Previous Year Paper

UPPSC AE Mechanical 13 Dec 2020 Official Paper I (Previous Year Paper)

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General Hindi (25 questions)

Question 1

समास-योजना की दृष्टी से इनमें से एक अशुद्ध युग्म है

  1. AOption (a)

    सतसई – द्विगु समास

  2. BOption (b)

    तुलसीकृत – तत्पुरुष समास

  3. COption (c)

    मंदोदरी – बहुव्रीहि समास

  4. DOption (d)

    मरणासन्न – अव्ययीभाव समास

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

मरणासन्न – अव्ययीभाव समास

Why this answer is correct

  • "मरणासन्न – अव्ययीभाव समास" यह समास - युग्म बिलकुल गलत है।  अत: प्रश्नानुसार सही विकल्प 4 'मरणासन्न – अव्ययीभाव समास' है।

  • मरणासन्न का समास विग्रह :- जो मृत्यु के आसन पर हो अर्थात जो मृत्यु के निकट हो

  • अत: यहाँ उत्तर पद 'आसन' प्रधान पद है, इसलिए यह तत्पुरुष समास होगा।

  • जबकि "जिस समास में पहला पद प्रधान हो और समस्त शब्द अव्यय का काम करे।" वह 'अव्ययी भाव समास' होता है।

Key Points

  • सतसई – द्विगु समास ---> "सात का समाहार अथवा समूह"
  • तुलसीकृत – तत्पुरुष समास ---> "तुलसी द्वारा कृत अथवा तुलसी द्वारा लिखा"
  • मंदोदरी – बहुव्रीहि समास  ---> "मंद उदर हो जिसका अर्थात मन्दोदरी"

Additional Information

समास - समास उस प्रक्रिया को कहते हैं, जिसमें दो शब्द मिलाकर उनके बीच के संबंधसूचक आदि का लोप करके नया शब्द बनाया जाता है। समास से तात्पर्य 'संक्षिप्तीकरण' से है। समास के माध्यम से कम शब्दों में अधिक अर्थ प्रकट किया जाता है। जैसे - राजा का पुत्र – राजपुत्र, समास के छःप्रकार हैं -
समास का नामपरिभाषाउदाहरण
तत्पुरुष समासजिस समास में उत्तरपद प्रधान हो तथा समास करने के उपरांत विभक्ति (कारक चिन्ह) का लोप हो।धर्म का ग्रन्थ = धर्मग्रन्थ, तुलसीदास द्वारा कृत = तुलसीदासकृत।
बहुव्रीहि समासजिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान नहीं होते हैं और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य विशेष अर्थ की ओर संकेत कर रहे होते हैं।जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान, तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव।
कर्मधारय समासजिस समास के दोनों शब्दों के बीच विशेषण-विशेष्य अथवा उपमान-उपमेय का सम्बन्ध हो, पहचान: विग्रह करने पर दोनों पद के मध्य में 'है जो', 'के समान' आदि आते हैं।कमल के समान नयन = कमलनयन, महान है जो देव = महादेव।
द्विगु समासजिस समास में पूर्वपद (पहला पद) संख्यावाचक विशेषण हो।दो पहरों का समूह = दोपहर, तीनों लोकों का समाहार = त्रिलोक।
अव्यययीभाव समासजिस समास में पहला पद प्रधान हो और समस्त शब्द अव्यय का काम करे।प्रति + दिन = प्रतिदिन, एक + एक = एकाएक

Question 2

अलग होने के अर्थ में ‘से’ कारक-चिह्न का प्रयोग होता है

  1. AOption (a)

    अपादान कारक में

  2. BOption (b)

    करण कारक में

  3. COption (c)

    करण कारक तथा अपादान कारक दोनों में

  4. DOption (d)

    सम्बन्ध कारक में

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

अपादान कारक में

Why this answer is correct

  • अलग होने के अर्थ में 'अपादान कारक' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

  • जैसे:- पेड़ से पत्ता गिरा, अर्थात पेड़ से पत्ते के अलग होने के भाव में यहाँ अपादान कारक का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

  • करण कारक और अपादान कारक दोनों की विभक्ति 'से' होती है।

  • परन्तु अपादान कारक की 'से' विभक्ति अलग होने के अर्थ में प्रयोग की जाती है और करण कारक की 'से',  "के द्वारा" के अर्थ में प्रयोग की जाती है।

  • जैसे:- पृथ्वी सूर्य 'से' दूर है। (अपादान कारक)

  • जैसे:- बच्चा बोतल 'से' दूध पीता है। (करण कारक)

​

Additional Information  

कारक- संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का क्रिया से सम्बन्ध जिस रूप से जाना जाता है, उसे कारक कहते हैं।

हिंदी में जिनकी संख्या आठ मानी गई है। जो निम्नलिखित हैं:-

कारकचिह्नअर्थ
कर्तानेकाम करने वाला
कर्मकोजिस पर काम का प्रभाव पड़ रहा हो
करणसेजिसके द्वारा कर्ता काम करे
संप्रदानको, के लिएजिसके लिए क्रिया की जाए
अपादानसे (अलग होना)जिससे अलगाव हो
संबंधका, की, के, न, नी, ने, रा, री, रेअन्य पदों से संबंध
अधिकरणमें, परक्रिया का आधार
संबोधनहे, अरेकिसी को पुकारना, बुलाना आदि

Question 3

‘पवन’ शब्द का सन्धि-विच्छेद है

  1. AOption (a)

    पौ + अन

  2. BOption (b)

    पो + अन

  3. COption (c)

    प + अवन

  4. DOption (d)

    प + वन

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

पो + अन

Why this answer is correct

‘पवन’ शब्द का सन्धि-विच्छेद 'पो + अन' होगा। अतः सही विकल्प 'पो + अन' है।

 

Key Points

  • 'पवन' में 'अयादि स्वर संधि' है।
  • 'पवन' का विच्छेद करने पर 'पो + अन = पवन' होगा और नियम 'ओ + अ = अव्' है।

 

संधिपरिभाषाउदाहरण
अयादि संधिए, ऐ तथा ओ, औ का मेल किसी अन्य स्वर के साथ होने से क्रमशः ए का अय्, ऐ का आय्, ओ का अव् तथा औ का आव् हो जाता है।ने + अन (ए + अ) = नयन, गै + अक (ऐ + अ) = गायक।

 

Additional Information

संधि - दो शब्दों के मेल से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) होता है, उसे संधि कहते हैं। संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं - 1. स्वर, 2. व्यंजन और 3. विसर्ग।
संधिपरिभाषाउदाहरण
स्वर संधिदो स्वरों के मेल से उत्पन्न होने वाले विकार को स्वर संधि कहते हैं। इसके इसके पाँच भेद हैं- दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि।महाशय = महा + आशय।
व्यंजन संधिव्यंजन के बाद किसी स्वर या व्यंजन के आने से उस व्यंजन में जो परिवर्तन होता है, वह व्यंजन संधि कहलाता है।दिग्गज = दिक् + गज।
विसर्ग संधिविसर्ग के साथ स्वर अथवा व्यंजन के मिलने से जो विकार उत्पन्न होता है, उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं।शिरोमणि = शिर: + मणि।

Question 4

इनमें से शुद्ध वर्तनी का रूप है

  1. AOption (a)

    निरझरणी

  2. BOption (b)

    निरझरिणी

  3. COption (c)

    निर्झरिणी

  4. DOption (d)

    निर्झरणी

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

निर्झरिणी

Why this answer is correct

  • 'निर्झरिणी' शब्द वर्तनी और उच्चारण की दृष्टि से शुद्ध और सार्थक है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 'निर्झरिणी' है।

Key Points 

  • निर्झरिणी का अर्थ :- नदी होता है।
  • नदी के पर्यायवाची शब्द:-  सरिता, तटिनी, सरि, सारंग, तरंगिणी, दरिया, निर्झरिणी होते है।

Question 5

निम्नलिखित में से एक शब्द में उपसर्ग का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है, वह शब्द है:

  1. AOption (a)

    सहज

  2. BOption (b)

    अनुभव

  3. COption (c)

    संचार

  4. DOption (d)

    नयन

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

नयन

Why this answer is correct

  • 'नयन' मूल शब्द है, इसमें कोई उपसर्ग प्रयोग नही होता है। अत: सही विकल्प 4 'नयन' होता है।

Mistake Points

  • नयन शब्द में 'न्' मूल शब्द है, और 'अन' प्रत्यय लगा हुआ है
  • नयन में उपसर्ग नही बल्कि प्रत्यय का प्रयोग हुआ है।

Key Points

  • सहज --> स + हज,  स उपसर्ग
  • अनुभव --> अनु + भव, अनु उपसर्ग
  • संचार ---> सन् + चार, सन् उपसर्ग

Additional Information

उपसर्गऐसे शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं।प्रति + क्षण = प्रतिक्षण सम् + गम = संगम

Question 6

इनमें से ‘अनघ’ का विलोम शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    निरघ

  2. BOption (b)

    अघ

  3. COption (c)

    कृती

  4. DOption (d)

    आदि

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

अघ

Why this answer is correct

  • उपरोक्त में से ‘अनघ’ का विलोम शब्द:- "अघ" होता है।

Important Points

  • ‘अनघ’ का अर्थ:- निष्पाप, शुद्ध, सही, पूर्ण, निर्दोष, दोषरहित" होता है।
  • ‘अघ’ का अर्थ:- पापी, नीच

Key Points

शब्दविलोम
निरघअघ
आदिअंत

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
विपरीतार्थक/ विलोमजो शब्द किसी दुसरे शब्द का विपरीत अर्थ ज्ञात कराते हैं उसे विलोम या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहते हैं।जैसे – अमृत-विष, आदि-अंत, आदान-प्रदान आदि।

Question 7

इनमें से ‘पक्षी’ शब्द का पर्यायवाची नहीं है

  1. AOption (a)

    पिशुन

  2. BOption (b)

    विहंग

  3. COption (c)

    शकुनि

  4. DOption (d)

    द्विज

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

पिशुन

Why this answer is correct

  • 'पिशुन' पक्षी का पर्यायवाची शब्द नही होता है। अत: प्रश्नानुसार सही विकल्प 1 'पिशुन' होगा।
  • पक्षी के सभी पर्यायवाची शब्द:- खग, चिडिया, गगनचर, पखेरू, विहंग, नभचर
  • विहंग, शकुनि, द्विज :- यह तीनो पक्षी के अन्य समानार्थी अर्थात पर्यायवाची शब्द होते है।

​

  

  • द्विज का वैसे अन्य अर्थ :- दो जन्म लेने वाला भी होता है।
  • जैसे:- हनुमान जी का अन्य नाम भी द्विज है।
  • परन्तु यहाँ प्रश्नानुसार पक्षी का पर्यायवाची भी द्विज होता है।

Important Points

  • 'पिशुन' भी एक पक्षी होता है, जिसके पर्यायवाची निम्न है:-
  • पिशुन:- काक, वायस, काग, करठ, पिशुन।

​

Additional Information 

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
पर्यायवाचीएक ही अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द जो बनावट में भले ही अलग हों, पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।आग-अनल, पावक, दहन। हवा-समीर, अनिल, वायु।

Question 8

नीचे दिये गये वाक्यांश और उसके लिए प्रयुक्त होने वाले एक शब्द का एक युग्म गलत है, वह है

  1. AOption (a)

    उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति – धरोहर

  2. BOption (b)

    जिसे प्रमाण द्वारा सिद्ध न किया जा सके – अप्रमेय

  3. COption (c)

    सीमा का अनुचित रूप से किया गया उल्लंघन – अतिक्रमण

  4. DOption (d)

    पूरब और उत्तर (दिशा) के बीच का कोना – ईशान

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति – धरोहर

Why this answer is correct

  • "उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति – धरोहर" यह विकल्प युग्म गलत है। अत: प्रश्नानुसार सही विकल्प 1 'उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति – धरोहर' है।
  • "उत्तराधिकार में प्राप्त सम्पत्ति" के लिए सही वाक्यांश :-  "रिक्थ" कहलाता है।
  • साथ ही इसे "पैतृक धन" भी कहा जाता है।

Additional Information

Question 9

निम्नलिखित में से तत्सम शब्द है-

  1. AOption (a)

    विवाह

  2. BOption (b)

    ईख

  3. COption (c)

    खीर

  4. DOption (d)

    गिद्ध

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

विवाह

Why this answer is correct

'विवाह' तत्सम शब्द है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अत: सही विकल्प 1 'विवाह' है। 'विवाह' शब्द संस्कृत से ज्यों का त्यों ग्रहण किया गया है।

Key Points

  • ईख का तत्सम शब्द ---> इक्षु
  • खीर का तत्सम शब्द ---> क्षीर
  • गिद्ध का तत्सम शब्द ---> गृद्ध

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
तत्सम शब्दऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से ज्यों - के - त्यों ले लिए गए हैं।आम्र, उष्ट्र, ऐश्वर्य, षष्ठी आदि।
अर्धतत्सम शब्दऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से थोड़ा परिवर्तित होकर हिंदी में आये हैं।कार्य से कारज, धैर्य से धीरज आदि।
तद्भव शब्दऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से हिंदी में आने पर उनका रूप बदल गया।आग, खीर, छत आदि।

Question 10

निम्नलिखित में से ‘महीसुर’ शब्द का अर्थ है

  1. AOption (a)

    पृथ्वी का रक्षक

  2. BOption (b)

    महिषासुर

  3. COption (c)

    राक्षस

  4. DOption (d)

    ब्राह्मण

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

ब्राह्मण

Why this answer is correct

  • उपरोक्त में से ‘महीसुर’ शब्द का अर्थ:- 'ब्राह्मण' है।
  • ‘महीसुर’ का अर्थ:- मही के सुर अर्थात 'पृथ्वी का देवता' अर्थात ब्राह्मण सन्दर्भ में प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Additional Information

  • पृथ्वी के रक्षक यहाँ सही विकल्प नहीं है।
  • महिषासुर:- यह एक राक्षस का नाम है।
  • राक्षस:- पृथ्वी के रक्षक कार्य करने न वाले अर्थात भक्षक को राक्षस कहा जाता है।

Question 11

‘ने + अन’ = ‘नयन’ में सन्धि है

  1. AOption (a)

    यण सन्धि

  2. BOption (b)

    गुण सन्धि

  3. COption (c)

    अयादि सन्धि

  4. DOption (d)

    वृद्धि सन्धि

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

अयादि सन्धि

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘ने + अन’ = ‘नयन’ में 'अयादि सन्धि' है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 'अयादि संधि' है।

Key Points

संधिपरिभाषाउदाहरण
अयादि संधिए, ऐ और ओ औ से परे किसी भी स्वर के होने पर क्रमशः अय्, आय्, अव् और आव् हो जाता है। इसे अयादि संधि कहते हैं ।नयन – ने + अन

Additional Information

यण संधिइ, ई, उ, ऊ या ऋ का मेल यदि असमान स्वर से हो तो इ, ई का 'य'; उ, ऊ का 'व' और ऋ का 'र' हो जाता है।जैसे - यदि + अपि (इ + अ) = यद्यपि, अनु + एषण = अन्वेषण।
दीर्घ सन्धिदो सवर्ण ह्रस्व दीर्घ स्वरों के संयोग से दीर्घ स्वर प्राप्त हो वहाँ दीर्घ सन्धि होती है।राम + अवतार = रामावतार (अ + अ = आ) गुरु + उपदेश = गुरूपदेश (उ + उ = ऊ)
गुण सन्धिअ,आ का संयोग इ, उ, ऋ से हो तो क्रमशः इ को ए, उ को ओ तथा ऋ को अर् आदेश हो जाता है।गण + ईश = गणेश (अ + ई = ए) एक + ऊन = एकोन (अ + उ = ओ)
वृद्धि सन्धिअ,आ से परे ए,ऐ,ओ,औ तो ए,ऐ को ऐ तथा ओ औ को औ आदेश हो जाता है।तत्र + एव = तत्रैव (अ + ए = ऐ) जल + ओघः = जलौघः (अ + ओ = औ)

Question 12

निम्नलिखित में से शुद्ध वर्तनी है

  1. AOption (a)

    उज्ज्वल

  2. BOption (b)

    उज्जवल

  3. COption (c)

    उजवल

  4. DOption (d)

    उज्वल

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

उज्ज्वल

Why this answer is correct

  • 'उज्ज्वल' शब्द शुद्ध वर्तनी का शब्द है। अत: सही विकल्प 1 'उज्ज्वल' है।

Key Points

  • उज्ज्वल का अर्थ :- स्वच्छ, शुद्ध, साफ़
  • उज्ज्वल शब्द में व्यंजन संधि है।
  • उज्ज्वल का शुद्ध संधि विच्छेद है= उत् + ज्वल।

Question 13

‘बुद्धिहीन’ शब्द व्याकरण की दृष्टी से इनमें से किस संवर्ग में है?

  1. AOption (a)

    संज्ञा

  2. BOption (b)

    सर्वनाम

  3. COption (c)

    विशेषण

  4. DOption (d)

    क्रिया

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

विशेषण

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘बुद्धिहीन’ शब्द व्याकरण की दृष्टी से इनमें से:- विशेषण के अंतर्गत आते है।
  • जो शब्द किसी की विशेषता बताते है, वो विशेषण कहलाते है। जैसे:- राकेश बुद्धिहीन लड़का है।
  • अत: बुद्धिहीन राकेश के बारे में विशेष है।

Additional Information

परिभाषाउदाहरण
संज्ञाजो शब्द किसी वस्तु स्थान अथवा प्राणी के होने का भाव प्रदान करते है, संज्ञा कहलाते है।राधा, मोहन,
सर्वनामजो शब्द संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किए जाते हैं।ये, मैं, तुम
क्रियाजो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम द्वारा कार्य किया जाता है, वो क्रिया शब्द होते हैं।लिखना, पढ़ना, दौड़ना

Question 14

इनमें से एक वाक्य शुद्ध है, वह है

  1. AOption (a)

    मेरा प्राण संकट में है।

  2. BOption (b)

    सोमवार को रेलवे के कई कर्मचारी गिरफ़्तार हुए।

  3. COption (c)

    अपराधी को मृत्युदंड की सजा दी गयी है।

  4. DOption (d)

    महादेवी वर्मा छायावाद की प्रसिद्ध कवयित्री हैं।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

महादेवी वर्मा छायावाद की प्रसिद्ध कवयित्री हैं।

Why this answer is correct

  • "महादेवी वर्मा छायावाद की प्रसिद्ध कवयित्री हैं।" सिर्फ यह वाक्य उच्चारण और व्याकरणिक दृष्टि से शुद्ध है।

Key Points

  • मेरा प्राण संकट में है  -----> मेरे प्राण संकट में हैं।
  • सोमवार को रेलवे के कई कर्मचारी गिरफ़्तार हुए। --> सोमवार को कई रेलवे कर्मचारी गिरफ़्तार हुए।
  • अपराधी को मृत्युदंड की सजा दी गयी है। --->अपराधी को मृत्युदंड दिया गया।

Question 15

इनमें से दन्त्य ध्वनियाँ हैं

  1. AOption (a)

    च, छ, ज, झ

  2. BOption (b)

    प, फ, ब, भ

  3. COption (c)

    त, थ, द, ध

  4. DOption (d)

    ट, ठ, ड, ढ

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

त, थ, द, ध

Why this answer is correct

  • इनमें से दन्त्य ध्वनियाँ:- "त, थ, द, ध" है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 "त, थ, द, ध" है।

Key Points

दन्त्य- दांतों को मिलाकर बोले जाने वर्ण दन्त्य व्यंजन कहलाते है। इसमें जीभ की ऊपर की नोक द्वारा दांतों का स्पर्श होता ही है। जैसे- त, थ, द, ध।

Additional Information

परिभाषाउदाहरण
तालव्य वर्णजो व्यंजन कठोर तालु की सहायता से उच्चरित होते हैं, वे तालव्य व्यंजन कहलाते हैं।च, छ, ज आदि
ओष्ठ्य वर्णजिन वर्णों का उच्चारण दोनों होठों के स्पर्श से हो वे ओष्ठ्य वर्ण कहलाते हैं।प, फ, ब, भ आदि
मूर्धन्य वर्णजिसका उच्चारण स्थान मूर्धा होता हैट, ठ, ड, ढ आदि

Question 16

इनमें से व्यंजन संधि आधारित शब्द है -

  1. AOption (a)

    अन्वेषण

  2. BOption (b)

    उद्धार

  3. COption (c)

    लघूर्मि

  4. DOption (d)

    पुरोहित

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

उद्धार

Why this answer is correct

दिए गए विकल्पों में 'उद्धार' शब्द व्यंजन संधि आधारित शब्द है। अतिरिक्त विकल्प स्वर तथा विसर्ग संधि हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 2 'उद्धार' है।

Key Points

  • व्यंजन संधि में त् + ह आये तो त् का द् तथा ह का ध में रूपांतरण होगा। जैसे – उत् + हरण = उद्धरण, पद् + हती = पद्धति।

 

अन्य विकल्प

अनु + एषण (यण संधि)यण संधि में इ, ई, उ, ऊ या ऋ का मेल यदि असमान स्वर से हो तो इ, ई का 'य'; उ, ऊ का 'व' और ऋ का 'र' हो जाता है। जैसे - यदि + अपि (इ + अ) = यद्यपि, अनु + एषण = अन्वेषण।
लघु + ऊर्मि (दीर्घ संधि)जब दो सवर्ण, ह्रस्व या दीर्घ, स्वरों के मेल होने पर दीर्घ स्वर बन जाता है, तब उसे दीर्घ संधि कहते हैं। जैसे – शिव + आलय (अ + आ) = शिवालय, गिरि + इन्द्र (इ + इ) = गिरीन्द्र।
पुरः + हित (विसर्ग संधि)यदि विसर्ग से पहले ‘अ’ हो और बाद में घोष व्यंजन हो तो विसर्ग ‘ओ’ में बदल जाता है। जैसे – मनः + भाव = मनोभाव, यशः + दा = यशोदा।

 

Additional Information

संधि - दो शब्दों के मेल से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) होता है उसे संधि कहते हैं। संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं - 1. स्वर, 2. व्यंजन और 3. विसर्ग,
संधिपरिभाषा
स्वरस्वर वर्ण के साथ स्वर वर्ण के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है। जैसे - विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी; महा + ईश = महेश।
व्यंजनएक व्यंजन से दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है। जैसे - अहम् + कार = अहंकार; उत् + लास = उल्लास।
विसर्गविसर्ग के साथ स्वर या व्यंजन के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है। जैसे - दुः + आत्मा = दुरात्मा; निः + कपट = निष्कपट।

