Previous Year Paper

UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer Civil 22 Dec 2021 Official Paper I (Previous Year Paper)

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General Hindi (25 questions)

Question 1

'दान की बछिया के दाॅंत नहीं देखे जाते' - इस लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ है

  1. AOption (a)

    उपकार करते समय पैसे का लोभ उचित नहीं।

  2. BOption (b)

    मुफ्त के माल में दोष नहीं देखे जाते।

  3. COption (c)

    दान उपयुक्त वस्तु का होना चाहिए।

  4. DOption (d)

    दान की बछिया से मोह नहीं करना चाहिए।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

मुफ्त के माल में दोष नहीं देखे जाते।

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "मुफ़्त के माल में दोष नहीं देखे जाते।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • दान की बछिया के दाँत नहीं देखे जाते
  • अर्थ :- मुफ़्त के माल में दोष नहीं देखे जाते।
  • वाक्य प्रयोग
  • जब परिवार के सदस्य शादी की विदाई में मिले सूट के कपड़े की कीमत आंकने लगे तो पिताजी बोले कि दान की बछिया के दांत नहीं देखे जाते।

Additional Information

  • प्रमुख लोकोक्तियाँ
  • बुढि़या मरी तो आगरा तो देखा :- प्रत्येक घटना के दो पहलू होते हैं - अच्छा और बुरा।
  • लिखे ईसा पढ़े मूसा :- गंदी लिखावट।
  • अंधा सिपाही कानी घोड़ी, विधि ने खूब मिलाई जोड़ी :- जहां दो व्यक्ति हों और दोनों ही एक समान मूर्ख, दुष्ट या अवगुणी हों वहां ऐसा कहते हैं।
  • अपना रख पराया चख :- निजी वस्तु की रक्षा एवं अन्य वस्तु का उपभोग।
  • अच्छी मति जो चाहो बूढ़े पूछन जाओ :- बड़े बूढ़ों की सलाह से कार्य सिद्ध हो सकते हैं।
  • अब की अब, जब की जब के साथ :- सदा वर्तमान की ही चिन्ता करनी चाहिए।
  • छप्पर पर फूंस नहीं, ड्योढ़ी पर नाच :- दिखावटी ठाट-वाट परन्तु वास्तविकता में कुछ भी नहीं।
  • छछूंदर के सर पर चमेली का तेल :- अयोग्य के पास योग्य वस्तु का होना।
  • जिसके हाथ डोई, उसका सब कोई :- धनी व्यक्ति के सब मित्र होते हैं।
  • योगी था सो उठ गया आसन रहा भभूत :- पुराण गौरव समाप्त।

Question 2

'अनवधान' शब्द का विलोम है

  1. AOption (a)

    वरदान

  2. BOption (b)

    सावधानी

  3. COption (c)

    निरभिमान

  4. DOption (d)

    अननुमत

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

सावधानी

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "सावधानी" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • अनवधान शब्द का विलोम सावधानी होगा।
  • अनवधान का विलोम 
  • अवधान या सावधानी।
  • अनवधान
  • पुल्लिंग 
  • अवधान का अभाव,
  • असावधानी।
  • अवधान
  • पुल्लिंग
  • ध्यान।
  • मनोयोग।

Additional Information

  • प्रमुख विलोम शब्द
  • अदोष :- सदोष
  • अधम :-उत्तम
  • अधर्म :-सध्दर्म
  • अधुनातन :- पुरातन
  • उपाय :- निरुपाय
  • उषा :- संध्या
  • एकता :- अनेकता
  • एकांगी :- सर्वांगीण
  • कनिष्ठ :- ज्येष्ठ
  • कृतज्ञ :- कृतघ्न
  • कृष :- स्थूल
  • कृष्ण :- शुक्ल
  • क्रय :- विक्रय
  • क्षणिक :- शाश्वत
  • खेद :- प्रसन्नता
  • गुप्त :- प्रकट
  • ग्रामीण :- शहरी
  • घात :- प्रतिघात
  • घृणा :- प्रेम
  • छली :- निश्चल
  • छूत :- अछूत
  • जंगली :- पालतू
  • दयालु :- निर्दयी
  • दाता :- याचक
  • निंदा :- स्तुति
  • निरक्षर :- साक्षर
  • नूतन :- पुरातन
  • प्रत्यक्ष :- परोक्ष
  • बंधन :- मुक्ति
  • मूक :- वाचाल
  • लगभग :- पूरा
  • लगाव :- हटाना
  • लहू :-पसीना

Question 3

निम्नलिखित में से 'अपादान तत्पुरुष' का उदाहरण है

  1. AOption (a)

    यथाशक्ति

  2. BOption (b)

    शरणागति

  3. COption (c)

    वज्राहत

  4. DOption (d)

    चोर-भयम् 

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

चोर-भयम् 

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "चोर-भयम्" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • चोरभयम् :- चोर से भय
  • पंचमी तत्पुरुष समास अथवा अपादान तत्पुरुष होगा।
  • परिभाषा:
  • ऐसे समास शब्द जिनमें अपादान कारक चिन्ह “से” का लोप हो , उन्हें अपादान तत्पुरुष समास कहा जाता है।

Important Points

  • अपादान तत्पुरुष समास के अन्य उदाहरण
  • अन्नहीन :- अन्न से हीन
  • ऋणमुक्त :- ऋण से मुक्त
  • कर्जमुक्त :- कर्ज से मुक्त।
  • कर्मरहित :- कर्म से रहित
  • कर्महीन :- कर्म से हीन
  • जीवनमुक्त :- जीवन से मुक्त
  • दूरागत :- दूर से आगत
  • देशनिकाला :- देश से  निकाला
  • देशनिर्वासित :- देश से निर्वासित
  • धनहीन :- धन से हीन

Additional Information

  • शरणागति
  • शरण को आया हुआ
  • कर्म तत्पुरुष समास
  • वज्राहत
  • वज्र से आहत
  • करण तत्पुरुष समास
  • यथाशक्ति 
  • शक्ति के अनुसार
  • अव्ययी भाव समास

Question 4

अनेकार्थक शब्द 'आराम' का इनमें से एक अर्थ है

  1. AOption (a)

    सरोवर

  2. BOption (b)

    बगीचा

  3. COption (c)

    समीर

  4. DOption (d)

    लहर

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

बगीचा

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "बगीचा" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • बगीचा शब्द आराम का अनेकार्थी शब्द है।
  • आराम के अनेकार्थी
  • बाग, विश्राम, रोग का दूर होना।

Important Points

  • प्रमुख अनेकार्थी शब्द
  • कुशल :- खैरियत, चतुर ।
  • कल :- बीता हुआ दिन, आने वाला दिन, मशीन।
  • खग :- पक्षी, तारा, गन्धर्व, बाण।
  • कर्ण :- कर्ण (नाम), कान।
  • काम :- वासना, कामदेव, कार्य, पेशा, धंधा।
  • खल :- दुष्ट, धतूरा, दवा कूटने का खरल।
  • गण :- समूह, मनुष्य, भूतप्रेतादि, शिव के गण, पिंगल के गण।
  • अधर :- धरती (आकाश के बीच का स्थान), पाताल, नीचा, होंठ।
  • अंक :- भाग्य, गिनती के अंक, नाटक के अंक, चिन्ह संख्या, गोद।

Additional Information

  • सर के अनेकार्थी
  • तालाब, जलाशय, सरोवर, तड़ाग।
  • वायु के पर्यायवाची
  • पवन , हवा , वात , मारुत , अनिल , पवमान , समीर, स्पर्शन।
  • तरंग का अनेकार्थी शब्द
  • स्वर लहरी, लहर, उमंग।

Question 5

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से एक में सकर्मक क्रिया है, वह वाक्य है

  1. AOption (a)

    श्याम सोता है।

  2. BOption (b)

    विद्यार्थी कहानी लिखता है।

  3. COption (c)

    चिड़िया उड़ती है।

  4. DOption (d)

    बच्चा रोता है।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

विद्यार्थी कहानी लिखता है।

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "विद्यार्थी कहानी लिखता है।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • "विद्यार्थी कहानी लिखता है।" वाक्य में सकर्मक क्रिया है।
  • विद्यार्थी क्या लिखता है? उत्तर में हमें प्राप्त होता है कहानी।
  • अतः किसी वाक्य में क्या, किसे तथा किसको लगाकर उत्तर प्राप्त होता है तो वहाँ सकर्मक क्रिया होगी।

Additional Information

  • अकर्मक क्रिया
  • जिस क्रिया का फल कर्ता पर ही पड़ता है वह क्रिया अकर्मक क्रिया कहलाती हैं।
  • इस क्रिया में कर्म का अभाव होता है।
  • उदाहरण
  • राजेश दौड़ता है।
  • सांप रेंगता है।
  • पूजा हंसती है।
  • श्याम सोता है।
  • बच्चा रोता है।

Question 6

'परीक्षा' शब्द का सन्धि-विच्छेद है

  1. AOption (a)

    पर + ईक्षा

  2. BOption (b)

    परि + ईक्षा

  3. COption (c)

    परि + इक्षा

  4. DOption (d)

    परः + ईक्षा

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

परि + ईक्षा

Why this answer is correct

परि + ईक्षा = 'परीक्षा' शब्द का सन्धि-विच्छेद है।

  • रि (इ) + (ई) ई = ई

Key Points

  • दीर्घ संधि : 
  • ​जब दो शब्दों की संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (अ, आ) हो तो 'आ' बनता है
  • जब (इ, ई) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो 'ई' बनता है
  • जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो 'ऊ' बनता है।
  • इस संधि को हम ह्रस्व संधि भी कह सकते हैं।
  • जैसे: पुस्तक + आलय : पुस्तकालय बनता है।
  • यहाँ अ+आ मिलकर आ बनाते हैं।

