AFCAT 11th Aug 2024 (Shift 2) Memory Based Paper. (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Solid.

Key Points

• The word "Sturdy" means strongly built or robust, capable of withstanding pressure or force. (मज़बूत)
• Example: The carpenter made a sturdy wooden chair that could easily support heavy weight.
• "Solid" refers to something firm, stable, or strong in structure. (ठोस)
• Example: The foundation of the building was solid, ensuring its durability.
• Hence, we can infer that the synonym of "sturdy" is "solid".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 - Solid.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Fat (मोटा): Having a large amount of excess flesh or body weight.
• Example: The cat grew fat after being fed too many treats.
• Weak (कमज़ोर): Lacking strength or energy; not strong or robust.
• Example: After recovering from illness, he still felt weak and needed rest.
• Vast (विशाल): Very large in size, extent, or amount.
• Example: The desert stretched out as a vast expanse of sand and sky.

The correct answer is: Decline.

Key Points

• The word "Thrive" means to grow or develop well or vigorously; to prosper or flourish. (सफल होना)
• Example: She thrives in a challenging work environment.
• "Decline" refers to a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, quality, or value. (गिरावट)
• Example: The company's profits have declined over the past year.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'Thrive' is 'Decline'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Decline.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Develop (विकसित करना): To grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate.
• Example: She aims to develop her skills in web development.
• Protect (सुरक्षित रखना): To keep safe from harm or injury.
• Example: Parents try to protect their children from danger.
• Praise (प्रशंसा करना): To express warm approval or admiration of.
• Example: Teachers often praise students for their hard work.

The correct answer is: Support.

Key Points

• The word "Patronage" refers to the support, encouragement, or financial aid provided by someone, especially to an individual or organization. (संरक्षण)
• Example: The artist's career flourished under the patronage of a wealthy benefactor.
• "Support" means giving assistance or backing to someone or something, especially in terms of moral, financial, or physical aid. (सहायता)
• Example: The NGO relies on public support to carry out its initiatives.
• Hence, the synonym for "Patronage" is "Support".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Support.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Donation (दान): Something that is given, typically money or goods, to help a person or organization.
• Example: The charity received a large donation from an anonymous donor.
• Espionage (जासूसी): The act of spying or using spies to obtain information about the activities of a foreign government or company.
• Example: The movie revolves around a thrilling espionage plot involving international agents.
• Beneficiary (लाभार्थी): A person who receives benefits, often in terms of money or assets.
• Example: She was named the sole beneficiary of her grandfather's estate.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "glut" means an excessive supply of something.
• An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning to another word.
• A "shortage" refers to a lack or insufficiency of something.
• Therefore, "shortage" is the most appropriate antonym for the word "glut."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. Valiant.

Key Points

• The word "Intrepid" means fearless and adventurous, often used to describe someone who is brave and willing to take risks. (निर्भीक)
• Example: The intrepid explorer ventured into the unknown regions of the Amazon rainforest.
• "Valiant" refers to showing courage or determination, similar to being intrepid. (वीर)
• Example: The valiant firefighter saved many lives during the blaze.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Valiant.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Timid (डरपोक): Showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened.
• Example: The timid child hid behind his mother when strangers approached.
• Mousy (डरपोक): Quiet, shy, and lacking in confidence.
• Example: She was a mousy girl who rarely spoke in class.
• Coward (कायर): A person who lacks the courage to do or endure dangerous or unpleasant things.
• Example: He was labeled a coward for not standing up to the bully.

The correct answer is 'Vacate'. 

Key Points

• Let us look at the meanings of the given word and the correct answer. 
• Throng: to gather in a crowd or in great numbers.
• Example: People thronged the mall for the sale.
• Vacate: to leave a place that one previously occupied.
• Example: The landlord asked us to vacate the house.
• Thus, the word 'vacate' is the most appropriate antonym of 'throng'.
• Hence, option 4) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• The idiom "Break a leg" means to wish someone good luck before a performance. (अभिनय से पहले किसी को शुभकामनाएं देना)
• Example: The director told the actors to break a leg before they went on stage.
• Hence, we can infer that the correct meaning of 'Break a leg' is 'Wish someone good luck before a performance.' (अभिनय से पहले किसी को शुभकामनाएं देना)
• Example: She told her friend to break a leg before his big audition.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: Give advice on maintaining physical health (शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य बनाए रखने के लिए सलाह देना)
• Example: The doctor gave me advice on maintaining physical health.
• Option 2: Encourage someone to engage in risky activities (किसी को जोखिम भरे कार्यों में शामिल होने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना)
• Example: He encouraged his friends to engage in risky activities like skydiving.
• Option 3: Suggest taking a short break during work (काम के दौरान एक छोटा ब्रेक लेने का सुझाव देना)
• Example: The manager suggested taking a short break during work to stay fresh.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The phrase "At one's fingertips" means having complete knowledge about something or having something readily available. (किसी चीज के बारे में पूरी जानकारी होना या आसानी से उपलब्ध होना)
• Example: As a seasoned librarian, she has the entire catalogue at her fingertips.
• "Complete knowledge" refers to having full and comprehensive understanding of a subject or area. (पूर्ण ज्ञान)
• Example: The professor's complete knowledge of ancient history impressed all the students.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To take revenge (बदला लेना): The action of inflicting harm on someone for a wrong suffered at their hands.
• Example: He was determined to take revenge on the person who wronged him.
• Matter of shame (शर्म की बात): Something that causes embarrassment or disgrace.
• Example: It was a matter of shame for the company when the scandal was exposed.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The idiom "Once in a blue moon" means something that happens very rarely. (बहुत कम)
• Example: He visits his relatives once in a blue moon.
• "Rarely" refers to something that does not happen often. (कभी-कभी)
• Example: She rarely goes to the movies.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Monthly (मासिक): Happening once a month.
• Example: We have a staff meeting monthly to discuss progress.
• Often (अक्सर): Frequently or many times.
• Example: He often goes for a walk in the evening.
• Daily (रोजाना): Happening every day.
• Example: She reads the newspaper daily.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Statement 1: The pleasant weather lasts for only ten days, according to the narrator.
• This statement is incorrect because the passage mentions ten weeks of freedom and balmy weather, not ten days.
• Statement 2: Rain plays the spoilsport on summer days.
• This statement is correct as the passage describes rainy summer days as the worst days.
• Statement 3: The narrator prayed for a clear day with no rain.
• This statement is correct because the narrator prayed each night that the rain would not be there the next day.
• Statement 4: The narrator passed his time watching TV or reading when it was raining outside.
• This statement is correct as the narrator spent rainy days watching television or reading books.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

The correct answer is 'Misery'.

Key Points

• The phrase "staring out at the rain like a Dickensian orphan" conveys a sense of profound sadness and helplessness.
• Dickensian orphans are often depicted as forlorn and suffering, which reflects the narrator's feeling of misery on rainy summer days.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: Misery staring out at the rain like a Dickensian orphan.

Additional Information

• Option 2: Curiosity is incorrect because the narrator is not expressing a desire to learn or discover something.
• Option 3: Fear is incorrect because the narrator does not describe feeling afraid.
• Option 4: Anger is incorrect because the narrator is more sorrowful than angry about the rainy days.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The narrator looks forward to summer to enjoy at the beach.
• The passage mentions laying on the sand and soaking in the bright and burning sun.
• Winter is described as dreary, implying summer brings a contrast that the narrator eagerly anticipates.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Correct Sentence: "All of winter, with its dreary grey days and bitter cold, we dream of those endless days at the beach, laying on the sand and soaking in the bright and burning sun."

Additional Information

• The narrator's love for the beach and sunny weather is evident.
• Rainy summer days are compared to being a punishment, indicating the narrator's strong preference for sunny, beach-going weather.

The correct answer is: SRQP

Key Points 

• Here, the first part of the whole sentence is already given.
• After that 'S' should be the best fit to keep the sentence meaningful. The first word of the 'S' part is "sodium". So, if we connect it with the first one, the sentence will be like "Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium."
• Then 'R' follows 'S' to keep the sentence meaningful. The sentence will be like "...sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium are electrically charged minerals" which means "Minerals with electrical charges include sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium."
• After that 'Q' follows 'R' and connecting the parts will be like "...minerals that are present in the body’s fluids.."
• Lastly 'P' should be placed as it is the closing statement as it is defining the importance of all these minerals.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option 4, i.e. SRQP.
  