Question 17

‘चौराहा’ शब्द में समास है

  1. AOption (a)

    तत्पुरुष

  2. BOption (b)

    बहुव्रीहि

  3. COption (c)

    अव्ययीभाव

  4. DOption (d)

    द्विगु

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

द्विगु

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘चौराहा’ का समास विग्रह :-  चार राहो का समूह होता है। अत: सही विकल्प 4 'द्विगु' समास है।
  • द्विगु समास में प्रथम वर्ण संख्या वाचक होता है।

Key Points 

समास - समास से तात्पर्य 'संक्षिप्तीकरण' से है। जब दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के योग से जो छोटा शब्द बने उसे समास कहते हैं। समास के माध्यम से कम शब्दों में अधिक अर्थ प्रकट किया जाता है। जैसे - रजा का पुत्र – राजपुत्र, समास के छःप्रकार हैं -
समासपरिभाषाउदाहरण
बहुब्रीहिजिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान नहीं होते हैं और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य विशेष अर्थ की ओर संकेत कर रहे होते हैं।जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान, तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव।
तत्पुरुषजिस समास में उत्तरपद प्रधान हो तथा समास करने के उपरांत विभक्ति (कारक चिन्ह) का लोप हो।राम का अनुज= रामानुज, धर्म का ग्रन्थ = धर्मग्रन्थ, तुलसीदास द्वारा कृत = तुलसीदासकृत।
अव्ययीभावजिस समास में पहला पद (पूर्वपद) अव्यय तथा प्रधान हो'।जैसे – जन्म से लेकर = आजन्म, मति के अनुसार = यथामति।

Question 18

‘निवृत्ति’ शब्द का विलोम है

  1. AOption (a)

    सद्वृत्ति

  2. BOption (b)

    सुवृत्ति

  3. COption (c)

    प्रवृत्ति

  4. DOption (d)

    कुवृत्ति

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

प्रवृत्ति

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘निवृत्ति’ शब्द का विलोम:- प्रवृत्ति है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 'प्रवृत्ति' है।
  • ‘निवृत्ति’ का अर्थ:- छुटकारा, मुक्ति
  • 'प्रवृत्ति' का अर्थ:- किसी चीज से जुड़े होने की अवस्था

Key Points

  • सद्वृत्ति (सदाचार) का विलोम - असद्वृत्ति

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
विलोमजो शब्द एक – दूसरे शब्दों का उल्टा अर्थ प्रकट करते है विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैlकाला -गोरा अनुकूल – प्रतिकूल आदिl

Question 19

निम्नलिखित में से ‘शारदा’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    कमला

  2. BOption (b)

    कौमुदी

  3. COption (c)

    वारुणी

  4. DOption (d)

    गिरा

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

गिरा

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘शारदा’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द:- गिरा है।
  • शारदा के अन्य पर्यायवाची:- भारती, सरस्वती, वाग्देवी, वीणावादिनी, विद्या, वागेश्वरी, वागीशा।

Key Points

  • कमला के पर्यायवाची:- पद्मा, रमा, लक्ष्मी,हरिप्रिया, श्री, इंदिरा
  • कौमुदी के पर्यायवाची:- चन्द्रिका, चाँदनी, ज्योत्स्ना, चन्द्रमरीचि, उजियारी, चन्द्रप्रभा, जुन्हाई।
  • वारुणी के पर्यायवाची:- मदिरा, मधु, शराब, आसव, सुरा, मद्य, हाला, मद।

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
पर्यायवाचीएक ही अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द जो बनावट में भले ही अलग हों, पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।आग-अनल, पावक, दहन। हवा-समीर, अनिल, वायु।

Question 20

‘मृत्यु के इच्छुक’ – इस वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    मुमुक्षा

  2. BOption (b)

    मुमूर्षु

  3. COption (c)

    युयुत्सा

  4. DOption (d)

    मुमुक्षु

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

मुमूर्षु

Why this answer is correct

  • 'मुमूर्षु' उसे कहते है जो मृत्यु के निकट हो या मृत्यु माँग रहा हो। अत: प्रश्नानुसार सही विकल्प 2 ''मुमूर्षु'' होगा। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

  • मुमुक्षा --> जो मोक्ष की इच्छा रखें, उसके लिए प्रयुक्त शब्द मुमुक्षा होता है।
  • मुमुक्षु --> जो मोक्ष की इच्छा रखें, उस भव्यात्मा के लिए भी प्रयुक्त शब्द मुमुक्षा होता है।
  • युयुत्सा --> जो युद्ध के लिए तत्पर अथवा युद्ध की कामना रखता हो।

Additional Information

व���क्यांशभाषा को सुंदर, आकर्षक और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो वह वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है। जैसे- जिसे देखकर डर लगे- डरावना

Question 21

‘चीनांशुक’ शब्द का अर्थ है:-

  1. AOption (a)

    तंतु

  2. BOption (b)

    रेणु

  3. COption (c)

    रेशम वस्त्र

  4. DOption (d)

    चीनी मिट्टी

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

रेशम वस्त्र

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘चीनांशुक’ शब्द का सही अर्थ:- "रेशम वस्त्र" है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 'रेशम वस्त्र' होगा।

​ 

  • ‘चीनांशुक’ का वास्तविक अर्थ 'रेशम' से जुदा हुआ होता है, परन्तु इसका अर्थ मिट्टी से जुड़ा हुआ बिल्कुल भी नही होता है।
  • ‘चीनांशुक’ को हम रेशमी कपड़ा, चीन से आया वस्त्र आदि के रूप में किताबो में पढ़ सकते हैं।
  • परन्तु चीनी मिट्टी इसका उत्तर नही होगा।​

Additional Information

  • तंतु --> सूत अथवा तागा, रेशा
  • रेणु --> धूल , रेत
  • चीनी मिट्टी :- यह एक सफेद मिट्टी होती है, जिसे पकाकर बर्तन या खिलौने बनाये जाते है।

Question 22

निम्नलिखित में से तद्भव शब्द है।

  1. AOption (a)

    वानर

  2. BOption (b)

    तेल

  3. COption (c)

    पीत

  4. DOption (d)

    घोटक

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

तेल

Why this answer is correct

  • उपरोक्त विकल्पों में से 'तेल' तद्भव शब्द है। अत: सही विकल्प 2 'तेल' है।
  • तद्भव शब्द, वे होते है जो संस्कृत से उत्पन्न शब्दों के नये रूप होते है, जिनका उच्चारण समय के साथ बदल गया है।
  • अत: तेल का तद्भव शब्द - तैल होता है।
  • इसी प्रकार आँसू भी तद्भव है जिसका तत्सम शब्द 'अश्रु' होता है।

Important Points

  • तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप 
  • वानर - बन्दर
  • पीत - पीला
  • घोटक - घोड़ा

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
तत्समऐसे शब्द जो ,संस्कृत से आये हुए हैं , जब उनका प्रयोग हिंदी में किया जाता है , तब उन शब्दों का प्रयोग ज्यों का त्यों होता है । ऐसे शब्द को हम तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं ।ग्रह, अक्षि, कार्य, ग्राम, प्रस्तर आदि।
तद्भवऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से आये हुए तो हैं, परन्तु जब उनका प्रयोग हम हिंदी में करते हैं तो उनका रूप बदल जाता है।  इन शब्दों को तदभव शब्द कहा जाता है।घर, आँख, पहाड़, काम आदि।

Question 23

अनेकार्थक शब्द ‘सारंग’ का निम्नलिखित में से एक अर्थ नहीं है:-

  1. AOption (a)

    भौंरा

  2. BOption (b)

    कामदेव

  3. COption (c)

    हाथी

  4. DOption (d)

    तलवार

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

तलवार

Why this answer is correct

  • उपरोक्त विकल्पों में से 'तलवार', 'सारंग' का कोई अर्थ नही है, दोनों के मध्य कोई सम्बन्ध नही है। अत: सही विकल्प 3 'तलवार' है।
  • सारंग का अर्थ:- सुहावना, सुंदर, मन भावन होता है।
  • भौंरा, कामदेव, ज्योतिषी, सभी सारंग के अनेकार्थक शब्द है।
  • सारंग के एक से अधिक अर्थ –
  • हाथी, कोयल, कामदेव, सिंह, धनुष, भौंरा, मृग, मयूर, स्त्री, नानावर्ण
  • सुन्दर, सरस, बादल, वृक्ष, छाता, वस्त्र, बाल, शंख
  • शिव, कपूर, चन्दन, आभूषण, स्वर्ण, मधुमक्खी, कमल।
  • ज्योतिषी भी सारंग का अनेकार्थी शब्द होता है क्योंकि सारंग का अर्थ है विभिन्न रंगो वाला जैसे सारंग हिरन, सारंग सिंह उसी प्रकार ज्योतिषी भी के विद्वान् का प्रकार है अत: यह भी अनेकार्थी शब्द होगा।
  • अनेकार्थी शब्द अर्थो से नही भावार्थ से भी निकाले जाते है।

Confusion Points

  • अनेकार्थक शब्द में एक ही शब्द के भिन्न भिन्न अर्थ होते है।
  • जैसे:- कनक का मतलब 'सोना (स्वर्ण)' , गेंहू, और धतूरा तीनो होता है।

Additional Information

शब्दपरिभाषाउदाहरण
अनेकार्थी शब्दऐसे शब्द, जिनके अनेक अर्थ होते है, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते है।अवकाश- छुट्टी, अंतराल

Question 24

‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ – इस मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है

  1. AOption (a)

    ज्ञान होना

  2. BOption (b)

    गुप्त मंत्रणा होना

  3. COption (c)

    स्वसीमित होना

  4. DOption (d)

    किसी काम न आना

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

गुप्त मंत्रणा होना

Why this answer is correct

  • ‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ – इस मुहावरे का सही अर्थ 2 'गुप्त मंत्रणा होना' है।
  • वाक्य प्रयोग:- कौरवो ने पांडवो के खिलाफ ‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पग लिये थे। अर्थात अंदर ही अंदर गुप्त चालाकी कर ली थी।

Key Points

परिभाषाउदाहरण
मुहा��राऐसे वाक्यांश जो अपने सामान्य अर्थ के स्थान पर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं, मुहावरा कहलाते हैं।प्रतिष्ठित व्यक्ति की निंदा करना- आसमान पर थूकना बहुत प्यारा होना - आँख का तारा  आदि।

Additional Information

मुहावरेअर्थवाक्य प्रयोग
उल्लू बोलनावीरान स्थान होनाजब पुलिस उस घर में घुसी तो वहाँ कोई नहीं था, उल्लू बोल रहे थे।
ऊँट के गले में बिल्ली बाँधनाहर वक्त मूर्खता का काम करना Iकम उम्र की लड़की का अधेड़ उम्र के व्यक्ति के साथ विवाह करना ऊँट के गले में बिल्ली बाँधना हैं।
ऊपर की आमदनीनियमित स्रोत से न होने वाली आयपुलिस की नौकरी में तनख्वाह भले ही कम हो पर ऊपर की आमदनी का तो कोई हिसाब ही नहीं हैं।
एक ही नाव में सवार होनाएक जैसी परिस्थिति में होनादेखते हैं आतंकवादी क्या करते हैं - इस होटल में हम सब एक ही नाव में सवार हैं। अब जो होगा, सबके साथ होगा।

Question 25

निम्नलिखित में से शुद्ध वर्तनी का शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    अनाधिकार

  2. BOption (b)

    रचइता

  3. COption (c)

    सहस्र

  4. DOption (d)

    संग्रहीत

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

सहस्र

Why this answer is correct

सहस्र शब्द वर्तनी और उच्चारण की दृष्टि से शुद्ध और सही विकल्प है। अन्य विकल्प अशुद्ध है। 

Key Points

  • सहस्र का अर्थ:-  गिनती में हजार गुना

Additional Information

  • अनाधिकार --> शुद्ध रूप 'अनधिकार'  ---> जिसमे योग्यता की कमी हो
  • रचइता --->  शुद्ध रूप 'रचयिता' ---> जो रचना करता है
  • संग्रहीत ---> शुद्ध रूप 'संग्रहित'  ---> एकत्र किया हुआ,

Technical (100 questions)

Question 26

A simply supported beam of span l carries a uniformly variable load of intensity w0x over its entire span. Maximum bending moment in the beam is

  1. AOption (a)

    w0l327\frac{{{w_0}{l^3}}}{{27}}

  2. BOption (b)

    3wol327 \frac{\sqrt 3 w_o l^3}{27}

  3. COption (c)

    2w0l39\frac{{{\sqrt 2 w_0}{l^3} }}{9}

  4. DOption (d)

    w0l39\frac{{{w_0}{l^3}}}{9}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

3wol327 \frac{\sqrt 3 w_o l^3}{27}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

  • To find the maximum bending moment, we need to find the reactions at support.
  • The area under the loading diagram gives the total load acting and can be replaced as a point load which acts at the centroid of the given figure.

Calculation:

Given:

Simply supported beam with uniform varying load.

For support reaction:

Netload acting on the beam is the area under the load diagram

∴P=12×l×(wo×l)=wol22\therefore P = \frac{1}{2} \times l \times( {w_o} \times l)= \frac{{{w_o}{l^2}}}{2}

For the beam system to be in equilibrium:

ΣFy = 0

RA+RB=wol22{R_A} + {R_B} = \frac{{{w_o}{l^2}}}{2}    .... eq (i)

ΣMA = 0

RB×l−(wol22)×2l3{R_B} \times l - \left( {\frac{{{w_o}{l^2}}}{2}} \right) \times \frac{{2l}}{3}

RB=wol23{R_B} = \frac{{{w_o}{l^2}}}{3}

From equation (i)

RA=w0l26{R_A} = \frac{{w_0{l^2}}}{6}

Now, the moment about the x-x plane

Mx=wol2x6−wox36{M_x} = \frac{{{w_o}{l^2}x}}{6} - \frac{{{w_o}{x^3}}}{6}

For a maximum bending moment,

dMxdx=0\frac{{d{M_x}}}{{dx}} = 0

dMxdx=16(wol2)−16(wo×3x2)=0\frac{{d{M_x}}}{{dx}} = \frac{1}{6}\left( {{w_o}{l^2}} \right)-\frac{1}{6}\left( {{w_o} \times 3{x^2}} \right) = 0

x=±l3x = \pm \frac{l}{{\sqrt 3 }}

As length cannot be negative,

So maximum bending moment taking the positive value of x,

Mx=l3=(wol36×3×3)−(wol36×3){M_{x = \frac{l}{{\sqrt 3 }}}} = \left( {\frac{{{w_o}{l^3}}}{{6 \times 3 \times \sqrt 3 }}} \right) - \left( {\frac{{{w_o}{l^3}}}{{6 \times \sqrt 3 }}} \right)

Mx=l3=wol39×3;⇒3wol327{M_{x = \frac{l}{{\sqrt 3 }}}} = \frac{{{w_o}{l^3}}}{{9 \times \sqrt 3 ;}}\Rightarrow \frac{\sqrt 3w_o l^3}{27}

Question 27

A block of mass M is released from point P on a rough inclined plane with an inclination angle θ, shown in the figure below. The coefficient of friction is μ. If μ < tan θ, then the time taken by the block to reach another point Q on the inclined plane, where PQ = S, is

  1. AOption (a)

    2sgcos⁡θ(tan⁡θ−μ)\sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\cos \theta \left( {\tan \theta - \mu } \right)}}}

  2. BOption (b)

    2sgcos⁡θ(tan⁡θ+μ)\sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\cos \theta \left( {\tan \theta + \mu } \right)}}}

  3. COption (c)

    2sgsin⁡θ(tan⁡θ−μ)\sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\sin \theta \left( {\tan \theta - \mu } \right)}}}

  4. DOption (d)

    2sgsin⁡θ(tan⁡θ+μ)\sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\sin \theta \left( {\tan \theta + \mu } \right)}}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

2sgcos⁡θ(tan⁡θ−μ)\sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\cos \theta \left( {\tan \theta - \mu } \right)}}}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Resolving force along the inclined plane and normal to the plane.

Calculation:

Given:

Along the normal:

Mgcos θ = N

Along the inclined plane:

Mgsin θ - f = Ma

But f = μN

Mgsin θ - μMgcos θ = Ma

a = gsin θ - μgcos θ

a = gcos θ(tan θ - μ)

Now S=ut+12at2S = ut + \frac{1}{2}a{t^2}

But u=0,;⇒s=12at2u = 0,; \Rightarrow s = \frac{1}{2}a{t^2}

⇒t=2sa\Rightarrow t = \sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{a}}

⇒t=2sgcos⁡θ(tan⁡θ−μ)\Rightarrow t = \sqrt {\frac{{2s}}{{g\cos θ \left( {\tan θ - μ } \right)}}} which is valid when μ < tan θ.

Question 28

Moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell of mass M and radius R, about its diameter is

  1. AOption (a)

    MR2MR^2

  2. BOption (b)

    12MR2\frac{1}{2}MR^2

  3. COption (c)

    25MR2\frac{2}{5}M{R^2}

  4. DOption (d)

    23MR2\frac{2}{3}M{R^2}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

23MR2\frac{2}{3}M{R^2}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Moment of inertia:

Moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of a body to angular acceleration about a given axis that is equal to the sum of the products of each element of mass in the body and the square of the element’s distance from the axis.

I = ∑( m1r12 + m2r22 + m3r32 +m4r42 + …….. + mnrn2)

Moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell of mass M and radius R about its diameter.

I=23MR2{\rm{I}} = \frac{2}{3}{\rm{M}}{{\rm{R}}^2}

Additional Information

Moment of inertia of some important shapes:

BodyAxis of RotationMoment of inertia
Uniform circular ring of radius RPerpendicular to its plane and through the centerMR2
Uniform circular ring of radius RAbout diameterMR22\frac{MR^2}{2}
Uniform circular disc of radius RPerpendicular to its plane and through the centerMR22\frac{MR^2}{2}
Uniform circular disc of radius RAbout diameterMR24\frac{MR^2}{4}
A solid cylinder of radius RAxis of the cylinderMR22\frac{MR^2}{2}
A hollow cylinder of radius RAxis of cylinderMR2

Question 29

Which one of the following can completely balance several masses revolving in different planes on a shaft?

  1. AOption (a)

     A single mass in different planes

  2. BOption (b)

    A single mass in one of the planes of the revolving masses

  3. COption (c)

    Two masses in any two planes

  4. DOption (d)

    Two equal masses in any two planes

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Two masses in any two planes

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes:

  • When several masses revolve in several planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane (briefly written as R.P.), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of rotation and perpendicular to it.
  • The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to the centrifugal force of the revolving mass to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitudes equal to the product of the force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane.

Representation of masses in the different planes:

The angular position of masses:

Position of the reference plane:

In order to have a complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following two conditions must be satisfied:

  • The force in the different planes must be balanced, i.e**. the resultant force must be zero**.
  • The couple about the reference plane must be balanced, i.e**. the resultant couple must be zero**.

Hence to satisfy the above condition we need a minimum of two masses in any two planes is required.

Question 30

Linear acceleration of slider in the slider-crank mechanism may be expressed as:

(where, r = radius of the crank, l = length of the connecting rod and n=lrn = \frac{l}{r})

  1. AOption (a)

    a=rω2[cos⁡θ+sin⁡2θn]a = r{\omega ^2}\left[ {\cos \theta + \frac{{\sin 2\theta }}{n}} \right]

  2. BOption (b)

    a=rω2[cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θn]a = r{\omega ^2}\left[ {\cos \theta + \frac{{\cos 2\theta }}{n}} \right]

  3. COption (c)

    a=rω2[sin⁡θ+sin⁡2θn]a = r{\omega ^2}\left[ {\sin \theta + \frac{{\sin 2\theta }}{n}} \right]

  4. DOption (d)

    a=rω[cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θn]a = r{\omega }\left[ {\cos \theta + \frac{{\cos 2\theta }}{n}} \right]

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

a=rω2[cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θn]a = r{\omega ^2}\left[ {\cos \theta + \frac{{\cos 2\theta }}{n}} \right]

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Given below is a slider-crank mechanism:

Displacement of the piston from inner dead center:

x = (l + r) - (lcos ϕ + rcosθ)

We know that obliquity ratio 'n' is l/r, therefore;

x = (nr + r) - (nrcos ϕ + rcosθ)

x = r(1 - cosθ) + nr(1 - cosϕ)

cos⁡ϕ=1−sin⁡2ϕ\cos\phi=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\phi}

cos⁡ϕ=1−(rsin⁡θ)2l2\cos\phi=\sqrt{1-\frac{(r\sin\theta)^2}{l^2}}

cos⁡ϕ=1−(sin⁡2θ)n2\cos\phi=\sqrt{1-\frac{(\sin^2\theta)}{n^2}}

cos⁡ϕ=1nn2−sin⁡2θ\cos\phi=\frac{1}{n}\sqrt{n^2-{\sin^2\theta}}

x=r[(1−cos⁡θ)+(n−n2−sin⁡2θ)]x = r\left[ {\left( {1 - \cos θ } \right) + \left( {n - \sqrt {{n^2} - {{\sin }^2}θ } } \right)} \right]

The velocity of the piston:

v=dxdθdθdtv=\frac{dx}{d θ}\frac{d θ}{dt}

v=rω[sin⁡θ+sin⁡2θ2n2−sin⁡2θ]v = r\omega \left[ {\sin θ + \frac{{\sin 2θ }}{{2\sqrt {{n^2} - {{\sin }^2}θ } }}} \right]

If n2 >> sin2 θ 

v=rω[sin⁡θ+sin⁡2θ2n]v = r\omega \left[ {\sin θ + \frac{{\sin 2θ }}{{2n}}} \right]

Acceleration of the piston:

a=dvdθdθdta=\frac{dv}{d θ}\frac{dθ}{dt}

a=rω2[cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θn]a = r{\omega ^2}\left[ {\cos θ + \frac{{\cos 2θ }}{n}} \right]

where, r = radius of the crank, l = length of the connecting rod, θ = angle made by the crank from the inner dead center.

