AFCAT 01/2025: 23 January 2025 Shift 1 Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is 'Victorious'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate synonym of the given word 'Triumphant' is 'Victorious'.
• Triumphant: feeling or showing great happiness because you have won or succeeded at something. (विजय या सफलता की प्राप्ति पर अत्‍यंत प्रसन्‍न; विजयोल्‍लसित)
• Example: Toni gave Jessi a triumphant look.
• Victorious: having won a victory; triumphant. (विजयी, फ़तहमंद)
• Example: the victorious team...

Correct Answer: Victorious.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Fortunate: lucky. (भाग्‍यशाली)
• Pompous: showing that you think you are more important than other people, for example by using long words that sound impressive. (स्‍वयं को दूसरों से अधिक महत्वपूर्ण समझते हुए और भाषा व्‍यवहार में इसका प्रदर्शन करते हुए; तड़क-भड़क वाला, आडंबरपूर्ण)
• Affluent: having a lot of money. (धनवान, समृद्घ)

The correct answer is Wily

Key Points

• ​The word Guileless means- "devoid of guile; innocent and without deception". (दोष रहित; निर्दोष और धोखे के बिना)   
• E.g: a straightforward man with a guileless smile.
• ​The antonyms of the given word Guileless are- artful, clever, crafty, cunning, deceitful, dishonest, guileful, tricky, etc.
• From the antonyms of the given word, we can say that the word 'Wily' is the opposite in meaning.
• The word Wily means- "skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully". (एक लाभ प्राप्त करने में कुशल, विशेष रूप से धोखे से)
• E.g: She turned out to be a wily negotiator.
• ​Hence, the correct option is Option 4).
• Let's have a look at the meaning of other given options:
• Impatient- "restless or short of temper especially under irritation, delay, or opposition". (बेचैन या गुस्सा, विशेष रूप से जलन, देरी या विरोध के तहत)
• Productive- "having the quality or power of producing especially in abundance". (विशेष रूप से बहुतायत में उत्पादन करने की गुणवत्ता या शक्ति होना)
• Trusting- "assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something". (किसी या किसी चीज़ के चरित्र, क्षमता, शक्ति या सच्चाई पर सुनिश्चित निर्भरता)

The correct answer is option 4) i.e., 'Rhythm​'.

Key Points

• Cadence​ is a noun which means the regular rise and fall of the voice. (आवाज का नियमित उत्थान और पतन)
• The meaning of the given options are as follows - 
• Freshness - new or different (नया या अलग)
• Habit - something that you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it(कुछ ऐसा जो आप अक्सर और नियमित रूप से करते हैं, कभी-कभी यह जाने बिना कि आप इसे कर रहे हैं)
• Pleasure - enjoyment, happiness, or satisfaction, or something that gives this (आनंद, खुशी, या संतुष्टि, या ऐसा कुछ जो इसे देता है)
• Rhythm - a strong pattern of sounds, words, or musical notes that is used in music, poetry, and dancing (संगीत, कविता और नृत्य में उपयोग की जाने वाली ध्वनियों, शब्दों या संगीत नोटों का एक मजबूत पैटर्न)
• From the above meanings it is evident that Rhythm is the correct synonym for the word Cadence.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e., 'Lethargic​'.

Key Points

• Sprightly​​ is a adjective which means (especially of old people) energetic and in good health ((विशेषकर वृद्ध लोगों के) ऊर्जावान और अच्छे स्वास्थ्य में)
• The meaning of the given options are as follows - 
• Active - busy with a particular activity (किसी विशेष गतिविधि में व्यस्त)
• Lethargic - having little energy; feeling unwilling and unable to do anything (कम ऊर्जा होना; अनिच्छा महसूस करना और कुछ भी करने में असमर्थ होना)
• Energic - having or involving a lot of energy (बहुत अधिक ऊर्जा होना या शामिल होना)
• Lively - full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting  (ऊर्जा और उत्साह से भरा हुआ; दिलचस्प और रोमांचक)
• From the above meanings it is evident that Lethargic​ is the correct antonym for the word Sprightly​​.

The correct answer is Friendship.

Key Points

• The most appropriate synonym for the given word 'Bonhomie' is 'Friendship'.
• The meaning of the word Bonhomie is 'good-natured easy friendliness'.

Additional Information

• ​ Let's understand the other options.
• Bad-natured: having or showing a disagreeable and unpleasant nature or temperament.
• Enemy: a person who hates and tries to harm you.
• Disagreeable: causing discomfort, unpleasant, offensive.

The correct answer is 'Conceal'.

Key Points 

• Proclaim is a verb that means to announce officially or publicly.
• The meaning of the given options is as follows - 
• Announce - make a formal public statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention.
• Conceal - prevent (something) from being known; keep secret.
• Exhibit - publicly display (a work of art or item of interest) in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.
• Evince - reveal the presence of (a quality or feeling); indicate.
• From the above meanings, it is evident that conceal is the correct antonym for the word proclaim.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "One place to another"

Key Points

• An idiomatic expression is a phrase or a group of words that has a meaning different from the meanings of the individual words.
• "Pillar to post" is an idiomatic expression which means "from one place to another" or "from one situation to another"
• It is used to describe someone who is constantly being moved from one place to another or being passed from one person to another without any stability.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Hinglish

• "Pillar to post" एक idiomatic expression है जिसका अर्थ है "एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर" या "एक स्थिति से दूसरी स्थिति में"

The correct answer is 'To join a popular trend'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate meaning of the given idiom 'Jump on the bandwagon' means 'To join a popular trend'.
• Jump on the bandwagon: join others in doing or supporting something fashionable or likely to be successful.
• Example: Scientists and doctors alike have jumped on the bandwagon.
• Therefore, as per the points mentioned above, we find that the correct answer is Option 3.

​

Correct Answer: To join a popular trend.

Additional Information

• Let's look at some idioms:

The correct answer is 'Have very little money'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate meaning of the given idiom 'Be hard up' is 'Have very little money'.
• Be hard up: having very little money. (बहुत कम पैसा होना)
• Example: We're a bit hard up at the moment so we're not thinking about holidays.

Correct Answer: Have very little money.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. a closely impending disaster.

• If you say that someone has the Sword of Damocles hanging over their head, you mean that they are in a situation in which something very bad could happen to them at any time. (यदि आप कहते हैं कि किसी के सिर पर तलवार लटकी हुई है, तो इसका मतलब है कि वे ऐसी स्थिति में हैं कि उनके साथ कभी भी बहुत बुरा हो सकता है।)

• Example- As a Grand Prix driver, you have the Sword of Damocles hanging over your head at every moment

• Synonym- Risk, hazard, menace, peril, jeopardy,

• Antonym- Safety.

• In the given image it is clearly visible that the man has the Sword of Damocles is hanging right on his head as anything hazardous can happen to him at any time.

The correct answer is 'interloper'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate meaning of the given group of words is 'interloper'.
• Interloper: a person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong. (जो दूसरों के मामलों में अक्सर स्वार्थी कारणों से दखल देता है)
• Example: When he came back from the war he felt like an interloper in his own family.

Correct Answer: Interloper.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Foreigner: a person who belongs to a country that is not your own. (आपने देश से भिन्‍न देश का निवासी; विदेशी व्‍यक्ति)
• Interpreter: a person whose job is to translate what somebody is saying immediately into another language. (एक भाषा से दूसरी भाषा में मौखिक अनुवाद करने वाला व्‍यक्ति, मौखिक अनुवादक; भाष्‍यकार)
• Strange: unusual or unexpected. (असामान्‍य या अप्रत्‍याशित; विचित्र; अजीब)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Venial

Key Points

• Let’s find out the meaning of the given options:
• Virgin means a person who has no sexual experience
• Versatile means interested in and clever at many different things
• Veteran means  one, who has a long experience in any occupation
• Venial means a fault that may be forgiven
• Thus Venial is the correct answer

​

Additional Information

• Other words related to forgiving a fault:
• ​​Absolve: to free from a charge of wrongdoing
• Vindicate: clear (someone) of blame or suspicion
• Condone: accept (behavior that is considered morally wrong or offensive)
• Exculpate: to free from blame or guilt

Here the correct answer is A few.