Important Points​ 

  • ​(ई + इ = ई) मही + इंद्र = महींद्र
  • नारी + इंदु = नारींदु ।
  • (ई + ई = ई) नदी + ईश = नदीश
  • मही + ईश = महीश । (
  • उ + उ = ऊ) भानु + उदय = भानूदय
  • विधु + उदय = विधूदय ।
  • (उ + ऊ = ऊ) लघु + ऊर्मि = लघूर्मि
  • सिधु + ऊर्मि = सिंधूर्मि ।

Question 7

कोष्ठक में अंकित (^) विराम चिन्ह का इनमें से एक नाम गलत है, वह है:-

  1. AOption (a)

    योजक - चिन्ह

  2. BOption (b)

    विस्मरण - चिन्ह

  3. COption (c)

    हंसपद चिन्ह

  4. DOption (d)

    काकपद चिन्ह

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

योजक - चिन्ह

Why this answer is correct

कोष्ठक में अंकित (^) विराम चिन्ह का इनमें से एक नाम गलत है, वह है: योजक - चिन्ह

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "योजक चिह्न" सही है, क्योंकि यह अलग अथवा गलत चिह्न है और प्रश्न में पूछा हुआ है की कौनसा चिह्न अलग है।

Key Points 

  • योजक चिह्न (-)
  • इस चिह्न को विभाजक या समास बोधक चिह्न भी कहते हैं।
  • इसका प्रयोग प्राय: द्वंद्व समास के बीच किया जाता है।
  • जैसे
  • माता-पिता दोनों खुश थे।

Additional Information

  • त्रुटिबोधक/हंसपद/काकपद/विस्मरण - चिन्ह (^)
  • वाक्य में जब कोई शब्द बीच में छूट जाता है तो इस चिह्न का प्रयोग करके छूटे हुए शब्द को लिखते हैं।
  • जैसे
  • 7
  • वह रोज^ बजे स्कूल जाता है।

Question 8

'युद्ध करने की इच्छा रखनेवाला' - इस वाक्यांश के लिए एक उपयुक्त शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    मुमुक्षु

  2. BOption (b)

    विजिगीषु

  3. COption (c)

    युयुत्सु

  4. DOption (d)

    उत्साही

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

युयुत्सु

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "युयुत्सु" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • युद्ध करने की इच्छा रखने वाला वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द युयुत्सु है।
  • युयुत्सु
  • पुल्लिंग
  • योद्धा।

Additional Information

  • मुमुक्षु
  • विशेषण
  • मोक्ष की कामना करनेवाला।
  • विजिगीषु
  • जिसे विजय पाने की इच्छा हो।
  • उत्साही (जो उत्साह रखता हो)
  • विशेषण
  • उत्साह युक्त।
  • उद्यमी।

Important Points

  • अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द
  • जो उपासना करता हो :- उपासक
  • देखने योग्य :- दर्शनीय
  • युग परिवर्तन की चेतना :- युगान्तकारी
  • सुनने योग्य :- श्रव्य
  • जंगल की आग :- दावानल
  • मर्म को भेदने वाला :- मर्मभेदी
  • श्रम पर जीने वाला    :- श्रमजीवी
  • जिसका कोई उपाय नही हो :- निरुपाय
  • प्रवास करने वाला :- प्रवासी
  • पेट की आग :- जठरानल
  • जिसकी चिंता संभव नही :- अचिंत्य
  • जिसकी कल्पना नही की जा सके :- अकल्पनीय
  • इन्द्रियों को जितने वाला  :- जितेन्द्रिय
  • एक समय में विद्यमान :- समसमायिक
  • जितने की इच्छा :- जिगीषा
  • पूछने योग्य :- प्रष्टव्य

Question 9

निम्नलिखित में से शुद्ध वर्तनी का शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    संग्रहीत

  2. BOption (b)

    हिरण्यकश्यपु

  3. COption (c)

    अन्तर्धान

  4. DOption (d)

    अपन्हुति

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

अन्तर्धान

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "अंतर्धान" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • अंतर्धान शब्द शुद्ध शब्द है।
  • अंतर्धान शब्द अंतर्ध्यान शब्द का शुद्ध रूप है।
  • अंतर्धान
  • पुल्लिंग
  • लोप हो जाना।

Additional Information

  • अशुद्ध शब्द :- संग्रहित 
  • शुद्ध शब्द :- संगृहीत
  • संगृहीत
  • संग्रह किया हुआ, एकत्र किया हुआ; जमा किया हुआ, संकलित
  • ग्रस्त, जकड़ा हुआ
  • निगृहीत या संयत किया हुआ, शासित , आगत, प्राप्त, स्वीकृत।
  • अशुद्ध शब्द :- हिरण्यकश्यपु
  • शुद्ध शब्द :- हिरण्यकशिपु
  • अशुद्ध शब्द :- अपन्हुति
  • शुद्ध शब्द :- अपह्नुति
  • (अर्थ :- अलंकार का एक भाग)

Question 10

निम्नलिखित में से अन्तस्थ व्यंजन हैं

  1. AOption (a)

    श्, ष्, स्, ह्

  2. BOption (b)

    अ्, ब्, स्, द

  3. COption (c)

    ञ्, ण्, न्, म्

  4. DOption (d)

    य्, र्, ल्, व्

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

य्, र्, ल्, व्

Why this answer is correct

य्, र्, ल्, व्... अन्तस्थ व्यंजन हैं।

  • अंत करण के माध्यम से उच्चारित होने वाले व्यंजनों को अंतस्थ व्यंजन कहा जाता है।
  • अंतस्थ व्यंजन के उदाहरण- य', 'र', 'ल' और 'व'।
  • अंतर शब्द के अर्थ अंदर का, बीच में स्थित, भीतर रहने वाला, भीतरी, अन्त:स्थ, मध्य में रहने वाला इत्यादि होते हैं।

Important Points

उच्चारण स्थान (ध्वनि वर्ग)उच्चरित ध्वनि
द्वयोष्ठ्यप, फ, ब, भ, म
दन्त्योष्ठ्यफ़
दन्त्यत, थ, द, ध
वर्त्स्यन, स, ज़, र, ल, ळ
मूर्धन्यट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, ड़, ढ़, र, ष
कठोर तालव्यश, च, छ, ज, झ
कोमल तालव्यक, ख, ग, घ, ञ, ख़, ग़
पश्च-कोमल-तालव्यक़
स्वरयंत्रामुखीह

Question 11

इनमें से किस वाक्य में 'अच्छा' शब्द विशेषण के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है?

  1. AOption (a)

    आपने अच्छा किया, जो वहाँ नहीं गये।

  2. BOption (b)

    अच्छा, तुम अब घर जाओ।

  3. COption (c)

    अच्छा है, वह आज नहीं आया।

  4. DOption (d)

    यह काम बहुत अच्छा है।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

यह काम बहुत अच्छा है।

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "यह काम बहुत अच्छा हुआ।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • "यह काम बहुत अच्छा हुआ।" वाक्य में काम के अच्छा होने की विशेषता बताई गई है।
  • अतः यहाँ 'अच्छा' शब्द विशेषण के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है।

Important Points

  • विशेषण की परिभाषा
  • जो संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताए उस शब्द को 'विशेषण' कहते है।
  • जैसे :- 'कालाकोट' और 'अच्छा लड़का' में 'काला' तथा 'अच्छा' शब्द विशेषण है।

Additional Information

  • विशेषण के भेद 
  • संख्यावाचक विशेषण (संख्या के रूप में विशेषता बतलाने वाले)
  • परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (मात्रा के रूप में विशेषता)
  • गुणवाचक विशेषण (गुण के र��प में)
  • सार्वनामिक विशेषण (सर्वनाम शब्द के रूप में, जैसे :- यह , वह , कौन , क्या , कोई , कुछ आदि।)

Question 12

'दुर्व्यवहार' शब्द में कितने उपसर्ग हैं?

  1. AOption (a)

    एक

  2. BOption (b)

    दो

  3. COption (c)

    तीन

  4. DOption (d)

    चार

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

तीन

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "तीन" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • दुर्व्यवहार शब्द में तीन उपसर्ग है।
  • दुर्व्यवहार :- दुर् + वि + अव + हार।
  • दुर्व्यवहार 
  • किसी शक्ति या अधिकार के अन्यायपूर्ण या अनौचित्यपूर्ण प्रयोग से किसी अन्य व्यक्ति, समूह, प्राणी, जीव या अन्य चीज़ के साथ करे गये बुरे या हानिकारक व्यवहार को कहते हैं।

Additional Information

  • एक से अधिक उपसर्गों का प्रयोग
  • कुछ शब्द एक से अधिक उपसर्गों के प्रयोग से बने होते हैं।
  • जैसे 
  • परोपकार :- पर + उप + कार
  • स्वावलम्बन :- स्व + अव + लम्बन
  • समालोचना :- सम् + आ + लोचना
  • समाचार :- सम् + आ + चार
  • अव्यवस्था :- अ + वि + अव + स्था

Question 13

इनमें से तद्भव-तत्सम का एक युग्म अशुद्ध है

  1. AOption (a)

    ओस - अवश्याय

  2. BOption (b)

    काढ़ा - क्वाथ

  3. COption (c)

    उबटन - उद्वर्तन

  4. DOption (d)

    रहट - अरहट्ट

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

रहट - अरहट्ट

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "रहट-अरहट्ट" एक अशुद्ध युग्म है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • रहट का तत्सम अरघट्ट है।
  • रहँट
  • पुल्लिंग
  • कुएँ से पानी निकालने का यंत्र विशेष।