Question 31

The effect of the mass of spring can be considered for calculating the natural frequency of a spring-mass system by adding ‘n’ times the mass of spring to the main mass. The value of ‘n’ is

  1. AOption (a)

    1/2

  2. BOption (b)

    1/3

  3. COption (c)

    1/4

  4. DOption (d)

    2/3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

1/3

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Spring mass system:

Case 1: Mass of spring is negligible

At t = t0, system energy will be

E=12kx2+12mv2E = \frac{1}{2}k{x^2} + \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}

According to the energy conservation theorem:

dEdt=0\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = 0

dEdt=12(k×2xdxdt;)+12(m×2vdvdt)\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {k \times 2x\frac{{dx}}{{dt}};} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( {m \times 2 v \frac{{dv}}{{dt}}} \right)

kxv+mvd2xdt2=0;kxv + mv\frac{{{d^2}x}}{{d{t^2}}} = 0;

md2xdt2+kx=0m\frac{{{d^2}x}}{{d{t^2}}} + kx = 0

On comparing this with the natural vibration equation we get,

ωn=km{\omega _n} = \sqrt {\frac{k}{m}}

Case 2: Spring is also having mass

Let the mass of spring be ms

(KE)spring=12(msldy)(vly)2{\left( {KE} \right)_{spring}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{{{m_s}}}{l}dy} \right){\left( {\frac{v}{l}y} \right)^2}

(KE)spring=16msv2{\left( {KE} \right)_{spring}} = \frac{1}{6}{m_s}{v^2}

At t = t0, system energy will be

E=12kx2+12mv2+16msv2E = \frac{1}{2}k{x^2} + \frac{1}{2}m{v^2} + \frac{1}{6}{m_s}{v^2}

E=12kx2+12(m+ms3)v2E = \frac{1}{2}k{x^2} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {m + \frac{{{m_s}}}{3}} \right){v^2}

According to the Energy conservation theorem:

dEdt=0\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = 0

dEdt=12(k×2xdxdt;)+12(m+ms3)×2vdvdt\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {k \times 2x\frac{{dx}}{{dt}};} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( {m + \frac{{{m_s}}}{3}} \right) \times 2v\frac{{dv}}{{dt}}

kxv+(m+ms3)vd2xdt2=0kxv + \left( {m + \frac{{{m_s}}}{3}} \right)v\frac{{{d^2}x}}{{d{t^2}}} = 0

(m+ms3)d2xdt2+kx=0\left( {m + \frac{{{m_s}}}{3}} \right)\frac{{{d^{2x}}}}{{d{t^2}}} + kx = 0

On comparing this with the natural vibration equation we get,

ωn=k(m+ms3){\omega _n} = \sqrt {\frac{k}{{\left( {m + \frac{{{m_s}}}{3}} \right)}}}

i.e. when the mass of the spring is also considered for calculation of natural frequency then 1/3rd of the spring-mass is added to the main mass.

Question 32

An offset provided in radial cam-translating-follower mechanism serves to

  1. AOption (a)

    decrease the pressure angle during ascent of the follower

  2. BOption (b)

    increase the pressure angle during ascent of the follower

  3. COption (c)

    avoid possible obstruction due to some machine parts

  4. DOption (d)

    decrease the pressure angle during descent of the follower

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

decrease the pressure angle during ascent of the follower

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Radial follower:

The follower is known as a radial follower if the line of movement of the follower passes through the centre of rotation of the cam.

Offset follower:

If the line of movement of follower is offset from the centre of rotation of the cam, the follower is known as an offset follower.

Function of offset-follower:

  • The force exerted by a cam on the follower is always normal to the surface of the cam at the point of contact. The vertical component (Fcos α) lifts the follower whereas the horizontal component (Fsin α) exerts lateral pressure on the bearing.
  • An offset provided in the radial cam-translating-follower mechanism is to decrease the pressure angle during the ascent of the follower because the high value of pressure angle is not desirable as it increases side thrust and performance will not be smooth. Its main concern is to move the follower in the upward direction because it comes down due to its own weight.

Question 33

20° full depth involute profile 19 tooth pinion and 37 teeth gear are in mesh. If the module is 5 mm, then the center distance between the gear pair is

  1. AOption (a)

    140 mm

  2. BOption (b)

    150 mm

  3. COption (c)

    280 mm

  4. DOption (d)

    300 mm

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

140 mm

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The center distance between the gear pair is given by:

Centre distance =(D1+D22)\left( {\frac{{{D_1} + {D_2}}}{2}} \right), 

where D1 = Pitch diameter of pinion, D2 = Pitch diameter of the gear

Module:

  • The module is the ratio of the pitch diameter of gear to the no of teeth, m=DTm = \frac{D}{T}
  • The module of two mating gears must be the same (m1 = m2).

Calculation:

Given:

T1 = 19, T2 = 37, m = 5

For pinion, 

m=D1T1m = \frac{{{D_1}}}{{{T_1}}}

⇒5=D119⇒D1=95;mm \Rightarrow 5 = \frac{{{D_1}}}{{19}} \Rightarrow {D_1} = 95;mm

For gear, m=D2T2m = \frac{{{D_2}}}{{{T_2}}}

⇒5=D237⇒D2=185 \Rightarrow 5 = \frac{{{D_2}}}{{37}} \Rightarrow {D_2} = 185

Center distance =D1+D22=95+1852=140;mm = \frac{{{D_1} + {D_2}}}{2} = \frac{{95 + 185}}{2} = 140;mm

Question 34

If T and m represent the maximum tension and mass per unit length of a belt, then the maximum permissible speed of the belt is given by

  1. AOption (a)

    T3m\sqrt {\frac{T}{{3m}}}

  2. BOption (b)

    3Tm\sqrt {\frac{3T}{{m}}}

  3. COption (c)

    2T3m\sqrt {\frac{2T}{{3m}}}

  4. DOption (d)

    Tm\sqrt {\frac{T}{{m}}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

T3m\sqrt {\frac{T}{{3m}}}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Power transmitted by a belt:

P = (T1 – T2)v

For maximum power:

T1 = T/3

where T1 = Tension in the tight side, T = Maximum tension to which the belt is subjected.

The velocity (maximum) of the belt for maximum power:

v=T3mv = \sqrt {\frac{T}{{3m}}}

where m is mass of belt per unit length.

m = Area × length × density = b.t.l.ρ 

Important Points

Centrifugal Tension (Tc):

Since the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, therefore some centrifugal force is caused, whose effect is to increase the tension on both the tight as well as the slack sides.

The tension caused by this centrifugal force is called centrifugal tension.

Condition for Maximum power transmitted by the belt is T = 3TC

Question 35

A cantilever beam, 2 m in length is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. If E = 200 GPa and I = 1000 cm4, the strain energy stored in the beam will be

  1. AOption (a)

    7 Nm

  2. BOption (b)

    12 Nm

  3. COption (c)

    8 Nm

  4. DOption (d)

    40 Nm

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

40 Nm

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

The strain energy stored in a beam is given by

U=;∫M2dx2EIU = ;\smallint \frac{{{M^2}dx}}{{2EI}}

Where M is bending moment, E is modulus of elasticity and I is moment of inertia.

Calculation:

Given:

w = 10 kN/m = 10 × 103 N/m, E = 200 GPa = 200 × 109 Pa, I = 1000 cm4 = 1000 × 10-8 m4 , l = 2 m

U=;∫M2dx2EIU = ;\smallint \frac{{{M^2}dx}}{{2EI}}

At a section X-X moment is

M=wx22;M = \frac{{w{x^2}}}{2};

U=∫M2dx2EIU = \smallint \frac{{{M^2}dx}}{{2EI}}

Putting the value of M.

U=12EI∫(wx22)2dxU = \frac{1}{{2EI}}\int\left ( \frac{{w{x^2}}}{2}\right )^2dx

U=12EI×w24∫x4;dx;U = \frac{1}{{2EI}}\times\frac{{{w^2}}}{4}\smallint {x^4};dx;

U=12EI×;w24[x55;]U = \frac{1}{{2EI}}\times;\frac{{{w^2}}}{4}\left[ {\frac{{{x^5}}}{{5;}}} \right]

x is varies from 0 to l

U=12EI×w24[x55;]0lU = \frac{1}{{2EI}}\times\frac{{{w^2}}}{4}\left[ {\frac{{{x^5}}}{{5;}}} \right]_0^l

U=12EI×w2l520U = \frac{1}{{2EI}}\times\frac{{{w^2l^5}}}{20}

U=w2l540EIU = \frac{{{w^2}{l^5}}}{{40EI}}

Putting the value of w, E, and I

U=(10×103)2;×;2540×200×109×1000×10−8U = \frac{{{{\left( {10 \times {{10}^3}} \right)}^2};\times;{2^5}}}{{40 \times 200 \times {{10}^9} \times 1000 \times {{10}^{ - 8}}}}

U = 40 Nm

Question 36

A state of plane stress consists of uniaxial tensile stress of magnitude 8 kPa, exerted on a vertical surface and of unknown shearing stresses. If the largest stress is 10 kPa, then the magnitude of the unknown shear stress will be_______.

  1. AOption (a)

    6.47 kPa

  2. BOption (b)

    5.47 kPa

  3. COption (c)

    4.47 kPa

  4. DOption (d)

    3.47 kPa

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

4.47 kPa

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The principle stress given for a state of plane stress consists of biaxial tensile stress is

σ1,2=σx;+;σy2±(σx;−;σy2)2+τxy2{σ _{1,2}} = \frac{{{σ _x}; +; {σ _y}}}{2} \pm \sqrt {{{\left( {\frac{{{σ _x} ;- ;{σ _y}}}{2}} \right)}^2} + \tau _{xy}^2}

And maximum shear stress is given by

τmax=(σx;−;σy2)2+τxy2{\tau _{max}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {\frac{{{σ _x}; -; {σ _y}}}{2}} \right)}^2} + \tau _{xy}^2}

Where σx and σy are normal stress in x and y direction respectively.

And σ1 and σ2 are maximum and minimum principle stress.

Calculation:

Given:

Given uniaxial tensile stress so let us assume that it is acting in x-direction

then σx = 8 kPa and σy = 0 and largest principal stress σ1 = 10 kPa       

σ1=82+(82)2+τxy2{σ _1} = \frac{8}{2} + \sqrt {{{\left( {\frac{8}{2}} \right)}^2} + \tau _{xy}^2}

10=4;+42+τxy210 = 4; + \sqrt {{4^2} + \tau _{xy}^2}

⇒(10−4)2=16+τxy2\Rightarrow {\left( {10 - 4} \right)^2} = 16 + \tau _{xy}^2

⇒;τxy2=20 \Rightarrow ;\tau _{xy}^2 = 20

∴  τxy = 4.47 kPa

Question 37

Consider a two-dimensional state of stress for an element where, σx = 200 MPa σy = -100 MPa .The co-ordinates of the centre of Mohr’s circle are

  1. AOption (a)

    (0, 0)

  2. BOption (b)

    (100, 200)

  3. COption (c)

    (200, 100)

  4. DOption (d)

     (50, 0)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

 (50, 0)

Why this answer is correct

Concept

The coordinates of the center of Mohr’s circle given by σAvg:

σavg=(σx;+;σy2,0)\sigma_{avg}=\left( {\frac{{{σ _x}; + ;{σ _y}}}{2},0} \right)

Calculation

Given

σx = 200 MPa, σy = -100 MPa

Co-ordinates of the center of Mohr’s circle is

σavg=(σx;+;σy2,0)\sigma_{avg}=\left( {\frac{{{σ _x}; + ;{σ _y}}}{2},0} \right)

σavg=(200;+;(−100)2,0)\sigma_{avg}=\left(\frac{200;+;(-100)}{2},0\right)

σavg=(;1002,;0)=(50,0)\sigma_{avg}= \left( {;\frac{{100}}{2},;0} \right)=(50,0)

Question 38

What is the maximum torque transmitted by a hollow shaft of external radius ‘R’, internal radius ‘r’ and maximum allowable shear stress τ?

  1. AOption (a)

    π16(R3−r3)τ\frac{\pi}{16}(R^3-r^3)\tau

  2. BOption (b)

    π2R(R4−r4)τ\frac{\pi}{2R}(R^4-r^4)\tau

  3. COption (c)

    π8R(R4−r4)τ\frac{\pi}{8R}(R^4-r^4)\tau

  4. DOption (d)

    π32(R4−r4)τ\frac{\pi}{32}(R^4-r^4)\tau

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

π2R(R4−r4)τ\frac{\pi}{2R}(R^4-r^4)\tau

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Torque transmission by a hollow shaft: 

Torsion equation = TJ=τmaxR=GθL\frac {T} {J} = \frac {τ_{max}} {R} = \frac {G\theta} {L}

Torque transmission T=τmaxJR=τmax×ZpT = \frac {τ_{max}{J}} {R} = τ_{max} \times Z_p

where, T = Torque, J = polar moment of inertia , R = Outer radius of shaft , r = internal radius of shaft

Zp = Polar modulus of the section

For hollow shaft

J = Ixx + Iyy = π32×(D4−d4)=π2×(R4−r4)\frac{\pi}{32}\times ({D^{4} - d^{4}}) = \frac{\pi}{2}\times ({R^{4} - r^{4}})

Zp = JR=π2×(R4−r4)R\frac{J}{R} = \frac{\frac{\pi}{2}\times ({R^{4} - r^{4}}) }{R}

T=τmax×Zp=π2R×(R4−r4)×τmaxT = τ_{max} \times Z_p = \frac{\pi}{2R}\times ({R^{4} - r^{4}}) \times \tau _{max}

T=π2R(R4−r4)τmaxT = \frac{\pi}{2R} ({R^{4} - r^{4}}) \tau _{max}

Question 39

A massless beam of length 4 m has a loading pattern as shown in the figure. The maximum bending moment occurs at:

  1. AOption (a)

    Location B

  2. BOption (b)

    2675 mm to the right of A

  3. COption (c)

    2500 mm to the right of A

  4. DOption (d)

    3225 mm to the right of A

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

2500 mm to the right of A

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

To calculate the reaction at supports, we use equilibrium condition i.e.

ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0 and ΣMA = 0

Calculation:

Given:

AB = 2000 mm ⇒ 2 m, BC = 2000 mm ⇒ 2 m

ΣFy = 0

RA + RC = (3000 × 2) ⇒ 6000 N  

ΣMA = 0

RC × 4 - (3000 × 2 × 3) = 0

∴ RC = 4500 N.

∴ RA = 1500 N.

From a similar triangle:

1.5(2−x)=4.5x;;;⇒x=6−3x\frac{{1.5}}{{\left( {2 - x} \right)}} = \frac{{4.5}}{x};;; \Rightarrow x = 6 - 3x

∴ x = 1.5 m from end C or 2500 mm from end A.

Question 40

Internal and external radii of a thick cylinder are a and b. It is subjected to an internal pressure of pi. The radial stress at a radius r in the cylinder is

  1. AOption (a)

    a2pi(b2−a2)(1−a2r2)\frac{{{a^2}{p_i}}}{{\left( {{b^2} - {a^2}} \right)}}\left( {1 - \frac{{{a^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

  2. BOption (b)

    a2pi(b2−a2)(1−b2r2)\frac{{{a^2}{p_i}}}{{\left( {{b^2} - {a^2}} \right)}}\left( {1 - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

  3. COption (c)

    b2pi(b2−a2)(1−a2r2)\frac{{{b^2}{p_i}}}{{\left( {{b^2} - {a^2}} \right)}}\left( {1 - \frac{{{a^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

  4. DOption (d)

    b2pib2−a2(1−b2r2)\frac{{{b^2}{p_i}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}\left( {1 - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

a2pi(b2−a2)(1−b2r2)\frac{{{a^2}{p_i}}}{{\left( {{b^2} - {a^2}} \right)}}\left( {1 - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

  • In the case of thin cylinders, the hoop stress is determined by assuming it to be uniform across the thickness of the cylinder but in thick cylinders, the hoop stress is not uniform across the thickness, it varies from a maximum value at the inner circumference to a minimum value at the outer circumference.
  • The radial pressure across the thin cylinder is neglected.

Radial stress is given by Lame’s equation:

σr=C1r2−C2{\sigma_r} = \frac{{{C_1}}}{{{r^2}}} - {C_2}

Boundary condition:

σr = pi, at r = a (inner radius)

pi=C1a2−C2p_i=\frac{C_1}{a^2}-C_2

σr = 0, at r = b (outer radius)

0=C1b2−C20=\frac{C_1}{b^2}-C_2

Determination of constant C1 and C2:

From (i) and (ii), we get

C1a2−C1b2=pi\frac{{{C_1}}}{{{a^2}}} - \frac{{{C_1}}}{{{b^2}}} = {p_i}

C1=pi(a2b2b2−a2){C_1} = {p_i}\left( {\frac{{{a^2} {b^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \right)

Putting the value of C1 in (ii) we get,

C2=(pia2b2−a2){C_2} = \left( {\frac{{{p_i}{a^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \right)

Radial stress:

σr=pir2(a2b2b2−a2)−(pia2b2−a2){\sigma_r} = \frac{{{p_i}}}{{{r^2}}}\left( {\frac{{{a^2} {b^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \right) - \left( {\frac{{{p_i} {a^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \right)

σr=−pia2b2−a2(b2r2−1){\sigma_r} =- {\frac{{{p_i} {a^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \left( {\frac{{{b^2}}}{{{r^2}}}-1} \right)

σr=pia2b2−a2(1−b2r2){\sigma_r} = {\frac{{{p_i} {a^2}}}{{{b^2} - {a^2}}}} \left( {1 - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{{r^2}}}} \right)

The negative sign represents the stress is compressive in nature.

Question 41

A shaft is subjected to a bending moment M = 0.75 kN-m and a twisting moment T = 1 kN-m. The magnitude of equivalent bending moment in shaft is

  1. AOption (a)

    1.25 kN-m

  2. BOption (b)

    1.125 kN-m

  3. COption (c)

    1.0 kN-m

  4. DOption (d)

    0.75 kN-m

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

1.0 kN-m

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The equivalent bending moment of a shaft is given by

Me=12;[M+M2+T2]{M_e} = \frac{1}{2};\left[ {M + \sqrt {{M^2} + {T^2}} } \right]

where M is bending moment and T is the twisting moment.

Calculation:

Given:

M = 0.75 kN-m and T = 1 kN-m.

Me=12;[M+M2+T2]{M_e} = \frac{1}{2};\left[ {M + \sqrt {{M^2} + {T^2}} } \right]

Me=12;[0.75+0.752+12]{M_e} = \frac{1}{2};\left[ {0.75+ \sqrt {{0.75^2} + {1^2}} } \right]

Me=12×2{M_e} = \frac{1}{2}\times2

Me = 1 kN-m

Additional Information

The equivalent twisting moment of a shaft is given by

Te=M2+T2;{T_e} = \sqrt {{M^2} + {T^2}} ;

Question 42

If the size of a standard specimen for fatigue testing machine is increased the endurance limit for the material will

  1. AOption (a)

    Have same value as that of standard specimen

  2. BOption (b)

    Increases

  3. COption (c)

    Decreases

  4. DOption (d)

    None of these

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Decreases

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The endurance limit of the specimen is given by

Se = Ka Kb Kc Kd Se'

where Ka =  Surface finish factor, Kb = Size factor, Kc = Reliability factor, Kd = Modifying factor to account for stress concentration, Se = Endurance limit stress of a particular mechanical component subjected to reversed bending stress (N/mm2), Se' = Endurance limit the stress of a rotating beam specimen subjected to reversed bending stress (N/mm2)

  • When the surface finish is poor, there are scratches and geometric irregularities on the surface. These surface scratches serve as stress raisers and result in stress concentration. The endurance limit is reduced due to the introduction of stress concentration on these scratches.
  • When the machine part is larger greater is the probability that a flaw exists somewhere in the component, the chances of fatigue failure originating at these flaws are more. The endurance limit, therefore, reduces with the increasing size of the component.
  • The greater the likelihood that a part will survive, the more is the reliability factor. The reliability factor Kc depends upon the reliability that is used in the design of the component.

∴ The endurance limit is reduced due to stress concentration.

Question 43

If the load on a ball bearing is halved, its life

  1. AOption (a)

    Remains unchanged

  2. BOption (b)

    Increases two times

  3. COption (c)

    Increases four times

  4. DOption (d)

    Increases eight times

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Increases eight times

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The approximate rating of the service life of a ball or roller bearing is based on the given fundamental equation.

L=(CW)k×106revolution{\rm{L}} = {\left( {\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{W}}}} \right)^{\rm{k}}} \times {10^6}{\rm{revolution}}

where L is rating life, C is a basic dynamic load, W is the equivalent dynamic load.

k = 3 for ball bearing

k = 10/3 for roller bearing

Calculation:

Given:

Ball bearing k = 3

L=(CP)3⇒L∝1P3L = {\left( {\frac{C}{P}} \right)^3}\Rightarrow L \propto { {\frac{1}{P^3}} }

⇒L1P13=L2P23 ⇒L1(P)3=L2(P2)3 ⇒L1P3=L2P38\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow {L_1}P_1^3 = {L_2}P_2^3\ \Rightarrow {L_1}{\left( P \right)^3} = {L_2}{\left( {\frac{P}{2}} \right)^3}\ \Rightarrow {L_1}{P^3} = \frac{{{L_2}{P^3}}}{8} \end{array}

L2=8L1{L_2} = 8{L_1}

∴ life increases by 8 times.

Question 44

The deflection of a spring with 20 active turns under a load of 1000 N is 10 mm. The spring is made into two pieces each of 10 active coils and placed in parallel under the same load. The deflection of this system is

  1. AOption (a)

    20 mm

  2. BOption (b)

    10 mm

  3. COption (c)

    5 mm

  4. DOption (d)

    2.5 mm

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

2.5 mm

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Spring constant / Stiffness of a spring (k): Force required to produce unit deflection.

k=Pδk = \frac{P}{\delta }

where P = Load & δ = Deflection.

Deflection of spring in terms of active turns:

δ=8PD3NGd4\delta = \frac{{8P{D^3}N}}{{G{d^4}}}

∴k=P8PD3NGd4⇒Gd48D3N∴ k = \frac{P}{{\frac{{8P{D^3}N}}{{G{d^4}}}}} ⇒ \frac{{G{d^4}}}{{8{D^3}N}}

where

D = Diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of spring wire, N = No. of active turns, and G = Modulus of Rigidity.

