplex printing.
• In manual duplex printing, the user has to manually flip the paper to print on both sides, while in automatic duplex printing, the printer itself prints on both sides without the user's intervention

Additional Information

• Uses laser lights for producing dots to form characters on a page: This is true. Laser printers use a laser beam to create an electrostatic image, or "latent image," on a rotating metal drum called a "photoreceptor." The laser beam is directed onto the drum by a series of mirrors and lenses, and it causes the drum's surface to become electrically charged in certain areas. Then, the drum is coated with toner (a fine powder) that sticks to the charged areas, forming the image. Finally, the toner is transferred to the paper and fused onto it using heat.
• Fast speed: This is true. Laser printers are known for their fast printing speed, especially when compared to inkjet printers. They can print up to 25-50 pages per minute (ppm) depending on the model and complexity of the document.
• Supports multiple fonts and sizes: This is true. Laser printers support multiple fonts and sizes, which is one of their advantages over older printing technologies such as dot matrix printers.
• The printer driver software installed on the computer sends the fonts and sizes information to the printer, and the printer uses it to produce the printed output

The correct option is 2) changing the color behind the selected text.

• Shading in MS-Word 365 is used to change the color behind the selected text.
• This is a formatting option that allows you to highlight or emphasize specific text by shading the background with a different color or pattern.

Additional Information

• Changing the color around the selected text refers to changing the color of the border or background of a text box or shape that surrounds the selected text. This option is different from shading, which specifically refers to changing the color behind the selected text.
• Changing the color of the selected text refers to changing the font color of the text itself. This option is different from shading, which specifically refers to changing the color behind the text.
• Making the text pop by highlighting it can be achieved by using shading, which adds a background color or pattern to the selected text to make it stand out from the surrounding text.
• In summary, the shading option in MS-Word 365 is used to change the color behind the selected text.

The correct option is 3) All are e-mail service providers:

• This option 3 is correct as all three options are examples of e-mail service providers.
• Outlook is Microsoft's e-mail service provider, Gmail is Google's e-mail service provider, and Yandex is a Russian-based e-mail service provider.

Additional Information

• This option 1 is incorrect as both Outlook and Yandex are examples of e-mail service providers. Outlook is Microsoft's e-mail service provider, while Yandex is a Russian-based e-mail service provider.

This option 2 is incorrect as Yandex is also an e-mail service provider. Yandex is a popular e-mail service provider in Russia that offers free e-mail accounts.

• This option 4 is incorrect as Outlook is an example of an e-mail service provider. Outlook is Microsoft's e-mail service provider that is part of the Microsoft Office suite of applications.
• In summary, the correct answer is option 3 - all of the given options are examples of e-mail service providers.

The incorrect statement is 3) Trojan self-replicate and infects other files.

Explanation:

• This statement 3 is incorrect. Unlike viruses, Trojans do not have the ability to self-replicate and infect other files. Instead, Trojans rely on social engineering techniques to trick users into running them, such as disguising themselves as legitimate software or using enticing file names to make users open them.

Additional Information

• This statement 1 is correct. A Trojan is a type of malware that looks like a legitimate software, but actually performs malicious actions on the victim's computer.

This statement 2 is also correct.

Some Trojans create backdoors on the victim's computer, which allow malicious users to gain unauthorized access to the system and carry out malicious activities.

• This statement 4 is correct. Trojans typically spread through user interaction, such as opening an email attachment or downloading and executing a file from the Internet.
• Once a Trojan is executed on the victim's computer, it can carry out various malicious actions such as stealing sensitive information, deleting files, or creating backdoors for other malware to enter the system.
• In summary, the incorrect statement is 3) Trojan self-replicate and infects other files.

The correct answer is cache

Key Points

• The cache memory is a high-speed memory type that resides between the CPU and the main memory (RAM).
• It's used to temporarily store data that's frequently accessed by the CPU.
• Since cache memory is faster than RAM, it helps to reduce the time it takes for the CPU to get data and instructions.
• When the CPU needs to read or write to a location in main memory, it first checks whether a copy of that data is in the cache. If so, the CPU immediately reads from or writes to the cache, which is much faster than reading from or writing to main memory.
• So, in the context of your question, cache memory is the memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU.
• While main memory (RAM) does also communicate with the CPU, it doesn't do so as directly or quickly as cache memory.
• Backup and auxiliary memory, on the other hand, refer to additional or secondary storage that is not directly accessed by the CPU, such as external hard drives, tapes, or cloud storage.

Additional Information

• Cache memory, is a high-speed memory unit that stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the access time to main memory.
• Backup memory is used to create copies of data or to store data for safekeeping in case of a system failure or other issues.
• Auxiliary memory refers to secondary storage devices, such as hard disk drives, solid-state drives, or flash drives, which are used to store data for long-term use.

NOTE:

Option 3, "main" memory, refers to the primary storage or system memory in a computer, typically RAM (Random Access Memory). While it is true that the CPU can and does communicate directly with main memory, it's not the most immediate form of memory to the CPU.

The reason option 1, "cache" memory, is more accurate is because cache is a smaller, faster memory that stores copies of the most frequently used data from main memory. It is located closer to the CPU and offers quicker access time, allowing the CPU to process data more efficiently.