Let us look at the whole sentence after rearranging it: Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium are electrically charged minerals that are present in the body’s fluids and are important for balancing the water in your body.

The correct answer is "CABD".

Key Points

• When a paragraph is coherent, there are no jarring shifts or jumps between any of the sentences.
• The correct order will be as follows:
• Neck pain is a frequent problem among many people these days.
• Poor posture may strain neck muscles, whether you're leaning over your computer or hunching over your workstation.
• However, neck pain may occasionally be an indication of a more serious issue.
• If your neck pain is accompanied by numbness or lack of strength in your arms or hands, or if you experience shooting pain into your shoulder or down your arm, you should seek medical attention.
• ​Therefore the correct order is CABD.

The correct answer is "ACDB".

Key Points

• The first sentence i.e. 'A' states a plan regarding shopping.
• Sentence C states how the plan helps in shopping:
• Because of my plan, I always focus on buying the necessary material
• Sentence D states about utility after necessity:
• Barring the necessity of materials, I also focus on the utility of the materials.
• Sentence B states the consequences of the plan:
• That is why I come home with useful things after shopping.
• Hence, we can conclude that "ACDB" is the correct answer.

So the correct passage is- A. Whenever I go to any shop to purchase anything, I always have a specific plan in my mind. C. Because of my plan, I always focus on buying the necessary material rather than buying useless showpieces. D. Barring the necessity of materials, I also focus on the utility of the materials. B. That is why I come home with useful things after shopping.

The correct answer is "ADCB".

Key Points

• the first sentence states about cricket and the dominance of Australia in cricket.
• Sentence D states the number of times Australia has won the world cup:
• Australia has won the fifty-overs cricket world cup five times.
• Sentence C further specifies the years:
• ​They won it for three consecutive years in 1999, 2003 and 2007.
• Sentence B specifies the captain of the winning team:
• Of those three world cups, Rickey Ponting was the captain in 2003 and 2007.
• Hence, the correct answer is "ADCB".

So the correct passage is- A. When it comes to cricket, Australia is a formidable country. D. Australia has won the fifty-overs cricket world cup five times. C. They won it for three consecutive years in 1999, 2003 and 2007.  B. Of those three world cups, Rickey Ponting was the captain in 2003 and 2007.

The correct answer is 'employability'.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the importance of higher education leading to employment outcomes.
• The appropriate word should reflect the concept of a student being prepared for employment.
• "Employability" is the best fit, as it refers to the skills and qualities that make a student suitable for employment.
• Other options ("employable", "appointed", "appoint") do not accurately convey the broader concept of readiness for the workforce.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage: Students want (1) employability as the primary outcome of higher education. Hence, practical experience becomes (2)________ valuable to a student’s degree. Indian students are highly (3)________ at theoretical learning but lack practical training. This (4)________ an issue for decades in the Indian job market. In order to address this (5)________ issue, state governments have to take a lead. The AP government in the past three years have made efforts to bridge this long-lasting gap between theoretical and practical learning of the students.

Additional Information

• "Employability" refers to the ability of a student to secure a job or to be suitable for the job market, which is the focus of the passage.
• "Employable" refers to being capable of being employed, but it doesn't capture the broader goal of higher education as effectively as "employability".
• "Appointed" and "appoint" are related to specific actions of assignment or designation, which do not align with the passage's focus on education outcomes.

The correct answer is 'equally'.

Key Points

• The passage suggests that practical experience is becoming an important factor in higher education.
• The word "equally" fits well as it indicates that practical experience is as important as theoretical knowledge.
• Other options ("voicelessly", "hardly", "abruptly") do not logically convey the increasing importance of practical experience in education.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Passage: Students want (1) employability as the primary outcome of higher education. Hence, practical experience becomes (2) equally valuable to a student’s degree. Indian students are highly (3)________ at theoretical learning but lack practical training. This (4)________ an issue for decades in the Indian job market. In order to address this (5)________ issue, state governments have to take a lead. The AP government in the past three years have made efforts to bridge this long-lasting gap between theoretical and practical learning of the students.

Additional Information

• "Equally" suggests that practical experience holds the same importance as theoretical knowledge, which aligns with the passage’s focus on the growing value of practical learning.
• Other options like "voicelessly", "hardly", and "abruptly" do not fit the context as they do not reflect the increasing significance of practical experience.

The correct answer is 'competitive'.

Key Points

• The passage highlights that Indian students excel in theoretical learning but face challenges in practical training.
• The word "competitive" is appropriate as it indicates that students are good at theoretical learning, particularly in a competitive academic environment.
• Other options ("spirit", "spiritual", "relaxed") do not fit the context of academic excellence and competition in learning.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage: Students want (1) employability as the primary outcome of higher education. Hence, practical experience becomes (2)________ valuable to a student’s degree. Indian students are highly (3) competitive at theoretical learning but lack practical training. This (4)________ an issue for decades in the Indian job market. In order to address this (5)________ issue, state governments have to take a lead. The AP government in the past three years have made efforts to bridge this long-lasting gap between theoretical and practical learning of the students.

Additional Information

• "Competitive" accurately describes Indian students' strengths in theoretical knowledge, especially in competitive academic settings.
• "Spirit", "spiritual", and "relaxed" do not convey the appropriate context of academic performance in a competitive environment.

The correct answer is 'has been'.

Key Points

• The passage refers to an ongoing and persistent issue over the years, making "has been" the appropriate choice to indicate the continuous nature of the problem.
• "Has been" suggests that this issue has existed over time and continues to be relevant.
• Other options ("will be", "have been", "is") do not fit as well in conveying the prolonged and continuing nature of the problem in the Indian job market.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Passage: Students want (1) employability as the primary outcome of higher education. Hence, practical experience becomes (2)________ valuable to a student’s degree. Indian students are highly (3)________ at theoretical learning but lack practical training. This (4) has been an issue for decades in the Indian job market. In order to address this (5)________ issue, state governments have to take a lead. The AP government in the past three years have made efforts to bridge this long-lasting gap between theoretical and practical learning of the students.

Additional Information

• "Has been" indicates an ongoing issue, which is fitting in the context of this passage that discusses a long-standing problem in the job market.
• "Will be" is future tense, which does not match the passage's indication that the issue has been existing for decades.
• "Have been" would not be appropriate here because the subject ("This") is singular, and "has been" is the correct verb form.
• "Is" is present tense, but the passage emphasizes that the issue has existed for a long time, which makes the past perfect form ("has been") the best choice.

The correct answer is 'perennial'.

Key Points

• The passage discusses an ongoing and long-standing issue in the Indian job market, making "perennial" the most fitting choice.
• "Perennial" means lasting or existing for a long time, which aligns with the context of a persistent issue in the job market.
• Other options ("insignificant", "appetite", "momentary") do not accurately reflect the seriousness or duration of the problem described in the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Passage: Students want (1) employability as the primary outcome of higher education. Hence, practical experience becomes (2)________ valuable to a student’s degree. Indian students are highly (3)________ at theoretical learning but lack practical training. This (4)________ an issue for decades in the Indian job market. In order to address this (5) perennial issue, state governments have to take a lead. The AP government in the past three years have made efforts to bridge this long-lasting gap between theoretical and practical learning of the students.

Additional Information

• "Perennial" refers to something enduring or lasting over a long period, which fits perfectly in describing an issue that has persisted for decades.
• "Insignificant" contradicts the context of an important issue in the job market.
• "Appetite" refers to a desire or craving, which is unrelated to the nature of the problem being discussed.
• "Momentary" means brief or short-lived, which does not align with the ongoing and long-term nature of the issue in the job market.

The correct answer is: muffled.

Key Points

• The word "muffled" means a sound that is not loud because of being obstructed in some way; muted. (मंद)
• Example: The thick walls muffled the sound of the traffic outside.
• Hence, we can infer that the horn of the car ahead was muffled by the resistance of the thick air.

Therefore, the correct answer is: muffled.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Dim (मंद): Lacking brightness or clarity.
• Example: The room was dimly lit by a single bulb.
• Faint (मंद): Barely perceptible.
• Example: She heard a faint sound coming from the basement.
• Mute (मूक): Silent or unable to speak.
• Example: The remote control can mute the television sound.