When two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 are connected in series, the equivalent stiffness is given by –

1keq=1k1+1k2\frac{1}{{{k_{eq}}}} = \frac{1}{{{k_1}}} + \frac{1}{{{k_2}}}

When two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 are connected in parallel, the equivalent stiffness is given by:

keq = k1 + k2

Calculations:

Given:

P = 1000 N, δ1 = 10 mm, N1 = 20, N2 = 10

∵k1=Pδ1\because k_1=\frac{P}{\delta_1}

∴k1=100010∴ k_1=\frac{1000}{10}

∴ k1 = 100 N/mm

When Spring is cut into two halves –

k=Gd48D3N{\rm{k}} = \frac{{{\rm{G}}{{\rm{d}}^4}}}{{8{{\rm{D}}^3}{\rm{N}}}}

k2k1=N1N2;;;;;(∵other;parameters;are;constant)\frac{{{{\rm{k}}_2}}}{{{{\rm{k}}_1}}} = \frac{{{{\rm{N}}_1}}}{{{{\rm{N}}_2}}}{\rm{;;;;;}}\left( {{\rm{\because other;parameters;are;constant}}} \right)

∴k2100=2010∴ \frac{{{k_2}}}{{100}} = \frac{{20}}{{10}}

⇒ k2 = 200 N/mm

k2 represents the stiffness of spring after the cut.

Let k21 and k22 be the stiffness of new spring after cut.

∵ the springs are connected in parallel

∴ keq = k21 + k22

⇒ keq = 200 + 200

⇒ keq = 400 N/mm

∵keq=Pδnew\because {k_{eq}} = \frac{P}{{{\delta _{new}}}}

⇒δnew=1000400 \Rightarrow {\delta _{new}} = \frac{{1000}}{{400}}

∴ δnew = 2.5 mm.

Question 45

Find the dynamic load-carrying capacity of a roller bearing if the shaft rotates at 1500 rpm, the radial load acting on the bearing is 6 kN and the expected life for 90% life of the bearing is 8100 hours.

  1. AOption (a)

    6 kN

  2. BOption (b)

    44 kN

  3. COption (c)

    54000 kN

  4. DOption (d)

    60000 kN

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

44 kN

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Load-life relationship:

The approximate rating of the service life of a ball or roller bearing is based on the given fundamental equation.

L10=(CP)k{\rm{L_{10}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{P}}}} \right)^{\rm{k}}}

L10 = Rated bearing life (in million revolutions)

C = Dynamic load capacity.

P = Load acting in bearing.

k = 3 for ball bearing and k = 10/3 for the roller bearing.

The relation between life in million revolutions and life in hours is given by:

L10=L10h;×;N;×;60106L_{10}=\frac{L_{10h};\times ;N ;\times ;60}{10^6}

where, L10h = rated bearing life in hours and N = speed of rotation in rpm.

Calculation:

Given:

N = 1500 rpm, P = 6 kN, L10h = 8100 hours, roller bearing k = 10/3

We know that;

L10=(CP)k×106;revolution{\rm{L_{10}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{P}}}} \right)^{\rm{k}}} \times {10^6}{\rm;{revolution}} and; 

L10=L10h;×;N;×;60106L_{10}=\frac{L_{10h};\times ;N ;\times ;60}{10^6}

Combining both equations:

L10h;×;N;×;60106=(C6)103\frac{L_{10h};\times ;N ;\times ;60}{10^6}= {\left( {\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{6}}}} \right)^{{\frac{10}{3}}}}

8100;×;1500;×;60106=(C6)103\frac{8100;\times ;1500 ;\times ;60}{10^6}= {\left( {\frac{{\rm{C}}}{{\rm{6}}}} \right)^{{\frac{10}{3}}}}

C = 43.34 kN

Question 46

 If ‘w’ is the load on a cylindrical journal of diameter (d) and length (l), then bearing pressure is

  1. AOption (a)

    wdl\frac{w}{ dl}

  2. BOption (b)

    wπdl\frac{w}{\pi dl}

  3. COption (c)

    4wπd2l\frac{4w}{\pi d^2 l}

  4. DOption (d)

    2wπd2\frac{2w}{\pi d^2}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

wdl\frac{w}{ dl}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Bearing:

  • Bearing is defined as the machine element which is used to support a rotating machine element shaft and axle, to guide and confined its motion.
  • Relative motion occurs between two machine elements, the machine element which is stationary supporting the moving machine element is called bearing.

Bearing pressure:

  • It is defined as the ratio of radial load to the projected area. The projected while calculating pressure is square.

 

Let w is the radial load applied on bearing, 'd' is the diameter of the journal and 'l' is the length of the journal. So bearing pressure is

w=loadprojected;area=wdlw=\frac{load}{projected;area}=\frac{w}{dl}

Journal :

  • A part of the shaft which lies inside the bearing is called a journal.

Question 47

δ-iron occurs in the temperature range of

  1. AOption (a)

    Between 400°C to 600°C

  2. BOption (b)

    Between 600°C to 900°C

  3. COption (c)

    Between 900°C to 1400°C

  4. DOption (d)

    Between 1400°C to 1539°C

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Between 1400°C to 1539°C

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Phase components:

Carbon is an interstitial impurity in iron and forms a solid solution in alpha and delta phases. Different phase components are as follows:

Ferrite: 

  • Pure iron contains 0.008% weight of carbon.
  • Upon heating, pure iron experiences a change in crystal structure before it melts.
  • The stable form at room temperature is called ferrite.
  • Alpha iron has a BCC crystal structure.
  • This phase is relatively soft can be made magnetic at a temperature below 768° C and has the maximum possible density of 7880 kg/m3.

Austenite: 

  • Ferrite experiences a  polymorphic transformation to FCC austenite (gamma iron) at 912°C.
  • The austinite persists up to 1394°C at which it becomes BCC-phase known as delta-iron.
  • Upon further heating, it melts at 1538°C.
  • The maximum solubility of carbon in gamma iron is 2.14% approximately 100 times the maximum solubility in the BCC ferrite phase because FCC interstitial positions are larger.
  • Austenite is a magnetic phase.

Cementite: 

  • A very hard and brittle phase is formed when carbon exceeds 6.67%.
  • It has two phases eutectic and eutectoid.

Pearlite: 

  • Microstructure for the eutectoid steel slowly cooled through the eutectoid temperature consist of alternating lamellae of the two phases alpha and Fe3C.
  • Carbon atoms diffuse away from the 0.22% ferrite, extending from the grain boundaries into unreacted austenite grain.
  • The resulting structure is called pearlite because it has the appearance of the mother of pearl.​​

Important Points

  • There are six important temperatures 727°C, 912°C, 1130°C, 1394°C, 1493°C, 1538°C at which phase transformations occur.

Question 48

Tensile test performed on Universal Testing Machine (UTM) actually measures

  1. AOption (a)

    True Stress and True Strain

  2. BOption (b)

    Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio

  3. COption (c)

    Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain

  4. DOption (d)

    Load and Elongation

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Load and Elongation

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

UTM:

A Universal Testing Machine is a machine that is used to perform standard tensile and compressive tests on materials, components, and structures.

It can be used to perform the following tests:

  • Tensile Test
  • Compressive Test
  • Shear Test

Working Principle:

It is a load-controlled machine and works on the principle of elongation/deformation of material on the application of load.

Question 49

The process which does NOT improve the fatigue strength of a material is

  1. AOption (a)

    Shot peening of the surface

  2. BOption (b)

    Electroplating of the surface

  3. COption (c)

    Polishing of the surface

  4. DOption (d)

    Cold rolling of the surface

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Electroplating of the surface

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Fatigue strength is the highest stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles without breaking.

The process which improves fatigue strength are as follows:

Polishing of the surface:

  • The surface of the rotating beam specimen is polished to mirror the finish. The final polishing is carried out in the axial direction to smooth out any circumferential scratches. Scratches present increases the stress concentrations and reduces the fatigue strength of a specimen. Thus, polishing improves fatigue strength.

Shot peening:

  • Shot peening is a cold work process used to impart compressive residual stresses on to the surface of a component, which results in modified mechanical properties.
  • The shot peening process is used to add strength and reduce the stress profile of components.

Cold rolling:

  • Cold rolling is a process by which steel is strengthened by changing its shape below its recrystallization temperature.
  • It strengthens a component due to strain hardening and also improves surface finish which increases and improves fatigue strength.

Additional Information

Electroplating of the surface:

Electroplating increases the tensile strength of a component.

Question 50

Which of the following are the advantages of polymer composite materials?

  1. Higher Specific Strength
  2. Higher Specific Modulus
  3. Higher Corrosion Resistance
  4. Higher Residual Stresses
  1. AOption (a)

    1, 2, 3

  2. BOption (b)

     1, 2, 4

  3. COption (c)

    1, 3, 4

  4. DOption (d)

    1, 2, 3, 4

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

1, 2, 3, 4

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

Composites

  • A composites is a combination of two or more than two materials in which one is matrix and other is reinforcement.
  • A composite material contains two or more constituents which when combined afford significantly different material properties than the individual components.

Polymeric composite materials

  • It consist of reinforcement dispersed in a polymer matrix to improve desired mechanical properties of the polymer material.

  • Recently, nanocomposites, where the filler has at least one dimension in the nanoscale is most widely used .

  • For example, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, 2D-sheets, such as graphene oxide, and nanofibres .

  • These nanofillers have shown huge improvements to material properties at low mass fractions, primarily due to the high surface area to volume ratio that nanomaterials possess.

  • The increased interfacial area between the nanomaterial and continuous polymer matrix results in increased polymer-filler strength.

  • Various applications have been proposed for nanocomposites: biomedical applications, waste water treatment, structural materials etc.

Advantage of polymer composites

  • High fracture resistance, impact resistance, corrosion resistance ,abrasion resistance.
  • High stiffness
  • High strength
  • Low cost
  • Good fatigue
  • Good residual stress

Disadvantage of polymer composites

  • low thermal resistance
  • high coefficient of thermal expansion.

Question 51

Stainless steels are highly corrosion resistant due to the presence of

  1. AOption (a)

    Chromium

  2. BOption (b)

    Manganese

  3. COption (c)

    Molybdenum

  4. DOption (d)

    Nickel

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Chromium

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other alloying elements or residual elements as well. The plain iron-carbon alloys contain 0.002 - 2.1% by weight carbon.

Alloy steels contain 0.1 - 1.0% carbon. Alloying materials like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, aluminium, sulphur etc. are added to improve the properties of steel.

ElementEffect
BoronImproves hardenability without the loss of machinability
ChromiumImproves oxidation and corrosion resistance Corrosion resistance may also be enhanced by Ni and Mo addition
Cobalt and TungstenImproves strength and hardness at elevated temperatures
SulphurImproves machinability when combined with manganese Alone increases the brittleness and lowers impact strength and ductility
ManganeseImproves hardenability and wear resistance Counteracts the brittleness caused by Sulphur
MolybdenumImproves hardenability, toughness Improves elevated temperature strength, creep resistance
NickelIncrease strength and hardness without sacrificing ductility and toughness
VanadiumIncreases strength, hardness, wear-resistance and resistance to shock impact at high temperature.
TitaniumImproves strength, deoxidizes steel.

Question 52

Packing efficiency of Body Centred Cubic (BCC) crystal is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.68

  2. BOption (b)

    0.74

  3. COption (c)

    0.50

  4. DOption (d)

    0.65

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

0.68

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Atomic Packing Factor:

In the crystal structure, atomic packing factor (APF) or packing efficiency or packing fraction is the volume of atoms in a unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell. It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity

No of atoms in b.c.c unit cell = 2

For BCC a=4r3a = \frac{{4r}}{{\sqrt 3 }} where a is the side of the cube and r is the atomic radius.

Now APF will be 

APF=NatomsVatomVcrystal=2(43)πr3(a)3=2(43)πr3(4r3)3APF = \frac{{{N_{atoms}}{V_{atom}}}}{{{V_{crystal}}}} = \frac{{2\left( {\frac{4}{3}} \right)\pi {r^3}}}{{{{\left( {a } \right)}^3}}}= \frac{{2\left( {\frac{4}{3}} \right)\pi {r^3}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{4r}}{{\sqrt 3 }}} \right)}^3}}}

APF=3π8APF = \frac {\sqrt {3} \pi}{8}

Unit CellCoordination No.No. of Atoms Per Unit CellAtomic packing factor
Simple Unit Cell6152%
Body-centred Cubic8268%
Face-centred Cubic12474%
Hexagonal Closest Packed12674%

Question 53

For the sprue shown below what should be the area at point 3 in order to avoid aspiration effect? Given area at point 2 = 125 cm2.

  1. AOption (a)

    79.05 cm2

  2. BOption (b)

    105.84 cm2

  3. COption (c)

    66.81 cm2

  4. DOption (d)

    96.82 cm2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

66.81 cm2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Air Aspiration Effect:

In order to have a uniform pressure, the molten metal in sprue must follow the Continuity Equation at (2) and (3) i.e.

A2V2 = A3V3

where A = area of cross-section, V = velocity at cross-section

Calculation:

Given:

Area at point 2 = 125 cm2 = 0.0125 m2, Distance of Point 2 from top = 10 cm = 0.1 m, Distance of Point 3 from top = 35 cm = 0.35 m

Velocity is calculated from the start of pouring basin.

i.e. V=2ghV=\sqrt{2gh}

V2=2gh2=2×9.81×0.1=1.4007;m/sV_2=\sqrt{2gh_2}=\sqrt{2\times 9.81\times 0.1}=1.4007;m/s

V3=2gh3=2×9.81×0.35=2.620;m/sV_3=\sqrt{2gh_3}=\sqrt{2\times 9.81\times 0.35}=2.620;m/s

A2V2 = A3V3

(0.0125) x (1.4007) = A3 x (2.620)

A3 = 0.006681 m2 = 66.81 cm2

Additional Information

Air aspiration:

  • The pressure in the liquid metal stream being moving through the sprue should not fall below atmospheric pressure.
  • If it falls, atmospheric gases can be absorbed into the molten metal in low-pressure areas and are known as the air aspiration effect
  • To avoid the air aspiration effect, the ideal shape of sprue is parabola but to reduce manufacturing difficulties, the shape of sprue is considered as a tapered cylinder.

Question 54

Spring back during the sheet metal operation is caused because of the:

  1. AOption (a)

    Release of stored energy during elastic and plastic deformation

  2. BOption (b)

    Release of stored energy during plastic deformation

  3. COption (c)

    Release of stored energy during elastic deformation

  4. DOption (d)

    Excess energy that was utilized during the forming process

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Release of stored energy during elastic deformation

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Spring back:

  • Because sheet metal generally is thin and is subjected to relatively small strains during forming, sheet metal parts are likely to experience considerable spring back due to elastic deformation.
  • This effect is particularly significant in bending and other forming operations where the bend radius to thickness ratio is high.

        

​​

Blank holding force (BHF):

  • When force is applied by a punch on sheet material, the natural tendency of the sheet edge is getting lift up, and therefore because of the lifting of edges the wrinkles or foldings are created at the inside corner of the deep-drawn component.
  • That lifting of edges called spring back during elastic deformation.
  • Therefore to eliminate the wrinkles, the lifting of edges should be restricted.
  • It is done by applying a blank holding force(BHF) with a compressed spring.
  • BHF aligned in such a way that it should only avoid the lifting of the edges, but simultaneously it should allow the material to slip in the cavity, and therefore it is generally applied one-third of the drawing load.

Question 55

In computer aided part programming by Automatically Program Tool (APT), “COOL NT / ON” is 

  1. AOption (a)

    Geometry Statement

  2. BOption (b)

     Motion Statement

  3. COption (c)

    Post Processor Statement

  4. DOption (d)

    Set up Statement

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Post Processor Statement

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

APT Language:

The APT language consists of many different type of statement made up of the following valid letters, numerals and punctuation marks.

Letters: ABCDEFGHZ

Numerals: 0 1 2 3 4 5

Punctuation marks

  • / - a slash divides a statement into two sections eg. GO / PAST .
  • , - a comma is used as a separator between the elements in a statement  eg. MACHIN / DRILL , 2 .
  • = - an equals is used for assigning an entity to a symbolic name eg. P1 = POINT / 25,50,30.

The complete APT part program consists of the following four types of statements

  • Geometry
  • Motion
  • Post-processor
  • Compilation control / setup

Geometry statement 

In this statement point, line, circle, ellipse coordinates are written. eg.

  • P1 = POINT/10, 10 ,0.
  • P2 = POINT/20, 10, 0.
  • L1 = LINE/P2. ATANGL, 90, XAXIS. ( means line L1 which is made by point 2 and 90° angle from x-axis)
  • C1 = CIRCLE/CENTER, P1, RADIUS, 20. (means circle which center is point 1 and radius is 20 mm).

Motion statement

In this statement spindle speed, feed rate is written .eg.

  • FEDRAT/200
  • SPINDL/500, CLW (means spindle speed is 500 rpm and rotating in anti-clockwise direction)

Postprocessor statement

In this statement coolant on,off, spindle off are written eg.

  • COOLANT/ON
  • COOLANT/OFF
  • SPINDL/OFF

Compilation control / setup statement 

In this statement, we write all the miscellaneous thing eg.

  • RAPI
  • END
  • FINI

Question 56

 An orthogonal cutting operation is being carried out under the following conditions : Cutting Speed = 2 m/sec, Depth of cut = 0.5 mm, Chip thickness = 0.6 mm. What is the chip velocity? 

  1. AOption (a)

    2 m/sec

  2. BOption (b)

    2.4 m/sec

  3. COption (c)

    1 m/sec

  4. DOption (d)

    1.66 m/sec 

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

1.66 m/sec 

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

We know that, 

r=ttc=VcVr = \frac{t}{{{t_c}}} = \frac{{{V_c}}}{V}

r = chip thickness ratio, t = chip thickness before cutting/(uncut chip thickness) (mm), tc = chip thickness after cutting (mm), V = cutting speed (m/s), Vc = chip velocity (m/s)

Calculation:

Given:

V = 2 m/s, Depth of cut = 0.5 mm

In orthogonal cutting,

t = f(feed) 

and b(width) = d(depth of cut)

but in the question, nothing is mentioned about the uncut chip thickness and feed so we have taken the uncut chip thickness equal to the depth of cut. (Official Question of UPPSC AE)

tc = 0.6 mm

ttc=VcV\frac{t}{{{t_c}}} = \frac{{{V_c}}}{V}

0.50.6=Vc2⇒Vc=1.66;m/s\frac{{0.5}}{{0.6}} = \frac{{{V_c}}}{2} \Rightarrow {V_c} = 1.66;m/s

Question 57

 Low helix angle drills are used for drilling holes in

  1. AOption (a)

    Plastics

  2. BOption (b)

    Copper

  3. COption (c)

    Cast steel

  4. DOption (d)

    Carbon steel

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Plastics

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

Helix angle

  • It is the angle formed by the leading edge of the land with a plane having the axis of the drill.
  • Its usual value is 30°.
  • The low-helix drill was developed primarily to drill brass and other thin materials like plastics. Because of its design, the low-helix drill can remove the larger volume of chips formed by high rates of penetration.
  • High helix-drills are designed for drilling deep holes in aluminium, copper, die-cast material, and other metals where the chips have a tendency to jam in a hole. The angles vary between (35° - 45°).

Question 58

The material removal rate will be higher in ultrasonic machining process for materials with

  1. AOption (a)

    higher ductility

  2. BOption (b)

    higher fracture strain

  3. COption (c)

    higher toughness

  4. DOption (d)

    lower toughness

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

lower toughness

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Ultrasonic Machining:

  • In ultrasonic machining, a tool of the desired shape vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency with an amplitude of around 15 – 50 μm over the workpiece.
  • In this machining generally, the tool is pressed downward with a feed force, F.
  • Between the tool and workpiece, the machining zone is flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of a water-based slurry.
  • As the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the material.
  • It is typically used on brittle materials as well as materials with a high hardness due to microcracking mechanics. If the material has lower toughness then it will undergo brittle fracture and the material removal rate will be higher.

Question 59

​Which of the following represents the type of fit for a hole and shaft pair? Given that hole = \({50^{\begin{array}{{20}{c}} { + 0.04}\ { + 0.00} \end{array}}}\) mm and shaft = \({50^{\begin{array}{{20}{c}} { + 0.060}\ { + 0.041} \end{array}}}\) mm.

  1. AOption (a)

    Clearance fit

  2. BOption (b)

    Loose fit

  3. COption (c)

    Transition fit

  4. DOption (d)

    Interference fit

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Interference fit

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Interference fit: 

Interference is the difference between the size of the hole and the size of the shaft which is always negative i.e. shaft is always larger than the hole size.

Here, the tolerance zone of the hole will be below the tolerance zone of the shaft.

Examples: Shrink fit, heavy drive fit, and light drive fit.

Calculation:

Given:

Hole dimension = \({50^{\begin{array}{{20}{c}} { + 0.04}\ { + 0.00} \end{array}}}\), Shaft dimension = \({50^{\begin{array}{{20}{c}} { + 0.060}\ { + 0.041} \end{array}}}\)

Upper limit of hole = 50.04 mm

Lower limit of hole = 50 mm

Upper limit of shaft = 50.060 mm

Lower limit of shaft = 50.041

Since the tolerance zone of the hole is below the tolerance zone of the shaft, it is an interference fit.

Question 60

For machining ceramics, glasses and plastics, which method is NOT applicable?

  1. AOption (a)

    LBM

  2. BOption (b)

    AJM

  3. COption (c)

    EDM

  4. DOption (d)

    USM

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

EDM

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Non-Traditional Machining Process:

It is also known as Unconventional Machining Process which is defined as a group of processes that remove the excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electro-chemical, chemical energy or combination of these but do not use any sharp cutting edge.