So, while the CPU communicates with both types of memory, cache memory is designed to be the immediate, go-between memory that the CPU uses before accessing the slightly slower main memory.

The correct answer is 4) Instruction Buffer Register (IBR).

• When a program is loaded into memory, the CPU retrieves the instructions from memory and stores them in a small buffer called the Instruction Buffer Register (IBR).
• The IBR holds the current instruction waiting to be executed by the CPU.
• The CPU executes the instruction in the IBR and then fetches the next instruction from memory into the IBR.

Additional Information

• The Current Instruction Register (CIR) (option 1) holds the instruction that is currently being executed by the CPU.
• The Memory Address Register (MAR) (option 2) holds the memory address of the next instruction or data item to be fetched from or stored into memory.
• The Program Counter (PC) (option 3) holds the memory address of the next instruction to be executed by the CPU.

The correct answer is 4) 15.

• Video Graphics Array (VGA) connectors are used to connect a computer's video card to a monitor or display.
• A VGA connector has 15 pins or holes arranged in three rows of five.
• The VGA connector is an analog connection, which means it transmits a continuous signal that is susceptible to interference and degradation over long distances.
• VGA connectors were first introduced in the late 1980s and were the standard for computer displays for many years.
• However, with the rise of digital displays, such as DVI and HDMI, VGA is becoming less common.
• Many modern computers and displays still include VGA ports, but they are often supplemented by digital connections.
• In summary, the correct option is 4) 15, which refers to the number of pins or holes in a VGA connector.

The correct answer is 2) F5.

• In Google search engine, pressing the F5 key on your keyboard is a common keyboard shortcut used to reload the current page.
• This is also known as refreshing the page.
• Reloading the page can be useful in a number of situations, such as when you want to update the search results or load new content.

Additional Information

• F7: This keyboard shortcut is typically used to activate the spelling and grammar check in many applications, including Microsoft Word and Outlook.
• F1: This keyboard shortcut is commonly used to open the Help menu or bring up context-specific help in many applications.
• F3: This keyboard shortcut has different functions depending on the application you are using. In some applications, it is used to open a search box or find feature.
• In others, it may be used to open the Expose or Task View feature on a Mac or Windows computer.
• In summary, the correct option is 2) F5, which is a keyboard shortcut used to reload the current page in Google search engine.

The correct option is 1) Ctrl + K.

Explanation:

• To insert a hyperlink for the selected text in Microsoft Word, the keyboard shortcut used is Ctrl + K.
• This shortcut opens the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, where the user can specify the hyperlink address (URL), select a file or web page, and add a description for the hyperlink.

Additional Information

• Ctrl + M is used to indent the selected paragraph.
• Ctrl + H is used to open the Replace dialog box in Microsoft Word.
• Ctrl + Z is used to undo the last action in Microsoft Word.

The correct option is 3) Gateway.

Gateway

• A gateway is a passage used to connect two networks that may work on different networking models.
• It is a device that provides interconnectivity between networks with different network protocols.
• For example, a gateway can be used to connect a local area network (LAN) to the internet.
• It acts as an intermediary between the LAN and the internet, translating network protocols as necessary.
• Gateways can also provide other services such as filtering, translation, and routing of data.
• They are commonly used in enterprise networks to connect different departments and locations.

Additional Information 

Switch

• Switch: A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices on a local area network (LAN).
• It uses the MAC address of each device to direct network traffic only to its intended recipient, which makes network communication more efficient.

Hub

• Hub: A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices on a LAN.
• It receives network traffic from one device and sends it to all other devices on the network, which can lead to network congestion and reduced network performance.

Router

• A router is a networking device that connects multiple networks and routes network traffic between them.
• It operates at the network layer of the OSI model and can connect networks that use different networking technologies.
• For example, a router can connect a local area network (LAN) to the internet, enabling devices on the LAN to access resources on the internet.
• The router can also be used to direct traffic between different LANs within an organization or between different branches of an organization.
• Routers are also capable of providing security features such as firewall protection and virtual private network (VPN) connectivity.
• They can be used to prioritize traffic to ensure that critical applications receive the necessary bandwidth, and they can also be used to block traffic from specific sources.

The correct option is 2) Third-party cookies.

Explanation:

• Cookies are small text files that websites store on a user's computer or device when they visit the site.
• Cookies can be used for a variety of purposes, such as remembering a user's preferences or login information.
• However, some cookies can also be used to track a user's activity across multiple websites, which can raise privacy concerns.

Third-party 

• Third-party cookies are cookies that are set by a domain other than the one the user is visiting.
• For example, if a user visits a website and that website has embedded content from a third-party domain,
• such as an advertisement or a social media plugin, the third-party domain may set a cookie on the user's computer.
• This can allow the third-party domain to track the user's activity across multiple websites.

Additional Information

Persistent

• Persistent cookies are cookies that remain on a user's computer or device even after they close their browser.
• These cookies can be used to remember a user's preferences or login information the next time they visit the website.

Session

• Session cookies are cookies that are deleted when a user closes their browser.
• These cookies are often used to keep track of a user's activity during a single browsing session, such as adding items to a shopping cart.

Zombie

• Zombie cookies, also known as "evercookies," are a type of persistent cookie that are difficult to remove.
• Zombie cookies can be used to track a user's activity even if they delete their cookies or use private browsing mode.