Key Points

• 'A few' means some.
• 'A few' has a positive meaning, and is opposed to 'none'.
• The sentence implies that some of the settlements in the nation have concrete roads, which makes the travelling quite boring and long.
• Hence, according to the context, the correct choice is only option 1.

Correct Sentence - A Few villages in the country have concrete roads and so the transportation is quite tedious.

Additional Information

• Tedious: boring and lasting for a long time (उबाऊ और (समय की दृष्टि से) लंबा)
• Example: It is a tedious train journey.​

Important Points

• 'The few' means not many, but all there are.
• 'Few' means not many, hardly any, 'Few' has a negative meaning.

The correct answer is has.

Key Points

• Option no 1 is the correct filler.
• NOTE (RULE):- Name of states, countries, UTs etc are treated singular 
• Example- The United states is, The Jammu and Kashmir is, etc
• 'Andaman and Nicobar Islands' is being treated as a "state' or  a 'UT' hence singular helping verb "has" will be used.
• Since we require singular helping verb Option 2 and 4 are eliminated.
• Option 3 is incorrect because after "is'' third form of verb can not be used in active voice.

Complete sentence- Andaman and Nicobar Islands has become the first state or union territory in India to be Corona free.

Additional Information

Andaman and Nicobar Islands are now cleaner except one or two ✔️ (because individual islands are being considered)

NOTE:- The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, (a union territory of India), are a group of 572 islands of which 38 are inhabited at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea

The correct answer is 'at first'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option for the given blank is 'at first'.
• The phrase ‘at first’ means at the 'at the beginning (शुरू में)'.
• Example: At first I thought he was joking, but then I realized he was serious.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 1.

Correct Sentence: You will find it difficult at first but later you will get used to wearing a mask.

The correct answer is 'Zealous : Ardent'.

Key Points

• Rude and Impolite are synonyms.
• Zealous : Ardent share the same relationship as the word pair:
• Zealous means full of energy, enthusiasm.
• ​Ardent means showing strong feelings.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information 

• Potent : Weak are antonyms.
• Potent means strong or powerful and Weak means having little energy or power.
• ​Shortage : Surplus are antonyms.
• ​Shortage means too small in amount and Surplus means extra or more than need.
• Callous : Sensitive​ are antonyms.
• ​Callous means without sympathy or feeling, unkind and Sensitive means having feelings, moods and emotions, emotional.

The correct answer is 'Avert : Avoid'.

Key Points

• Constant and Static are synonyms.
• Avert : Avoid share the same relationship as the word pair:
• Avert means to prevent something unpleasant.
• Avoid means to keep away from, prevent.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information 

• Awful : Lovely are antonyms.
• ​Awful means very bad or unpleasant, terrible. Lovely means beautiful or attractive.
• ​Docile : Stubborn are antonyms.
• ​Docile means quite and easy to control. Stubborn means difficult to discipline, indocile.
• Implicit : Explicit are antonyms.
• ​​Implicit means something that is implied and not stated directly. ​Explicit means something that is stated plainly.

The given sentence is grammatically correct, hence, contains no errors.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the past indefinite, hence, the use of 'V2' i.e. walked in the part (1) of the given sentence is correct.
• The use of the definite article 'the' with 'earth' is correct because 'the' is used with heavenly bodies like the earth, the sun, etc.
• The first part of the given sentence is in the past tense, hence, the entire sentence will be in the past tense. So, the use of 'V2' i.e. belonged, in the part (3) of the given sentence is correct.
• So. all three parts of the given sentence are errorless.

The erroneous part is 'I was'.

Key Points

• We use 'if I was' for real situations that are in the indicative mood.
• Used in a subjunctive mood, 'if I were/I wish I were' indicates an unreal situation. Here, you are imagining a situation, that isn't true yet or cannot be true.
• Examples, 
• ​If I were Bill Gates, I would be the richest person in the world.
• I wish I were a camel; I would never be thirsty.

The given sentence is expressing an unreal situation.

• Therefore, according to the explanation and examples that are given above, 'I were' is the correct usage.

Correct Sentence: I wish I were the Prime Minister of India.

The correct answer is B.

Key Points

• The transitive form of the verb 'to watch' does not fit after the verb 'insisted.'
• The verb 'insisted' is always followed by the preposition 'on' and participle form of the verb, so it should be 'watching' here. 

The correct sentence is: 'She insisted me on watching the movie with her after dinner.'

Important Points

• Usage of the preposition on with words, concentrate, depend, insist:
• Examples:
• Rivansh is concentrating on his work.
• They depend on each other.
• She must insist on following this rule.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. error lies in this part of the sentence.

Key Points

• In part 4 of the sentence, the usage of 'to' is incorrect Instead, use 'towards'
• 'Swim towards' is an idiom or a phrase that means To move toward someone or something by swimming.
• Let's see an example-
• ​ Jeff swam toward the drowning man and helped him.

So the correct sentence is- When the rudder broke off from the boat, the sailor jumped into the bay and swam towards the shore.

The correct answer is "Tourism and economy"

Key Points

• By reading the passage carefully, we can understand that the passage is about tourism and how it affects the economy of a country.
• Option 1 is wrong here because the passage not only mentions the merits of tourism, but also the demerits.
• Options 2 and 4 are also wrong as there is no mention of tourism in them.
• Thus, option 3 is correct here.

The correct answer is "Tourism generates money"

Key Points

• Money is the major asset of tourism, which improves the economy of a country.
• In the passage, it is mentioned that: The tourists spend money on accommodation, food, and souvenirs, bringing income to the suppliers of these goods and services whose money in turn circulate through the economy.
• Thus, option 2 is correct here.

The correct answer is "It will generate employment opportunities."

Key Points

• It is mentioned in the passage that the government expects tourism will generate more employment opportunities for the local people.
• It can be referred from the lines: Government subsides tourism projects in the expectation of increasing employment opportunities in the new hotels and restaurants.
• Thus, option 3 is correct here.

Correct answer: Option 1: SRQP

Key Points

• Let us introduce the theme of the paragraph i.e. recession.
• The inclusion of India is the next statement in queue i.e. [S].
• The solutions available to tackle recession from India’s perspective are next in line i.e. [R].
• [Q] continues the theme of the previous sentence i.e. the role of RBI and SEBI in tackling recession.
• The role of RBI and SEBI is explained in [P] which is the next sentence.
• Lastly the repercussions in the absence of these regulators provide a closure to the paragraph.

Therefore, the correct sentence is- "Today almost all the countries are facing the heat of recession. Like others India too has not remained immune to the epidemic. However there are a few things which help India in bouncing back from the state of recession. One of these is the strict RBI and SEBI rules which regulated banking sector very efficiently. Had it been not for them, Indian banks would have had their hands tied down too. This could have led to massive losses to them, which could have percolated to other sectors as well."

Correct answer: Option 1: QSPR

Key Points

• The theme of the paragraph is to buy agricultural equipment. This should be followed by an inspection of the same. Hence [Q].
• There are certain pre-established rules for such equipment which is my next sentence. Hence [S] should follow.
• The insurance keyword is what takes me to the next connecting sentence. Hence [P].
• For insurance – what are the plans to meet the same is my next sentence in re-arrangement i.e. to take a loan. Hence [R].
• And lastly the sentence closure is the notice of annual insurance premium.

Therefore, the correct sentence is- " I intend to purchase a tractor and certain other agricultural equipment. I shall therefore feel obliged if you send your representative to inspect the equipment. The rules state that the equipment have to be insured against accidents and fire. The insurance policy has to be deposited with NABARD. I shall be applying for a loan of Rs 6 lacs from NABARD for that purpose. On completion, your representative may kindly inform me of the annual insurance premium."