MethodTarget Material
EDMBoth tool and Workpiece must be a good conductor of electric current.
ECMBoth tool and Workpiece must be a good conductor of electric current.
LBM and EBMMachining interior nozzle in direct engines. These methods should not be used for materials carrying high thermal conductivity and reflectivity.
USMGlass, ceramics, and refractory materials.
AJMGlass, germanium, Quartz (mostly used for deburring internal surface)
PBM (PAM)Stainless steel, Monel metal

 

Additional Information

Question 61

A comparator for its working depends on

  1. AOption (a)

    Accurately calibrated scale

  2. BOption (b)

    Comparison with standard such as slip gauges

  3. COption (c)

    Optical device

  4. DOption (d)

    Limit gauges

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Comparison with standard such as slip gauges

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Comparator:

  1. Comparators are used for measuring the dimensions from a reference value the datum is generally established using slip gauges.
  2. Comparator is another form of linear measuring method, which is quick and more convenient for checking a large number of identical dimensions.
  3. During the measurement, a comparator is able to give the deviation of the dimension from the set dimension.
  4. In a mass-production system, the dimension to be checked is having a standard value so only the variation from the standard dimension is to be checked.
  5. The value of deviation is very small and for proper reading, it must be get magnified. Now depending on the principal used for magnification, the comparators are classified as-
  • Mechanical Comparator
  • Electrical Comparator
  • Pneumatic Comparator
  • Electromechanical Comparator
  • Optical Comparator
  • Mechanical optical comparators

Question 62

In machining processes, the percentage of total heat generated in shear action is carried away by the chips to the extent of

  1. AOption (a)

    10%

  2. BOption (b)

    25%

  3. COption (c)

    50%

  4. DOption (d)

    80%

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

80%

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The development of high cutting temperature is a major concern in machining. Figure given below shows the sources of heat generation in the cutting zone during machining -

Primary Shear Zone (PSZ):

  • The primary shear zone lies between the workpiece and metal chip.
  • In the PSZ when shearing action is taking place, the atomic bond present between the atoms of the material is getting breaking.
  • For breaking the atomic bond it needs to supply a certain amount of energy but during the breaking of the atomic bond, they release an equal amount of energy in the form of heat energy.
  • Out of the heat generated the maximum (70 to 80%) amount of the heat is carried away by the chip.

Secondary Shear Zone (SSZ):

  • It lies between the metal chip and cutting tool.
  • In SSZ the energy supplied is converted into heat energy because of the presence of friction at the chip tool interface.
  • About 30 to 35% of the energy supplied is converted into heat energy in the SSZ.
  • Out of the heat generated the maximum amount of the heat is carried away by the chip, Only a small amount is transferred to the tool.
  • This is because the thermal conductivity of the tool is less than the chip.

Tertiary Shear Zone (TSZ):

  • It lies between workpiece and tool.
  • In TSZ, the energy supplied is converted into heat energy is due to the presence of friction of the tool work interface.
  • About 5 to 10% of the energy supplied is converted into heat energy in this zone.

Overall the heat is dissipated as:

  • A major portion of the total heat is carried away by the flowing chips in the primary shear zone.
  • 5–15 % of the total heat goes into a cutting tool in the secondary deformation zone.
  • 3–5 % of the total heat goes into the work-piece at the flank wear zone.
  • The rest heat goes into the atmosphere

Question 63

Group Technology brings together and organizes

  1. AOption (a)

    Common parts, problems and tool production

  2. BOption (b)

    Automation and tool production

  3. COption (c)

    Documentation and analysis

  4. DOption (d)

    Parts and simulation analysis

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Common parts, problems and tool production

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Group Technology:

  • Group technology (GT ) is a concept to increase production efficiency by grouping various parts and products with similar designs and production processes.
  • Similarities among parts permit them to be classified into part families.
  • In each part family, processing steps should be of a similar type.
  • The improvement is typically achieved by organizing the production facilities into Manufacturing cells, that specialize in 

production of certain part families.

  • Grouping the production equipment into machine cells where each cell specializes in the production of a part family is called cellular manufacturing.

Hence cellular layout is followed to achieve advantages of group technology.

Question 64

Which one of the following types of layout is used for the manufacture of huge aircraft?

  1. AOption (a)

    Product layout

  2. BOption (b)

    Process layout

  3. COption (c)

    Fixed position layout

  4. DOption (d)

    Combination layout

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Fixed position layout

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Layout planning in manufacturing and service organisations involves the physical arrangement of various resources available in the system to improve the performance of the operating system, thereby providing better services in less time.

Layouts can be classified into the following four categories:

  1. Process layout
  2. Product layout
  3. Group layout (Combination layout)
  4. Fixed-position layout

PROCESS LAYOUT:

  • It is also known as the functional layout and is characterized by keeping similar machines or similar operations at one location (place).
  • In other words, all lathes will be in one place, all milling machines at another, and so on, that is machines have been arranged according to their functions.

Process Layout is employed where:

  • low volume of production is required.
  • similar jobs are manufactured on similar machines (Eg. Refining of crude oil).
  • machined are arranges on functional basis.

Drawbacks of Process Layout:

  • More floor space is required.
  • Production control is more difficult and costly as it increases handling cost.

PRODUCT LAYOUT:

  • It is also known as line layout. It implies that various operations on raw material are performed in a sequence and the machines are placed along the product flow line i.e. machines are arranged in the sequence in which the raw material will be operated upon.
  • This type of layout is preferred for continuous production i.e. involving a continuous flow of in-process material towards the finished product stage.
  • It is used for mass production of a product i.e. in automobile assembly.

Advantages of Product layout:

  • Handling cost reduces.
  • Less in-process inventory.
  • Less supervision.
  • Efficient space utilisation.
  • Higher productivity i.e. cycle time is short.

Disadvantages:

  • Lack of flexibility.
  • Breakdown stops the entire process.
  • Output quantity fixed, no alteration can be made.

FIXED PRODUCT LAYOUT:

  • It is also known as a static product layout.
  • In other types of layouts earlier, the product moves post stationary production equipment, whereas in this case, the reverse applies men and equipment are moved to the material which is very large in size i.e. remains at one place and the product is completed at that place.
  • It is used in shipbuilding; aircraft manufactured big pressure vessel fabrication.

UNIT PRODUCT LAYOUT:

It is similar to fixed product layout but here the quantity also reduced to unity eg. launch of a satellite.

Question 65

The leaving basic variable in simplex method is the basic variable that

  1. AOption (a)

    Has the lowest value

  2. BOption (b)

    Has the largest coefficient in the key row

  3. COption (c)

    Has the smallest coefficient in the key row

  4. DOption (d)

    Goes to zero first as the entering basic variable in increased.

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Has the smallest coefficient in the key row

Why this answer is correct

The leaving basic variable in simplex method is the basic variable that has the smallest coefficient in the key row.

Question 66

Material handling and plant location is analyzed by

  1. AOption (a)

    Gantt Chart

  2. BOption (b)

    Bin Chart

  3. COption (c)

    Travel Chart

  4. DOption (d)

    Emerson Chart

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Travel Chart

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Travel Chart:

  • The chart which gives an estimate of the number of materials handling between various work stations is known as “Travel Chart”.
  • The aim in the construction of the travel chart is to decide such a layout where the overall materials handling function is performed at a minimum cost.
  • A travel chart is a simple table that is useful where there are multiple and (possibly irregular) movement b/w places.
  • It is a variation on the checksheet, indicating movement from and to any combination of a given set of solutions.

Gantt Chart:

  • Gantt charts are mainly used to allocate resources to activities. The resources allocated to activities include staff, hardware, and software. Gantt charts are useful for resource planning and production schedule.
  • A Gantt chart is a special type of bar chart where each bar represents an activity.

Bin Chart:

  • It is nothing but a histogram chart where the bins represent ranges of data, it is used to determine the spread and variation of a data point in graphical form.

Question 67

In PERT and CPM network the dummy activity

  1. AOption (a)

    Consumes time

  2. BOption (b)

    Consume resources

  3. COption (c)

    Is used to preserve the logic

  4. DOption (d)

    Is a real activity

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Is used to preserve the logic

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Dummy activity: 

  • While establishing the relationships and drawing the network diagram sometimes it so happens that there does not exist any real activity between two events but an event cannot be said to have occurred unless and until some other event has occurred. Such cases are shown on the network diagram as dummy activities.
  • The purpose of dummy activity is to maintain the logic of a network diagram.
  • Since no real activity takes place between two such events, the dummy activity does not consume any resources.
  • It also does not consume time duration.
  • Dummy activities are used only in case of absolute necessity.
  • The symbolic representation of dummy activity is shown as-

Here, the dummy activity is between 2 - 3 which is given by dotted lines.

Question 68

The following measures are carried out by internal state sensors of the end effector.

  1. AOption (a)

    Position

  2. BOption (b)

    Position and Velocity

  3. COption (c)

    Velocity and Acceleration

  4. DOption (d)

    Position, Velocity and Acceleration

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Position, Velocity and Acceleration

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

End effector:

The end effector is the hand connected to the robot's arm. The end effector in the form of the gripper, vacuum pump, tweezer, scalpel etc. is just about anything that helps it to do the job.

Sensor:

Sensors play an important role in the functioning of robots. Sensors are basically measurement devices that translate one form of signal into another. They are used in the robots for feedback purposes. The feedback system helps in guiding the robot end-effector along the proper path for proper operations.

Sensors are classifieds as:

  • Internal state sensors
  • External state sensors

 

Internal state sensors:

  • They are basically used for the detection of variables that help in identifying the orientation of the tool-tip and manipulator joints.
  • Example: position, velocity, and acceleration from potentiometers, LVDT, etc.

External state sensors:

  • External state sensors are used for the detection of variables such as the range of the target or the concerned object of interest to be picked or moved
  • Example: Strain gauges, proximity sensors, etc.

Question 69

With reference to a microprocessor, RISC stands for

  1. AOption (a)

    Redefined Instruction Set Computer

  2. BOption (b)

    Reduced Instruction Set Computer

  3. COption (c)

    Restructured Instruction Set Computer

  4. DOption (d)

    Regional Instruction Set Computer

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Reduced Instruction Set Computer

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates all the core functions of CPU (Central Processing Unit).
  • RISC stands for reduced instruction set computer.
  • A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) is a computer instruction set that allows a computer's microprocessor to have fewer cycles per instruction (CPI) than a complex instruction set computer (CISC).

Question 70

Which of the following provides anti-clockwise and clockwise rotation about the vertical axis perpendicular to the arm?

  1. AOption (a)

    Shoulder swivel

  2. BOption (b)

    Arm sweep

  3. COption (c)

    Wrist bend

  4. DOption (d)

    Elbow extension

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Arm sweep

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Industrial robots are defined by the characteristics of their control systems, manipulator or arm geometry, modes of operation etc.

The term degree of freedom as applied to a robot indicates the number of its axes, an important indicator of a robot's capability. Limited sequence robots have two or three axes only while unlimited sequence robots typically have five or six-axes to perform more complex tasks.

The basic manipulator arm might have only three axes:

Arm sweep: It provides anti-clockwise and clockwise rotation about the vertical axis.

Shoulder swivel: It provides the arm to pitch up and down about a horizontal shoulder axis.

Elbow extension: It provides the arm to pitch up and down about a horizontal elbow axis.

Question 71

PLC operates on the following signals

  1. AOption (a)

    Digital

  2. BOption (b)

    Impulse

  3. COption (c)

    Analog

  4. DOption (d)

    Frequency

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Digital

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

PLC:

  • A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) also known as PLC is a specialized computer used to control machines and processes.
  • PLC operates on digital signals.
  • The PLC uses a programmable memory to store/ save instructions and specific functions that include ON/OFF control, counting, arithmetic, timing, sequencing, and also data handling.

 

The structure of a PLC:

Steps of PLC Operations:

  • Input scan: In this, the state of all input devices that are connected to the PLC is detected.
  • Program scan: This step executes the user-created program logic.
  • Output scan: This step energizes or de-energizes all output devices that are connected to the PLC.
  • Housekeeping: This step includes communications with programming terminals, internal diagnostics, etc.

 

Advantages of a PLC control system:

  • It is flexible.
  • It has a faster response time.
  • It is easy to repair and expand the modular design.​

Question 72

A disc of radius 30 cm is rolling without slip with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s on a horizontal surface. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

  1. AOption (a)

    Linear velocity of all the points is different

  2. BOption (b)

    Speed of all the points is different

  3. COption (c)

    Acceleration of all the points is different

  4. DOption (d)

    Linear velocity of the point touching the horizontal surface is zero

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Speed of all the points is different

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Pure rolling:

Pure rolling is a combination of translation and rotation where the point of contact instantaneously at rest.

For satisfying the above condition Vc = 0

∴ VA = r × ω

For velocity analysis at different points:

V⃗A=rω(i){\vec V_{\rm{A}}} = {\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right)

\({{\rm{\vec V}}{\rm{c}}} = {{\rm{\vec V}}{\rm{A}}} + {{\rm{\vec V}}_{{\rm{C}}/{\rm{A}}}}\)

V⃗c=rω(i)+rω(−i){{\rm{\vec V}}_{\rm{c}}} = {\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r\omega }}\left( { - {\rm{i}}} \right)

\({{\rm{\vec V}}{\rm{B}}} = {{\rm{\vec V}}{\rm{B}}} + {{\rm{\vec V}}_{{\rm{B}}/{\rm{A}}}}\)

V⃗B=rω(i)+rω(i){{\rm{\vec V}}_{\rm{B}}} = {\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right)

\({{\rm{\vec V}}{\bf{B}}} = 2{\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right)\)(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8Haaeaaqa % aaaaaaaaWdbiaabAfapaWaaSbaaSqaa8qacaqGbbaapaqabaaakiaa % wEnia8qacqGH9aqpcaqGYbGaaeyYdmaabmaapaqaa8qacaqGPbaaca % GLOaGaayzkaaaaaa!3FBA! \overrightarrow {{{\rm{V}}{\rm{A}}}} = {\rm{r\omega }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right)\)

From the above, it's concluded that the velocity is different at different points.

For acceleration analysis at different points:

\({{\bf{\vec a}}{\bf{C}}} = {{\rm{\vec a}}{\rm{A}}} + {{\rm{\vec a}}_{{\rm{C}}/{\rm{A}}}}\)

a⃗C=rα(i)+rω2(j)+rα(−i)=rω2(j){{\rm{\vec a}}_{\rm{C}}} = {\rm{r\alpha }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r}}{{\rm{\omega }}^2}\left( {\rm{j}} \right) + {\rm{r\alpha }}\left( { - {\rm{i}}} \right) = {\rm{r}}{{\rm{\omega }}^2}\left( {\rm{j}} \right)

\({{\rm{\vec a}}{\rm{B}}} = {{\rm{\vec a}}{\rm{A}}} + {{\rm{\vec a}}_{{\rm{B}}/{\rm{A}}}}\)

a⃗B=rα(i)+rα(i)+rω2(−j)=2rα(i)+rω2(−j){{\rm{\vec a}}_{\rm{B}}} = {\rm{r\alpha }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r\alpha }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r}}{{\rm{\omega }}^2}\left( { - {\rm{j}}} \right) = 2{\rm{r\alpha }}\left( {\rm{i}} \right) + {\rm{r}}{{\rm{\omega }}^2}\left( { - {\rm{j}}} \right)

From the above, it's concluded that the acceleration is different at different points.

In pure rolling, the speed of all points is equal.

Question 73

The ratio of the magnitude of linear momentum for two objects having mass 30 kg and 10 kg respectively with equal kinetic energy is

  1. AOption (a)

    13\sqrt {\frac{1}{3}}

  2. BOption (b)

    (3)2

  3. COption (c)

    √3

  4. DOption (d)

    (13)2\left( {\frac{1}{\sqrt 3}}\right)^2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

√3

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Linear momentum of a body is given as P = m x V

The kinetic energy of the body is given as K.E.=12mv2K.E. = \frac {1}{2} mv^2

m = mass of the body, v = velocity of the body

Calculation:

Given:

mass m1 = 30 kg, m2 = 10 kg

Let the velocity of respective body 1 and 2 = v1, v2

The kinetic energy of body 1 and 2 is equal, KE1 = KE2

12m1v12=12m2v22 \frac {1}{2} m_1v_1^2= \frac {1}{2} m_2v_2^2

12(30)v12=12(10)v22 \frac {1}{2} (30) v_1^2 = \frac {1}{2} (10)v_2^2 ⇒ v1v2=13\frac {v_1}{v_2} = \frac {1}{\sqrt3}  

P1P2=m1v1m2v2=3010×13\frac {P_1} {P_2} = \frac {m_1v_1}{m_2v_2} = \frac {30}{10}\times \frac {1}{\sqrt3}

P1P2=31×13=31=3\frac {P_1} {P_2} = \frac {3}{1}\times \frac {1}{\sqrt3} = \frac {\sqrt 3}{1} = \sqrt3

Question 74

Condition for the stable equilibrium of a conservative force system in terms of potential energy U is

  1. AOption (a)

    δU = 0 and δ2U = 0

  2. BOption (b)

    δU = 0 and δ2U > 0

  3. COption (c)

    δU = 0 and δ2U < 0

  4. DOption (d)

    δU > 0 and δ2U = 0

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

δU = 0 and δ2U > 0

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Types of equilibrium:

EquilibriumPotential energyConditionGraph
StableMinimumδU = 0 and δ2U > 0
UnstableMaximumδU = 0 and δ2U < 0
NeutralConstantδU = 0 and δ2U = 0

Question 75

Four forces having magnitudes of 200 N, 400 N, 600 N and 800 N respectively acting along four sides (1 m each) of a square ABCD as shown in Figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force from A along the line AB.

  1. AOption (a)

    400√3 N, 3.2 m from A

  2. BOption (b)

    400√2 N, 2.5 m from A

  3. COption (c)

    300√2 N, 2 m from A

  4. DOption (d)

    300√3 N, 2.5 m from A

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

400√2 N, 2.5 m from A

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Parallelogram law of forces:

This law states that if two forces are acting simultaneously on a body at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of intersection of the two sides representing the forces.

Net resultant force, R=a2+b2{{R}} = \sqrt {{{{a}}^2} + {{{b}}^2}}  %MathType!MTEF!2!1!+−%feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn%hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr%4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq−Jc9%vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0−yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr−x%fr−xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8%qacaqGsbGaeyypa0ZaaOaaa8aabaWdbiaabggapaWaaWbaaSqabeaa%peGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaabkgapaWaaWbaaSqabeaapeGaaGOmaa%aaaeqaaaaa!3CE6!R=a2+b2\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- \% feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn \% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr \% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 \% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x \% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 \% qacaqGsbGaeyypa0ZaaOaaa8aabaWdbiaabggapaWaaWbaaSqabeaa \% peGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaabkgapaWaaWbaaSqabeaapeGaaGOmaa \% aaaeqaaaaa!3CE6! {\rm{R}} = \sqrt {{{\rm{a}}^2} + {{\rm{b}}^2}}

Calculation:

Given:

Let;a⃗=800;N,;b⃗=200;N,;c⃗=400;N,;d⃗=600;N\rm Let;{\rm{\vec a}} = 800{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec b}} = 200{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec c}} = 400{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec d}} = 600{\rm{;N}}(% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qaceqGHbWdayaalaWdbiabg2da9iaaiIdacaaIWaGaaGimaiaabcka % caqGobGaaiilaiaabckaceqGIbWdayaalaWdbiabg2da9iaaikdaca % aIWaGaaGimaiaabckacaqGobGaaiilaiaabckaceqGJbWdayaalaWd % biabg2da9iaaisdacaaIWaGaaGimaiaabckacaqGobGaaiilaiaabc % kaceqGKbWdayaalaWdbiabg2da9iaaiAdacaaIWaGaaGimaiaabcka % aaa!53CD! {\rm{\vec a}} = 800{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec b}} = 200{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec c}} = 400{\rm{;N}},{\rm{;\vec d}} = 600{\rm{;}}\)

ΣX = 200 – 600 = -400 N

ΣY = 400 – 800 = -400 N

θ=tan⁡−1ΣXΣY=tan⁡−1400400=45∘{\rm{\theta }} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\frac{{Σ {\rm{X}}}}{{Σ {\rm{Y}}}} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\frac{{400}}{{400}} = 45^\circ , as shown in the figure.

R=(ΣX)2+(ΣY)2=4002+4002=4002;N{\rm{R}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {Σ {\rm{X}}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {Σ {\rm{Y}}} \right)}^2}} = \sqrt {{{400}^2} + {{400}^2}} = 400\sqrt 2 {\rm{;N}}

ΣMA = 400 × 1 + 600 × 1 = 1000 Nm.

Let x be the distance from A along the x-axis, where the resultant cuts AB. Then,

x=ΣMAΣY=1000400=2.5;m{\rm{x}} = \frac{{\Sigma {{\rm{M}}_{\rm{A}}}}}{{\Sigma {\rm{Y}}}} = \frac{{1000}}{{400}} = 2.5{\rm{;m}}

Question 76

A simply supported beam of length l, carries load w(x) = wox over the entire span. Location of the maximum bending moment in the beam at x will be

  1. AOption (a)

    l3\frac{l}{3}

  2. BOption (b)

    l3\frac{l}{\sqrt 3}

  3. COption (c)

    l32\frac{l \sqrt 3}{2}

  4. DOption (d)

    l2\frac{l}{\sqrt 2}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

l3\frac{l}{\sqrt 3}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

w(x) = wox

The given loading equation is of a uniformly varying load as shown in the figure below.

To calculate the location of maximum bending moment, we need to find the point at which the shear force is zero i.e. dMdx=S\frac{dM}{dx}=S; where M and S represents bending moment and shear force respectively.

Calculation:

Given:

The loading diagram can be replaced into a point load to calculate the reaction at supports.

ΣFy = 0 

RA + RB = wol22\frac{w_ol^2}{2}

ΣMA = 0

(RB×l)−wol22×2l3=0(R_B\times l)-\frac{w_ol^2}{2}\times\frac{2l}{3}=0

\therefore R_B=\frac{w_ol^2}{3};&;R_A=\frac{w_ol^2}{6}

Shear force equation is given at any 'x':

RA−wox22R_A-\frac{w_ox^2}{2}

wol26−wox22\frac{w_ol^2}{6}-\frac{w_ox^2}{2}

For location of maximum bending moment:

wol26−wox22=0\frac{w_ol^2}{6}-\frac{w_ox^2}{2}=0

x=l3x=\frac{l}{\sqrt 3}

Question 77

A two member truss ABC is shown in the figure. The force (in kN) transmitted in member AB is _______

  1. AOption (a)

    15

  2. BOption (b)

    30

  3. COption (c)

    20

  4. DOption (d)

    5

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

20

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

FBD of joint B is

The summation of horizontal force is ∑FH=FAB−FBCcosθ\sum F_H=F_{AB}-F_{BC}cos\theta

The summation of vertical force is ∑FV=FBCsinθ−10\sum F_V=F_{BC}sin\theta -10

tanθ =ACAB\frac{AC}{AB}

Calculation:

Given:

AC = 0.5 m, AB = 1 m,  

θ=tan⁡−1(0.51)=26.5∘{\rm{θ }} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{{0.5}}{1}} \right) = 26.5^\circ

∑V = 0

⇒ FBC sin θ – 10 = 0

⇒ FBC = 22.36 kN

∑H = 0

⇒  FAB -  FBC cos θ = 0

⇒ FAB = 19.99 kN = 20 kN

Question 78

If the propeller of an aeroplane rotates clockwise when viewed from the rear and the aeroplane takes a right turn, the gyroscopic effect will

  1. AOption (a)

    tend to raise the tail and depress the nose

  2. BOption (b)

    tend to raise the nose and depress the tail

  3. COption (c)

    tilt the aeroplane about spin axis

  4. DOption (d)

    have no effect

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

tend to raise the tail and depress the nose

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Let the propeller rotate clockwise as seen from the rear (it is the tail end of an aeroplane).