The correct answer is: admit.

Key Points

• The word "admit" means to acknowledge or accept something as true, often reluctantly. (स्वीकार करना)
• Example: He had to admit that he was wrong about the project.
• "Admit" is appropriate in the given context as it suggests accepting defeat. (स्वीकार करना)

​Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. 'admit'.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Defer (स्थगित करना): To postpone or delay something.
• Example: We decided to defer the meeting until next week.
• Buy (खरीदना): To acquire something in exchange for money.
• Example: She went to the market to buy groceries.
• Get (प्राप्त करना): To obtain, receive, or acquire.
• Example: He managed to get the job he always wanted.

The correct answer is: conclusion.

Key Points

• The word "resistance" means the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. (प्रतिकार)
• Example: There was strong resistance from the locals to the new policy.
• "Conclusion" means the end or finish of an event, process, or text; a judgment or decision reached by reasoning. (निष्कर्ष)
• Example: After much thought, he came to the conclusion that it was best to move on.

Therefore, the correct answer is: conclusion.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Resistance (प्रतिकार): The refusal to accept or comply with something.
• Example: There was strong resistance from the locals to the new policy.
• Incision (चीर): A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.
• Example: The surgeon made a small incision to remove the tumor.
• Finale (अंतिम चरण): The last part of a piece of music, a performance, or a public event.
• Example: The fireworks were a spectacular finale to the show.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The word "Lisentious" is incorrectly spelt. The correct spelling is "Licentious". (लुच्चा)
• Example: His licentious behavior caused a lot of trouble at the event.
• "Licentious" refers to someone who is morally unrestrained or disregards accepted rules and standards. (लुच्चा)
• Example: The novel was criticized for its licentious content.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Maxim (सूक्ति): A short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct.
• Example: "Honesty is the best policy" is a well-known maxim.
• Profligate (अपव्ययी): Recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources.
• Example: His profligate spending habits led him into debt.
• Quandary (दुविधा): A state of perplexity or uncertainty over what to do in a difficult situation.
• Example: She was in a quandary about whether to accept the job offer.

The correct answer is 'Aniversary'.

Key Points

• The incorrectly spelt word is 'Aniversary'.
• The correct spelling is "Anniversary". The word 'anniversary' needs two 'n's.
• It refers to the yearly recurrence of the date of a past event.
• It is typically used to commemorate or celebrate a significant occasion that occurred on that specific date in a previous year, such as a wedding, foundation of an institution, or any important historical event.
• For example, "They celebrated their 10th wedding anniversary last weekend''.
• The remaining words are correctly spelt.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4. 

Additional Information

• Journey: A trip or voyage from one place to another, often over a long distance or period of time.
• Amateur: A person who engages in a pursuit, especially a sport, on an unpaid basis or without professional skill.
• Beneficiary: A person who receives benefits or advantages, especially as a result of a legal arrangement like a will or insurance policy.

The correct answer is “Alignment: Disorder”

Key Point

• The words ‘Tranquillity’ and ‘Violence’ are Antonyms.
• Tranquillity (शांति): calmness, peacefulness, or a state of being quiet.
• Violence (हिंसा): Violence is behaviour that is done with the intent to harm, injure, or kill others.
• Similarly, the words ‘Alignment’ and ‘Disorder’ are antonyms.
• Alignment (एकत्रीकरण): An object's alignment refers to how it sits in proportion to other objects or to the ideal position.
• Disorder (असंतुलित): It means to be disorganised, unprepared, or poorly prepared.
• ‘Therefore, ‘Alignment’ and ‘Disorder’ have the same relationship as ‘Tranquillity’ and ‘Violence’

Hence, the correct pair is ‘Alignment: Disorder’

Additional Information

Let’s discuss the other options. The words given in the other options are synonyms.

1. Lethargy and Disinterest (आलस और सुस्ती): When you call someone a hypocrite, you're saying that he acts as though he has certain characteristics, viewpoints, or emotions when in reality he doesn't.
2. Assault and Invasion (प्रहार):  A person is physically attacked when someone assaults them.

• If you describe an action as an ‘invasion’, you disapprove of it because it affects someone or something in a way that is not desired.

      3. Agitated and Worried (परेशान): When someone is agitated, they are deeply worried or upset and express this through their actions, words, or behaviour.

The correct answer is “Constant : Unstable”

Key Points

• The words ‘Desolate’ and ‘Cheerful’ are Antonyms.
• Desolate: It means, feeling very sad and lonely for a long time.
• Cheerful: Feeling of happiness.
• Similarly, the words ‘Constant’ and ‘Unstable’ are antonyms.
• Constant: A constant is an object or value that always remains the same.
• Unstable: You can describe something as unstable if it is prone to sudden change.
• Therefore, ‘Constant’ and ‘Unstable’ have the same relationship as ‘Desolate’ and ‘Cheerful’

Hence, the correct pair is ‘Constant: Unstable’

Additional Information

Let’s discuss the other options. The words given in the other options are synonyms.

1. Industrious and Laborious (परिश्रमी और मेहनती): If you describe someone as ‘Industrious’ and ‘Laborious’, you mean that he works very hard.
2. Abridge and Curtail (घटाना और कम करना): If you 'abridge' and 'curtail' something, you reduce or limit it.
3. Extinct and Lost (विलुप्त और दुर्लभ): It means, no longer in use or no longer in existence.

The correct answer is 'A poem spoken by an actor at the end of a play'

Key Points 

• Epilogue means 'a short piece that is added at the end of a book, play, etc. and that comments on what has gone before (किसी पुस्‍तक, नाटक आदि का अंतवचन)'.
• Example: At the end of the play, the actor presented an epilogue to summarize the tale.
• Therefore, an epilogue is a poem spoken by an actor at the end of a play.
  

Hence, option 1 is the correct choice.

Additional Information 

Let's discuss synonyms and antonyms of Epilogue:

• Synonyms: afterword, postscript, appendix, conclusion
• Antonym: prologue

The correct answer is Fruit.

Key Points

Pomology: 

• The term is derived from the Latin words poma and logus. Poma means ‘fruit’ and logus means ‘study, knowledge or discourse’.
• It can be defined as a branch of horticulture, that deals with the scientific study of fruit crops

Additional Information

Olericulture: 

• The term is derived from the Latin words olerus meaning ‘vegetables’ and cultura meaning ‘cultivation’.
• It can be defined as a branch of horticulture, that deals with the scientific study of vegetable crops.

Floriculture: 

• The term floriculture is derived from the Latin words Florus and cultura, Florus means ‘flower’, and cultura means ‘cultivation’.
• It can be defined as a branch of horticulture, that deals with the scientific study of flowering and ornamental crops.

Landscaping:

• It is the art of beautifying a piece of land using garden designs, methods, and plant materials.
• Professionals who do landscaping are called ‘landscape architects.

The correct answer is 1 only.

In News

• News: The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu presented Gallantry Awards at the Defence Investiture Ceremony-2024.

Key PointsKirti Chakra: 

• It is the peacetime equivalent of the Maha Vir Chakra, the second-highest peacetime gallantry award. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Awarded for displaying conspicuous gallantry, indomitable courage, and extreme devotion to duty. or self-sacrifice away from the field of battle.
• Eligibility and Design: Open to civilians as well as military personnel, including posthumous awards. A circular silver medal with a lotus flower in the center and a chakra around it, suspended from a green ribbon with two orange stripes.

Shaurya Chakra:

• An Indian military decoration awarded for gallantry, courageous action, or self-sacrifice while not engaged in direct action with the enemy. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Represents the spirit of bravery, valor, and devotion to duty in peacetime.
• Eligibility and Design: Open to civilians as well as military personnel, including posthumous awards. Circular bronze medal with a replica of the Ashoka Chakra, the national emblem of India, in the center.
• Features a lotus wreath around the Ashoka Chakra symbol. Suspended from a green ribbon with three vertical lines.

Additional InformationGallantry Awards in India 

• Post-Independence, the first three gallantry awards namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra were instituted by the government of India on 26th January 1950 and were deemed to have effect from 15th August 1947.
• Thereafter, three other gallantry awards — the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II, and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III — were instituted in 1952 and were deemed to have effect from 15th August 1947.
• These awards were renamed Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra respectively in January 1967.
• The order of precedence of these awards is the Param Vir Chakra, the Ashoka Chakra, the Mahavir Chakra, the Kirti Chakra, the Vir Chakra, and the Shaurya Chakra.