Additional Information

  • अन्य उदाहरण
  • अम्बा :-अम्मा
  • अग्नि :- आग
  • अक्षी :- आंख
  • क्लेश :- कलेश
  • ग्रीष्म :- गर्मी
  • घृत :- घी
  • चूर्ण :- चूरन
  • उलूक :- उल्लू
  • कृपा :- किरपा
  • कुंभकार :- कुम्हार
  • कादलीपाली :- केला

Question 14

इनमें से एक वाक्य में 'अपादान कारक' नहीं है, वह

  1. AOption (a)

    उसके हाथ से कलम गिरा।

  2. BOption (b)

    पतझड़ में पीपल के पेड़ों से पत्ते झड़ने लगते हैं।

  3. COption (c)

    वह कलम से लिखता है।

  4. DOption (d)

    नूतन को गंदगी से बहुत घृणा है।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

वह कलम से लिखता है।

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "वह कलम से लिखता है।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • वह कलम से लिखता है। इस वाक्य में 'कलम' करण है, क्योंकि लिखने का काम कलम से किया गया है।
  • करण कारक
  • इसके हिन्दी पर्याय 'से' के 'द्वारा' है।
  • जिसकी सहायता से कोई कार्य किया जाए, उसे करण कारक कहते हैं।

Additional Information

  • अपादान कारक
  • वाक्य में जिस स्थान या वस्तु से किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की पृथकता अथवा तुलना का बोध होता है, वहाँ अपादान कारक होता है।
  • प्रेम, घृणा, लज्जा, ईर्ष्या, भय और सीखने आदि भावों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए अपादान कारक का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।
  • क्योंकि उक्त कारणों से अलग होने की क्रिया किसी-न-किसी रूप में जरूर होती है।

Question 15

निम्नलिखित में से 'गुफा' का पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है

  1. AOption (a)

    गुहा

  2. BOption (b)

    दरी

  3. COption (c)

    गहवर

  4. DOption (d)

    विजन

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

विजन

Why this answer is correct

विजन : 'गुफा' का पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है।

Key Points

  • 'गुफा' का पर्यायवाची : गोह, खोह, गुहा, कंदरा, सुरंग, गार, गड्ढा, कंदरा, गुहा, दरी, गह्वर/गहवर
  • विजन के पर्याय : सूनापन, एकांत, सुनसान, जनशून्य।

Additional Information

  • पति-- भर्ता, वल्लभ, स्वामी, आर्यपुत्र
  • पक्षी-- विहंग, विहग, खग, पखेरू, परिंदा, चिड़िया, शकुंत, अंडज, पतंग, द्विज
  • पंडित-- सुधी, विद्वान, कोविद, बुध, धीर, मनीषी, प्राज्ञ, विचक्षण
  • पुष्प-- फूल, सुमन, कुसुम, प्रसून
  • बाण-- तीर, शर, विशिख, आशुग, शिलीमुख, इषु, नाराच
  • ब्रह्मा-- आत्मभू, स्वयंभू, चतुरानन, पितामह, हिरण्यगर्भ, लोकेश, विधि, विधाता
  • वृक्ष-- तरु, द्रुम, पादप, विटप, अगम, पेड़, गाछ
  • मछली-- मत्स्य, झख, मीन, जलजीवन, सफरी, झष, जलीय जीव
  • महादेव-- शंभु, ईश, पशुपति, शिव, महेश्वर, शंकर, चंद्रशेखर, भव, भूतेश, गिरीश, हर, त्रिलोचन
  • मेघ-- घन, जलधर, वारिद, बादल, नीरद, वारिधर, पयोद, अंबुद, पयोधर
  • मुनि-- यती, अवधूत, संन्यासी, वैरागी, तापस, संत, भिक्षु, महात्मा, साधु, मुक्तपुरुष

Question 16

'अण्डे का शहजादा' इस मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है

  1. AOption (a)

    बहुत चालाक व्यक्ति

  2. BOption (b)

    अनुभवी व्यक्ति

  3. COption (c)

    अनुभवहीन व्यक्ति

  4. DOption (d)

    महामूर्ख व्यक्ति

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

अनुभवहीन व्यक्ति

Why this answer is correct

'अंडे का शहजादा’ मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है – अनुभवहीन व्यक्ति। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण:- 

मुहावरेअर्थवाक्य प्रयोग
अंडे का शहजादाअनुभवहीन व्यक्ति‌‌‌अजीत सिंह अपने पिता की सिफ़ारिश पर प्रमोशन तो पा गए लेकिन काम ढंग का नहीं आता, बस समझो कि वो अंडे का शहजादा है।

अन्य:-

  • अनुभवी व्यक्ति : घाट घाट का पानी पिया हुआ
  • महामूर्ख व्यक्ति : काठ का उल्लू

Additional Information

मुहावरा परिभाषाउदाहरण
किसी भाषा की अभिव्यंजना के विशिष्ट रूप को 'मुहावरा' कहते हैं। एक अन्य पक्ष है कि विशिष्ट शब्दों विचित्र प्रयोगों एवं प्रयोग-सिद्ध विशिष्ट वाक्यांशों वाक्य-पद्धति को 'मुहावरा' कहते हैं।मुहावरा - अन्धे के हाथ बटेर लगना अर्थ - इच्छित वस्तु का अचानक प्राप्त होना वाक्य - रहीम की लटरी खुलते ही ऐसा लगा मानो अन्धे के हाथ बटेर लग गई हो।

Question 17

'कपिश-कपीश' का सही शब्द-युग्म चुनें?

  1. AOption (a)

    तपन-वानर

  2. BOption (b)

    जलता हुआ-हनुमान्

  3. COption (c)

    मटमैला-सुग्रीव

  4. DOption (d)

    मलिन-खजाना 

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

मटमैला-सुग्रीव

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "मटमैला-सुग्रीव" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • कपिश-कपीश :- मटमैला-सुग्रीव
  • कपिश
  • विशेषण
  • भूरे रंग का।
  • सुग्रीव के पर्याय
  • दाढ़वाला, जबड़ेवाला, संकटमोचन, प्लवगद्र, रामदूत, अंगद, हनुमंत, पवनपुत्र, मारुति
  • भीम, कपींद्र, कपीश, हरीश, सुरपति, इंद्र, मरुत्वान, पवनसुत, बजरंग।

Additional Information

  • प्रमुख शब्द युग्म:-
  • अध्ययन :- पढ़ना
  • अध्यापन :- पढ़ाना
  • अधम :- नीच
  • अधर्म :- पाप
  • अली :- सखी
  • अलि :- भौंरा
  • अन्त :- समाप्ति
  • अन्त्य :- नीच, अन्तिम
  • अम्बुज :- कमल
  • अम्बुधि :- सागर
  • असन :- भोजन
  • आसन :- बैठने की वस्तु
  • कटिबद्ध :- तैयार, कमर बाँधे
  • कटिबन्ध :- कमरबन्द, करधनी
  • कृशानु :- आग
  • कृषाण :- किसान
  • कटीली :- तीक्ष्ण, धारदार
  • कँटीली :- काँटेदार
  • कोष :- खजाना
  • कोश :- शब्द-संग्रह (डिक्शनरी)
  • कदन :- हिंसा
  • कदन्न :- खराब अन्न
  • कुच :- स्तन    
  • कूच :- प्रस्थान
  • गण :- समूह
  • गण्य :- गिनने योग्य
  • गुड़ :-  शक्कर
  • गुड़ :- गम्भीर

Question 18

विलोम शब्दों की दृष्टि से इनमें से एक युग्म अशुद्ध है, वह है

  1. AOption (a)

    आतप - निरातप

  2. BOption (b)

    उदय - अस्त

  3. COption (c)

    कुटिल - जटिल

  4. DOption (d)

    गहरा - छिछला

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

कुटिल - जटिल

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "कुटिल-जटिल" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • कुटिल व जटिल दोनों का विलोम "सरल" होगा।
  • कुटिल
  • विशेषण
  • टेढ़ा।
  • छली, चालबाज।
  • जटिल
  • विशेषण
  • कठिन दुर्बोध
  • उलझा हुआ, पेचीदा।

Additional Information

  • प्रमुख विलोम शब्द
  • आध्यात्मिक :- आधिभौतिक
  • आम :- ऱवास
  • आकुँचन    :- प्रसारण
  • आलस्य :- स्फूर्ति
  • आदत्त :- प्रदत्त
  • अनृत :- ऋत, तथ्य
  • अभिमुख    :- विमुख
  • उदीची :- प्रतीची
  • उत्साह :- निरुत्साह, अनुत्साह
  • उपार्जित :- स्वयंप्राप्त
  • उत्पतन :- निपतन, अवतरण
  • उदात्त :- अनुदात्त
  • औद्धत्य    :- अनौद्धत्य
  • औदार्य :- अनौदार्य
  • अंतर  :- सतत
  • औपचारिक :- अनौपचारिक
  • गमन :- आगमन
  • गरल :-सुधा, अमृत