The gyroscopic couple C acting on plane = Iωωp

Where I is the moment of inertia of engine and propeller, ωp is the angular speed of precision and ω is the angular speed of the engine.

For the direction of gyroscopic couple

oa is the angular momentum vector before turning, ob is the angular momentum vector after turning right, ab is the active gyroscopic couple and a’b’ is the reactive gyroscopic couple which is equal but opposite to the active gyroscopic couple.

The vector ab is perpendicular to the plane of the applied couple. Its sense is anticlockwise when seen from the left side of the plane. Using the right-hand screw rule, the reactive couple will be clockwise, which will lower the nose and raise the tail of the aeroplane.

Question 79

A man is climbing up a ladder which is resting against a vertical wall. When he was exactly half way up, the ladder started slipping. The path traced by the man is

  1. AOption (a)

    Parabola

  2. BOption (b)

    Hyperbola

  3. COption (c)

    Ellipse

  4. DOption (d)

    Circle

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Circle

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

When the man is exactly mid way, the ladder starts slipping.

The path traced by man will be circle.

This is the case of elliptical trammel when the point of consideration is mid point of binary link. This point will trace a circle.

If point P is not at mid point, it will trace a ellipse.

Question 80

When the primary direct crank of a reciprocating engine positioned at 30° clockwise, the secondary reverse crank for balancing will be at

  1. AOption (a)

    30° anticlockwise

  2. BOption (b)

    60° anticlockwise

  3. COption (c)

    30° clockwise

  4. DOption (d)

    60° clockwise

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

60° anticlockwise

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Direct and reverse crank method of analysis

  • In this, all the forces exist in the same plane and hence no couple exists.

For the primary force is given by, Fp = mrω2cosθ which acts along the line of stroke, a force identical to this force is generated by two masses as follows:

  1. A mass m/2, placed at the crankpin A and rotating at an angular velocity ω in the counter-clockwise direction.
  2. A mass m/2, placed at the crankpin of an imaginary crank OA’ at the same angular position as the real crank but in the opposite direction of the line of stroke.It is assumed to rotate at an angular velocity ω in the clockwise direction (opposite).

​At any instant, the components of the centrifugal forces of these masses normal to the line of stroke will be equal and opposite.

The crank rotating in the direction of engine rotation is known as the direct crank and the imaginary crank rotating in the opposite direction is known as the reverse crank.

Now for balancing the secondary force, Fs = mω2rcos⁡2θn{m}{ω ^2}r\frac{{\cos 2θ }}{n}  force identical to it can also be generated by two masses in a similar way as follows:

  1. A mass m/2, placed at the end of the direct secondary crank of length r4n\frac{r}{4n} at an angle 2θ in  the counter-clockwise direction.
  2. A mass m/2, placed at the end of the reverse secondary crank of length ​r4n\frac{r}{4n}​ at an angle -2θ in the clockwise direction.

​

Calculation:

Given:

The angle made by the crank θ = 30°  clockwise.

To completely balance the secondary forces a reverse crank at angle 2θ is applied in the anticlockwise direction.

Therefore, the reverse crank is at 60° in the anticlockwise direction.

Important Points

Secondary force balancing 

The conditions to be satisfied for the partial secondary force balancing are as follows:

  • The imaginary crank length required is r4n\frac{r}{4n}
  • The speed of imaginary crank is 2ω
  • Angle made by an imaginary secondary crank with inner dead center = 2θ

Additional Information

Reciprocating masses

  • Reciprocating masses occur in internal combustion engines and steam engines.
  • The reciprocating masses are due to the mass of the piston, piston pin, and part of the mass of the connecting rod considered as reciprocating.

The unbalanced force Fu, due to the reciprocating mass m, varies in magnitude but is constant in direction. It is given by,

Fu=mrω2[cosθ+cos2θn]F_u = mrω^2[cos θ + \frac{cos 2θ}{n} ]

Fu=mω2rcos⁡θ+mω2rcos⁡2θn{F_u} = {m}{ω ^2}r\cos θ + {m}{ω ^2}r\frac{{\cos 2θ }}{n}

Fu=Fp+Fs{F_u} = {F_p} + {F_s}

Where primary force Fp = mω2rcos⁡θ{m}{ω ^2}r\cos θ  which represents the inertia force of reciprocating mass having simple harmonic motion.

and secondary force Fs = mω2rcos⁡2θn{m}{ω ^2}r\frac{{\cos 2θ }}{n} which represents the correction required to account for the obliquity of the connecting rod.

Question 81

A thin uniform rod of length L and mass M is free to rotate in vertical plane as shown in figure below. The time period of its oscillation in vertical plane is

  1. AOption (a)

    T=2;πlgT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{l}{g}}

  2. BOption (b)

    T=2;π3l4gT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{3l}{4g}}

  3. COption (c)

    T=2;π2l3gT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{2l}{3g}}

  4. DOption (d)

    T=2;πl2gT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{l}{2g}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

T=2;π2l3gT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{2l}{3g}}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Let the rod is displaced by an angle θ in anti-clockwise direction. The reactive torque is acted in a clockwise direction.

Taking moment about point O;

Iθ¨+Mg(l2)θ=0I\ddot\theta+Mg\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\theta=0

where I is moment of inertia of rod about point of oscillation, M is mass of rod, L is length of rod.

Moment of inertia (I) of the rod about point O is Ml23\frac{Ml^2}{3}

Ml23θ¨+Mg(l2)θ=0\frac{Ml^2}{3}\ddot\theta+Mg\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\theta=0

l3θ¨+(g2)θ=0\frac{l}{3}\ddot\theta+\left(\frac{g}{2}\right)\theta=0

θ¨+(3g2l)θ=0\ddot\theta+\left(\frac{3g}{2l}\right)\theta=0

Compare this equation with θ¨+ω2θ=0\ddot \theta +ω^2 \theta=0

ω=3g2l\omega = \sqrt {\frac{{3g}}{{2l}}}

Time period T is given by

T=2πwT = \frac{{2\pi }}{w}

Putting the value of ω and θ 

T=2;π2l3gT = 2;\pi \sqrt {\frac{2l}{3g}}

Question 82

A 60 kg man is weighed by a balance as 54 kg in a lift which is accelerated downwards. The acceleration of the lift is

  1. AOption (a)

    1.26 m / s2

  2. BOption (b)

    1.98 m / s2

  3. COption (c)

    0.98 m / s2

  4. DOption (d)

    1.76 m / s2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

0.98 m / s2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

This is an application of Newton's second law to the forces felt in an elevator.  

The apparent weight R of a body accelerating or decelerating can be given as follows,

So according to our case, the lift is accelerating downwards. Therefore,

R = M(g - a)

Where R is the apparent weight, M is the mass of the body, g is the acceleration due to gravity and a is the acceleration of the lift.

Calculation:

Given:

M = 6 kg ; g = 9.81 m/s2 ; R = 54g N

Therefore,

R = M(g - a)

54g = 60(g - a)

We get, a = 0.98 m/s2

Question 83

The Smallest and largest natural frequencies of a 'n' degree freedom system are ω1 and ωn respectively. The approximate natural frequency estimated by Rayleigh’s and Dankerley’s methods is ωr and ωd respectively. Which of the following statements is true?

  1. AOption (a)

    ωr < ω1 and ωd < ω1

  2. BOption (b)

    ωr < ω1 and ωd > ω1

  3. COption (c)

    ωr > ω1 and ωd > ω1

  4. DOption (d)

    ωr > ω1 and ωd < ω1

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

ωr > ω1 and ωd < ω1

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Degree of freedom:

  • The number of independent coordinates required to describe a vibratory system is known as the degree of freedom.
  • A simple spring-mass system or a simple pendulum oscillating in one plane are examples of a single degree of freedom.
  • A two-mass, two-spring system, constrained to move in one direction, or a double pendulum belongs to two degrees of freedom.

Shaft carrying multiple loads (Multiple degrees of freedom):

There are two methods to find natural frequencies of the system:

  • Dunkerley's method (ωd) (Approximate results which are less than the actual natural frequency of the system).
  • Rayleigh Method (ωr) or Energy method (Gives accurate results that are slightly greater than the actual natural frequency of the system)

 

Given that the smallest natural frequency of the system is ω1, therefore as per the definition of two methods mentioned, ωr > ω1 and ωd < ω1. 

Question 84

A thin spherical shell is subjected to an external pressure po. The volumetric strain of the spherical shell is (where d is the diameter of shell t is the thickness of the shell E is Young’s modulus of elasticity of shell material μ is Poisson’s ratio of shell material).

  1. AOption (a)

    pod4tE(5−4μ)\frac{{{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {5 - 4\mu } \right)

  2. BOption (b)

    3pod4tE(1−μ)\frac{{3{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - \mu } \right)

  3. COption (c)

    3pod4tE(1−2μ)\frac{{3{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - 2\mu } \right)

  4. DOption (d)

    −3pod4tE(1−μ)\frac{{ - 3{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - \mu } \right)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

−3pod4tE(1−μ)\frac{{ - 3{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - \mu } \right)

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Volumetric strain (dVV)\left( {\frac{{dV}}{V}} \right)

The ratio of change of volume to the original volume is known as the volumetric strain.

Let V be the original volume and dV be the change in the volume.

V=π6d3V = \frac{\pi }{6}{d^3}  

Taking differential of the above equation

dV=π6×3d2×δ(d)dV = \frac{\pi }{6} \times 3{d^2} \times \delta \left( d \right)

dVV=π6×3d2×δ(d)π6d3=3δ(d)d\frac{{dV}}{V} = \frac{{\frac{\pi }{6} \times 3{d^2} \times \delta \left( d \right)}}{{\frac{\pi }{6}{d^3}}} = \frac{{3\delta \left( d \right)}}{d}

Now, δdd=pod4tE(1−μ)\frac{{\delta d}}{d} = \frac{{{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - \mu } \right)

dVV=3δdd=−3pod4tE(1−μ)\frac{{dV}}{V} = \frac{{3\delta d}}{d} = \frac{{-3{p_o}d}}{{4tE}}\left( {1 - \mu } \right)

Note: (-ve) sign is due to the external pressure

Question 85

When there is a sudden increase or decrease in the shear force diagram between any two points, it indicates that there is

  1. AOption (a)

    No loading between the two points

  2. BOption (b)

    Point load at the two points

  3. COption (c)

    Uniformly varying load between the two points

  4. DOption (d)

    Uniformly distributed load between the two points

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Point load at the two points

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The relation between shear force and load:

The rate of change of the shear force diagram represents the load of that section.

w=d(s)dxw = \frac{{d\left( s \right)}}{{dx}}  

where w = load rate and s = shear force.

  • The shear force diagram is always one degree higher than the loading diagram hence if we have a point load on the beam then the shear force diagram is constant at all sections.
  • If we have two point load on the beam then also shear force diagram is constant but it changes its magnitude suddenly.
Type of LoadLoading DiagramShear force diagram
Point load
Uniformly distributed load
Uniformly varying load

Additional Information

  • The shear force diagram for the uniformly distributed load is linear.
  • The shear force diagram for the uniformly varying load is parabolic.

Question 86

Maximum shear stress in a solid shaft of diameter D and length L twisted through an angle θ is τ. A hollow shaft of the same material and length having outside and inside diameters of D and D/2  respectively is also twisted through the same angle of twist θ. The value of maximum shear stress in the hollow shaft will be

  1. AOption (a)

    1615τ\frac{{16}}{{15}}\tau

  2. BOption (b)

    87τ\frac{{8}}{{7}}\tau

  3. COption (c)

    43τ\frac{{4}}{{3}}\tau

  4. DOption (d)

    τ\tau

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

τ\tau

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

TJ=τR=G;θL\frac{T}{J} = \frac{τ }{R} = \frac{{G;\theta }}{L}

where T is torque, J is the polar moment of inertia, τ is shear stress, R is the radius of the shaft, G is Modulus of rigidity, θ is angle of twist and L is length of shaft.

Calculation:

Given:

For solid shaft: diameter D, τ is maximum shear stress, θ is the angle of twist and L is the length of shaft.

For hollow shaft: outer diameter D and inner diameter D/2, τ is maximum shear stress, θ is the angle of twist and L is the length of the shaft.

TJ=τR=GθL\frac{T}{J} = \frac{τ }{R} = \frac{{G\theta }}{L}

τR=GθL\frac{τ }{R} = \frac{{G\theta }}{L}

For both the shaft G, θ, and L is the same.

so τ∝Rτ \propto R

τ∝D/2τ \propto D/2

From the above equation, we can see that shear stress τ is dependent on outer diameter.

Since the outer diameter of the solid and hollow shaft are the same so shear stress is also the same.

Question 87

A spring used to absorb shocks and vibrations is

  1. AOption (a)

    Torsion spring

  2. BOption (b)

    Conical spring

  3. COption (c)

    Leaf spring

  4. DOption (d)

    Disc spring

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Leaf spring

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Spring:

  • Spring is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.

Types of spring:

  1. Helical spring
  2. Conical and volute spring
  3. Torsion spring
  4. Laminated or leaf spring
  5. Disc or Belleville spring

Helical spring:

  • The helical spring is made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and is primarily intended for compressive or tensile loads.
  • The major stress produced in helical spring is shear stress due to twisting.

Types of Helical spring:

  1. Closely coiled helical spring
  2. Open coiled helical spring
  3. Compression helical spring
  4. Tension helical spring.

Conical or volute spring:

  • The conical or volute spring is used in a special application where a telescopic spring or spring with a spring rate that increases with the load is desired.

Torsional spring:

  • These springs may be helical or spiral type.
  • The major stress produced in torsional spring is tensile and compressive due to bending.

Laminated or leaf spring:

  • It consists of a number of flat plates (known as leaves) of varying length held together by means of clamps and bolts.
  • These are mostly used in automobiles.
  • It is widely used as a suspension system for commercial vehicles such as buses, trucks, etc. that absorbs shock and vibration.

Disc or Belleville spring:

  • These springs consist of a number of conical discs held together against slipping by a central bolt or tube.

Application of spring:

  • Automobile suspension system.
  • In cam-follower assembly, we use spring too.
  • Spring is used in railway boogies.
  • We used spring in the clutch, brake, and valve assembly to exert force on these objects.
  • Springs are used in garage doors, gardening equipment, door lock, and many other household accessories.

Question 88

Two shafts of equal length and similar material in which one is hollow and the other is solid are transmitting the same level of torque. If the inside diameter is 23 \frac{2}{3} of the outside diameter of the hollow shaft, the ratio of the weight of hollow shaft to the weight of the solid shaft is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.642

  2. BOption (b)

    0.358

  3. COption (c)

    0.732

  4. DOption (d)

    1.444

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

0.642

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Comparison of the solid and hollow shaft by weight:

\(\frac{{{{\rm{W}}{\rm{H}}}}}{{{{\rm{W}}{\rm{S}}}}} = \frac{{{{\rm{m}}{\rm{H}}}{\rm{g}}}}{{{{\rm{m}}{\rm{S}}}{\rm{g}}}} = \frac{{{{\rm{V}}{\rm{H}}}{{\rm{\rho }}{\rm{H}}}{\rm{g}}}}{{{{\rm{V}}{\rm{S}}}{{\rm{\rho }}{\rm{S}}}{\rm{g}}}} = \frac{{{{\rm{A}}{\rm{H}}}{{\rm{L}}{\rm{H}}}{{\rm{\rho }}{\rm{H}}}}}{{{{\rm{A}}{\rm{S}}}{{\rm{L}}{\rm{S}}}{{\rm{\rho }}{\rm{H}}}}}\)

If both shafts have the same length and material i.e. LH = LS, ρS = ρH then

\(\frac{{{{\bf{W}}{\bf{H}}}}}{{{{\bf{W}}{\bf{S}}}}} = ;\frac{{{{\bf{A}}{\bf{H}}}}}{{{{\bf{A}}{\bf{S}}}}} = \frac{{{\bf{D}}{\bf{H}}^2 - {\bf{d}}{\bf{H}}^2}}{{{\bf{D}}_{\bf{s}}^2}}\)

Where,

WH, WS = weight of hollow and solid shaft respectively

mH, mS = mass of hollow and solid shaft respectively

VH, VS­ ­= Volume of hollow and solid shaft respectively

AH, AS = Area of hollow and solid shaft respectively

LH, LS = length of hollow and solid shaft respectively

ρS, ρH = Density of hollow and solid shaft respectively

DH, dH = outer and inner diameter of hollow shaft respectively

D­S = diameter of the solid shaft

Calculation:

Given:

Equal Length (LH = LS), same material (ρS = ρH), same shear stress (τ), TH ­= TS

\({{\rm{d}}{\rm{H}}} = \frac{2}{3}{\rm{;}}{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}}\)

\( {{\rm{T}}{\rm{H}}} = {\rm{\tau }}\frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{16}}\left[ {\frac{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}^4 - {\rm{d}}{\rm{H}}^4{\rm{;;}}}}{{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}}}}} \right] = {\rm{\tau }}\frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{16}}\left[ {\frac{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}^4 - {{\left( {\frac{2}{3}{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}}} \right)}^4}}}{{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}}}}} \right] = {\rm{\tau }}\frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{16}} \times \frac{{65}}{{81}}{\rm{;D}}{\rm{H}}^3\)

\({{\rm{T}}{\rm{S}}} = {\rm{\tau }}\frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{16}}{\rm{;D}}{\rm{s}}^3\)

TH = TS ⇒

τπ16×6581;DH3=τπ16;Ds3\tau \frac{\pi }{{16}} \times \frac{{65}}{{81}};D_H^3 = \tau \frac{\pi }{{16}};D_s^3 ⇒ DH = 1.08 D­­­S

\(\frac{{{{\rm{W}}{\rm{H}}}}}{{{{\rm{W}}{\rm{S}}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}^2 - {\rm{d}}{\rm{H}}^2}}{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{s}}^2}} = {\rm{;}}\frac{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}^2 - {{\left( {\frac{2}{3}{\rm{;}}{{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}}} \right)}^2}}}{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{s}}^2}} = \frac{{\frac{5}{9};{\rm{D}}{\rm{H}}^2}}{{{\rm{D}}{\rm{s}}^2}} = \frac{{\frac{5}{9}{{\left( {1.08{\rm{;}}{{\rm{D}}_{\rm{s}}}} \right)}^2}}}{{D_s^2}} = \frac{5}{9} \times {1.08^2} = 0.642\)

Question 89

For the state of stress of pure shear τ, the strain energy stored per unit volume in the elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material having elastic constants – Young’s modulus, E and Poisson’s ratio v will be

  1. AOption (a)

    τ2E(1+v)\frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{E}}\left( {1 + v} \right)

  2. BOption (b)

    τ22E(1+v)\frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{2E}}\left( {1 + v} \right)

  3. COption (c)

    2τ2E(1+v)\frac{{{2\tau ^2}}}{{E}}\left( {1 + v} \right)

  4. DOption (d)

    τ22E(2+v)\frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{2E}}\left( {2 + v} \right)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

τ2E(1+v)\frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{{E}}\left( {1 + v} \right)

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Strain energy in pure shearing:

  • Strain Energy is the energy stored by the body due to deformation.
  • In the figure below if the material is subjected to Shearing force P, the face BC will move and produce a shear strain.

 

Strain energy U = Work done = Force x displacement = 12×P×CC1=12×P×CD×ϕ;\frac{1}{2}\times{{P}} \times {{C}}{{{C}}_1} = \frac{1}{2}\times{{P}} \times {{CD}} \times \phi {\rm{;}}

P=τ×BCP = \tau \times BC

ϕ=τC\phi = \frac{\tau}{C}

where,

τ\tau  = shear stress, ϕ = shear strain, C = Modulus of Rigidity

V = volume of block = BC x CD x unit depth

Considering unit depth to the diagram, we have

U=12×P×CD×ϕ;=12×τ×BC×CD×τC;=τ22C;×V{{U}} = \frac{1}{2}\times{\rm{P}} \times {\rm{CD}} \times \phi {\rm{;}} = \frac{1}{2}\times{\rm{\tau }} \times {\rm{BC}} \times {\rm{CD}} \times \frac{{\rm{\tau }}}{{\rm{C}}}; = \frac{{{{\bf{\tau }}^2}}}{{2{{C}}}}; \times {{V}}

Calculation:

Given:

E = Young’s modulus, v = Poisson’s ratio, homogenous and isotropic material

E = 2G (1+ ν) ⇒ 2G=E1+ν2{{G}} = \frac{{{E}}}{{1 + {{ν }}}}

Strain energy per unit volume =τ22G=τ2E(1+ν)= \frac{{{{\bf{\tau }}^2}}}{{2G}} = \frac{{{\tau ^2}}}{E}\left( {1 + ν } \right)

Key Points

Relation between Young's modulus (E), Bulk modulus (K) ,and Rigidity modulus (G):

E = 2G (1 + ν)

E = 3K (1 - 2ν)

E=9KG3K+GE = \frac {9KG}{3K + G}​

Question 90

A circular solid rod of diameter ‘d’ welded to a rigid flat plate by a circular fillet weld of throat thickness ‘t’ is subjected to a twisting moment ‘T’. The maximum shear stress induced in the weld is

  1. AOption (a)

    Tπtd2\frac{T}{{\pi t{d^2}}}

  2. BOption (b)

    2Tπtd2\frac{{2T}}{{\pi t{d^2}}}

  3. COption (c)

    4Tπtd2\frac{{4T}}{{\pi t{d^2}}}

  4. DOption (d)

    8Tπtd2\frac{{8T}}{{\pi t{d^2}}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

2Tπtd2\frac{{2T}}{{\pi t{d^2}}}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Welded joint subjected to twisting moment:

We know that the shear stress induced by twisting moment τ=TZp\tau = \frac{T}{{{Z_p}}}

where,

T = twisting moment, Zp = section modulus of weld section Zp=JprZ_p = \frac{J_p}{{{r}}}

Jp = Ixx + Iyy = polar moment of inertia of weld section 

Ixx, Iyy = moment of inertia along x-x and y-y direction,

d = 2r = diameter of rod

The moment of inertia of annular fillet is obtained by considering a small element of:

δA = area of small section = rdθ × t

δIxx = y2 δA

Integrating the above expression we get the moment of inertia in the x-x plane

{I_{xx}} = ;\mathop \smallint \limits_0^{2π } {y^2}δ A = \mathop \smallint \limits_0^{2π } {\left( {r;sin;\theta } \right)^2}\left( {rd\theta × t} \right) = 2t{r^3}\mathop \smallint \limits_0^π si{n^2}\theta d\theta = π t{r^3}

Ixx = Iyy = πtr3

Jp = Ixx + Iyy = πtr3 + πtr3 = 2πtr3

Zp=Jpr=2πtr3r=2πtr2Z_p = \frac{J_p}{{{r}}} = \frac{2\pi{tr^3}}{{r}} = 2\pi{tr^2}

τ=TZp=T2πtr2=2Tπtd2\tau = \frac{T}{{{Z_p}}} = \frac{T}{{{2\pi{tr^2}}}} = \frac{2T}{{{\pi{td^2}}}}

Note: Remember the formula of polar moment of inertia (Jp) for a circular filler to save your time in the exam.