The correct answer is To enhance the aesthetic and cultural outlook of Delhi.

Key Points

• Project PARI was initiated by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• The main aim is to enhance the aesthetic and cultural outlook of Delhi.
• It involves more than 150 visual artists from across India.
• The project focuses on beautifying public spaces and making art accessible to the public.

Important Points

• Project PARI is part of the preparations for the 46th Session of the World Heritage Committee Meeting in New Delhi.
• The project aims to uplift the visual quality of public areas, enhancing community pride and belonging.
• It includes traditional and contemporary art forms, creating murals, sculptures, and installations.
• The initiative democratizes art by integrating it into public spaces, making it accessible to all citizens.

Additional Information

• Traditional dance forms: Project PARI does not focus on promoting traditional dance forms, but on visual arts.
• Public transportation: Improving public transportation is not the aim of Project PARI.
• Educational institutions: Creating new educational institutions is not within the scope of Project PARI.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e Smoke and Fog 

• Smoke and Fog combine to form ‘smog’, a form of air pollution.
• It is a type of fog that consists of smoke particles or a mixture of dust and gases that makes breathing difficult.
• Air pollutants such as sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides when mixed with sunlight lead to the formation of blackish or yellowish fog.
• In India, Delhi is one of the cities where smog severity has aggravated to such an extent that it has become a health emergency now.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• Tamil Nadu receives the highest rainfall during the months of October to December from the north-east monsoon.
• It is the main season accounting for 48% of the annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu.

The correct answer is Dhruv Sitwala.

Key Points

• Dhruv Sitwala won his third Asian Billiards Title at Riyadh in 2024.
• He defeated Pankaj Advani to clinch the title.
• Dhruv Sitwala had previously won the Asian billiards titles in 2015 and 2016.
• The championship was organized by the Asian Confederation of Billiard Sports (ACBS) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Important Points

• Pankaj Advani: A renowned Indian cueist who was defeated by Dhruv Sitwala in the 2024 Asian Billiards Championship final.
• Dhvaj Haria: Another Indian cueist who won the bronze medal by losing to Dhruv Sitwala in the semi-finals.
• Anupama Ramachandran: An Indian player who won the women's Asian Snooker title at the same championship.
• Asian Confederation of Billiard Sports (ACBS): The organization that conducted the Asian Championship in Riyadh.

The correct answer is Neeraj Chopra.

Key Points

• Neeraj Chopra became the first Indian to win a gold medal at the World Athletics Championships in 2023.
• He won the gold medal in the men's javelin throw event with a throw of 88.17 meters.
• The event was held in Budapest, Hungary as part of the World Athletics Championships 2023.
• Neeraj Chopra's historic achievement adds to his illustrious career, which includes a gold medal at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.
• He has become a symbol of excellence in Indian athletics, inspiring a new generation of sportspersons in the country.

Additional Information

• World Athletics Championships
• It is a biennial event organized by World Athletics, the international governing body for track and field sports.
• The championship includes various events such as sprints, middle-distance, long-distance running, jumping, and throwing disciplines.
• It is considered one of the most prestigious competitions in global athletics.
• Neeraj Chopra’s Career Highlights
• Neeraj Chopra won the first-ever Olympic gold medal in athletics for India at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics in the men’s javelin throw event.
• He also secured the silver medal at the World Athletics Championships 2022.
• He has been honored with the Khel Ratna Award, India’s highest sporting honor.
• Javelin Throw
• It is a track and field event in which athletes throw a spear-like implement called a javelin as far as possible.
• The technique involves speed, strength, and precise coordination to achieve the maximum distance.
• The javelin must land tip-first and within the designated sector for the throw to be valid.
• India’s Progress in Athletics
• Neeraj Chopra’s success has brought attention to the growing prominence of field events in Indian athletics.
• India has also witnessed recent successes in other disciplines like long jump and race walking.
• These achievements are attributed to increased investment in sports infrastructure, training, and international exposure for Indian athletes.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.

In News

• News: The discovery of transposons revolutionised our understanding of genetics, in particular their role in enabling nature’s wondrous diversity.

Key PointsGene editing and transposons:

• Transposons, also known as 'jumping genes,' are mobile elements that can move around within the genome. They have the ability to reversibly alter gene expression depending on their insertion point, contributing to genetic diversity and evolution.
• Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The 'sleeping beauty' transposon is an ancient transposon that became dormant in vertebrates millions of years ago.
• In 1997, researchers reconstructed it at the molecular level from fish genomes and reprogrammed it to function in human cells.
• This reactivated transposon holds potential for biomedical applications, such as genetic correction and gene therapy, by turning off problematic genes or over-expressing desirable characteristics.
• Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• RNA-guided transposon-based gene editing, as described by researchers, uses a bridge RNA that can bind to two pieces of DNA and edit the genome cleanly without leaving additional nucleotides.
• This method can facilitate the addition, deletion, or inversion of DNA sequences of virtually any length, making it highly versatile for synthetic biology and treating genetic diseases.
• In contrast, CRISPR-mediated editing can sometimes introduce small insertions or deletions during the repair process, which may not be as clean or precise.
• Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Correct Option - 1

• World’s largest basaltic meteor impact crater located in the Buldhana district of Maharastra.
• The lake formed on this crater is Lonar Crater Lake.
• It was created 6000 years ago by the collision of Earth and Asteroid during the Pleistocene epoch.
• The mean diameter of the lake is 1.2 km.
• The water of the lake is saline and contains soda.
• The monitor lizard is found in this lake.
• The lake was mentioned in ancient scriptures and texts like Ain-i-Akbari and Skanda Purana,

The correct answer is Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy.

• Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, member of the Local Group of galaxies (the group that includes the Milky Way Galaxy) named after the constellation Canis Major, in which it appears to lie.
• It was discovered in 2003 by a team of astronomers from France, Italy, Australia, and the United Kingdom who were involved in the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey.
• The Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lies some 25,000 light-years from Earth’s solar system and about 42,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way, which makes it the closest galaxy to the Milky Way found to date.
• It contains only about a billion stars (in comparison, the Milky Way Galaxy contains several hundred billion stars) and is being tidally disrupted by the enormous gravitational field of the Milky Way Galaxy.

​ 

• Triangulum Galaxy- The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy 2.73 million light-years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum.
• Galaxy UGC 2885- It is a large barred spiral galaxy of type SA(rs)c in the constellation Perseus.
• Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy-The Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SagDIG) is a dwarf galaxy in the constellation of Sagittarius.

The correct answer is Indra.

Key Points

• Indra was given the title of 'Lord of the Plough' during later Vedic age in which the use of iron plough was an important part of agricultural practice.
• During the later Vedic age agriculture became the main profession of the people ploughing with yokes of 6 and 8  oxen was practiced.
• The plough was known by the name of Sira during the Vedic period.
• Cow dung was used as manure and an irrigation system consisting of small canals was developed by the people in this era.

Additional Information

• Wheat, rice, and barley were the chief crops grown in that period.
• In the Vedic age, Indra was also known by the name of Purandar which means destroyer forts.

The correct answer is "Net National Product at factor cost".

Key Points

• National income is equivalent to the Net National Product at factor cost.
• At factor costs, the Net National Product (NNP) equals the national revenue.
• The Gross National Product (GNP) of an economy is the GNP less the "depreciation" loss. It can be calculated using the following formula: NNP = GNP - Depreciation.
• National income is another name for Net National Product at Factor Cost. The sum of value added at factor cost, net domestic product at factor cost, and net factor income from overseas is known as the "Net National Product at Factor Cost."

Additional Information

• The entire income of all country's citizens is referred to as the national income. As a result, it represents the nation's overall income.
• It is regarded as one of the most crucial characteristics for contrasting the growth of nations. A nation's economic activity determines its national income.
• By calculating the national income, the government may assess a nation's economic development, make plans for future growth, and establish its economic policy.

The correct answer is Sivashankari.

In News

• Noted Tamil writer Sivashankari has been selected for the Dr. C. Narayana Reddy National Literary Award.