Correct answer: Option 3: QRPS

Key Points

• Lets introduce the theme of the paragraph i.e. mind. Hence, ‘The power of mind is enormous’, is written first .
• What is its purpose or function should follow next. Hence [Q].
• The pre-requisite before all functions of the mind is the next sentence while re-arranging. Hence [R].
• The “purpose” word is what establishes a link between [R] and [P]. Hence [P] should be the next sentence.
• The sentence with “goal “should be next as the last sentence talks about “achieving it”. Hence the last sentence of the jumbled sentence will be followed by [S] should be the closure to the paragraph.

Therefore, the correct sentence is- " The power of mind is enormous. It governs all other powers, physical, mental etc. The pre-requisite is that your mind should be inspired by some good purpose! The mobility of the purpose helps your thoughts to break all the boundaries. When thoughts transcend limitations, the goal is reachable. Therefore, to achieve it, one should try to kindle the mind power."

The correct answer is "Meadow."

Key Points 

• A "Meadow" is a piece of land that is often covered in grass, wildflowers, or other non-woody plants. It is typically open, sunny, and flat, which makes it an ideal place for children to play. (एक मैदान जो अक्सर घास, जंगली फूलों, या अन्य गैर-लकड़ीय पौधों से ढका होता है)
• Example- The meadow was bathed in the golden glow of the evening sun.
• The given passage talks about a beautiful piece of land(meadow).

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Additional Information 

• Let’s have a look at the meaning of the remaining options.
• Desert: A dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand. (खासकर रेत से ढकी हुई सूखी, बंजर भूमि का क्षेत्र)
• Frozen land: A piece of land covered by a layer of ice. (बर्फ की परत से ढका हुआ भूमि का टुकड़ा)
• Hotel: A place where people pay to stay and eat meals. (एक स्थान जहां लोग रहने और भोजन करने के लिए भुगतान करते हैं)

The correct answer is "Sandwiches."

Key Points 

• "Sandwiches" are a popular type of lunch food, made of bread, usually layered with fillings such as meats, cheese or jam, which children might eat while playing. (एक लोकप्रिय लंच भोजन का प्रकार है, जिसे बच्चे खेलते समय खा सकते हैं)
• Example- The kids sat under the tree, eating their sandwiches and chatting
• The given passage states that the children were having their sandwiches.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3."

Additional Information 

• Let’s have a look at the meaning of the remaining options.
• Pharmaceuticals: Drugs and other preparations used for medical treatments. (चिकित्सा उपचार के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली दवाएं और अन्य तैयारियां)
• Artifacts: objects made by humans that are of historic or cultural interest. (उन वस्तुओं को कहा जाता है जो मानव द्वारा बनाई गई होती हैं और जो हिस्टोरिकल या सांस्कृतिक रुचि की होती हैं)
• Messages: pieces of communicated information or instruction. (संचारित जानकारी या निर्देश का टुकड़ा)

The correct answer is "Overshadow."

Key Points 

• "Overshadow" means to make something seem less important or less happy by being more impressive or by comparison. This fits the context of the dark cloud diminishing the joyfulness of the scene. (किसी चीज को कम महत्वपूर्ण या कम खुशीदायक बनाने के लिए अधिक प्रभावशाली होने या तुलना के द्वारा)
• Example- His stunning performance in the match overshadowed all other players.
• The given a dark cloud approached to overshadow the joyful scene.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Additional Information 

• Let’s have a look at the meaning of the remaining options.
• Amplify: to make larger, louder, or more powerful. (बड़ा, जोरदार या अधिक शक्तिशाली बनाना)
• Retract: to withdraw a statement or accusation as untrue or unjustified. (असत्य या अन्याययुक्त के रूप में एक कथन या आरोप को वापस लेना)
• Whisper: speak very softly using one's breath. (अपनी सांस का उपयोग करके बहुत हल्के से बोलना)

Avergae of 10 numbers = 30

⇒ (Sum of 10 numbers)/10 = 30

⇒ Sum of 10 numbers = 300

⇒ 17 and 24 are mistaken as 71 and 42

⇒ New sum = 300 - 71 - 42 + 17 + 24 = 228

∴ New Average = 228/10 = 22.8

Shortcut Trick

Equating the constant quantity of water before and after adding milk:

Initial Water % × Initial Volume = Final Water % × Final Volume

⇒ 37% × 49 = 30% × Final Volume

⇒ Final Volume = (37 × 49) ÷ 30 = 1813 ÷ 30 L

⇒ Added Milk = Final Volume − Initial Volume = (1813 ÷ 30) − 49 = 343 ÷ 30 = 11 ¹³/₃₀ litres

∴ The correct answer is 11 ¹³/₃₀ litres.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total volume of initial mixture = 49 litres

Milk concentration in initial mixture = 63%

Desired milk concentration in final mixture = 70%

Concentration of pure milk added = 100%

Calculations:

Using the rule of alligation, the ratio in which the initial mixture and pure milk must be mixed is:

⇒ Ratio = (100 − 70) : (70 − 63)

⇒ Ratio = 30 : 7

We are given that 30 units of the initial mixture corresponds to 49 litres.

⇒ 30 units = 49 L

⇒ 1 unit = 49 ÷ 30 L

⇒ Pure milk to be added (7 units) = 7 × (49 ÷ 30) = 343 ÷ 30 L

⇒ Quantity of milk added = 11 ¹³/₃₀ litres

∴ The correct answer is 11 ¹³/₃₀ litres.

Additional Information

Rule of Alligation

It is a visual mathematical method used to find the ratio in which two ingredients at their respective concentrations must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired average concentration. The ratio is determined by cross-subtracting the target value from the components.

Constant Quantity Method

When only one component (e.g., milk) is added or removed from a mixture, the absolute quantity of the other component (e.g., water) remains strictly unchanged. Equating the initial and final volumes of this unchanged part yields the new total volume directly.

Replacement Formula

When a specific volume of a mixture is repeatedly replaced by one of its pure components, the remaining amount of the original un-added component is calculated as: Final Amount = Initial Amount × (1 − Replaced Volume ÷ Total Volume)ⁿ.

Shortcut Trick

Thief's total travel time = 20 + 20 = 40 minutes.

Security guard's total travel time = 20 minutes.

Since the distance is constant, Speed is inversely proportional to Time.

Time ratio (Thief : Guard) = 40 : 20 = 2 :

1. Speed ratio (Thief : Guard) = 1 : 2.

Given Thief's speed = 12 m/h → 1 unit = 12 m/h ∴ 2 units = 24 m/h.

∴ The correct answer is 24 m/h.

Alternate Method

Given:

Speed of Thief (S_t) = 12 m/h

Time headstart = 20 minutes

Time taken to catch (T_c) = 20 minutes

Formula Used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Relative Speed (same direction) = S_guard − S_thief

Calculations:

⇒ Total time the Thief ran = 20 + 20 = 40 minutes = 40/60 hours = 2/3 hours.

⇒ Total distance covered by Thief = 12 × (2/3) = 8 meters.

⇒ The Security guard covers this same 8 meters in 20 minutes.

⇒ Time for guard = 20/60 hours = 1/3 hours.

⇒ Speed of Security guard = Distance ÷ Time

⇒ Speed = 8 ÷ (1/3) = 8 × 3 = 24 m/h.

∴ The correct answer is 24 m/h.

Additional Information

Relative Speed

When two objects move in the same direction, the relative speed is the difference of their speeds (u − v). For chasing, the catcher's speed must be greater.

Catching Time Formula

Time to catch = (Initial Distance between them) ÷ (Relative Speed).

Distance Constant Relation

If distance is constant, Speed₁ × Time₁ = Speed₂ × Time₂.

Given:

Dimensions of the rectangular garden is 75 m × 55 m.