Question 19

निम्नलिखित में से एक शुद्ध वाक्य है

  1. AOption (a)

    तुम्हारे सब काम गलत होते हैं।

  2. BOption (b)

    मैं अपनी स्वेच्छा से आया हूँ।

  3. COption (c)

    आपके साथ उचित न्याय किया जाएगा।

  4. DOption (d)

    आज वर्षा होने की संभावना की जा रही है।

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

तुम्हारे सब काम गलत होते हैं।

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "तुम्हारे सब काम गलत होते हैं।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • "तुम्हारे सब काम गलत होते हैं।" वाक्य सही है।
  • वाक्य के अंत में "हैं" में लगने वाली अनुस्वार बिंदु बहुवचन के लिए प्रयुक्त की जाती है।
  • किसी व्यक्ति को सम्मान देने अथवा किसी बड़े व्यक्ति को इज्जत देने के लिए भी "है" में अनुस्वार बिंदु का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Additional Information

  • अशुद्ध वाक्य :- मैं अपनी स्वेच्छा से आया हूँ।
  • शुद्ध वाक्य :- मैं स्वेच्छा से आया हूँ।
  • 'अपनी' शब्द अनावश्यक प्रयुक्त हुआ है।
  • अशुद्ध वाक्य :- आपके साथ उचित न्याय किया जाएगा।
  • शुद्ध वाक्य :- आपके साथ न्याय किया जाएगा।
  • (न्याय कभी अनुचित नहीं हो सकता है। अतः उचित शब्द अनावश्यक प्रयुक्त हुआ है।)
  • अशुद्ध वाक्य :- आज वर्षा होने की संभावना की जा रही है।
  • शुद्ध वाक्य :- आज वर्षा होने की संभावना है।

Question 20

तत्सम शब्दों की दृष्टि से एक शब्द अशुद्ध है, वह है

  1. AOption (a)

    अंगरक्षक

  2. BOption (b)

    अमृत

  3. COption (c)

    आर्द्रक

  4. DOption (d)

    ग्यारह 

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

ग्यारह 

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "ग्यारह" सही है, क्योंकि यह अशुद्ध है। तथा अन्य विकल्प तत्सम शब्द के हैं।

Key Points

  • तत्सम शब्द : एकादश
  • तद्भव शब्द : ग्यारह

Additional Information

  • तत्सम - तद्भव

अंगरक्षक :- अंगरखा

अमृत - अमिय

अक्षोट :- अखरोट

ग्रन्थि :- गाँठ

गर्गर :- गागर

एकादश :- ग्यारह

गोपाल :- ग्वाला

Question 21

'सहर-शहर' का सही शब्द-युग्म चुनें?

  1. AOption (a)

    सवेरा-नगर

  2. BOption (b)

    नगर-प्रातःकाल

  3. COption (c)

    शैर-जीत

  4. DOption (d)

    सरल-नगर

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

सवेरा-नगर

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "सवेरा-नगर" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • 'सहर' शब्द का अर्थ 'सवेरा' तथा 'शहर' शब्द का अर्थ 'नगर' होता है।
  • अतः सहर-शहर युग्म का अर्थ सवेरा-नगर होगा।
  • सहर
  • पुल्लिंग
  • प्रातःकाल, सवेरा।
  • शहर
  • पुल्लिंग
  • नगर।

Additional Information

  • प्रमुख शब्द युग्म
  • अंचल :- साड़ी का छोर
  • अंचला :- साधुओँ का एक वस्त्र
  • अंचित :- गूंथा हुआ, पूजित
  • अचित् :- जड़, चेतन रहित
  • आकर :- खजाना
  • आकार :- बनावट
  • आभरण :- गहना
  • आवरण :- ढकना
  • इतर :- दूसरा
  • इत्र :- पुष्पसार
  • इति :- समाप्ति
  • ईति :- दैव आपत्ति
  • उद्योत :- प्रकाश
  • उद्योग :- उपाय
  • उतर :- नीचे आना
  • उत्तर :- जवाब
  • ऋत :- सत्य
  • ऋतु :- मौसम
  • ओर :- तरफ
  • और :- दूसरा, तथा
  • कंथा :- गुदड़ी
  • कथा :- कहानी

Question 22

'किसी के पास रखी हुई दुसरे की वस्तु' - इस वाक्यांश के लिए इनमें से एक सही शब्द नहीं है

  1. AOption (a)

    रिक्थ

  2. BOption (b)

    थाती

  3. COption (c)

    अमानत

  4. DOption (d)

    धरोहर

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

रिक्थ

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "रिक्थ" सही है,क्योंकि यह सही विकल्प नहीं है। तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • 'किसी के पास रखी हुई दूसरे की वस्तु' के लिए एक शब्द रिक्थ नहीं है।
  • 'वह जिसे उत्तराधिकार में धन या सम्पत्ति मिले या मिलने को हो' के लिए एक शब्द - रिक्थ होगा।
  • 'किसी के पास रखी हुई दूसरे की वस्तु' के लिए एक शब्द  : थाती/अमानत/धरोहर होगा।

Additional Information

  • रिक्थ
  • पुल्लिंग
  • वह सम्पत्ति जो उत्तराधिकारी को दी जाय।
  • वह धन-संपत्ति या ऐसी ही कोई और चीज जो किसी को उत्तराधिकारी के रूप में मिली हो या मिले।

Confusion Points

  • रिक्त का पर्यायवाची
  • ख़ाली, शून्य, कोतल, खाली, शून्यगर्भ, सारहीन।

Additional Information

  • अमानत का पर्यायवाची
  • थाती, धरोहर, उपनिधि, न्यास।
  • धरोहर शब्द स्त्रीलिंग शब्द है।

Question 23

अनेकार्थी शब्द 'अर्क' का इनमें से एक अर्थ नहीं है।

  1. AOption (a)

    पारा

  2. BOption (b)

    मदार

  3. COption (c)

    ताॅंबा 

  4. DOption (d)

    स्फटिक

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

पारा

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "पारा" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

  • पारा अर्क का अनेकार्थी शब्द नहीं है।
  • पारा शब्द ईश्वर का अनेकार्थी है।
  • ईश्वर के अनेकार्थी
  • परमात्मा, स्वामी, शिव, पारा, पीतल।
  • अर्क के अनेकार्थी
  • सूर्य, सत्त्व, ताँबा, बिजली की चमक, स्फटिक, मदार, क्वाथ (काढ़ा) रविवार।

Additional Information

  • अन्य अनेकार्थी शब्द
  • गुरु :- शिक्षक, ग्रहविशेष, श्रेष्ठ, बृहस्पति, भारी, बड़ा, भार।
  • गो :- बाण, आँख, वज्र, गाय, स्वर्ग, पृथ्वी, सरस्वती, सूर्य, बैल, इत्यादि।
  • गुण :- कौशल, शील, रस्सी, स्वभाव, धनुष की डोरी।
  • गति :- चाल, दशा, मोक्ष, हालत।
  • कनक :- सोना, धतूरा, गेंहूँ।
  • कुशल :- खैरियत, चतुर ।
  • अवकाश :- छुटटी, अवसर, अंतराल
  • आम :- आम का फल, सर्वसाधारण, मामूली, सामान्य।
  • अन्तर :-  शेष, दूरी, हृदय, भेद।
  • आराम :- विश्राम, निरोग होना।
  • उत्तर :- उत्तर दिशा, जवाब, हल, अतीत, पिछला, बाद का इत्यादि।

Question 24

'विष्णु' शब्द में इनमें से कौन-सा प्रत्यय लगकर 'वैष्णव' शब्द बनता है?

  1. AOption (a)

    एव

  2. BOption (b)

    अव

  3. COption (c)

    आ

  4. DOption (d)

    अ

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

अ

Why this answer is correct

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "अ" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Confusion Points

  • यहाँ आप अव , विष्णु + अव, नहीं समझ लेना क्योंकि अव  कोई प्रत्यय ही नही होता है।

Key Points

  • वैष्णव शब्द में "अ" प्रत्यय है।
  • अ :- शैव, वैष्णव, तैल, पार्थिव।
  • इसमें सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धित प्रत्यय है।
  • सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धित प्रत्यय
  • सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धित प्रत्यय से सम्बन्ध का बोध होता है। इसमें भी कहीं-कहीं पर आदि-स्वर की वृद्धि हो जाती है।

Important Points

  • सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धित प्रत्यय के उदाहरण
  • इक :- लौकिक, धार्मिक, वार्षिक, ऐतिहासिक।
  • इत :- पीड़ित, प्रचलित, दुःखित, मोहित।
  • इम :-  स्वर्णिम, अन्तिम, रक्तिम।
  • इल :- जटिल, फेनिल, बोझिल, पंकिल।
  • ईय :- भारतीय, प्रान्तीय, नाटकीय, भवदीय।
  • य :- ग्राम्य, काम्य, हास्य, भव्य।

Additional Information

  • विष्णु
  • विष् + नु
  • व्यंजन संधि
  • विष्णु के पर्यायवाची
  • नारायण, दामोदर, पीताम्बर, चक्रपाणी, जनार्दन, मुकुंद, गोविन्द, कमलाकांत, लक्ष्मीपति, उपेन्द्र।

Question 25

इनमें से 'आकाश' का पर्यायवाची शब्द है

  1. AOption (a)

    पुष्कर

  2. BOption (b)

    अपरिमित

  3. COption (c)

    प्रपंच

  4. DOption (d)

    अवलम्ब

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

पुष्कर

Why this answer is correct

'आकाश' का पर्यायवाची शब्द है: पुष्कर

आकाश के अन्य: अंबर, अनंत, अंतरिक्ष, अभ्र, आसमान, गगन, दिव, नभ

Confusion Points

  • पुष्कर अनेकार्थी शब्द है, इसलिए आकाश का पर्यायवाची शब्द माना जाएगा।
  • पुष्कर के एक से अधिक अर्थ – तालाब, कमल, आकाश, तलवार।