Key Points

• The award includes a cash prize of ₹5 lakh, a memento, and a shawl.
• The award will be presented to Sivashankari during Dr. C. Narayana Reddy’s 93rd birth anniversary celebrations at Ravindra Bharati in Hyderabad on July 29.
• The event will have Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy as the chief guest, with Minister for Culture Jupalli Krishna Rao and Government Whip Adi Srinivas also attending.
• Sivashankari is a prolific writer with 36 novels, 48 mini-novels, 150 stories, 15 travelogues, seven volumes of essays, four research papers, and two biographies to her credit.
• She has previously been awarded the prestigious Saraswati Samman Award.
• The celebration will also feature the release of Dr. C. Narayana Reddy’s new collection of poems, "Samanvitham".

The correct answer is Football.

Key Points

• The Santosh Trophy is an Indian Football Tournament that is played among teams of government institutes and Indian states.
• Started in 1941, the tournament is named after the President of the Indian Football Association, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh.
• It is held every year.

Additional Information

​Some other sports and cups:

The Correct answer is China.

Key Points

• India's strategic efforts in Seychelles are primarily aimed at countering the growing influence of China in the Indian Ocean region.
• China has been increasing its presence in the Indian Ocean through various means, including the development of ports and military bases.
• The Seychelles archipelago is strategically located, making it a significant point of interest for both India and China in terms of maritime security and trade routes.
• India has been working on strengthening its ties with Seychelles through various initiatives, including infrastructure development, military cooperation, and economic aid.
• India's efforts are part of a broader strategy to maintain its influence in the Indian Ocean and ensure maritime security in the region.

 Additional Information

• Russia
• Russia has a relatively limited presence in the Indian Ocean compared to China and the United States.
• While Russia has strategic interests in the region, its influence is not as pronounced as China's in Seychelles.
• United States
• The United States has a significant military presence in the Indian Ocean, particularly through its base in Diego Garcia.
• However, in the context of Seychelles, India's primary concern is countering China's influence rather than that of the United States.
• Japan
• Japan has been increasing its engagement in the Indian Ocean through economic and maritime initiatives.
• However, Japan's presence and influence in Seychelles are not as significant as China's.

The correct answer is option 4

Key Points Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest-serving Chief Justice in India, who served 2696 days.

• Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud, born on 12 July 1920 and passing away on 14 July 2008, was an esteemed Indian jurist.
• Serving as the 16th Chief Justice of India, he held the position from 22 February 1978 until his retirement on 11 July 1985.
• Born in Pune within the Bombay Presidency, he initially became a Justice of the Supreme Court of India on 28 August 1972.
• Notably, he holds the record as the longest-serving Chief Justice in India, having dedicated 7 years and 4 months to this role. Referred to as "Iron Hands," his steadfast commitment to thoroughness and diligence earned him this nickname.

The correct answer is Larsen & Toubro

In News

• The indigenous light tank Zorawar was developed jointly by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Larsen & Toubro (L&T).

Key Points

• The prototype of Zorawar is ready and will soon undergo extensive trials.
• The tank is currently powered by a Cummins engine, with a project underway to develop a new engine domestically.
• It is designed to operate in extreme weather and high-altitude conditions with minimal logistic support.
• The tank will be subjected to various trials over the next six months, including tests in summer, winter, and high-altitude environments.
• The development of Zorawar was expedited to meet the Indian Army's needs for a lightweight, agile tank that can be deployed at high altitudes.
• The tank is versatile, built in a modular fashion, and capable of future upgrades, enhancing its tactical and operational mobility.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points 

• Salem Steel Plant, a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited, is a steel plant located in Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Shola forest.

Key Points

• Shola forests are the local name for patches of stunted tropical mountain forest found in valleys amid rolling grassland in the higher mountain regions of South India, largely in Kerala.
• These patches of shola forest are found mainly in the valleys and are usually separated from one another by undulating montane grassland.
• The shola and grassland together form the shola-grassland complex or mosaic.

Additional Information

• An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees.
• They occur across a wide range of climatic zones and include trees such as coniferous and holly in cold climates, eucalyptus, Live oak, acacias, and banksia in more temperate zones, and rainforest trees in tropical zones.
• Lowland primary forest, often characterized by more than five forest tier levels, is usually taller and more diverse than montane forest.
• It has a greater diversity of fruiting trees; hence more animals specially adapted to feed on their fruits and more large mammals.
• The Thorn Forests And Scrubs thorny forest is a dense, scrub-like vegetation characteristic of dry subtropical and warm temperate areas with a seasonal rainfall averaging 250 to 500 mm.

The correct answer is Lord Krishna - Radha.

Key Points

• Manipuri, one of the 8 recognized classical dance styles in India, is mainly associated with Lord Krishna and Radha.
• Often symbolic of episodes in the life of Lord Krishna, the pastoral god, the dance is characterized by its variety of forms, many of which are linked to folk tradition and rituals in Manipur.
• This spiritual dance is considered a religious art form, celebrated during festivals and major rites of passage among the Manipuri people, particularly the Meitei ethnic majority.
• The Manipuri people traditionally see themselves as 'Gandharvas' from Vedic texts, who were singers, dancers, and musicians associated with divinities.

Additional Information

• Lord Natraj
• ​Lord Natraj, or Nataraja, is a depiction of the Hindu god Shiva as the cosmic dancer who performs his divine dance to destroy a weary universe and prepare for its renewal.
• The dance form primarily associated with Lord Natraj is the classical Indian dance form Bharatanatyam.
• Goddess Lakshmi
• ​Goddess Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune, and prosperity, is generally not associated with any specific classical Indian dance form.
• The Sun God
• ​The Sun God, or Surya, is not typically considered the central deity in any specific classical Indian dance form.
• Instead, many dance forms feature a variety of deities, each with their role in Indian mythology.
• Surya Namaskar, a practice combining yoga asanas and a salutation to the Sun, is the most common form that includes the Sun God.

The correct answer is Abul Kalam Azad

Key Points

• 'India Wins Freedom' is the autobiography of Abul Kalam Azad.
• Abul Kalam Azad was an Indian scholar and senior leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement.
• He was the first Minister of Education in independent India and played a crucial role in the establishment of a national education system.
• His autobiography provides a detailed account of his experiences and contributions to India's freedom struggle.
• The book is a significant source of historical information and offers insights into the political landscape of India during the independence movement.

Additional Information

• Abul Kalam Azad was born on 11th November 1888 and passed away on 22nd February 1958.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1992 posthumously.
• Azad was a proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity and opposed the partition of India.
• He was also a prolific writer and poet, contributing to various literary works in Urdu and Persian.
• The book 'India Wins Freedom' was first published in 1959, a year after his death.

The correct answer is George Laurer.

Key Points

• George Laurer developed the design of the Barcode.
• A barcode is a square or rectangular image consisting of a series of parallel black lines and white spaces of varying widths.
• It stores product-related data like the date of manufacturing, expiry date, name of the manufacturer, country of origin, and price quantity of the product.
• Hence a barcode essentially is a way to encode information in a visual pattern that a machine can read.
• The combination of black and white bars (elements) represents different text characters that follow a set algorithm for that particular barcode.
• Every product has a unique barcode all over the world.
• There are two types of Barcodes:
• ​1 dimensional or 1D
• 2  dimensional or 2D (it is known as QR code also).

Additional Information

• Selman Waksman received a Nobel Prize in 1952 for "ingenious, systematic and successful studies of the soil microbes" that led to the discovery of streptomycin.
• James Watson was an American geneticist and biophysicist who played a crucial role in the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the substance that is the basis of heredity.
• George Wald was an American biochemist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1967 for his work on the chemistry of vision.

The correct answer is Elisa de Anda Madrazo.

Key Points

• Elisa de Anda Madrazo began her term as President of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on 1 July 2024.
• She succeeded Mr. T. Raja Kumar of Singapore in this position.
• Elisa has over a decade of experience in the AML/CFT sector.
• She held various leadership roles within the FATF, including Vice-President for three years until June 2023.

Important Points

• Mr. T. Raja Kumar: He was the previous President of FATF before Elisa de Anda Madrazo.
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF): An intergovernmental organization established to combat money laundering and terrorism financing.
• AML/CFT: Stands for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism.
• Vice-President of FATF: A role previously held by Elisa de Anda Madrazo, providing significant experience in FATF leadership.

The correct answer is the United States of America.