Formula used:

Area of rectangle = l × b

l → length

b → breadth

Calculations:

AB = 75 m, AD = 55 m (Given)

So, EF = 75 + 2 × 5 = 85 m

And EH = 55 + 2 × 5 = 65 m

Thus the area of the shaded region = Area of EFGH – Area of ABCD

⇒ Area of shaded region = 85 × 65 – 75 × 55

⇒ 5525 – 4125

⇒ 1400 sq. metre

∴ The area of the path is 1400 m².

Shortcut Trick

Net climb per jump = 36 cm − 20 cm = 16 cm.

Remaining height before the last jump = 340 cm − 36 cm = 304 cm.

Number of jumps to reach 304 cm = 304 ÷ 16 = 19 jumps.

One final jump of 36 cm will reach the top: 19 + 1 = 20 jumps.

∴ The correct answer is 20 jumps.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total height of the wall = 3.4 m = 340 cm.

Jump distance = 36 cm | Slide distance = 20 cm.

Calculations:

⇒ Net distance covered in one jump = 36 − 20 = 16 cm.

⇒ Let 'n' be the number of jumps to reach a point from where the next jump reaches the top.

⇒ (n − 1) × (Net climb) + Last Jump ≥ Total Height

⇒ (n − 1) × 16 + 36 ≥ 340

⇒ (n − 1) × 16 ≥ 340 − 36

⇒ (n − 1) × 16 ≥ 304

⇒ n − 1 ≥ 304 ÷ 16

⇒ n − 1 ≥ 19

⇒ n ≥ 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 jumps.

Additional Information

Climbing Problems Logic

In such problems, the object does not slide back once it reaches or crosses the top point on the upward part of the jump.

Formula for Jumps

Number of jumps = [(Total Height − Last Jump) ÷ Net Progress] + 1. If the division results in a fraction, always round up to the next integer.

Concept used:

P(A) = Favorable outcomes/Total number of outcomes

Calculation:

According to the question

Total number of possible outcomes = (6 × 6) = 36

Favorable outcomes = (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3), (5, 6), (6, 5)

⇒ P(A) = Favorable outcomes/Total number of outcomes

⇒ P(A) = (8/36)

⇒ 2/9

∴ The probability that sum of the numbers on the faces is 7 or 11 is 2/9

Shortcut Trick

Relative speed (opposite direction) = Sum of individual speeds = Total distance ÷ Time taken.

Total Distance = 152.5 + 157.5 = 310 m

Combined Speed = 310 ÷ 9.3 = 100 ÷ 3 m/s

Convert to km/hr = (100 ÷ 3) × (18 ÷ 5) = 120 km/hr

∴ The correct answer is 120 km/hr.

Alternate Method

Train 1: 152.5 m

V₁

Train 2: 157.5 m

V₂

Total Distance = 152.5 + 157.5 = 310 m

Time taken to cross = 9.3 s

Given:

Length of the first train (L₁) = 152.5 m

Length of the second train (L₂) = 157.5 m

Time taken to cross each other (T) = 9.3 seconds

Formula Used:

When two objects move in opposite directions, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds.

Relative Speed = Total Distance ÷ Time

Total Distance = L₁ + L₂

Speed in km/hr = Speed in m/s × (18 ÷ 5)

Calculation:

⇒ Total Distance = 152.5 + 157.5

⇒ Total Distance = 310 m

⇒ Combined Speed (m/s) = 310 ÷ 9.3

⇒ Combined Speed (m/s) = 3100 ÷ 93 = 100 ÷ 3 m/s

⇒ Combined Speed in km/hr = (100 ÷ 3) × (18 ÷ 5)

⇒ Combined Speed in km/hr = 20 × 6 = 120 km/hr

∴ The correct answer is 120 km/hr.

Additional Information

Relative Speed in Opposite Directions

When two bodies travel in opposite directions, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds: S_relative = S₁ + S₂.

Relative Speed in Same Direction

When two bodies travel in the same direction, their relative speed is the difference of their individual speeds: S_relative = |S₁ − S₂|.

Speed Unit Conversion

To convert speed from km/hr to m/s, multiply by (5 ÷ 18). To convert speed from m/s to km/hr, multiply by (18 ÷ 5).

Trains Crossing a Stationary Object

When a train crosses a point-sized object (like a pole or man), the distance covered equals the length of the train. If it crosses a platform or bridge, the distance is the length of the train plus the length of the object.

Given:

The average marks of student in 5 subjects are 70.

Formula used:

Sum of observations = average × numbers of observations

Calculation:

Sum of all numbers = 70 × 5 = 350

Later, marks in one subject were increased by 19.5 and marks in another subject were decreased by 8.5.

∴ Correct marks = 350 + 19.5 – 8.5 = 361

Correct Average = Correct sum / number = 361 / 5 = 72.2

Let the outer and the inner radii of the sphere be ‘R’ cm and ‘r’ cm respectively.

∵ Curved surface area of sphere = 4π × (radius)²

⇒ 4πR² = 324π

⇒ R² = 81

⇒ R = √81 = 9 cm

Now,

Volume of metal used = Volume of outer sphere – Volume of inner sphere

∵ Volume of sphere = 4/3 × π × (radius)³

⇒ 684π = 4/3 × πR³ – 4/3 × πr³

⇒ 3/4 × 684 = (9)³ – r³

⇒ r³ = 729 – 513 = 216

⇒ r = 6 cm

∴ Thickness of hollow sphere = R – r = 9 – 6 = 3 cm

\(A = P{\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^t}\)

\( \Rightarrow 3P = P{\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^{10}}\)

\( \Rightarrow 3 = {\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^{10}};;; - - - - \left( 1 \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow 81P = P{\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^n}\)

\( \Rightarrow {3^4} = {\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^n};;;;; - - - - \left( 2 \right)\)

From (1) and (2)

\( \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^{10 \times 4}} = {\left( {1 + ;\frac{r}{{100}}} \right)^n}\)

⇒ n = 40 years

∴ A sum of money becomes 81 times in 40 years.

Shortcut Trick

Fraction of milk left after each operation = (40 − 4) ÷ 40 = 36 ÷ 40 = 9/10.

Total number of operations = 1 (initial) + 2 (further) = 3.

Final quantity of milk = Initial quantity × (Fraction left)³

⇒ 40 × (9/10) × (9/10) × (9/10) = 40 × (729/1000) = 29.16.

∴ The correct answer is 29.16 liter.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial quantity of milk (V) = 40 liter

Quantity of milk taken out and replaced (x) = 4 liter

Total number of operations (n) = 1 + 2 = 3 times

Formula Used:

Final Quantity = Initial Quantity × (1 − x/V)ⁿ

Calculations:

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 40 × (1 − 4/40)³

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 40 × (1 − 1/10)³

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 40 × (9/10)³

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 40 × (729 / 1000)

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 4 × 729 / 100

⇒ Final Quantity of milk = 2916 / 100 = 29.16 liter

∴ The correct answer is 29.16 liter.

Additional Information

Replacement Formula

When 'x' units of mixture are taken out from 'V' units of pure liquid and replaced with water 'n' times, the remaining quantity of pure liquid is V × (1 − x/V)ⁿ.

Ratio of Remaining Liquid to Water

After 'n' replacements, the ratio of the pure liquid left to the added water is given by: Remaining Liquid ÷ (Total Volume − Remaining Liquid).

Successive Different Replacements

If different quantities a, b, c are replaced in successive steps, the final amount of pure liquid is V × (1 − a/V) × (1 − b/V) × (1 − c/V).

Calculations:

Let the initial capital of Harshit be x.

The capital of Aditya = 3x/2

Final capitals of Harshit was = 9x + 3x/2 = 21x/2

Finals Capital of Aditya was = 6 × 3x/2 + 3x/8 × 6 = 45x/4

The ratio of Capitals of Harshit and Aditya was = 21x/2 ∶ 45x/4 = 42 ∶ 45

Amount received by Harshit = (42 × 121800)/87 = 1400 × 42 = Rs. 58800

∴ The amount received by Harshit is Rs. 58800.