Key Points

  • अपरिमित : जो बहुत अधिक हो, ज्यादा हो
  • प्रपंच : स्वांग, ढोंग, आडंबर, दिखावा, ढ़कोसला
  • अवलम्ब : भरोसा , पनाह , प्रश्रय आश्रम , आसरा

Additional Information

  • फूल- पुष्प, कुसुम,पुहुप, सुमन, प्रसून।
  • कमल– पंकज, राजीव, पद्म, सरोज, नलिन, जलज।
  • पेड़– वृक्ष, पादप, शाखी, तरु, विटप।
  • पानी-  नीर, सलिल, जीवन, तोय, उदक, पय,अंबु, अंभ, रस, आप, आब, वारि ।
  • राजा – क्षत्र, क्षत्री, द्विजलिंगी, नाभि, नृप, पार्थिव, बाहुज, मूर्द्धक, मूद्र्धाभिषिक्त, राजन्य, वर्म, विराज, विराट, वीर, सार्वभौम।
  • हवा– वायु, अनिल, समीर, पवन।
  • आम – अतिसौरभ, रसाल, फलराज, आम्र, सहकार, पिकबंधु, च्युतफल।
  • दिन-  अह:, दिवस, वासर, दिवा, वार।
  • हाथी – गज, हस्ती, मतंग, द्विरद, गयंद, सिंधुर, दंती, कुंभी, वितुण्ड

Technical (100 questions)

Question 26

The flexural tensile strength of concrete can be given as per IS ∶ 456 ∶ 2000

  1. AOption (a)

    0.45/fcu\rm \sqrt{f_{cu}}

  2. BOption (b)

    0.7/fcu\rm \sqrt{f_{cu}}

  3. COption (c)

    0.7 × fcu\rm \sqrt{f_{cu}}

  4. DOption (d)

    0.45 × fcu\rm \sqrt{f_{cu}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

0.7 × fcu\rm \sqrt{f_{cu}}

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Modulus of rupture: It is a measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams or slabs.

Flexural strength of concrete/ Bending tensile strength of concrete/Modulus of rupture of concrete (fcr) is given by

\({{\text{f}}{\text{cr}}}\text{ }!!!!\text{ }=\text{ }!!!!\text{ }0.7\times \sqrt{{{\text{f}}{\text{ck}}}}\)

∴ Flexure strength of concrete is directly proportional to the square root of characteristic compressive strength

Additional Information

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete: It can be defined as the ratio of applied stress to corresponding strain within elastic limits.

It may be given as:

i) Short Term Modulus of elasticity = 5000 √fck

ii) Long Term Modulus of elasticity =5000fck1+θ=\frac{5000\sqrt{{{f}_{ck}}}}{1+\theta }

where θ is the creep coefficient

Question 27

The grain size (mm) of medium grained sand lies between

  1. AOption (a)

    0.425 to 0.075

  2. BOption (b)

    2.0 to 0.425

  3. COption (c)

    4.75 to 2.0

  4. DOption (d)

    20 to 4.75

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

2.0 to 0.425

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Indian standard soil classification system:

  • According to ISSCS or the Indian standard soil classification system, the soil is classified into groups by their size and subdivided into coarse, medium, and fine groups.
  • For grouping different types of soil particles into boulder, cobble, gravel, sand, and clay we use the range on the basis of grain size.

Explanation:

According to ISSCS different particle sizes:

Soil groupType of soilSubgroupSize range (mm)
Very coarse soilsBoulder>300
Cobble80-300
Coarse soilsGravelCoarse20-80
Fine4.75-20
SandCoarse2-4.75
Medium0.425-2
Fine0.075-0.425
Fine soilsSilt0.002-0.075
Clay<0.002

Question 28

In a saturated soil deposit having a density of 20 KN/m3, the effective normal stress on a horizontal plane at 5 m depth will be

  1. AOption (a)

    20 KN/m2

  2. BOption (b)

    40 KN/m2

  3. COption (c)

    50 KN/m2

  4. DOption (d)

    100 KN/m2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

50 KN/m2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Total stress (σ) is made up of two parts

(i) One part is due to pore water pressure (u)

(ii) The other part is due to pressure exerted by the soil skeleton which is called effective stress (σ̅ )

i.e. σ = u + σ̅ 

∴ σ̅ = σ - u

Calculation:

Given, h = 5 m, saturated soil with saturated density (γsat) = 20 KN/m3

Total stress (σ) = γsat × h = 20 × 5 = 100 KN/m2

Pore water pressure (u) = 5 × 10 = 50 kN/m2 (soil is saturated here, so the water table can be assumed at the surface as the exact location is not given in the question)

effective stress (σ̅ ) = σ - u = 100 - 50 = 50 KN/m2

Question 29

The fixed support in an existing beam will change _______ to in the related conjugate beam.

  1. AOption (a)

    Hinge support

  2. BOption (b)

    Roller support

  3. COption (c)

    Free end

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Free end

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Conjugate beam method:

  • A Conjugate beam is defined as an imaginary beam with the same dimension as that of the original beam but load at any point on the conjugate beam is equal to bending moment at that point divided by EI (Flexural Rigidity).
  • The shear force in the conjugate beam at a point is a slope at the point in the real beam.
  • The bending moment in the conjugate beam at a point is the deflection at the point in the real beam.

Conjugate beam can be made by changing the supports as follows:

Real beamConjugate beam
Fixed supportFree support
Free supportFixed support
Roller supportHinge support
Hinge supportRoller support

Question 30

A three hinged parabolic arch will have no bending moment if it is hinged at ________ in addition to those at the supports.

  1. AOption (a)

    One quarter of span

  2. BOption (b)

    The crown

  3. COption (c)

    Anywhere

  4. DOption (d)

    None of these

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Anywhere

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Three hinged arches:

  • It is a statically determinate structure and its reaction and internal forces are evaluated by static equations of equilibrium.
  • Arches transfer loads to abutments at springing points.
  • The horizontal distance between one support to another support is called span.
  • The Topmost point of the arch is called the crown.
  • The height of the crown above the support level is called rise.
  • The three-hinged arch structures have three natural hinges as the name implies. the two support are hinged, and another internal hinge is usually located at the crown.
  • 3-hinged parabolic arch subjected to udl on the entire span is free radial shear and bending moment. It means the location of the third hinged at anywhere in the arch span.

Question 31

Weep holes are provided in retaining and breast walls

  1. AOption (a)

    To drain off the water from the filling

  2. BOption (b)

    To ventilate the stone masonry

  3. COption (c)

    To add architectural beauty

  4. DOption (d)

    To increase compaction of the earth retained

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

To drain off the water from the filling

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • Weep holes are provided in masonry walls, retaining walls, underpasses, wing walls and other ground draining structure.
  • Weep holes provide an opening that allows the drainage of water that may come from back of the wall through penetration, capillary action or leakage.
  • Weep holes installed in brick masonry also serve as ventilators to allow air to the back of the wall to prevent mildew, dry rot and damp which in turn affect the life and performance of the building.
  • If the structure is constructed below the water table, then there will be extra pressure of water will be developed on the structure and it is necessary to provide weep holes to pass water through it.

Question 32

As per IS ∶ 456 ∶ 2000, the chloride content for plain concrete should NOT be more than

  1. AOption (a)

    400 mg/L

  2. BOption (b)

    500 mg/L

  3. COption (c)

    2000 mg/L

  4. DOption (d)

    3000 mg/L

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

2000 mg/L

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The permissible limit for solids as per IS 456 of 2000:

MaterialPermissible limit (maximum)
Organic200 mg/L
Inorganic3000 mg/L
Sulphates (as SO3)400 mg/L
Chlorides (as Cl)2000 mg/L for concrete work not containing embedded steel and 500 mg/L for reinforced concrete work.
Suspended2000 mg/L

Question 33

In Newmark's influence chart for stress distribution, there are eight concentric circles and ten radial lines. The influence factor of the chart is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.1

  2. BOption (b)

    0.01

  3. COption (c)

    0.125

  4. DOption (d)

    0.0125

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

0.0125

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Newmark's influence chart for stress distribution

It is a graphical method used to compute vertical, horizontal and shear stress due to uniformly distributed load over an area of any shape or geometry below any point that lies either below or outside the loaded area by equation called Boussinesq's equation.

Stress below any point is calculated as :-

σz=1m×n×q×N\sigma _z = \frac{1}{m\times n} \times q \times N

Where, m = No. of concentric circles, n = No. of radial lines, q = Intensity of load, N = Equivalent number of areas covered by plan area.

The product of (1m×n \frac{1}{m\times n}) is called Influence Factor.

Given

m=8, n=10

Therefore, Influence factor (I.F) =18×10\frac{1}{8\times 10}

I.F.= 0.0125

Question 34

The group efficiency of a pile group

  1. AOption (a)

    will be always less than 100%

  2. BOption (b)

    will be always greater than 100%

  3. COption (c)

    may be less than 100% or more than 100% depending upon other factors

  4. DOption (d)

    is more than 100% in cohesionless soil and less than 100% in cohesive soil

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

is more than 100% in cohesionless soil and less than 100% in cohesive soil

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Group Efficiency is defined as the ratio ultimate bearing capacity of a pile group to the sum of the ultimate load capacity of individual piles

η=ultimate;bearing;capacity;of;pile;group;sthe;um;of;ultimate;load;capacity;of;individual;pipes\eta = \frac{{{\rm{ultimate;bearing;capacity;of;pile;group;}}}}{{{\rm{sthe;um;of;ultimate;load;capacity;of;individual;pipes}}}}

For sandy soil: η > 1.0

This is because the soils get densified due to the driving of piles in sandy soil and hence soil strength properties increase.