Key Points

• Mount Saint Helena is a peak in the Mayacamas Mountains of California USA.
• Stratovolcanoes, or composite volcanoes, are tall and conical volcanoes composed of one layer of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.

Additional Information

• Basic Information about the USA:
• Number of States in the USA: Fifty
• Capital: Washington DC
• Bounded by: on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
• Place in the world: In terms of Area, 4th largest country after Russia, Canada, and China.
• Place in the world: In terms of GDP, the United States with a GDP worth USD 21.44 trillion is the largest economy followed by China (USD 14.41 trillion), Japan (USD 5.15 trillion), Germany (USD 3.16 trillion), and India (USD 2.94 trillion).

The correct answer is Only 1.

In NewsIndian Navy conducted “Julley Ladakh” (Hello Ladakh), an outreach programme to Ladakh to increase awareness about the service in the pristine state and to engage with youth and civil society from 06 July to 07 July 2023.

Key Points

• The Indian Navy has embarked on a multidimensional outreach program dedicated to strengthening its connection with the Union Territory of Ladakh.
• The events that will be undertaken in Ladakh as part of Indian Navy outreach will include a public band performance by the Naval Band, a friendly football match between the Indian Navy and the Ladakh UT Team, Flagging Off the Bike and Car Expedition, and visits to various schools.
• The Lieutenant Governor (LG) of Ladakh, Brig BD Mishra (retd) was the Chief Guest for the special Naval Band Concert ‘Sargam’ by the Indian Naval Band at the Sindhu Sanskriti Kendra on 06 July 2023.
• On 07 Jul 23, a friendly football match between the Navy Team & the Ladakh team is scheduled at the Spituk Football Stadium.

The correct answer is ​Both 1 and 2 

Key PointsCeramic Radome Technology Overview:

• Ceramic Composition: Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic materials usually created by heating natural clays or other minerals to high temperatures. Common examples include pottery and tiles.
• Properties: Ceramics are known for their excellent insulation capabilities and ability to endure high temperatures.
• Radomes: These are structures or housings designed to shield antennas and related electronics from environmental factors such as rain and UV light, validating the accuracy of statement 1.

Ceramic Radomes:

• Definition: Ceramic Radome Technology is cutting-edge technology used globally to prevent missiles from overheating, supporting the validity of statement 2.
• Development: Ceramic radomes have been indigenously developed by Research Centre Imarat (RCI), which plays a crucial role in advancing India’s missile capabilities.

Shortcut Trick

The average of the first n natural numbers is calculated using the formula: (n + 1) ÷ 2.

Given n = 16.

Average = (16 + 1) ÷ 2 = 17 ÷ 2 = 8.5.

∴ The correct answer is 8.5.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total numbers (n) = 16

Series = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

Formula Used:

Average = Total Sum ÷ Total Count

Sum of first n natural numbers = [n × (n + 1)] ÷ 2

Calculations:

⇒ Sum = [16 × (16 + 1)] ÷ 2

⇒ Sum = [16 × 17] ÷ 2 = 8 × 17 = 136

⇒ Average = Sum ÷ n

⇒ Average = 136 ÷ 16

⇒ Average = 8.5

∴ The correct answer is 8.5.

Additional Information

Average of First n Odd Numbers

The average of the first n odd natural numbers is simply n.

Average of First n Even Numbers

The average of the first n even natural numbers is (n + 1).

Sum of Squares

The sum of squares of the first n natural numbers = [n × (n + 1) × (2n + 1)] ÷ 6.

Consecutive Numbers Property

For any Arithmetic Progression, the average is always the middle term or the mean of the first and last terms.

GIVEN:

Breadth = Length + 18

Cost of fencing of the park is Rs. 4100 with a rate of 25 per meter.

FORMULA USED:

Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (Length + Breadth)

CALCULATION:

Suppose the length of the park = A meter

So,

Breadth = (A + 18) meters

Now,

Perimeter of plot = 2 × (A + A + 18) = (4A + 36) meters

Hence,

25 × (4A + 36) = 4100

⇒ (4A + 36) = 164

⇒ 4A = 128

⇒ A = 32

∴ Length of the park = 32 meters

Given:

Speed of Mohit from his home to office = 10 m/s

Speed of Mohit from his office to home = x km/hr

Average speed of Mohit for the whole journey = 12 m/s

Concept:

Unit conversion from Km/hr to m/s, then multiply from 5/18.

Unit conversion from m/s to Km/hr, then multiply from 18/5.

Formula used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Average speed = 2 × v₁ × v₂/(v₁ + v₂)

Where v₁ and v₂ are the speeds of journey for equal distance

Calculation:

Average speed of Mohit = 12 × 18/5 Km/hr

Speed of Mohit from his home to office = 10 × 18/5 = 36 Km/hr

⇒ Average speed = 2 × 36 × x/(36 + x)

⇒ 12 × 18/5 = 2 × 36 × x/(36 + x)

⇒ 6 × 18 = 180 × x/(36 + x)

⇒ 6 × (36 + x) = 10x

⇒ 216 = 4x

⇒ x = 54 km/hr

∴ Speed of Mohit from his office to home is 54 km/hr.

Given:

SP of x items = CP of 32 items

Profit % = 28

Concept used:

SP = CP + CP × profit%

SP = selling price

CP = cost price

Calculation:

Let CP of each item be Rs. 100a

So, CP of x item = Rs. 100xa

SP of each item = 128xa

According to the question,

x.SP = 32.CP

⇒ 128ax = 3200a

⇒ x = 3200a/128a

⇒ x = 25

So, x = 25 items

∴ The value of x is 25.

Shortcut Trick

Value ratio = (Coin value × Number ratio)

Value ratio = (5 × 4) : (2 × 3) : (1 × 5) = 20 : 6 : 5

Total value units = 20 + 6 + 5 = 31 units

31 units = ₹310 ⇒ 1 unit = ₹10

Number of 5 rupee coins = 4 × 10 = 40

∴ The correct answer is 40 coins.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total amount in bag = ₹310

Ratio of ₹5, ₹2, and ₹1 coins = 4 : 3 : 5

Calculations:

Let the number of coins be 4x, 3x, and 5x respectively.

⇒ (5 × 4x) + (2 × 3x) + (1 × 5x) = 310

⇒ 20x + 6x + 5x = 310

⇒ 31x = 310

⇒ x = 310 ÷ 31

⇒ x = 10

⇒ Number of 5 rupee coins = 4x = 4 × 10 = 40

∴ The correct answer is 40 coins.

Additional Information

Coin Value Principle

The total value of coins of a specific denomination is calculated as: Total Value = Face Value × Number of Coins.

Ratio and Proportion

To find the value of a specific part in a ratio a:b:c when the total sum S is known, use the formula: Part A = [a / (a + b + c)] × S.

Unitary Method in Currency

When the ratio of coins is given, first convert it to the ratio of their monetary values by multiplying with the respective denominations before equating to the total sum.

Given:

The ratio of the number 3 : 5 : 9

LCM of the number = 810

Calculation:

Let the number be 3x, 5x and 9x

LCM of 3x, 5x and 9x is 45x

45x = 810

⇒ x = 810/45

⇒ x = 18

HCF of 3x, 5x and 9x is x

So HCF of the numbers is 18

∴ The HCF of the numbers is 18.

Shortcut Trick

Let the total marks be 100%.

One student got 55%, so the other student got (100% − 55%) = 45%.

Difference in percentage = 55% − 45% = 10%.

According to the question, 10% = 22 marks.

Therefore, 1% = 2.2 marks. Marks are 55 × 2.2 = 121 and 45 × 2.2 = 99.

∴ The correct answer is 121 and 99.

Alternate Method

Given: Difference between marks = 22. Marks of student A = 55% of total.

Let marks of student A be x and student B be y.

⇒ x − y = 22

⇒ x = 0.55(x + y)

⇒ x = 0.55x + 0.55y

⇒ 0.45x = 0.55y ⇒ x/y = 55/45 = 11/9

⇒ Let x = 11k and y = 9k

⇒ 11k − 9k = 22 ⇒ 2k = 22 ⇒ k = 11

⇒ x = 11 × 11 = 121

⇒ y = 9 × 11 = 99

∴ The correct answer is 121 and 99.