Question 91

The notch sensitivity q is expressed in terms of fatigue stress concentration factor Kf and theoretical stress concentration factor Kt as

  1. AOption (a)

    Kf+1Kt+1\frac{{{K_f} + 1}}{{{K_t} + 1}}

  2. BOption (b)

    Kf−1Kt−1\frac{{{K_f} - 1}}{{{K_t} - 1}}

  3. COption (c)

    Kt+1Kf+1\frac{{{K_t} + 1}}{{{K_f} + 1}}

  4. DOption (d)

    Kt−1Kf−1\frac{{{K_t} - 1}}{{{K_f} - 1}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Kf−1Kt−1\frac{{{K_f} - 1}}{{{K_t} - 1}}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Notch sensitivity:

Notch sensitivity is defined as the susceptibility of a material to succumb to the damaging effect of stress raising notches in fatigue loading

​q=increase;of;actual;stress;over;nominal;stressincrease;of;theoretical;stress;over;nominal;stress{{q}} = \frac{{{{increase}};{{of}};{{actual}};{{stress}};{{over}};{{nominal}};{{stress}}}}{{{{increase}};{{of}};{{theoretical}};{{stress}};{{over}};{{nominal}};{{stress}}}}

actual stress = Kf σo, theoretical stress = Kt σo

where, σo = nominal stress, Kf = actual stress concentration factor Kt = theoretical stress concentration factor.

Increase of actual stress = (Kf σo - σo)

Increase of theoretical stress = (Kt σo - σo)

\({\bf{q}} = \frac{{\left( {{{\bf{K}}{\bf{f}}}{{\bf{\sigma }}{\bf{o}}}; - ;{{\bf{\sigma }}{\bf{o}}}} \right)}}{{\left( {{{\bf{K}}{\bf{t}}}{{\bf{\sigma }}{\bf{o}}}; - ;{{\bf{\sigma }}{\bf{o}}}} \right)}} = \frac{{\left( {{{\bf{K}}{\bf{f}}}; - ;1} \right)}}{{\left( {{{\bf{K}}{\bf{t}}}; - ;1} \right)}}\)

Additional Information

Theoretical stress factor (Kt) can also be calculated from the figure if irregularities dimension is given-

Kt=1+2(AB){K_t} = 1 + 2\left( {\frac{A}{B}} \right)

where a = Semi-major axis perpendicular to the direction of load and b = semi-minor axis parallel to the direction of load.

For sharp crack:

B → 0 ∴ Kt = ∞

For circle:

A = B

∴ Kt = 3

Question 92

A shaft has dimension ϕ 35 (-0.009 to -0.025). The respective values of fundamental deviation and tolerance are

  1. AOption (a)

    -0.025, ± 0.008

  2. BOption (b)

    -0.025, 0.016

  3. COption (c)

    -0.009, ± 0.008

  4. DOption (d)

    -0.009, 0.016

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

-0.009, 0.016

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Limit, Fits & Tolerances:

Basic size

  • Size of a part to which all limits of variation i.e. tolerances are applied. The basic dimension is the theoretical dimension.
  • It measured as the size of a shaft or hole from the datum line to zero line.

 

Tolerance

  • It is a permissible or acceptable variation in the dimensions of a part**.**
  • It is calculated by the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of the part.
  • It is also calculated by the difference of Upper deviation and lower deviation of the part.

 

Fundamental deviation

  • The nearest distance from the zero line where the tolerance zone is situated.

​

Calculation:

Given:

Basic size of shaft = 35

Upper deviation (U.D) = -0.009

Lower deviation (L.D) = -0.025

Fundamental deviation = Upper deviation = -0.009

Tolerance = (U.D) – (L.D.) = (-0.009) - (-0.025) = 0.016

Question 93

A thin walled spherical shell is subjected to an internal pressure. If the radius of the shell is increased by 1% and the thickness is reduced by 1%, with the internal pressure remaining the same, the percentage change in the circumferential (hoop) stress is

  1. AOption (a)

    0

  2. BOption (b)

    1

  3. COption (c)

    1.08

  4. DOption (d)

    2.02

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

2.02

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Hoop stress (σh) for a thin spherical shell is given by:

σh=Pd4t=Pr2t{{σ _h}} = \frac{{Pd}}{{4t}}=\frac{{Pr}}{{2t}}

Hoop stress (σh) for thin cylindrical shell is given by:

σh=Pd2t=Prt{{σ _h}} = \frac{{Pd}}{{2t}}=\frac{{Pr}}{{t}}

Calculation:

Given:

Now r' = 1.01r, t' = 0.99t

σh′=Pd′4t′=Pr′2t′=P×1.01r2×0.99t=1.010.99×Pr2t=1.0202;σh{{σ _h'}} = \frac{{Pd'}}{{4t'}}=\frac{{Pr'}}{{2t'}}= \frac{{P\times 1.01r}}{{2\times 0.99t}}=\frac{{1.01}}{{0.99}}\times \frac{{P r}}{{2 t}}=1.0202 ;σ_h

Percentage change in hoop stress is:

%;change=σh′−σhσh×100=1.0202σh−σhσh×100=2.02%\% ;change = \frac{{\sigma _h' - {\sigma _h}}}{{{\sigma _h}}} \times 100 = \frac{{1.0202\sigma _h - {\sigma _h}}}{{{\sigma _h}}} \times 100 = 2.02\%

Question 94

If there are n1 discs on the driving shaft and n2 discs on the driven shaft in a multi-plate clutch, then the number of pairs of contact surface is

  1. AOption (a)

    n1 + n2

  2. BOption (b)

    n1 + n2 - 1

  3. COption (c)

    n1 + n2 + 1

  4. DOption (d)

    n1 + n2 + 2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

n1 + n2 - 1

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Multiple disc clutch:

  • A multiple-disc clutch, used when a large torque is to be transmitted.
  • The inside discs usually made of steel are fastened to the driven shaft to permit axial motion except for the last disc.
  • The outside discs usually made of bronze are held by bolts and are fastened to the housing which is keyed to the driving shaft.
  • The multiple disc clutches are extensively used in motor cars, machine tools etc.​

 

Number of disks = number of pairs of contacting surface + 1

∴ Number of pairs of contacting surface = Number of disks - 1

Number of pairs of contact surfaces, n = n­1 + n2 – 1

where n­1 = Number of discs on the driving shaft, n2 = Number of discs on the driven shaft.

Additional Information

Total friction torque acting on friction surfaces or on the clutches T = nμWR

where, μ = friction coefficient, W = axial force on the clutch

R = Mean radius of friction surfaces 

For uniform wear criterion \({\bf{R}} = \frac{{{{\bf{r}}1} + {{\bf{r}}{2;}}}}{2}\)

For uniform pressure criterion R=;23[r13−r23r12−r22]{\bf{R}} = ;\frac{2}{3}\left[ {\frac{{{\bf{r}}_1^3 - {\bf{r}}_2^3}}{{{\bf{r}}_1^2 - {\bf{r}}_2^2}}} \right]

Question 95

When a helical compression spring is cut into halves, the stiffness of the resulting spring will be

  1. AOption (a)

    One-half

  2. BOption (b)

    One-fourth

  3. COption (c)

    Double

  4. DOption (d)

    Same

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Double

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Stiffness of the springs:

k=Wδk = \frac{W}{δ},  δ=64;WR3nCd4\delta = \frac{{64;W{R^3}n}}{{C{d^4}}}

k=Wδ=W64;WR3nCd4=Cd464R3nk = \frac{W}{\delta } = \frac{W}{{\frac{{64;W{R^3}n}}{{C{d^4}}}}} = \frac{{C{d^4}}}{{64{R^3}n}}

where,

k = stiffness of spring, W = axial load on spring, n = number of coils or turns, δ = deflection of the coil under load W, R = radius of coil, C = Modulus of Rigidity

d = diameter of the wire of the coil, θ = angle of twist, l = Length of wire = 2π Rn

Calculation:

Given:

Since spring is the same properties and diameter will not change, only the length of spring is reduced.

Initial length = l1, Final length = l2 = l12\frac{{{l_1}}}{2}

l=2πRnl = 2\pi Rn ⇒ l∝nl \propto {n}

k=Cd464R3n⇒k∝1nk = \frac{{C{d^4}}}{{64{R^3}n}} ⇒ k \propto \frac{1}{n} ⇒ K∝1lK \propto \frac{1}{l}

k1k2=l2l1=l1/2l1\frac{{{k_1}}}{{{k_2}}} = \frac{{{l_2}}}{{{l_1}}} = \frac{{{l_1}/2}}{{{l_1}}}

k1k2=12\frac{{{k_1}}}{{{k_2}}} = \frac{{{1}}}{{{2}}} ⇒ k2 = 2k1

Hence the stiffness of the resulting spring will be double of initial.

Question 96

Chromium as an alloying element in alloy steel is used principally to

  1. AOption (a)

    Improve hardenability

  2. BOption (b)

    Improve mechanical properties at low temperature

  3. COption (c)

    Improve mechanical properties at elevated temperature

  4. DOption (d)

    Improve the corrosion and oxidation resistance

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Improve the corrosion and oxidation resistance

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Chromium is one of the important metal which is used to improve the following characteristics of a material.

  • To increase the abrasion resistance
  • To provide the better hardness
  • To improve the corrosion and the oxidation resistance
  • To improve the temperature resistance
  • With high C resists wear and abrasion

 

Manganese 

  • It is used to improve the hardness and strength of the material.
  • It also acts as a desulfurizing agent.

Vanadium 

  • It is used to refine grain size.
  • Steels containing vanadium have a much finer grain structure than steels of similar compositions without vanadium.
  • Vanadium is used to improve the mechanical properties of the materials such as hardness and toughness.

Cobalt

  • It improves strength at high temperatures and magnetic permeability.
  • It contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite.
  • It is an alloying element in certain high-speed steels.
  • Cobalt is used in martensitic steels, where it increases hardness and tempering resistance, especially at higher temperatures.

Question 97

The composition of some of the alloy steels are as under

  1. 18W4Cr1V
  2. 12M01W4Cr1V
  3. 5M06W4Cr2V
  4. 18W8Cr1V

The composition of commonly used high-speed steels would include

  1. AOption (a)

    1 and 2

  2. BOption (b)

    2 and 3

  3. COption (c)

    1 and 4

  4. DOption (d)

    1 and 3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

1 and 3

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • 18-4-1 High Speed Steel- It contains 18% Tungsten, 4% Chromium, 1% Vanadium
  • Molybdenum High Speed Steel: 6% Molybdenum, 6% Tungsten, 4% Chromium, 2% Vanadium.

In ques., option no. 3 has 5Mo i.e., 5% Molybdenum but it is actually 6% Molybdenum.

Question 98

What are the materials which show direction dependent properties, called?

  1. AOption (a)

    Homogeneous materials

  2. BOption (b)

    Viscoelastic materials

  3. COption (c)

    Isotropic materials

  4. DOption (d)

    Anisotropic materials

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Anisotropic materials

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Isotropic material means a material having identical values of a property in all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.

Homogeneous material is a material of uniform composition throughout that cannot be mechanically separated into different materials.

Anisotropic material's properties such as Young's Modulus, change with the direction along the object. Common examples of anisotropic materials are wood and composites.

Viscoelastic material have both properties of elasticity and viscosity.

Question 99

The atomic radius of Face Centred Cubic (FCC) crystal is [a = lattice parameter]

  1. AOption (a)

    a24\frac{{a\sqrt 2 }}{4}

  2. BOption (b)

    a32\frac{{a\sqrt 3 }}{2}

  3. COption (c)

    a34\frac{{a\sqrt 3 }}{4}

  4. DOption (d)

    a23\frac{{a\sqrt 2 }}{3}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

a24\frac{{a\sqrt 2 }}{4}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

An FCC structure contains atom at

  • All the eight-corner position
  • All the centre position of six sides.

​

Calculation:

Given:

Lattice parameter = a

Let the radius of an atom be r

According to the figure:

2a2 = (4r)2

4r=2a4r=\sqrt 2a

∴r=a24\therefore r=\frac{a\sqrt 2}{4}

Additional Information

CharacteristicsBCCFCCHCP
a to r relationa=4r3a = \frac{{4r}}{{\sqrt 3 }}a=22ra = 2\sqrt 2 ra=2ra = 2r
The average number of atoms246
Co-ordination number81212
APF0.680.740.74
ExamplesNa, K, V, Mo, Ta, WCa, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt, Au, Pb, AlBe, Mg, Zn, Cd, Te

Question 100

Which of the following phase of steel is NOT present in Iron-Carbon phase diagram

  1. AOption (a)

    Ferrite

  2. BOption (b)

    Cementite

  3. COption (c)

    Austenite

  4. DOption (d)

    Martensite

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Martensite

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The iron-carbon phase diagram is shown below,

The phase diagram has all three phases ferrite, pearlite, cementite but not martensite.

Question 101

The machine tool guideways are usually hardened by

  1. AOption (a)

    induction hardening

  2. BOption (b)

    flame hardening

  3. COption (c)

    vacuum hardening

  4. DOption (d)

    martempering

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

flame hardening

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

Flame Hardening:

  • The surface is heated with an oxy-acetylene torch, then quenched with water spray or other quenching media.
  • It is a type of surface/case hardening used for improving resistance to surface indentation, fatigue, and wear.
  • There is practically no distortion of the workpiece because only small sections of a workpiece are heated.
  • The work surface remains clean as the heating rate is very high 2400°C - 3300°C.
  • The process is more efficient and economical for large work as compared to induction heating.
  • Example: Gear and sprocket, lathe beds, machine tool guideways, crankshaft, piston rod, etc.

Induction hardening:

  • The process is employed to increase the hardness, wear-resistance, and endurance limit of the surface of the workpiece.
  • The surface is heated to the austenite range and then quenched immediately to form martensite where the structure of the core remains unchanged.
  • The workpiece should contain 0.4-0.5 % Carbon or alloying elements as Chromium, Ni, and Mo.
  • The work is placed in copper induction coils and heated by high-frequency AC Current

It is a type of surface/case hardening.

  • Disadvantage: Each workpiece requires different fixtures for its holding.
  • Mostly used in industry for hardening surfaces of a camshaft, gear, sprocket, crankshaft, piston rod, lathe bed, etc.

Martempering:

  • Articles are first quenched in water to a temperature of 300 °C - 400 °C and then quickly transferred to a less intensive medium like oil or air where they are held until completely cooled.
  • Widely used method for carbon-steel tools like taps, disc, milling cutters, etc.

Vacuum Hardening:

  • Material is heated in the absence of oxygen by convection in the medium of inert gas or vacuum medium.
  • Vacuum medium confers better hardening properties and prevents the occurrence of surface reactions such as oxidation, decarburization etc.
  • Used for hardening tool steels and super-alloys.

Question 102

Twin boundaries are which type of crystal defect?

  1. AOption (a)

    Line defect

  2. BOption (b)

    Point defect

  3. COption (c)

    Surface defect

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Surface defect

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Surface defect:

Twin boundaries are types of planar surface defects.

The atomic arrangement on one side of a twin boundary is a mirror reflection of the arrangement on the other side.

Twin boundaries occur in pairs such that the orientation change introduced by one boundary is restored by the other.

The region between the pair of boundaries is called the twinned region.

Additional Information

Defects/ ImperfectionsTypes of Defects / Imperfection
Point defects (Zero-dimensional)Vacancy Defect: It appears due to the missing of an atom from the lattice. Frenkel defect: Atom occupies interstitial void in the lattice. Schottky defect: It appears if, in a combination of cation and anion there is a vacancy. Interstitial defect: It appears when a foreign atom occupies the interstitial site Substitutional defect: It appears if a regular atom is replaced by another foreign atom.
Line defect or dislocations (One-Dimensional)Edge dislocation: If force is applied on 50% area and exceeds beyond a certain limit slipping of plane happens and an extra half-plane appears at dislocation line. Screw dislocation: Formed by the shear stress that is applied to produce the distortion.
Surface defects (Two-Dimensional)Grain boundary defect: Due to the orientation mismatch at the grain boundary the bond length is more and can be easily broken. Tilt boundary defect: When the orientation mismatch at the grain boundary is 0.5° - 1° then grain boundaries are called tilt boundaries.

Question 103

The function of interpolator in a CNC machine controller is to

  1. AOption (a)

    control spindle speed

  2. BOption (b)

    coordinate feed rates of axes

  3. COption (c)

    control tool rapid approach speed

  4. DOption (d)

    perform miscellaneous (M) functions (tool change, coolant control etc.)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

coordinate feed rates of axes

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The interpolator coordinate feed of axes in a CNC machine controller.

In contouring systems, the machining path is usually constructed from a combination of linear and circular segments. It is only necessary to specify in the part program the coordinates of the initial and final points of each segment and the feed rate.

The operation of producing the required shape based on this information is termed interpolation, and the corresponding software algorithm in CNC is the interpolator.

The interpolator coordinates the motion along the machine axes, which are separately driven, to generate the required machining path.

An interpolator coordinates these axis motions in such a way that the programmed path is constantly maintained from the beginning to the end of the movement.

The two most common types of interpolators are linear and circular.

Question 104

During calculation of material removal rate in electro-discharge machining, supply voltage was used 60 V in place of the actual supply voltage 40 V. Condition for maximum power delivery to the discharge circuit is satisfied. The ratio of actual to calculated material removal rate will be

  1. AOption (a)

    32\frac{3}{2}

  2. BOption (b)

    49\frac{4}{9}

  3. COption (c)

    94\frac{9}{4}

  4. DOption (d)

    23\frac{2}{3}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

49\frac{4}{9}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

In EDM it is assumed that the material removed per spark is directly proportional to the energy released per spark.

i.e. MRR ∝ Energy/spark

The energy released per spark is E=12;C;Vd2E = \frac{1}{2};C;V_d^2

where, C = Capacitance, Vd = Discharge voltage

MRR;∝E;∝Vd2;MRR; ∝ E; ∝ V_d^2;

Calculation:

Given:

Actual voltage Vd1 = 40 V, Voltage which was used for calculation Vd2 = 60 V

MRRactualMRRcalculated=Vactal2Vcalculate2=;Vd12Vd22=402602=49;\frac{{MR{R_{actual}}}}{{MR{R_{calculated}}}} = \frac{{V_{actal}^2}}{{V_{calculate}^2}} = ;\frac{{V_{d1}^2}}{{V_{d2}^2}} = \frac{{{{40}^2}}}{{{{60}^2}}} = \frac{4}{9};

Question 105

Straight polarity in arc welding is obtained with

  1. AOption (a)

     Alternating current electrode with electrode being positive

  2. BOption (b)

    Direct current electrode with electrode being positive

  3. COption (c)

    Direct current electrode with electrode being negative

  4. DOption (d)

    Alternating current electrode with electrode being negative

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Direct current electrode with electrode being negative

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Three major things include in the welding process.

  1. Power supply
  2. Work-piece
  3. Electrode.

Based on their connections polarity is defined.

Direct Current Straight Polarity (DCSP)Direct Current Reverse Polarity (DCRP)
When an electrode is connected to the negative  (-ve) terminal of the power supply i.e electrode behaves as a cathode then the connection is known as DCSP.When an electrode is connected to the positive   (+ve) terminal of the power supply i.e electrode behaves as an anode then the connection is known as DCRP.
It is also known as Direct Current Electrode Negativity.It is also known as Direct Current Electrode Positivity.
More heat on the work-piece (66%) and less heat on the electrode (33%).More heat on the electrode (66%) and less heat on the work-piece (33%).
Used for welding high thickness & high melting point materials.Used for welding less thickness & low melting point materials.
Depth of penetration is maximum.Depth of penetration is minimum.
Filler material weld deposition rate is low.Filler material weld deposition rate is high.

Question 106

A good machinability rating would indicate

  1. AOption (a)

    long tool life, high power requirement and less machining time

  2. BOption (b)

    long tool life, low power requirement and a good surface finish

  3. COption (c)

    short tool life and a good surface finish

  4. DOption (d)

    long tool life, high power requirement and a good surface finish

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

long tool life, low power requirement and a good surface finish

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Machinability is the ease of machining a given material with a cutting tool.

The major criteria for judging machinability are –

  1. Tool life: It is the length of the period for which a tool can be used. The longer the tool life at a given cutting speed better is the machinability.
  2. Surface finish: If two materials are machined under similar cutting conditions material that produces a good surface finish is considered to be the more machinable material.
  3. Machining forces and power consumption: If two materials are machined under the same conditions the material which require lower cutting forces or lower power is considered to be more machinable.

Hence good Machinability ratings indicate long tool life, good surface finish, and low power requirement.

Additional Information

Machinability index or rating is taken relative to the index which is standardized.