For clayey soil: η < 1.0

This is because the pressure bulbs of individual piles overlap the pressure bulb of each other resulting in a reduction of pile group carrying capacity.

∴ Pile group efficiency will be more than 100% for pile group in cohesionless soil and less than 100% for those in cohesive soils.

Question 35

A particle moves in a straight line. Its position is defined by the equation x = 6t2 − t3 where t in seconds and x is in meters. The maximum velocity of the particle during its motion will be

  1. AOption (a)

    12 m/s

  2. BOption (b)

    6 m/s

  3. COption (c)

    24 m/s

  4. DOption (d)

    48 m/s

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

12 m/s

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The velocity of the particle is defined as the rate of change of its displacement and can be expressed as

v=dxdtv = \frac{dx}{dt}

whereas, the speed of the particle at any instance is given as the rate of change of its distance.

for maximum velocity 

dvdt\frac{dv}{dt} = 0 

Calculation:

Given :

Position: x= 6t2 - t3

dxdt\frac{dx}{dt} = V = 12t - 3t2   ...(i)

and for maximum velocity 

dvdt\frac{dv}{dt} = 0,

dvdt\frac{dv}{dt} = 12-6t = 0 or 6t = 12 or t = 2 sec

Substitute this value of t in the (i) 

we get v = 12× 2 - 3× 22 = 12 m/sec

Question 36

The ratio of the deflection of the free end of a cantilever beam having span L, due to a concentrated load 'W at 1rd3\frac{1^{\text{rd}}}{3} and 2rd3\frac{2^{\text {rd}}}{3} span from free end of the span is (Note: El is constant)

  1. AOption (a)

    25\frac{2}{5}

  2. BOption (b)

    47\frac{4}{7}

  3. COption (c)

    37\frac{3}{7}

  4. DOption (d)

    27\frac{2}{7}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

27\frac{2}{7}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Case-I: 

The ratio of the deflection of the free end of a cantilever beam having span L, due to a concentrated load 'W at 2rd3\frac{2^{rd}}{3}  from the free end.

 

δ2=W3EI×(L3)3+W2EI(L3)2×2 L3=8WL3162EI \mathrm{\delta}_2=\frac{\mathrm{W}}{3 \mathrm{EI}} \times\left(\frac{\mathrm{L}}{3}\right)^3+\frac{\mathrm{W}}{2 \mathrm{EI}}\left(\frac{\mathrm{L}}{3}\right)^2 \times \frac{2 \mathrm{~L}}{3}=\frac{8 \mathrm{WL}^3}{162 \mathrm{EI}}

Case-II:  

The ratio of the deflection of the free end of a cantilever beam having span L, due to a concentrated load 'W at 1rd3\frac{1^{rd}}{3} from the free end

δ1=W3EI×(2 L3)3+W2EI(2 L3)2×L3=28WL3162EI  Ratio (r)=δ1δ2=2SLL3162E8WL3162EI=288=72 ∴δ2δ1=27\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{\delta}_1=\frac{\mathrm{W}}{3 \mathrm{EI}} \times\left(\frac{2 \mathrm{~L}}{3}\right)^3+\frac{\mathrm{W}}{2 \mathrm{EI}}\left(\frac{2 \mathrm{~L}}{3}\right)^2 \times \frac{\mathrm{L}}{3}=\frac{28 \mathrm{WL}^3}{162 \mathrm{EI}} \ & \text { Ratio }(\mathrm{r})=\frac{\mathrm{\delta}_1}{\mathrm{\delta}_2}=\frac{\frac{2 \mathrm{SLL}^3}{162 \mathrm{E}}}{\frac{8 \mathrm{WL}^3}{162 \mathrm{EI}}}=\frac{28}{8}=\frac{7}{2} \ & \therefore \frac{\mathrm{\delta}_2}{\mathrm{\delta}_1}=\frac{2}{7} \end{aligned}

Question 37

The maximum percentage of ingradient in cement is that of

  1. AOption (a)

    Lime

  2. BOption (b)

    Iron oxide

  3. COption (c)

    Aluminium

  4. DOption (d)

    Silica

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Lime

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Percentage of Constituent Ingredients in Cement:

  1. Lime (Cao) = 62-67%
  2. Silica( SiO2)= 17-25%
  3. Alumina (Al2O3)= 3-8%
  4. Calcium sulphate (CaSO4)= 3-4%
  5. Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)= 3-4%
  6. Magnesia (MgO)= 1-3%
  7. Sulphur (S)= 1-3%
  8. Alkalies (Na2O, K2O)= 0.2-1%

Question 38

Reinforcement provided in a rectangular RCC beam of effective depth 500 mm is such that actual depth of neutral axis is at 300 mm from extreme compression fibre Fe 415 steel is used and provided on tension face only. It is a

  1. AOption (a)

    Doubly reinforced section

  2. BOption (b)

    Under reinforced section

  3. COption (c)

    Over reinforced section

  4. DOption (d)

    Balanced section

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Over reinforced section

Why this answer is correct

<sub>​​</sub>Concept:

A RCC Beam section is classified as follows:

  1. Balanced section: if Xu = Xu, lim
  2. Over reinforced Section: If Xu > Xu,Lim 
  3. Under reinforced Section: If Xu < Xu,Lim

Where

Xu is the actual depth of the Neutral Axis

Xu, Lim is the limiting depth of the neutral axis, which is given as:

Xu,;Lim=7001100;+;0.87fy×d{X_{u,;Lim}} = \frac{{700}}{{1100; + ;0.87{f_y}}} \times d

fy is the yield strength of the material and d is the effective depth

Calculation:

Given:

xu = 300 mm, d = 500 mm

Fe 415 steel for which fy = 415 N/mm2 

Substituting the above values we get,

xu;limd=(7001100;+;0.87×415)=0.479\frac{{{x_u};lim}}{d} = \left( {\frac{{700}}{{1100 ;+; 0.87\times 415}}} \right) = 0.479

⇒ xu lim = 0.479 × 500 = 239.55 mm

Since xu > xu lim

Therefore, the above-given section is over-reinforced.

Question 39

In limit state design of concrete structure, the stress distribution of concrete is assumed to be

  1. AOption (a)

    Linear

  2. BOption (b)

    Rectangular

  3. COption (c)

    Parabolic

  4. DOption (d)

    Parabolic and rectangular

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Parabolic and rectangular

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

The plane section before bending remains plane after bending, this assumption means that strain at any point on the cross-section is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.

These are the assumptions taken in the limit state of collapse under flexure:

  1. Plane section before bending remains plane even after bending.
  2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
  3. Relationship between compressive stress distribution in concrete and strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape which results in the prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result of the test.
  4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
  5. The partial factor of safety for steel is taken as 1.15 and the stress in the steel is derived from the stress-strain curve.

Question 40

The minimum number of observation wells required to determine the permeability of a stratum in the field by a pumping test

  1. AOption (a)

    One

  2. BOption (b)

    Two

  3. COption (c)

    Three

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Two

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Pumping out test

  • A Tube well is drilled to penetrate the entire thickness of the aquifer up to the underly­ing impervious stratum.
  • When the water is pumped from the well, the GWT gets lowered in the well and forms a cone of depression. Pumping is continued and the rate of pumping is so adjusted as to reach a steady state.
  • The steady state is said to be reached when the discharge becomes constant and the water level in the well does not change.
  • In this state, the groundwater level is observed in at least two number of observation wells.

Question 41

A critical activity has

  1. AOption (a)

    Minimum float

  2. BOption (b)

    Zero float

  3. COption (c)

    Maximum float

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Zero float

Why this answer is correct

Explanation: 

Critical activity:

Critical activities are those activities whose float is zero and they lie on the critical path.

Float:

Relax or delay provided to any activity is known as float.

Floats are of three types. They are as follows:

Total Float (TF):

The maximum delay or relax provided to any activity without affecting the project duration.

TF = Lj – Ei – dij

Free Float (FF):

Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of the successor activity.

FF = Ej – Ei – dij

Independent Float:

Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of successor activity as well as Latest Finish Time (LFT) of the predecessor activity.

IF = Ej – Li - dij

Relation among float TF ≥ FF ≥ IF

Additional Information

Critical Path: 

  • The longest path in the network diagram is called Critical Path.
  • The length of the Critical Path determines the minimum duration required for the completion of the project.

Question 42

When two concurrent forces 20 kg and 15 kg act at right angles on a particle, then their resultant will be equal to

  1. AOption (a)

    35 kg

  2. BOption (b)

    25 kg

  3. COption (c)

    5 kg

  4. DOption (d)

    20√15 kg

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

25 kg

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

Parallelogram Law of forces:

If two forces acting at the point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point.