Additional Information

Percentage Difference Method

If one part is P% of the total, and the total is 100%, the other part is (100−P)%. The difference in value corresponds to the difference in percentages.

Ratio and Proportion

When values are given as percentages of a sum, they can be expressed as a ratio. Here, 55 : (100−55) = 55 : 45 = 11 : 9.

Given:

A family's monthly income is ₹45,000. 

Out of the monthly income, 20% is spent on food, 20% is spent on the house rent, 5% is spent on shopping, 10% is spent on personal expenses and the rest is saved.

They decided to donate 12% of the monthly savings to the poor.

Calculation:

Let the total income be 100%.

Total percentage of the total expenditure

⇒ (20 + 20 + 5 + 10)%

⇒ 55%

Hence, the saving percentage = (100 - 55) = 45%

Thus, the donation percentage = 45 × 12% = 5.4%

Now, the amount that they donate to the poor

⇒ 45000 × 5.4%

⇒ ₹2430

∴ The amount that they donate to the poor is ₹2430.

Given: 

A certain sum amounts to Rs. 8000 in 2 years and to Rs. 10000 in 3 years

Formula used:

Amount = P × [1 + (R/100)]ⁿ

Calculation:

According to the question,

⇒ 10000 = 8000 × [1 + (R/100)]¹

⇒ 10000/8000 =  [1 + (R/100)]1

⇒ 5/4 = [(100 + R)/100]

⇒ 5/4 = [(100 + 25)/100]

⇒ R = 25%

So, Amount = P × [1 + (R/100)]ⁿ

⇒ 8000 = P × [1 + (25/100)]²

⇒ P = 8000 × (4/5) × (4/5)

⇒ P = 5120 

∴ The sum of amount is 5120.

As we know Compound interest always in GP

Ratio of amount 2 years and 3 years

8000 : 10000

⇒ 4 : 5 → for 1 year

⇒ 16 : 25 → for 2 years

Here, 8000 is 25 

So, 8000 × 16/25

⇒ 5120

∴ The sum of amount is 5120.

Given:

Train A crosses a stationary train B of length 600 m in 70 seconds. The train crosses another stationary train C of 800 m in 80 seconds.

Formula used:

Time Taken by a train of length l₁ to cross another train of length l₂ when the speed of the first train is v and the second train is stationary = (l₁ + l₂)/v

Calculation:

Let the length of train A be l and the speed be v.

⇒ l + 600 = 70v     ….(i)

⇒ l + 800 = 80v     ….(ii)

Comparing l in the above equations,

⇒ 70v – 600 = 80v – 800

⇒ 200 = 10v

⇒ v = 20 m/s

∴ required speed of the train A =  20 m/s.

Shortcut Trick

Successive discount multiplier: SP = MP × (100 − D₁)/100 × (100 − D₂)/100.

807.84 = 1020 × (100 − D)/100 × (100 − 10)/100.

807.84 = 1020 × (100 − D)/100 × 0.9.

807.84 / (1020 × 0.9) = (100 − D)/100 ⇒ 807.84 / 918 = 0.88.

0.88 = (100 − D)/100 ⇒ 88 = 100 − D ⇒ D = 12%.

∴ The correct answer is 12%.

Alternate Method

Given: Marked Price (MP) = Rs. 1020, Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 807.84, Second Discount = 10%. Formulas: Price after first discount = MP × (100 − D)/100 | Final SP = Price after first discount × (100 − 10)/100.

⇒ Price before the 10% discount = Final SP ÷ (1 − 10/100).

⇒ Price after first discount = 807.84 ÷ 0.9 = Rs. 897.6.

⇒ First Discount Amount = MP − Price after first discount = 1020 − 897.6 = Rs. 122.4.

⇒ D% = (First Discount Amount ÷ MP) × 100.

⇒ D% = (122.4 ÷ 1020) × 100 = 0.12 × 100 = 12%.

∴ The correct answer is 12%.

Additional Information

Order of Discounts

In successive discounts, the order in which the discounts are applied does not change the final selling price.

Single Equivalent Discount

For two successive discounts of a% and b%, the single equivalent discount is (a + b − ab/100)%.

Given:

55% of voters are male.

40% of the male voters are literate.

$33\frac{1}{3}\%$ of the female voters are illiterate.

Literate female voters = 100% - $33\frac{1}{3}\%$ = $66\frac{2}{3}\%$

Calculation:

Let the total voters be 100%

⇒ Male voters = 55% 

⇒ Female voters = 100% - 55% = 45% 

Literate male voters = 55% × 40/100 = 22%

Literate female voters = 45% × $66\frac{2}{3}\%$ = 30%

∴ Total literate voters = 22% + 30% = 52%

Shortcut Trick

The average of 4 consecutive odd numbers is the middle value between the 2^nd and 3^rd numbers.

Given Average = 34, so the numbers are (34−3), (34−1), (34+1), (34+3) → 31, 33, 35, 37.

Largest number = 37 and Second smallest number = 33.

Required Average = (37 + 33) ÷ 2 = 35.

Since 35 is not divisible by 2, it is an odd number.

∴ The correct answer is An odd number.

Alternate Method

Let the four consecutive odd numbers be x, (x + 2), (x + 4), and (x + 6).

Given: Average of these numbers = 34.

⇒ [x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6)] ÷ 4 = 34

⇒ (4x + 12) ÷ 4 = 34

⇒ 4x + 12 = 136

⇒ 4x = 124

⇒ x = 31

⇒ The numbers are 31, 33, 35, 37.

⇒ Largest number = 37

⇒ Second smallest number = 33

⇒ Required Average = (37 + 33) ÷ 2 = 70 ÷ 2 = 35

⇒ 35 is an odd number.

∴ The correct answer is An odd number.

Additional Information

Consecutive Numbers in A.P.

For any sequence in Arithmetic Progression, the average of the entire set is equal to the average of any two terms equidistant from the center.

Average of Odd/Even Numbers

The average of n consecutive odd or even numbers is always the mid-point. If n is even, the average is an integer between the two middle terms.

Sum of First n Odd Numbers

The sum of the first n consecutive odd numbers starting from 1 is always n², and their average is n.

Shortcut Trick

Total Capacity (LCM of 20, 30) = 60 units.

Efficiency: A = +3, B = −2. Net work in 2 mins = 1 unit.

To avoid overflow, subtract filling capacity: 60 − 3 = 57 units.

Time for 57 units = 57 × 2 = 114 mins.

Remaining 3 units filled by A in 3/3 = 1 min.

Total time = 114 + 1 = 115 mins.

∴ The correct answer is 115.

Alternate Method

Given: Filling Pipe (A) = 20 mins, Emptying Pipe (B) = 30 mins.

Formula: Efficiency = Total Work ÷ Time

⇒ Total capacity = LCM(20, 30) = 60 units.

⇒ 1st minute: Pipe A fills 3 units.

⇒ 2nd minute: Pipe B empties 2 units.

⇒ Net work in 1 cycle (2 minutes) = 3 − 2 = 1 unit.

⇒ Remaining work for last filling step = 60 − 3 = 57 units.

⇒ Time taken to reach 57 units = 57 cycles × 2 minutes/cycle = 114 minutes.

⇒ Work remaining = 60 − 57 = 3 units.

⇒ This 3 units will be filled by Pipe A in next minute: 3 ÷ 3 = 1 minute.

⇒ Total time taken = 114 + 1 = 115 minutes.

∴ The correct answer is 115.

Additional Information

Negative Efficiency Concept

In Pipes and Cisterns, an inlet pipe has positive efficiency (+) while an outlet or leak pipe has negative efficiency (−).

Alternate Work Rule

When filling and emptying alternately, the tank is considered full as soon as the filling pipe completes the work. Always subtract the filling efficiency from the total capacity before calculating cycles.

Pipes & Cisterns Formula

Net Work done = (Sum of inlet efficiencies − Sum of outlet efficiencies) × Time.

Given:

The average age of Ram and Shyam = 65 year

The average age of Ram, Shyam, and Sohan = 61 years. 

Formula Used:

Average = sum of ages/number of persons

Calculation:

Sum of the age of Ram and Shyam = 2 × 65 = 130 years

Ram + Shyam = 130 years      ----(1)

According to the question,

Sum of the age of Ram, Shyam, and Sohan = 3 × 61 = 183 years

Ram + Shyam + Sohan = 183 years      ----(2)

Subtract eq. (1) from eq. (2) 

Age of the Sohan = 183 – 130 = 53 years

∴ The age of Sohan is 53 years.