 

Let the initial capital of Harshit be 100

So, The capital of Aditya = 100 × (3/2) = 150 

According to the question,

After 6 months the withdraw amount of Aditya = 150 × 3/4 = 112.5 

After 6 months money invested by Aditya = 150 – 112.5 = 37.5 

Total money invested by Aditya in one year = 150 × 6 + 37.5 × 6 = 1125

After 9 months the withdraw amount of Harshit = 100 × 1/2 = 50 

After 9 months money invested by Harshit = 100 – 50 = 50 

Total money invested by Harshit in one year = 100 × 9 + 50 × 3 = 1050 

The ratio of Capitals of Harshit and Aditya was = 1050 ∶ 1125 = 42 ∶ 45 

Amount received by Harshit = (42 × 121800)/87 = 1400 × 42 = Rs. 58800

∴ The amount received by Harshit is Rs. 58800.

The compound ratio of ratios a ∶ b and c ∶ d is ac ∶ bd.

⇒ 9x ∶ 2y = 3 ∶ 4

⇒ x/y = 2/9 × 3/4

⇒ x/y = 1/6      ----(1)

Similarly,

Compound ratio of ratios (x + y) ∶ 5 and 2 ∶ y = 2/5 × (x + y)/y = 2/5 × (x/y + 1)

Substituting from (1),

⇒ Compound ratio of ratios (x + y) ∶ 5 and 2 ∶ y = 2/5 × (1/6 + 1) = 2/5 × 7/6 = 7/15

∴ Compound ratio of ratios (x + y) ∶ 5 and 2 ∶ y = 7 ∶ 15

Shortcut Trick

The difference in discount percentages is directly proportional to the change in profit because the Cost Price remains constant.

Difference in discount percentage = 24% − 20% = 4%

According to the question, this 4% of the Marked Price is equal to the reduction in profit of Rs. 70.

4% of Marked Price = Rs. 70

100% of Marked Price = (70 ÷ 4) × 100 = 17.5 × 100 = Rs. 1750

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1750.

Alternate Method

Given:

First discount (D₁) = 20% of List Price

Second discount (D₂) = 24% of List Price

Reduction in profit = Rs. 70

Let the Marked Price (MP) be x.

Formula Used:

Selling Price (SP) = MP − Discount

Reduction in Profit = SP₁ − SP₂

Calculations:

⇒ SP₁ = x − 20% of x = 0.80x

⇒ SP₂ = x − 24% of x = 0.76x

⇒ Difference in SP = 0.80x − 0.76x = 70

⇒ 0.04x = 70

⇒ x = 70 ÷ 0.04

⇒ x = 7000 ÷ 4

⇒ x = 1750

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1750.

Additional Information

Marked Price (List Price)

It is the price tag attached to an item. Discounts are always calculated on the Marked Price unless stated otherwise.

Profit and Discount Relationship

If the Cost Price is constant, any change in the discount amount leads to an equal and opposite change in the Profit amount.

Selling Price Formula

SP = MP × (100 − Discount%) ÷ 100. For successive discounts, multiply multiple factors (1 − d₁)(1 − d₂)...

Given:

Brother = Sister + 7

Product of their ages 5 years ago = 30

Concept:

We will be needing the concept of quadratic equation to solve.

Calculation:

Let the present age of sister be x

Present age of brother = x + 7

Sister’s age 5 years ago = x – 5

Brother’s age 5 years ago = x + 2

⇒ (x – 5)(x + 2) = 30

⇒ x² – 3x – 10 = 30

⇒ x² – 3x – 40 = 0

⇒ (x – 8)(x + 5) = 0

⇒ x = 8

∴ Present age of brother = 8 + 7 = 15 years

Given:

\({\left( {125} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}} \times {\left( 4 \right)^{ - \frac{1}{2}}} + 4{\left( {216} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}}{\left( {10} \right)^0} \div \left( {\frac{{{4^2}}}{{\sqrt {64} }}} \right)\)

Concept used:

Follow BODMAS rule to solve this question, as per the order given below:

Step – 1: Parts of an equation enclosed in ‘Brackets’ must be solved first and following BODMAS rule in the bracket.

Step – 2: Any mathematical ‘Of’ or ‘Exponent’ must be solved next.

Step – 3: Next, the parts of the equation that contain ‘Division’ and ‘Multiplication’ are calculated.

Step – 4: Last but not least, the parts of the equation that contain ‘Addition’ and ‘Subtraction’ should be calculated.

Calculation:

\({\left( {125} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}} \times {\left( 4 \right)^{ - \frac{1}{2}}} + 4{\left( {216} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}}{\left( {10} \right)^0} \div \left( {\frac{{{4^2}}}{{\sqrt {64} }}} \right)\)

\(\Rightarrow 5 \times {\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4\left( 6 \right) \times \left( 1 \right) \div \left( {\frac{{16}}{8}} \right)\)

\(\Rightarrow 5 \times \frac{1}{2} + 4\left( 6 \right) \times 1 \times \frac{8}{{16}}\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{5}{2} + 24 \times 1 \times \frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{5}{2} + 12\)

⇒ (5 + 24) / 2

⇒ 29 / 2

Given:

Total distance 500 km

30% distance covered in 7 : 30 A.M. to 12 : 30 P.M.

Formula used:

Speed = total distance/ total time

Calculation:

Distance covered in 5 hours (7 : 30 A.M. to 12 : 30 P.M.) = 30% × 500 = 150 km

⇒ Now initial speed of the cab = 150/5 = 30 km/hours

⇒ Remaining distance = 500 – 150 = 350 km

⇒ Remaining time (12 : 30 P.M. to 07 : 30 P.M.) = 7 hour

⇒ Now speed of the cab = 350/7 = 50 km/hours

∴ Difference between initial and last speed = 50 – 30 = 20 km/hour

Given:

\(2 \frac{1}{2} + 3 \frac{1}{4} + x + 2 \frac{1}{3} = 13 \frac{5}{12}\)

Calculations:

\(2 \frac{1}{2} + 3 \frac{1}{4} + x + 2 \frac{1}{3} = 13 \frac{5}{12}\)

⇒ 5/2 + 13/4 + x + 7/3 = 161/12

⇒ x = (161/12) - (5/2 + 13/4 + 7/3)

⇒ x = (161 - 30 - 39 - 28)/12

⇒ x = 198/12

⇒ x = 64/12

⇒ x = \(5\frac{1}{3}\)

∴ The value of x is \(5\frac{1}{3}\).

Given:

X can do 1/5 of the work in 10 days. X can complete total work in = 5 × 10 = 50 days

Y can do 60% of the work in 60 days. Y can complete total work in = (60/60) × 100 = 100 days

Z do 1/3 of the work in 12 days. Z can complete total work in = 3 × 12 = 36 days

Formula used:

Work done = time × efficiency

Calculation:

​Total work = LCM of (X, Y and Z)

Total work = LCM of (50, 100 and 36) = 900 units

Now,

Efficiency of X = 900/50 = 18 units

Efficiency of Y = 900/100 = 9 units

Efficiency of Z = 900/36 = 25 units

Now,

Time taken by X = 50 days

Time taken by Y = 100 days

Time taken by Z = 36 days

Time taken by (X + Z) = 900/(18 + 25) = 20.93 days

When (X and Z) work together, they will complete the work first.

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.  

Mistake PointsSince in option it is given X+Z also. So we can say when X and Z working together can do this work in least number of days.

Concept used:

If upstream speed = U and downstream speed = D, then speed of boat = (U + D)/2

Calculation:

According to the question,

20/U + 44/D = 8  … (i)

15/U + 22/D = 5  … (ii)

Multiply by 2 the equation (ii) then subtract from 1 we get

20/U + 44/D = 8

30/U + 44/D = 10

• 10/U = - 2

⇒ U = 5 km/hr

Putting the value in equation (i), we get D = 11

So, the speed of boat = (U + D)/2 = (5 + 11)/2 = 8 km/hr

∴ The correct answer is 8 km/hr

The correct answer is 1^st January 1995

Key PointsWorld Trade Organization (WTO):

• It is an international organization set up in 1995 by replacing the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) under the Marrakesh Agreement.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
• The WTO has 164 members (including European Union) and 23 observer governments (like Iran, Iraq, Bhutan, Libya etc).
• It is also known as the Third Pillar of the World Economy
• Its HQ is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Currently, WTO has 164 members and India is a founding member of WTO.