Resultant force Fr, of any two forces F1 and F2 with an angle Θ\Theta between them, can be given by vector addition as 

Fr2=F12+F22+2×F1×F2×cosΘF_{r}^{2} = F_{1}^{2} + F_{2}^{2} + 2\times F_{1}\times F_{2} \times cos\Theta

Fr=F12+F22+2×F1×F2×cosθF_{r} = \sqrt{F_{1}^{2} + F_{2}^{2} + 2 \times F_{1}\times F_{2} \times cosθ }

when θ  = 90° then cos θ  = cos 90 degree = 0  Cos θ 

Hence, Fr=F12+F22F_{r}= \sqrt{F_{1}^{2} + F_{2}^{2} }

Calculation :

Given: 

F1 = 20 kg, F2 = 15 kg and θ  = 90 degree : Cos90 = 0

 Fr=F12+F22F_{r}= \sqrt{F_{1}^{2} + F_{2}^{2} }

Fr=(202+152)F_{r} = \sqrt{(20^{2}+15^{2}) }

Fr = 25 kg

Question 43

For a base failure, the Depth Factor Df is

  1. AOption (a)

    Zero

  2. BOption (b)

    1

  3. COption (c)

    0 < Df < 1

  4. DOption (d)

    Df > 1

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Df > 1

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

Rotational Failure occurs in the finite slopes and the failure occurs by rotation along a slip surface and the shape thus obtained in slip surface is curved. In the case of homogeneous soils, the shape is circular while in the case of non-homogeneous soils it is non-circular. It has three types:

  • Face failure or slope failure
  • Toe failure
  • Base failure

Face or Slope Failure occurs when soil above the toe contains a weak stratum. In this case, the failure plane intersects the slope above the toe.

Toe failure occurs when the failure plane passes through the toe of the slope. For toe failure, depth of foundation, Df = 1.

Base failure occurs when there is a weak soil stratum under the toe and the failure plane passes through the base of the slope. For base failure, Depth factor, Df  > 1.

Question 44

The coefficient of consolidation is determined by

  1. AOption (a)

    Penetrometer method

  2. BOption (b)

    Casagrand's apparatus

  3. COption (c)

    Square root of time fitting method

  4. DOption (d)

    Differentiation method

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Square root of time fitting method

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation(Cv):

The coefficient of consolidation, Cv can readily be estimated from the time-settlement curve using graphical methods. There are two most commonly used methods are as follows:

1. Casagrande Logarithm of Time Fitting Method (Casagrande and Fadum, 1940):

The coefficient of consolidation, CV, is determined by estimating the time at 50% consolidation (t50), Then, CV can be estimated as:

CV=0.197×Hdr2t50C_V = 0.197 \times {H_{dr}^2 \over t_{50}}

where Hdr is the drainage path. Given the initial height of the specimen (Hi) and the compression of the soil sample at 50% consolidation (ΔΗ), the drainage path (for double drainage), Hdr, is computed as:

Hdr = (Hi - ΔΗ) / 2

  1. Taylor Square Root of Time Fitting Method (Taylor, 1948):

In this method, the daily readings are plotted against the square root of time. The coefficient of consolidation, CV, is determined by estimating the time at 90% consolidation (t90), Then, CV can be estimated as:

CV=0.848×Hdr2t90C_V = 0.848 \times {H_{dr}^2 \over t_{90}}

Where  Hdr is the average drainage path.

Question 45

In moment area method, the deflection of a point A from a tangent at 'B' is equal to the

  1. AOption (a)

    Area of MEI\rm \frac{M}{EI} diagram between 'A' and 'B'

  2. BOption (b)

    Moment of MEI\rm \frac{M}{EI} diagram between 'A' and 'B' about point 'A'

  3. COption (c)

    Moment of MEI\rm \frac{M}{EI} diagram between 'A' and 'B' about point 'B'

  4. DOption (d)

    12\frac{1}{2} × area of MEI\rm \frac{M}{EI} diagram between 'A' and 'B'

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Moment of MEI\rm \frac{M}{EI} diagram between 'A' and 'B' about point 'A'

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Area-Moment Method:

  • It is also known as Mohr's method.
  • This method establishes a procedure that utilizes the area of the moment diagrams [actually, M/EI diagram] to evaluate the slope or deflection at selected points along the axis of a beam.
  • This method is applicable to both prismatic and non-prismatic beams. In this method continuity of slope is assumed. Hence in this method is not applicable where there is a sudden break in the continuity of slope such as an internal hinge or internal links are present.

Theorem-1:

  • The change in slope from any point 'A' to 'B' is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between 'A' and B.
  • Here the area is taken positive if the M/EI diagram is positive i.e. sagging and vice-versa.

Theorem-2:

Deflection at any point 'A' with respect to the tangent at any point 'B' is equal to the moment of area of M/EI diagram between 'A' and 'B" about the point 'A'.

Question 46

The specific gravity of most stones lie between

  1. AOption (a)

    1.8 to 2.2

  2. BOption (b)

    2.5 to 3.0

  3. COption (c)

    3.0 to 3.5

  4. DOption (d)

    3.5 to 4.5

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

2.5 to 3.0

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

A good building stone has the following properties:

  • The percentage of wear in the attrition test should not be more than 3
  • Specific gravity for most of the building stones lies between 2.5 to 3. Mostly specific gravity should be taken at least 2.7
  • The coefficient of hardness should be greater than 17
  • The percentage of water absorption by the weight of the stone should be less than 5
  • The toughness index should not be less than 13
  • Crushing strength should be greater than 100 N/mm2

Question 47

As per IS 456 ∶ 2000, maximum water - cement ratio and minimum cement content for moderate exposure condition used in plain cement concrete are ________ respectively.

  1. AOption (a)

    0.6 and 220 kg/m3

  2. BOption (b)

    0.6 and 240 kg/m3

  3. COption (c)

    0.5 and 250 kg/m3

  4. DOption (d)

    0.55 and 260 kg/m3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

0.6 and 240 kg/m3

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

According to IS 456:2000, the minimum cement content, maximum water cement ratio and minimum grade of concrete for different exposures with normal weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size.

Exposure conditionPlain concrete
Minimum cement content kg/m3Maximum free-water cement ratioMinimum grade of concrete
Mild2200.6-
Moderate2400.6M15
Severe2500.5M20
Very severe2600.45M20
Extreme2800.4M25

 

Exposure conditionReinforced concrete
Minimum cement content kg/m3Maximum free-water cement ratioMinimum cement content kg/m3
Mild3000.55M20
Moderate3000.5M25
Severe3200.45M30
Very severe3400.45M35
Extreme3600.4M40

Additional Information

  • It can be seen in above table that minimum cement content for various concrete work is dependent on exposure conditions and the type of concrete i.e. plain concrete or reinforced concrete, and it is independent of the grade of cement used.
  • Cement content prescribed in this table is irrespective of the grade of cement and it is inclusive of additions such as fly ash and GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag that may be taken into account in the concrete composition with respect to the cement content and water cement ratio if the suitability is established and as long as the maximum amounts taken into account do not exceed the limit of pozzolana and slag specified.

Question 48

Sensitivity of a clay can be defined as

  1. AOption (a)

    percentage of volume change of soil under saturated condition

  2. BOption (b)

    ratio of unconfined compressive strength of undistructed soil to that of soil in a remoulded state

  3. COption (c)

    ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids

  4. DOption (d)

    none of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

ratio of unconfined compressive strength of undistructed soil to that of soil in a remoulded state

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Sensitivity(St):

  • Sensitivity is a measure of loss in the strength of soils as a result of remolding.
  • In general, it denotes the degree of disturbance of undisturbed samples of the soil upon remolding.
  • Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the unconfined compressive strength of the clay in the undisturbed state to the unconfined compressive strength of the clay in the remolded state.

\({{\rm{S}}{\rm{t}}}{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{{\left( {{\rm{UCS}}} \right)}{{\rm{undisturbed}};{\rm{state}}}}}}{{{{\left( {{\rm{UCS}}} \right)}_{{\rm{remoulded}};{\rm{state}}}}}}\)

  • Sensitivity is generally observed in cohesive soils and these soils generally have a sensitivity value greater than 1.

The sensitivity of clay soil is as follows:

ClassificationSensitivity
Insensitive clayLess than 1
Slightly sensitive clay1-2
Medium sensitive clay2-4
Very sensitive clay4-8
Slightly quick clay8-16
Medium quick clay16-32
Very quick clay32-64
Extra quick clay>64

Question 49

As per Indian standard soil classification system, a sample of silty clay with liquid limit of 40% and plasticity Index of 28% is classified as

  1. AOption (a)

    CH

  2. BOption (b)

    CI

  3. COption (c)

    CL

  4. DOption (d)

    CL-ML

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

CI

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

It is adopted by IS code. It was given by A-line Casagrande. It uses particle size distribution for coarse and plasticity for fine soils.

Equation of A-line Ip = 0.73(Wl - 20 )

Soil classification as per Indian standards:

CL- clay of low plasticity

CI - clay of medium plasticity

CH - clay of high plasticity

ML - silt of low compressibility

MI - clay of medium compressibility

MH - clay of high compressibility

Calculations:

Given,  

LL =  40%  and   PI  =  28%    

Equation of A-line-

Plasticity index PI = 0.73 ( LL-20) = 0.73(40 - 20)  = 14.6

IP of soil  > IP of  A-line

It will lie above A-line and also 35 < WL < 50

So it is CI.

Additional InformationEquation of U- line

IP  =  0.9 (WL - 8)

Question 50

The ratio of moment of inertia of a circular plate to that of a square plate for equal depth is

  1. AOption (a)

    less than one

  2. BOption (b)

    equal to one

  3. COption (c)

    greater than one

  4. DOption (d)

    none of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

less than one

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Moment of inertia of circular plate,

Ixx=π64d4{{\rm{I}}_{{\rm{xx}}}} = \frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{64}}{{\rm{d}}^4}

Moment of inertia of Square plate,

Ixx=d×d312{{\rm{I}}_{{\rm{xx}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{d}}\times{{\rm{d}}^3}}}{{12}}

Calculation:

The ratio of the moment of inertia of a circular plate to that of a square plate is, Which is less than 1.