If the age of Sohan = 65 years, then there was no change in average.

But the average decreased to 61 years

Actual decrease = (65 - 61) × 3 person

⇒ 4 × 3 = 12

Sohan age = 65 - 12 = 53 yeras.

∴ The age of Sohan is 53 years.

Let the number be 'x'. Then, from given data

x/2 + x/3 + x/4 = x + 22

⇒ 13x/12 = x + 22

⇒ x = 264

Shortcut Trick

Net deviation from overall average 51:

For 24 numbers: 24 × (45 − 51) = −144

For 5 numbers: 5 × (60 − 51) = +45

Net deficit to be covered by remaining 9 numbers = 144 − 45 = 99

Average increase for 9 numbers = 99 ÷ 9 = 11

Required average = 51 + 11 = 62

∴ The correct answer is 62.

Alternate Method

Given: Total numbers = 38, Total average = 51, First group = 24 (avg 45), Second group = 5 (avg 60).

Formula: Sum = Average × Total Numbers

⇒ Total Sum of 38 numbers = 38 × 51 = 1938

⇒ Sum of first 24 numbers = 24 × 45 = 1080

⇒ Sum of last 5 numbers = 5 × 60 = 300

⇒ Sum of remaining 9 numbers = 1938 − (1080 + 300)

⇒ Sum of remaining 9 numbers = 1938 − 1380 = 558

⇒ Average of remaining numbers = 558 ÷ 9 = 62

∴ The correct answer is 62.

Additional Information

Weighted Average Formula

The combined average of different groups is given by: A_combined = (n₁a₁ + n₂a₂ + ... + n_ka_k) ÷ (n₁ + n₂ + ... + n_k).

Deviation Concept

The sum of deviations of all observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero. This shortcut helps in finding missing values quickly.

Change in Average

If a new value 'x' is added to 'n' numbers with average 'A', the new average = A + (x − A) ÷ (n + 1).

Given:

A can-do work in 15 days

B can do work in 10 days 

Concept used:

A can do a work in n days 

So, A's one day work = 1/n

Calculation: 

A can-do a work in 15 days 

⇒ A's one-day work = 1/15

B can do a work in 10 days

⇒ B's  one day work = 1/10

A and B's one day work = 1/15 + 1/10

⇒ 5/30 = 1/6

Two days work of A and B will be 2/6 = 1/3

Remaining work after B left = 1- 1/3 = 2/3

A will finished remaining work in = (2/3) × 15 =  10 days

∴ Total number of days to complete work is 10 + 2 = 12 days  

Shortcut Trick

LCM of 15 and 10 is 30 

A = 15 × 2 = 30

B = 10 × 3 = 30

Total work = 30 unit

B does 3 unit work in one day

A does 2 unit work in one day

⇒ (A + B)'s one day's work is (3 + 2) unit = 5 unit

⇒ (A + B)'s two days' work is (5 × 2) unit = 10 unit

⇒ Remaining work = 30 - 10 = 20 unit 

A will complete remaining work in, 20/2 = 10 days 

Total number of days = (10 + 2) days = 12 days

∴ Total number of days to complete work is 12 days

Given:

SP for each phone = ₹ 18,000

Loss on the first phone = 10%

Profit on the second phone = 20%

Concept Used:

Profit = SP – CP

Loss = CP – SP

Profit% or Loss% = [(Profit or Loss)/CP] × 100

CP = (100 × SP)/(100 - loss%)

CP = (100 × SP)/(100 + profit%)

Calculation:

Net SP = ₹ 18,000 + 18,000 = ₹ 36,000

Net CP = ₹ 20,000 + 15,000 = ₹ 35,000

Here, SP > CP

So, Profit = 36,000 – 35,000 = ₹ 1000

Given:

A is 3 times more efficient than B

B takes 30 days to complete the task.

Formula Used:

Total work = Total efficiency × Total time

Calculation:

According to the question, we have

A is 3 times more efficient than B

⇒ (The efficiency of A) ∶ (The efficiency of B) = 3 ∶ 1

Total work = 1 × 30 = 30 units

Number of days required to finish the whole work by (A + B)  = Total work/Efficiency of (A + B)

⇒ 30/4

⇒ 7.5

∴ The total number of days required to finish the whole work by (A + B) is 7.5 days.

TB Solution

Given date: 30th September 2003.

Meaning whatever is the day on 30th September 2003 it was last repeated on 30th September 1997.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Vowels – (-4) in the positional value of the alphabet

Consonants – (+3) in the positional value of the alphabet

NOTED - 17112317

CURE - 617211

Similarly,

BOOKS - 511111422

Hence, the code for BOOKS is 511111422.

The mirror image would be as follows:

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

In a mirror image Left changes to right and the right changes to left vice-versa.

When the placement of the mirror is not given, by default we will assume it is placed to the right of the figure,

The letter adjacent to the mirror will remain adjacent but it will be flipped horizontally.

If the mirror is placed at the right of the figure, then the word's starting letter will be at the end of the mirror image.

Shalini’s rank from the left = 23

Rohan’s rank from the right = 13

Rohan’s rank = 13th to the right of Shalini

Rohan's rank from right = 4th

Shalini's rank from right = 4 + 13

Shalini's rank from right = 17th

Hence, Shalini’s rank from the right is 17.

The pattern followed here is,

Hence, "350" is the correct answer.

In figure (X), one of the dots lies in the region common to all the three figures, one dot lies in the region common to square and circle only and the other dot lies in the region common to the arrow only.

Only figure (D) consists of these types of regions.

Hence, 'figure (D)' is the correct answer.

In figure (X), one of the dots lies in the region common to all the three figures, one dot lies in the region common to the square and hexagon only and the other dot lies in the region common to the triangle only.

Only figure (A) consists of these types of regions.

Hence, 'figure (A)' is the correct answer.

In figure (X), one of the dots lies in the region common to quadrilateral and pentagon only whereas the other dot lies in the region common to two circles and quadrilateral only.

In each of the figures (A) and (D) there is no region common to the two circles and quadrilateral and in figure (C) there is no common region to pentagon and quadrilateral only. Only figure (B), consists of all two types of region. 

Hence, figure (B) is the correct answer.

Logic : All letters are written diagonally except first letter.

• First two letters interchange their positions.

So,

• ‘FLOWERY' is coded as 'FYREWOL'

And, 

• ‘LINGUIST' is coded as ‘LTSIUGNI'

Similarly,

• 'MANIFEST' is coded as:

Hence, "MTSEFINA" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:-

Hydrophobia is the fear of water.

Similarly, 

Theophobia is the fear of God.

Hence, the correct answer is "God".

Hydro → Water

Theo → God

Phobia → Fear

In one hour, the minute hand moves 60 divisions and the hour hand moves 5 divisions in same direction.

So, their relative speed = 60-5 = 55 divisions per hour.

To meet again the relative distance to be covered is 60 divisions.

So, they will meet again after = 60 ÷ 55 = 1.09 hours

1.09 hours = 1.09× 60 = 65.4 minutes.

Hence, 65 is the correct answer.

Here Flat, Family members, and Road are all three different things.

Flat - Flat is a different entity from Road and Family Members.

Road - Road is a different entity from Flat and Family Members.

Family Members - Family Members is a different entity from Road and Flat.

Mistake Points Some family members have stayed in the Flat but both are different entities.

So, avoid these common mistakes.

Hence below picture represents them the best:

Hence, option 1 is the correct alternative.

In this question, the given Venn diagram is most suitable is with option (4).

Every father must be a son and every son is a male.

Hence, Option 4 is the correct answer.

I. All books are lions= definitely follow

II. All lions are books= doesn’t follow since some lions are not books

III. All men are books= doesn’t follow since some means are not books

IV. Some lions are books= definitely follow

Hence, Conclusion I and IV follow.

The pattern followed here is:

(2 + 3²) = 11

(2 + 3³) = 29

(2 + 3⁴) = 83

(2 + 3⁵) = 245

(2 + 3⁶) = 731

Similarly,

(2 + 3⁷) = 2189

Hence, “2189” is a term that will complete the series.

Hence, “2189” is the correct answer