Objectives of WTO  

• To formulate and implement rules for international trade.
• To provide a platform for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization.
• To provide a platform for the settlement of disputes.
• Providing assistance to the developing, least-developed, and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training.
• To cooperate with the other major economic institutions (like UN, World Bank, IMF, etc) involved in global economic management.

Additional Information IMF:

• IMF was established in 1944.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 190 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
• The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.
• World Economic Outlook, Global financial stability reports and Regional Economic Reports are published by IMF.
• Managing Director of IMF : Christine Lagarde
• Headquarters : Washington DC

World Bank:

• Headquarters : Washington DC
• World Bank was created in July 1944.
• The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
• It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA).

UNO:

• The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries.
• The countries were committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights.
• It was established with an aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations.
• On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations.
• The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.

The correct answer is Bardoli Satyagraha.

Key Points

• Vallabhbhai Patel got the title of "Sardar" after Bardoli Satyagraha
• Women of Bardoli gave the title of “Sardar” to Vallabhbhai Patel for his great organizational skills in the Bardoli Satyagraha.
• The Bardoli Satyagraha movement was started in 1928 for the farmers of Bardoli against the raising of taxes.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is also known as the “Iron Man of India”.

Additional Information

• Kheda Satyagraha
• It was a peasant movement in the Kheda district of Gujarat, India.
• It was led by Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• It was launched in March 1918 against the British government's decision to increase land revenue by 23% despite a poor harvest and an outbreak of plague and cholera.
• It was also referred to as the first Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Dandi March
• It was a major nonviolent civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in India against the British salt monopoly.
• It lasted from March 12, 1930 to April 6, 1930.
• Gandhi and 78 of his supporters marched 388 kilometers (240 mi) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village in Gujarat.
• Gandhi broke the salt law by producing salt from seawater.
• Champaran Satyagraha
• It was a peasant movement in the Champaran district of Bihar, India, led by Mahatma Gandhi.
• It was launched in 1917 against the British government's practice of forcing indigo farmers to grow indigo on their land.
• Gandhiji was invited to Champaran by Rajkumar Shukla, a local peasant leader, to investigate the plight of the indigo farmers.

The correct answer is: 1.D, 2.B, 3.A, 4.C.

Key Points

 

Additional Information 

• Zoji La (Kargil):
• Location: Zoji La is located in the Kargil region and serves as a crucial link between Ladakh and the Kashmir Valley.
• Significance: It plays a vital role in maintaining connectivity between the two regions, particularly for defense and transportation.
• Features: Known for its high altitude and heavy snowfall, making it a challenging route.
• Mintaka Pass (Karakoram Range):
• Location: Mintaka Pass lies in the Karakoram Range, near the borders of Pakistan and China.
• Significance: Historically part of the ancient Silk Road, facilitating trade between regions.
• Features: It is significant for its geopolitical importance.
• Banihal (Pir Panjal):
• Location: Banihal Pass is located in the Pir Panjal range and connects Jammu with the Kashmir Valley.
• Significance: This pass is crucial for trade and transport. The Jawahar Tunnel lies below it, ensuring year-round connectivity.
• Features: Known for its moderate altitude and accessibility during most of the year.
• Khardung La (Ladakh mountain range):
• Location: Khardung La is located in the Ladakh mountain range, near Leh.
• Significance: It is a gateway to the Nubra Valley and is one of the highest motorable roads in the world.
• Features: It is known for its stunning views and strategic importance.

The Correct Answer is  Promoting inclusive workplace policies and gender equality.

In News

• Udaiti Foundation launched "Close the Gender Gap" initiative.

Key Points

• ​The Udaiti Foundation has launched "Close the Gender Gap (CGG)" Initiative to Lead a Shift in Gender Equality and Promote Inclusive Workplace Policies.
• The CGG platform marked a historic milestone by compiling longitudinal company-wise data from 2000 companies based on market capitalization, offering an unparalleled perspective on gender representation and policies.

Wheat is a rabi crop.

 Key Points

• Rabi crops are grown in the winter season, from November to April.
• They require cool temperatures and moderate rainfall.
• Wheat is a cool-season crop that does not tolerate high temperatures.
• It is also a heavy feeder, so it requires a lot of water.
• The rabi season is ideal for growing wheat because it provides the cool temperatures and moderate rainfall that wheat needs to thrive.
• Some other examples of rabi crops include barley, mustard, peas, and potatoes.
• These crops are all grown in the winter season and require similar growing conditions.

​Therefore the correct answer is Wheat.

 Additional Information

• Cotton is a warm-season crop that is grown in many parts of the world. It is a major cash crop, and its fibres are used to make clothing, textiles, and other products.
• Cotton plants are tall and have white or pink flowers.
• The cotton bolls, which contain the cotton fibres, are green at first and turn brown when they are ripe.
• Jowar is a cereal crop that is grown in many parts of Africa and Asia. It is a drought-tolerant crop, and it is often grown in areas where other crops cannot be grown.
• Jowar plants are tall and have yellow flowers.
• The jowar grains are white or yellow, and they are used to make flour, porridge, and other foods.
• Chilli is a hot pepper that is grown in many parts of the world.
• Chilli peppers are a member of the nightshade family, and they come in a variety of colours, shapes, and sizes.
• Chilli peppers are used to add heat to food, and they are also used in some traditional medicines.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3 only.

Key Points

• Sufism was a mystical tradition of Islam that stressed self-realization, tolerance, righteousness, and universal love for all.
• The Sufis were the Fakirs or the poor men who strived to attain the maximum form of purity called ikhlas.
• Their ultimate objective was to be one with God and stressed that love for humanity was the love for God. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• They strictly followed the concept of pir-murshid, which was the GuruShishya tradition.
• The gurus were called the pirs or sheikhs and the shishyas were the murshids. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Sufi saints were revered by the rulers and were one of the recipients of Inam or the land grant.
• The Inam was transferred to their descendants and this provided them with an economic base and hence uplifted their status on the social ladder. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• The Sufis were divided into Be-shara who did not believe in the Sharia law and the Ba-shara in favour of the Sharia Law.
• Hence, not all the Sufis were followers of sharia law. Hence statement 4 is incorrect.
• The Ba-sharas were further organized into silsilahs with the important ones being Chisti, Suhrawardi, Firdausi, Qadariya, Naqshbandi, etc.
• The Be-sharas were wanderers and generally referred to as Mast Kalandars or babas.

Essential characteristics of Sufism:

• Fana: Spiritual merger of the devotee with Allah
• Insan-e-kamil: Perfect human with all good virtues,
• Zikr-tauba: a remembrance of god all the time(zikr),
• Wahadatul-wazudi: one god for the entire universe; unity of god and being.
• Sama: spiritual dance and music to promote their concepts, though music is un-Islamic.

So, option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is 7

Key Points

• The National Commission for Women comprises 7 members including Chairman appointed by the Central Government.
• The Chairperson should be an only woman.
• Members are nominated by the central government related to Law, Management Administration, Health, Education, and Social Welfare provided that at least 1 member shall be from SC and ST
• The National Commission for Women is a statutory body established under the National Commission for Women Act 1990.
• Set up on 31^st January 1992.
• Objectives: 
• Ensuring the constitutional and legal protection of women.
• Recommending legislative suggestions for them.
• Redress grievances.
• Advising the government on all policy matters affecting women.
• Term of office: 3 years or 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Removal: Central Government
• Resignation: Central Government
• Powers: Equivalent to a Civil Court
• Functions: 
• Giving recommendations for improving the condition of women.
• Inspecting female captives.
• Examining constitutional and legal safeguards related to women.
• Redress grievances.
• Report submission to Central and State Governments.
• Participate in the planning process of socio-economic development of women.
• To evaluate the progress of women's development under the Union and the State.
• Any other matter that has been transferred by the Central Government.