The machinability index for free cutting steel is arbitrarily fixed at 100 percent.

Machinability index = VtVs;×100\frac{{{V_t}}}{{{V_s}}}; \times 100 

where,

Vs = Cutting speed of standard free-cutting steel for 1 min tool life

Vt = Cutting speed of metal for 1 min tool life

Machinability index for some material:

MaterialMachinability ratings
Stainless steel25
Low carbon steel55 - 65
Copper70
Red brass180
Aluminum alloys300 - 1500

Question 107

Find the blanking force required to punch 10 mm diameter holes in a steel sheet of 3 mm thickness. Given shear strength of material = 400 MPa, penetration = 40% and shear provided on the punch = 2 mm.

  1. AOption (a)

    22.6 kN

  2. BOption (b)

    37.7 kN

  3. COption (c)

    61.6 kN

  4. DOption (d)

    94.3 kN

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

22.6 kN

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The energy or work required in blanking is the same irrespective of shear. Shear just reduces the blanking force.

Work done without shear W = τ × π × d × t × p

where, τ is the shear stress, d is the diameter of the hole, t is thickness of the plate and p is the penetration.

Work done with shear W = F2 × s

where, F2 is the blanking force required for shear on punch and s is the shear on punch.

As the work done W is same

∴ F2 × s = τ × π × d × t × p

[Note: Penetration is always calculated in terms of thickness.]

Calculation:

Given:

d = 10 mm, t = 3 mm, τ = 400 MPa ⇒ 400 N/mm2, p = 40 % ⇒ 0.40 × 3 mm = 1.2 mm and s = 2 mm

F2=τ;×;π;×;d;×;t;×;ps{F_2} = \frac{{\tau; × ;\pi ;× ;d ;× ;t ;×; p}}{s}

F2=400;×;π;×;10;×;3;×;1.22{F_2} = \frac{{400 ;× ;\pi ;× ;10 ;× ;3 ;× ;1.2}}{2}  = 22.619 kN

Question 108

If the speed of machining combined cemented carbide and steel tool is halved, then the tool life changes by (assume Taylor’s exponent = 0.25 for single point turning operation)

  1. AOption (a)

    ​​2 times

  2. BOption (b)

    4 times

  3. COption (c)

    8 times

  4. DOption (d)

    16 times

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

16 times

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Taylor’s tool life equation is given by, VTn = C

Where V is the cutting-velocity and T is the tool life, n is Taylor’s exponent and C is constant.

So, we can write V1T1n = V2T2n

Calculation:

Given:

n = 0.25, V1 = V and V2 = 0.5V

V1V2=(T2T1)n\frac{{{V_1}}}{{{V_2}}} = {\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{{{T_1}}}} \right)^n}

V0.5V=(T2T1)0.25⇒T2=16T1\frac{{V}}{0.5V} = {\left( {\frac{{{T_2}}}{{{T_1}}}} \right)^{0.25}} \Rightarrow {T_2} = 16{T_1}

Question 109

In which of the following welding process flux is fed separately?

  1. AOption (a)

    Electric arc welding

  2. BOption (b)

    Plasma arc welding

  3. COption (c)

    Tungsten inert gas arc welding

  4. DOption (d)

    Submerged arc welding

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Submerged arc welding

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Flux:

  • Flux coating acts as deoxidizers; by forming the slag it will protect the liquid metal from atmospheric gases.
  • Slag formation controls the heat transfer rate of liquid metal to the weld pool.

 

Types of welding, working, and use of flux:

Welding typeWorkingFlux usage
Electric arc welding- An arc is generated between cathode and anode when they are touched to establish the flow of current and then separated by a small distance. - For a stable arc, the gap should be maintained.- Flux is not used.
Plasma arc welding- It is similar to GTAW, an arc is generated between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and workpiece. - Capable of high welding speeds- Flux is not used. - Argon is used as the shielding gas.
Tungsten inert gas arc welding- Arc is established between a non‐consumable tungsten electrode and the workpiece. - Tungsten is alloyed with thorium or zirconium for better current‐carrying in and electron‐emission characteristics.- Flux is not used. - Argon is used as the shielding gas.
Submerged arc welding- Arc is generated between a consumable electrode and workpiece. - Flux is continuously supplied to it.- A thick layer of granular flux is deposited just ahead of a bare wire consumable electrode. - Molten flux provides thermal insulation, slows the cooling rate, and produces soft, ductile welds.

 

Additional Information

Question 110

Which of the following operations does not uses a Jig?

  1. AOption (a)

    Turning

  2. BOption (b)

    Drilling

  3. COption (c)

    Reaming

  4. DOption (d)

    Tapping

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Turning

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Jigs and fixtures are production tools used to accurately manufacture duplicate and interchangeable parts. Jigs and fixtures are specially designed so that large numbers of components can be machined or assembled identically, and to ensure interchangeability of components.

Jigs

  • A jig is a special device that holds, supports locates, and also guides the cutting tool during operation
  • Jigs are designed to accommodate one or more components at a time
  • Jigs are available for drilling, boring, reaming etc.

 

Fixtures

  • A fixture is a production tool that locates and holds the work-piece.
  • It does not guide the cutting tools, but the tools can be positioned before cutting with the help of setting blocks and feeler gauges, etc
  • Fixtures of different types are made for milling, turning, grinding, welding, bending, etc
  • Fixtures are used for medium and heavier sized workpieces because fixtures are fixed to the machine table.

Question 111

In machining operation, if path of generatrix and directrix are circular and straight-line respectively, the surface obtained will be

  1. AOption (a)

    Cylindrical

  2. BOption (b)

    Helical

  3. COption (c)

    Plain

  4. DOption (d)

    Surface of revolution

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Cylindrical

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Mechanism and shapes formation by cutting:

  • The motion responsible for the cutting action is known as the primary motion or cutting motion.
  • The motion responsible for gradual feeding the uncut portion is termed as the secondary motion or feed motion.
  • The line generated by the cutting motion is called generatrix and the line generated from the feed motion is called the directrix.
  • Various geometries can be obtained depending on the shapes of the generatrix and the directrix and their relative directions.

Generation of various surfaces:

Generatrix (G)Directrix (D)Surface obtainedProcess
Straight lineStraight linePlain SurfaceTracing of G
CircularStraight lineCylindrical SurfaceTracing of G
CircularStraight linePlain Surface (Lines)envelope of G
Plain CurveCircularSurface of revolutionTracing of G

Question 112

Critical path method is good for

  1. AOption (a)

    small project only

  2. BOption (b)

    large project only

  3. COption (c)

    both small and large projects equally

  4. DOption (d)

    neither small nor large projects

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

large project only

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Critical Path:

A critical path is a sequence of interdependent activities or tasks that must be finished before the project can be finished. It is the longest path (i.e. path with the longest duration) from project start to finish.

Critical Path Method:

  • The critical path method (CPM) is a project modeling technique that’s used by project managers to find important deadlines and deliver a project on time.
  • In a project, the critical path is the longest distance between the start and the finish, including all the tasks and their duration.
  • Once a critical path is determined, you’ll have a clear picture of the project’s actual schedule.
  • To find this, project managers use the CPM algorithm to find the least amount of time necessary to complete each task with the least amount of slack.
  • For small projects, managers are often able to memorize and to coordinate all of the various tasks necessary for their completion.
  • For larger projects, however, with numerous activities occurring simultaneously, remembering and coordinating these activities can prove much more difficult. CPM and related tools allow managers to determine which particular tasks most affect the total time of the project and enable managers to better schedule each task so that deadlines are met at the least possible cost

Question 113

In value engineering, the term value refers to

  1. AOption (a)

    Manufacturing cost of the product

  2. BOption (b)

    Selling price of the product

  3. COption (c)

    Total cost of the product

  4. DOption (d)

    Utility of the product

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Utility of the product

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Value analysis/engineering

  • Value analysis aims at a systematic identification and elimination of unnecessary costs.
  • Value analysis examines the design, method of manufacturing, the material used, function and cost of each and every component in order to produce it economically without decreasing its utility, function or reliability.

Value

  • Value is the price we pay for a product, process, material or service required to perform a specific function with the required quality and reliability.
  • Value can be defined as the combination of the quality, efficiency, price and service which ensures the ultimate economy and satisfaction of the purchaser.
  • We can express value in a mathematical way, as

Value=utility;or;functioncost=worth;to;youprice;you;payValue = \frac{{utility;or;function}}{{cost}} = \frac{{worth;to;you}}{{price;you;pay}}

Thus the value of a product can he increased either by increasing its utility with the same cost or by decreasing its cost for the same utility.

Question 114

Classifying items in A, B and C categories for selective control in inventory management is done by arranging items in the decreasing order of:

  1. AOption (a)

    Total inventory costs

  2. BOption (b)

    Item value

  3. COption (c)

    Annual usage value

  4. DOption (d)

    Item demand

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Annual usage value

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The inventory comprises a large number of items. All items are not of equal importance. The firm, therefore, should pay more attention and care to those whose items whose usage value is high and fewer values to those whose usage value is low.

There are different types of selective inventory control:

ABC analysis (Always Better Control)Inventory items are classified based on their annual usage value in monetary terms.Class A - item: 10 % of the item accounts 75% costs. Class B - item: 20% of the item accounts 15% costs. Class C - item: 70% of the item accounts 10% costs.
VED Analysis (Vital, Essential, Desirable)Inventory items are classified on the basis of their criticality i.e. according to the cost of incurring a stock outV-Vital: Without which the production process would come to standstill E-Essential: Their non-availability will adversely affect the efficiency of the production system. It should be given second priority. D-Desirable: Without which the process is unaffected but is good if they are available for better efficiency.
SDE Analysis (Scarce, Difficult, Easily Available)This type of analysis is useful in the study of those items which are scarce in availabilityS-Scarce: Imported items which are generally in short supply D-Difficult: These are available in market but not always traceable or immediately supplied E-Easily: Easily available in the market
HML Analysis (High, Medium, Low Cost)This type of analysis is similar to ABC analysis, except that cost per item is taken.H-Highest: Items whose unit cost is very high, or maximum are given top priority M-Medium: Items whose unit cost is of medium value L-Low: Items whose unit cost is low
FSND Analysis (Fast, Slow, Non-moving, Dead items)Inventory items are classified in the descending order of their usage (Consumption rate/ movement value).F-Fast moving items: That are consumed in short span of time N-Normal moving items: That are consumed over a period of one year S-Slow moving items: These items are not frequently issued and consumed over a period of two years or more. D-Dead items: Consumption of such items are almost nil. It can also be taken as obsolete items

Question 115

For the purpose of sampling inspection, the maximum percent defective that can be considered satisfactory as a process average is

  1. AOption (a)

    Rejectable Quality Level (RQL)

  2. BOption (b)

    Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)

  3. COption (c)

    Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL) 

  4. DOption (d)

    Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD)

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The operating characteristics curve for an attribute sampling plan is a graph of fraction defective in a lot against the probability of acceptance.

For different sampling plans, the operating characteristics curve will be different. To construct we should know the mathematical probability of accepting lots with varying percent defectives.

Acceptance Quality Level (AQL):

  • AQL represents the maximum proportion of defectives that the consumer finds definitely acceptable.
  • Ideally, at AQL the probability of acceptance should be one i.e.100%. The probability of rejecting the lot at AQL represents the producer’s risk.

Rejection Quality Level (RQL):

  • RQL represents the proportion of defects that the consumer finds definitely unacceptable. The probability of accepting a lot at the RQL level represents the consumer’s risk.
  • It is also called Lot Tolerance Percentage Defective (LTPD).

Question 116

 An industry produces 300 spark plugs in one shift of 8 hours. If the standard time per piece is 1.5 minute, the productivity would be

  1. AOption (a)

    3/4

  2. BOption (b)

    5/8

  3. COption (c)

    7/16

  4. DOption (d)

    15/16

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

15/16

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Productivity=Net;Production;ObtainedStandard;Production;PossibleProductivity=\frac{Net;Production;Obtained}{Standard;Production;Possible}

Calculation:

Given:

Time of one shift = 8 hours = (8 x 60) min = 480 min.

Standard time per piece = 1.5 min

Spark plugs produced in one shift (8 hours) = 300 pieces

Total spark plug that can be made in 480 min i.e.

Standard Production Possible = Total;Time;AvailableTime;required;per;pieces=4801.5=320\frac{Total;Time;Available}{Time;required;per;pieces}=\frac{480}{1.5}=320 pieces

Net production obtained by industry in 480 min. = 300 pieces

Productivity=Net;Production;ObtainedStandard;Production;PossibleProductivity=\frac{Net;Production;Obtained}{Standard;Production;Possible}

Productivity=300320=1516Productivity=\frac{300}{320}=\frac{15}{16}

Question 117

A technology for the application of mechanical, electronics, and computer-based systems to control and operate the systems is called.

  1. AOption (a)

    PLC

  2. BOption (b)

    Sequential controller

  3. COption (c)

    Microprocessor-based systems

  4. DOption (d)

    Automation

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Automation

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

PLC: A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.

Sequential Controller: A control system in which the individual steps are processed in a predetermined order, progression from one sequence step to the next being dependent on defined conditions being satisfied.

Microprocessor: A microprocessor is a multi-purpose, programmable clock-driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input, and processes data according to those instructions, and provide results as output.

The important point is- all the above three devices are electronic devices and don’t involve any mechanical action.

Automation, on other hand, is a technology that is mostly used to minimize human interaction (generally physical) with help of programming and computers. It involves the application of mechanical, electronics, and computer-based systems to control and operate the systems.

Question 118

Which one of the following devices produces incremental motion through equal pulses?

  1. AOption (a)

    AC servomotor

  2. BOption (b)

    DC servomotor

  3. COption (c)

    Stepper motor

  4. DOption (d)

    Series motor

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Stepper motor

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Stepper Motor:

  • Stepper motors operate on the control pulses received and rotate in discrete steps.
  • Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle.
  • On the other hand, ordinary electrical a.c and d.c drives are analog in nature and rotate continuously depending on the magnitude and polarity of the control signal received.
  • The discrete nature of the operation of a stepper motor makes it suitable for directly interfacing with a computer and direct computer control.
  • A servo motor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration

AC servomotors: 

  • AC motors convert AC current into mechanical energy.

DC servomotors:

  • DC motors convert DC current into mechanical energy.

Series motor: 

  • In series motors, a linear relationship exists between the current flowing through the field windings and the amount of torque produced.
  • Heavy currents flow through the very thick series field windings, large torques are produced in series motors.
  • Series motor is used where high power is needed for example elevator and hoist installations.

Question 119

The degrees of freedom of a SCARA robot are

  1. AOption (a)

    Six

  2. BOption (b)

    Five

  3. COption (c)

    Four

  4. DOption (d)

    Three

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Four

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

 

SCARA ROBOT

  • SCARA is an acronym for Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm, meaning it is compliant in the X-Y axis, and rigid in the Z-axis. It has 4 degree of freedom
  • The SCARA configuration is unique and designed to handle a variety of material handling operations.
  • SCARA Robots are a popular option for small robotic assembly applications.
  • The SCARA robot is most commonly used for pick-and-place or assembly operations where high speed and high accuracy is required.
  • It has only one forward kinematic solution and two inverse kinematic solution.

Question 120

Hall sensor is used to measure the following

  1. AOption (a)

     Position of shaft

  2. BOption (b)

     Angular velocity

  3. COption (c)

    Strength of magnetic field

  4. DOption (d)

    All the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

All the above

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

 Hall Effect:

  1. The Hall effect is the movement of charge carriers through a conductor towards a magnetic attraction. The phenomenon is named for Edwin Hall, who discovered the effect in 1879.
  2. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a perpendicular or transverse magnetic field, then at the edges of the conductor an emf is developed. This potential difference is called Hall emf and this phenomenon is called Hall Effect.
  3. Hall emf is given as  %MathType!MTEF!2!1!+−%feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn%hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr%4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq−Jc9%vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0−yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr−x%fr−xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyramaaBa%aaleaacaWGibaabeaakiabg2da9iaadUeadaWgaaWcbaGaamisaaqa%baGcdaWcaaqaaiaadkeacaGGUaGaamyAaaqaaiaadshaaaaaaa!3E0D!EH=KHB.it\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- \% feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn \% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr \% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 \% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x \% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyramaaBa \% aaleaacaWGibaabeaakiabg2da9iaadUeadaWgaaWcbaGaamisaaqa \% baGcdaWcaaqaaiaadkeacaGGUaGaamyAaaqaaiaadshaaaaaaa!3E0D! {E_H} = {K_H}\frac{{B.i}}{t}

Where,

KH = Hall Effect coefficient

 B = Magnetic flux density

 ii= Current flowing through the conductor

  tt= Conductor thickness in a transverse direction 4. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the (-ve) and (+ve) charge carriers get accumulated on both sides of the conductor. One can measure the emf produced by a voltmeter.

​

 

Application of Hall Effect Sensors

1.Speed Detection

**2.**Proximity sensing (in Smartphones)

**3.**Current sensing application

4.Position Sensors (e.g., to measure the fuel level in the fuel tank in automobiles)

**5.**Spacecraft propulsion

**6.**Used as **Magnetometers, to measure Magnetic field (**compass used in Smartphones)

Option (d) is correct.

Question 121

Work done by non-conservative forces on a particle is equal to

  1. AOption (a)

    Change in internal energy

  2. BOption (b)

    Change in mechanical energy

  3. COption (c)

    Change in potential energy

  4. DOption (d)

    ​Change in kinetic energy

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Change in mechanical energy

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Non-conservative forces:

  • A non-conservative force is one for which work depends on the path taken.
  • Friction is an example of a non-conservative force that changes mechanical energy into thermal energy.
  • Work Wnc done by a non-conservative force changes the mechanical energy of a system.
  • In equation form, Wnc = ΔKE + ΔPE or, equivalently, KEi + PEi = Wnc + KEf + PEf.

 

Conservative forces:

  • A conservative force is one, for which work done by or against it depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion and not on the path taken.
  • Example potential energy*,* gravitational force etc.

Question 122

If a distributed force system on a beam is replaced by its statically equivalent force system, which of the following is same for both the beams?

  1. AOption (a)

    Support reactions

  2. BOption (b)

    Shear force diagram

  3. COption (c)

    Bending moment diagram

  4. DOption (d)

     Maximum bending moment

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Support reactions

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Let’s take an example of a simply supported beam of length 'l' with uniform distributed load (UDL) where UDL is replaced by a point load.

In the case of UDL, the load is w=WLw=\frac{W}{L}

In the case of point load, the load is = W

Support reactions = wL2\frac{wL}{2}Support reactions: W2=wL2\frac{W}{2}=\frac{wL}{2}
Shear Force Diagram
Bending moment Diagram
Maximum Bending Moments: wl28\frac{wl^2}{8}Maximum bending moment: WL4=wL24\frac{WL}{4}=\frac{wL^2}{4}

From the above table, it is clear that only support reactions remain the same in both cases.

Question 123

A simply supported beam of span L is subjected to a moment M0 at a distance of L4\frac{L}{4} from the left end. Magnitude of the maximum bending moment in the beam is

  1. AOption (a)

    M0

  2. BOption (b)

    Mo2\frac{{{M_o}}}{2}

  3. COption (c)

    Mo4\frac{{{M_o}}}{4}

  4. DOption (d)

    3Mo4\frac{{3{M_o}}}{4}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

3Mo4\frac{{3{M_o}}}{4}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The following figure is S.S.B with R1 and R2 reactions.

Using force equilibrium, we write ΣFy = 0 and,

Using moment balance at points A and B respectively we have ΣMA = 0 and ΣMB = 0

Calculation:

Given:

Using Equilibrium equation,

ΣFy = 0

R1 + R2 = 0

Taking moments about point A, we get

R2 × L - Mo = 0 

Therefore, we get get

R2 = MoL\frac{{{M_o}}}{L} and R1 = −MoL- \frac{{{M_o}}}{L} respectively.

Now, we can make the SFD and BMD from the above information:

Question 124

A gun of mass 3000 kg fires horizontally a shell of mass 50 kg with a velocity of 300 m/s. What is the velocity with which the gun will recoil?

  1. AOption (a)

    -5 m/s

  2. BOption (b)

    10 m/s

  3. COption (c)

    50 m/s

  4. DOption (d)

    30 m/s

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

-5 m/s

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

From momentum conservation we have,

initial momentum = final momentum i.e., pi = pf

0 = mgvg + msvs       [∵ initial velocity is zero]

mgvg = - msvs

where,

mg, vg is the mass of the gun and velocity of gun respectively.

ms, vs is the mass of the shell and velocity of shell respectively

Calculation:

Given:

mg  = 3000 kg, ms = 50 kg, vs = 300 m/s

vg=−msvsmg{v_g} = - \frac{{{m_s}{v_s}}}{{{m_g}}}

vg=−50×3003000=−5m/s{v_g} = - \frac{{50 \times 300}}{{3000}} = - 5{\rm{ m/s}}

Question 125

A body of mass (M) 10 kg is initially stationary on a 45° inclined plane as shown in the figure below. The coefficient of dynamic friction between the body and the inclined plane is 0.5. The body slides down the inclined plane and attains a velocity of 20 m/s. The distance traveled (in meter) by the body along the inclined plane is

  1. AOption (a)

    5.78 m

  2. BOption (b)

    57.8 m 

  3. COption (c)

    34.6 m

  4. DOption (d)

    3.46 m

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

57.8 m 

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

If we analyze the FBD of the block we will see that the acceleration of the body is constant, so here we can use equation of motion to find the distance covered by the body.

Equations of motion:

v = u + at

s=ut;+;12at2s=ut;+;\frac{1}{2}at^2

 

v2 = u2 + 2as retard

where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration/retardation, s = displacement

Calculation:

Given:

u = 0 m/s, v = 20 m/s ; µk = 0.5, θ = 45° ; M = 10 kg ; f = friction force

Along x-direction:

Mgsin θ – f = Ma     ...... eq(i)

Along y-direction:

N = Mgcos θ 

f = μN ⇒ μMgcos θ   ...... eq(ii)

Mgsin θ - μMgcos θ = Ma

∴ a = gsin θ - μgcos θ

∴ 9.81(sin 45° - 0.5 × cos 45°)

∴ a = 3.468 m/s2

Applying  Equation of motion

v2 = u2 + 2aS

202 = 0 + 2 × 3.468 × S

∴ S = 57.8 m.

125 questions in the full paper