The correct answer is Landsteiner

Key Point

• The ABO blood group system was discovered by Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner in the early 1900s.
• Through a series of experiments, Landsteiner classified blood into four well-known types: A, B, AB, and O.
• His groundbreaking work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
• These blood types play a crucial role in medical practice, transfusions, and understanding human genetics.
• • The most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh.
• There are 4 main blood groups namely A group, B group, AB group, and O group.
• A person with the blood group O negative is considered to be a universal donor.
• A person with the blood group AB positive is considered to be a universal recipient.
• Blood group without antigens: O group.
• Blood group without antibody: AB group.
• The most common blood group: is O-positive.
• Rarest blood group: AB negative.
• World Blood Donation Day: June 14.
• National (in India) Blood Donation Day: October 1.

Additional InformationW. Harvey

• William Harvey was an English physician who made influential contributions to anatomy and physiology.
• He is best known for being the first to recognize the full circulation of blood in the human body.

Edward Jenner

• Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, which remains the world’s first vaccine
• Jenner was also among the first modern scholars to describe the brood parasitism of the cuckoo in the field of zoology.
• His legacy endures, and he is often referred to as "the father of immunology".

The correct answer is ​Cl2.

Key Points

• Chloropicrin is one type of Tear gas agent.
• It stimulates the nerves which supply the tear gland of our eye and increases the secretion of the tear.
• It is widely used in riot control nowadays.
• The chemical name of chloropicrin is Trichloronitromethane.
• The chemical formula is CCl₃NO₂.
• Thus Chlorine gas is used in tear gas.

The correct answer is I – 1, II – 4, III – 3, IV – 2.

Key Points

SEPECAT Jaguar:

• Country of Origin: United Kingdom and France
• The SEPECAT Jaguar is a ground-attack aircraft initially developed by a joint venture between British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) and Dassault Aviation of France.
• It was designed to serve the needs of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the French Air Force.

Mirage 2000:

• Country of Origin: France
• The Mirage 2000 is a multirole fighter jet developed by Dassault Aviation in France.
• Known for its versatility, it has been adopted by several air forces worldwide, proving its effectiveness in various roles, including air superiority and ground attack.

Sukhoi Su-30MKI:

• Country of Origin: Russia (Sukhoi Design Bureau), India (Manufactured under license by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited - HAL)
• The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is a variant of the Russian Su-30 family and was developed in collaboration with Russia and India.
• It represents a significant enhancement with Indian-specific upgrades, making it a potent air superiority and strike fighter in the Indian Air Force.

F-35A Lightning II:

• Country of Origin: United States
• The F-35A Lightning II is a fifth-generation multirole stealth fighter designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin.
• It is part of the larger F-35 family and is the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant.
• The F-35 program is a collaborative effort involving several partner nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and others.
• The F-35A is utilized by the United States Air Force and allied nations, offering advanced capabilities in air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.

The correct answer is (I) - (ii), (II) - (iii), (III) - (iv), (IV) - (i)

Key Points

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

• It provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security.
• The Act was amended in the year 2006.

National Forest Policy: 

• The National Forest Policy, 1988 is an Act of the Parliament of India to revise the previously enacted National Forest Policy of 1952. The 1988 National Forest Policy strongly suggested the idea of empowering and involving local communities in the protection and development of forests.

National Environment Policy, 2006: 

• National Environment Policy 2006 is a response to India’s national commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in Articles 48 A and 51 A (g), (DPSP) strengthened by judicial interpretation of Article 21.

Policy Statement for the Abatement of Pollution, 1992

• The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, adopted in 1992 lays emphasis on pollution prevention in place of the conventional end-of-the-pipe treatment and also identified the adoption of the best available and practicable technologies as the key element for pollution prevention.

The correct answer is ​Gansu Province. 

In News

• An earthquake in China took over hundreds of lives in Gansu province.

Key Points

• The earthquake of 6.2 in magnitude, struck Gansu province, a largely rural province in north-central China.
• Chinese President Xi Jinping has ordered thousands of rescue crews to the region, which is one of the poorest in China.
• The Chinese government has allocated 200 million yuan (around £22 million) in disaster relief funds to support the rescue efforts.

Additional Information

• Search and rescue operations were underway in Gansu province and neighboring Qinghai province. The earthquake left more than 230 people injured, damaged houses and roads, and knocked out power and communication lines, according to the media reports.
• It is the nation’s deadliest quake in nine years.
• The magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck just before midnight, injuring more than 700 people, damaging roads and knocking out power and communication lines in Gansu and Qinghai provinces.

The correct answer is: Violet, Green, Yellow, Red

CONCEPT**:**

Dispersion of light:

• The phenomenon in which a white light ray when falls on a prism get separated into its component colors is called dispersion of light.
• The order of colors of the rainbow is Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.

 

EXPLANATION:

The ascending order of a wavelength of seven colors is given below:  

• Violet
• Indigo
• Blue
• Green
• Yellow
• Orange
• Red
• So, from the above sequence Violet, Green, Yellow, and Red are the correct ascending order of the wavelength of the given four colors of questions.

 Key Points

Trick to remember colors of the Spectrum of White Light - VIBGYOR 

• Here :
• V stands for violet
• I stand for indigo
• B stands for Blue
• G stand for Green
• Y stand for Yellow
• O stand for Orange
• R stand for Red

 Additional Information

• Some examples of Dispersion of light are the formation of the rainbow, the dispersion of white light in a prism, the dispersion of light on a CD, etc.
• In rainbow formation both refraction and internal reflection take place.
• It is caused by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere.
• These droplets act like tiny prisms**.**
• They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, reflect it internally, and finally refract it when it comes out of the water droplet.

Important Point

• A rainbow is always formed in the opposite direction of the Sun.

The correct answer is to perform both the functions of ‘accepting deposits’ and ‘advancing loans’.

Key Points

• Banking institutions, also known as banks, are financial institutions that accept deposits from customers and use those deposits to make loans to other customers.
• They also offer a variety of other financial services, such as checking and savings accounts, money transfers, and investment products.
• There are two main types of banking institutions:
• Commercial banks: Commercial banks are the most common type of bank. They offer a wide range of financial services to individuals and businesses.
• Investment banks: Investment banks focus on providing financial services to corporations and institutional investors. They help companies raise capital through underwriting and selling securities, and they provide advice on mergers and acquisitions.
• Banking institutions earn money by charging interest on the loans they make.
• They also earn money from fees, such as ATM fees, overdraft fees, and account maintenance fees.

The correct answer is 2, 3 and 4 only.

Key Points

• Mahogany is mainly found in tropical rain forests and tropical moist deciduous forests, in Central America, Mexico, and South America. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Chaparral, vegetation is composed of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs, bushes, and small trees usually less than 2.5 m (about 8 feet) tall; together they often form dense thickets. Chaparral is found in regions with a climate similar to that of the Mediterranean area, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• Lichens are a conspicuous and colourful component of Alaska's vegetation and one of the most species-rich groups of organisms to inhabit the Arctic. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The moist deciduous forests are more pronounced in the regions that record rainfall between 100-200 cm.
• These forests are found in the northeastern states along the foothills of the Himalayas, eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, and Odisha.
• Teak, Sal, Shisham, Hurra, Mahua, amla, Semul, Kusum, sandalwood, etc. are the main species of these forests. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

The correct answer is Dravidian.

Key Points 

• Brihadishvara Temple:
• It was originally known as Peruvudaiyar Kovil and also called Rajarajeswaram.
• It is a Hindu Dravidian-styled temple dedicated to the god Shiva located on the South bank of the Cauvery River in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
• The Brihadisvara Temple was built under Raja Raja Chola, a Chola emperor ruling over ancient Tamil Nadu.
• It is part of a group of Chola-era temples designated as a World Heritage Site.

Additional Information

• Gadaga architectural style:
• Influences of Western Chalukya architecture can be discerned in the geographically distant schools of architecture of the Hoysala Empire in southern Karnataka, and the Kakatiya dynasty in present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
• Sometimes called the Gadaga style of architecture, Western Chalukya architecture is considered a precursor to the Hoysala architecture of southern Karnataka.
• Nagara architectural style:
• Nagara Style of Architecture is a Temple Style of Architecture prevalent in North India. The temple-style architecture of Indian states such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, Assam, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh are all included in Nagara Architecture.
• Champa architectural style:
• Myson Temple is a Hindu Champa-styled temple in Vietnam.
• It was constructed between the 4^th and the 14^th century by the Kings of Champa, an Indianized kingdom of the Cham people.
• The temples are dedicated to the worship of the god Shiva, the most important of which is Bhadreshvara.

The Correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Swadeshi Sevak Home: Founded in Vancouver, this organization supported Indian immigrants in Canada.
• United India House: Established in Seattle to foster unity among Indians and promote nationalist ideas.
• Yugantar Ashram: Located in San Francisco, it was a key hub for the Ghadar Party's activities.
• INA (Azad Hind Fauj): Headquartered in Rangoon (modern-day Yangon) during World War II under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose. Hence, option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is Mount Fuji

In News

• India and Japan to hold 6^th Dharma Guardian exercise at Mount Fuji from February 25 to March 9, 2025.

Key Points

• Focus on joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism drills under a UN mandate to improve interoperability.
• Follows Indian General Upendra Dwivedi’s Japan visit in October 2024, reinforcing defence cooperation.
• Strengthens strategic partnership, sharing tactics and operational strategies.
• Gains significance amid Indo-Pacific security challenges, promoting regional stability.
• Includes cultural and professional exchanges for better mutual understanding.
• Seen as a step towards collective security with long-term benefits for bilateral and regional cooperation.

The correct answer is Vitamin D.

Key Points

• Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, which is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth.
• Without sufficient Vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen.
• Vitamin D is produced by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight, hence it is often called the "sunshine vitamin."
• It can also be obtained from certain foods and supplements, such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and cereals.
• A deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Additional Information

• Calcium:
• Calcium is a mineral crucial for the development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth.
• It also plays a vital role in muscle function, nerve signaling, and heart health.
• Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods.
• Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and fragile bones.
• Vitamin D Deficiency:
• Vitamin D deficiency is common and can result in bone pain and muscle weakness.
• Risk factors for deficiency include limited sun exposure, darker skin, obesity, and certain medical conditions.
• Supplementation can help individuals who do not get enough Vitamin D from sunlight or their diet.
• Regular blood tests can help monitor Vitamin D levels in the body.
• Sunlight Exposure:
• Sunlight triggers the synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin.
• 15-30 minutes of midday sun exposure several times a week can help maintain adequate Vitamin D levels.
• Factors such as geographic location, skin color, and sunscreen use can affect Vitamin D synthesis.
• During winter or in regions with low sunlight, dietary sources and supplements become more important.
• Fortified Foods:
• Many foods are fortified with Vitamin D to help prevent deficiencies, including milk, orange juice, and cereals.
• These fortified foods provide an additional source of Vitamin D, especially in individuals with limited sun exposure.
• Reading food labels can help identify fortified products and ensure adequate Vitamin D intake.
• Fortification has been a public health strategy to combat Vitamin D deficiency worldwide.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Authority of the Governor:
• Under Article 192 of the Indian Constitution, the Governor decides on the disqualification of a member of the State Legislative Assembly when the matter is not related to defection (Tenth Schedule). Hence, option 1 is correct.
• Procedure:
• If a question arises regarding the disqualification of a member, the matter is referred to the Governor.
• The Governor takes the decision after obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission of India. The Governor is bound by the advice provided by the Election Commission.
• Grounds for Disqualification (Article 191):
• Holding an office of profit.
• Being of unsound mind or undischarged insolvent.
• Not being a citizen of India.
• Violation of other provisions related to qualifications for membership.
• Tenth Schedule Exception:
• Matters related to defection (anti-defection law) under the Tenth Schedule are decided by the Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• In October 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose set up the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind Government) in Singapore, and it was recognized by nine countries, including Japan. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• Provisional Government Formation:
• It was established on 21^st October 1943 under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose.
• Countries that Recognized Azad Hind Government:
• Japan
• Germany
• Italy
• Burma (Myanmar)
• Thailand
• Philippines
• Manchukuo (Japanese puppet state in China)
• Croatia (a Nazi-allied state)
• Wang Jingwei regime (Japanese-backed government in China)
• Significance:
• The Azad Hind Government was a symbolic yet powerful attempt to declare India’s independence from British rule.
• Bose’s leadership inspired the Indian National Army (INA) to fight alongside Axis powers during World War II.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The chief economic foundation of the triangular commerce between India, China, and England during the colonial period was the opium trade. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• Explanation:
• India:
• Under British colonial rule, opium was cultivated in India, particularly in regions like Bengal and Bihar, under strict supervision of the British East India Company.
• The opium was exported to China in exchange for tea, silk, and other goods.
• China:
• The British sold Indian opium in China to balance their trade deficit. The opium trade caused widespread addiction in China and significant economic disruption, leading to resentment and ultimately the Opium Wars.
• England:
• England used the tea, silk, and other goods imported from China to meet the growing demand in Europe. The profits from this trade helped finance British colonial administration and expansion.

The correct answer is Saudi Arabia.

In News

• FIFA has confirmed Saudi Arabia as the host for the 2034 FIFA World Cup during its virtual FIFA Congress.

Key Points

• Saudi Arabia will host the FIFA World Cup for the first time in its history.
• The 2034 FIFA World Cup will feature an expanded 48-team format played in a single country.
• FIFA announced both 2030 and 2034 World Cup hosts in a combined decision.
• This selection underscores Saudi Arabia’s growing influence in global sports.

Additional Information

• 2030 FIFA World Cup
• Co-hosts: Morocco, Portugal, and Spain.
• Centenary celebration matches will be played in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay.
• Opening match: Estadio Centenario, Uruguay, marking 100 years of the FIFA World Cup.
• 2026 FIFA World Cup
• Co-hosted by the USA, Canada, and Mexico.
• The 48-team format will debut in this edition.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem and the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change are both part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
• The NAPCC was launched by the Government of India in 2008 to address climate change and promote sustainable development.
• The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change.
• The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem is also associated with the Ministry of Science and Technology, focusing on the sustainable development of the Himalayan region.

Additional Information

• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
• NAPCC is an initiative by the Government of India to outline its strategy to meet the challenges of climate change.
• It consists of eight national missions, including the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem and the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change.
• These missions focus on various aspects such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation.
• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
• This mission aims to understand the complex interactions between the Himalayan glaciers, hydrological systems, and the climate.
• It focuses on the conservation of biodiversity, forest resources, and wildlife in the Himalayan region.
• The mission also addresses the concerns of the local communities dependent on the Himalayan ecosystem for their livelihoods.
• National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
• This mission aims to develop a better understanding of climate science, impacts, and adaptation measures.
• It focuses on building a knowledge system that integrates scientific, technical, and traditional knowledge related to climate change.
• The mission also promotes research and innovation in climate science and technology.

The correct answer is 2030.

Key Points

• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in September 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
• The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals designed to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.
• The target year for achieving the SDGs is 2030.
• The goals cover a broad range of social, environmental, and economic development issues.

Additional Information

• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• They are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
• The 17 goals include no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice and strong institutions, and partnerships for the goals.
• The SDGs build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace, and justice, among other priorities.
• They are integrated and indivisible, balancing the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social, and environmental.
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• It was adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015.
• This agenda provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.
• It includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals which are an urgent call for action by all countries in a global partnership.
• The agenda emphasizes the importance of tackling global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.