Important Points 

The following table shows the Second moment of inertia of different shapes

ShapeFigureMoment of Inertia
Rectangle\({{\rm{I}}{{\rm{xx}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{b}}{{\rm{d}}^3}}}{{12}}\)
\({{\rm{I}}
{{\rm{yy}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{d}}{{\rm{b}}^3}}}{{12}}\)
Triangle\({{\rm{I}}{{\rm{xx}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{b}}{{\rm{h}}^3}}}{{36}}\)
\({{\rm{I}}
{{\rm{yy}}}} = \frac{{{\rm{h}}{{\rm{b}}^3}}}{{36}}\)
Circle\({{\rm{I}}{{\rm{xx}}}} = \frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{64}}{{\rm{d}}^4}\)
\({{\rm{I}}
{{\rm{yy}}}} = \frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{{64}}{{\rm{d}}^4}\)
Semicircle\({{\rm{I}}{{\rm{xx}}}} = {\rm{;}}0.11{{\rm{R}}^4}\)
\({{\rm{I}}
{{\rm{yy}}}} = \frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{8}{{\rm{R}}^4}\)
Quarter circle\({{\rm{I}}{{\rm{xx}}}} = 0.055{{\rm{R}}^4}\)
\({{\rm{I}}
{{\rm{yy}}}} = 0.055{{\rm{R}}^4}\)

Question 51

The principle of virtual work can be applied to elastic system by considering the virtual work of

  1. AOption (a)

    internal forces only

  2. BOption (b)

    external forces only

  3. COption (c)

    internal as well as external forces

  4. DOption (d)

    none of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

internal as well as external forces

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Principle of virtual work: (unit-load Method)

Developed by Bernoulli:

To find Δ at point A due to loads P1, P2, P3. Remove all loads, apply virtual load P’ on point A.

For simplicity P’ = 1

It creates internal load u on representative element.

Now remove this load, apply P1, P2, P3 due to which pt. A will be displaced by Δ

∴ External virtual work = 1.Δ

Internal virtual work = u.dL

P' = 1 = external virtual unit load in direction of Δ.

u = internal virtual load acting on element in direction of a dL.

Δ = external displacement caused by real loads.

dL = internal deformation caused by real loads.

Question 52

Which of the following pairs is NOT matched correctly with regards to coarse aggregate 10 mm size?

1.Strength-10 percent fine
2.Toughness-Impact test
3.Hardness-Abrasion test
4.Specific gravity-Pyconometer
  1. AOption (a)

    1

  2. BOption (b)

    2

  3. COption (c)

    3

  4. DOption (d)

    4

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

1

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Tests for aggregates are as follows:

Various Tests for Aggregates with IS codes:
Property of aggregateType of TestTest Method
Crushing strengthCrushing testIS : 2386 (part 4) -1963
Resistance of aggregate crushing subjected to loading10 percent fine testBS 812
HardnessLos Angeles abrasion testIS: 2386 (Part 5)-1963
ToughnessAggregate impact testIS: 2386 (Part 4)-1963
DurabilitySoundness test- accelerated durability testIS: 2386 (Part 5)-1963
Shape factorsShape testIS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963
Specific gravity and porositySpecific gravity test by pycnometer and water absorption testIS: 2386 (Part 3)-1963
Adhesion to bitumenStripping value of aggregateIS: 6241-1971

Question 53

In design of steel structure, the design wind speed is 45 m/sec, the basic wind pressure to be considered will be

  1. AOption (a)

    27.0 N/m2

  2. BOption (b)

    29.25 N/m2

  3. COption (c)

    1.215 kN/m2

  4. DOption (d)

    1.316 kN/m2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

1.215 kN/m2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

According to IS: 875 (Part 3), the basic wind pressure and design wind speed are as follows:

(a) The design wind speed(Vz) (at any height z ) is given by

Vz=Vb×K1×K2×K3V_z = V_b \times K_1 \times K_2 \times K_3  m/s

Where,

Vb = Basic Maximum wind speed

K1 = Probability factor or risk coefficient

K2 = Terrain, height, and structure size factor

K3 = topography factor

(b) Design Wind Pressure is given by

The wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind speed:

pz=0.6×Vz2p_z = 0.6 \times V_z^2

where pz = wind pressure in N/m2 at height z, and Vz = design wind speed in m/s at height z.

Calculation:

Given data

Design wind speed(Vz) = 45 m/s

Design Wind Pressure(pz)

The wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind speed:

pz=0.6×Vz2p_z = 0.6 \times V_z^2

pz=0.6×(45)2p_z = 0.6 \times (45)^2

pz = 1215 N/m2 = 1.215 kN/m2

Question 54

Initial load tests and routine tests are carried out on

  1. AOption (a)

    Working piles and test piles respectively

  2. BOption (b)

    Test piles and working piles respectively

  3. COption (c)

    Working piles

  4. DOption (d)

    Test piles

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Test piles and working piles respectively

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • The bearing capacity of a single or group of piles shall be determined from test loading. It is the most direct method for determining safe load on pile and it is more reliable on account of its being in-situ test.
  • The load test on a concrete pile shall not be carried out earlier than 28 days of its casting.
  • Initial test shall be carried on test pile which is not used as working pile and Routine tests shall be carried out as a check on working pile.
  • Routine test shall be one-half percent to two percent of the total number of piles or as specified, applicable to vertical and lateral load.
  • Load Test shall generally conform to the provision made in IS 2911 (Part IV) which provides guidelines for the determination of safe loads and conducting of different types of tests.

Additional InformationThe allowable load on a single pile may be obtained as per IS code provision. Allowable load is obtained as per one of the following:

  • The allowable load on pile may be taken as 50% ultimate load at which total settlement of the pile is (1/10)th of diameter.
  • Allowable load on piles is (2/3)rd of ultimate load at which total settlement is 12 mm.
  • Allowable load on pile is (2/3)rd of ultimate load at which net plastic settlement is 6 mm.

Question 55

If forces of 1N, 2N, 3N, 4N, 5N and 6N act in order along the sides of a regular hexagon, their resultant is

  1. AOption (a)

    0 N

  2. BOption (b)

    6 N

  3. COption (c)

    12 N

  4. DOption (d)

    21 N

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

6 N

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The resultant of two or more than two vectors are always vector.

Explanation:

Let us consider a Hexagon ABCDEF with centre O.

Let us consider AB and AE as axes.If K is the proportionality constant .

Then the forces along the sides AB,BC,CD,DE,,EF and FA are of magnitudes K,2K,3K,4K, 5K and 6K respectively.

Let R be the resultant vector making an angle θ with AX and at a distance d from the center of hexagon.

Resolving the forces along Ax

we get,

R Cosθ=K+2K Cos 60° +3K cos120° -4K-5K Cos 60° -6K cos 120°

= K + 2k.1/2 + 3k(-1/2) - 4k - 5k.1/2 - 6K(-1/2)

= K+K-3K/2-4K-5K/2+3K

= -3KCOSθ

= -3K -----------(1)

Resolving along AY ,

we get

R sinθ = 2K Sin60° +3K sin120°- 5Ksin60° - 6Ksin120°

= 2Ksin60°+3K sin60° -5ksin60°-6ksin60°

= - 6Ksin60°

= - 6K.√3/2

= - 3√3 .K---------------(2)

R sinθ=-3√3.K

Squaring equation 1 and 2

we get :

R²=9K² +27K²

=36K²

R=6K

Here K = 1

So correct option (2) 6N is the correct answer.

Question 56

What is the virtual quantity in case of virtual work method?

  1. AOption (a)

    Slope

  2. BOption (b)

    Load

  3. COption (c)

    Displacement

  4. DOption (d)

    Moment

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Displacement

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

(i) Virtual work is the work done by a real force acting through a virtual displacement i.e. Virtual work done by real forces.

(ii) A virtual displacement is any displacement consistent with the constraints of the structure, i.e., that satisfy the boundary condition at the supports.

(iii) A virtual force is any system of forces in equilibrium.

(iv)  The principle of virtual work states, for bodies in equilibrium, for a small arbitrary displacement, the total work done by the system is zero.

(v) In this method, the system is displaced through a small amount about a reference point, and the work done by all the forces about the reference point is summed to zero to find the unknown reactions if any.

(vi) The principle of virtual work states that, for a body to be in equilibrium, the virtual work should be zero.

Question 57

The strength of timber is maximum

  1. AOption (a)

    Parallel to the grain

  2. BOption (b)

    Perpendicular to the grain

  3. COption (c)

    45° to the grain

  4. DOption (d)

    Same in all direction

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Parallel to the grain

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Different type of strength of timber:

Compressive strength:

  • The compressive strength is found to be the highest when acting parallel to the axis of growth.
  • The compressive strength perpendicular to the fibers of wood is much lower than that parallel to fibers of the wood.

Tensile strength:​

  • Tensile strength along a direction parallel to the grains is found to have the greatest strength that can be developed under any kind of stress.
  • Tensile strength parallel to fibers is of the order 80.0 to 190.0 N/cm2.

Shearing strength:

  • Resistance to shear in across direction is found 3 to 4 times greater than that along fibers.
  • The shear strength along the fiber is found of the order 6.5 to 14.5 N/mm2.

Explanation:

The strength of timber is the highest parallel to the grains and minimum perpendicular to grains.

Additional Information

Timber: 

The wood that is going to use for the building. The structure of the wood is:

 

Pith:

  • The innermost central portion or core of the tree is called the pith or medulla.
  • As the plant becomes old, the pith dies up and decays.

Sap Wood:

  • Outer annual rings between the heartwood and cambium layer are the sapwood.
  • It is light in color and weight.
  • It takes an active part in the growth of the trees.
  • It does not impart any strength.

Cambium Layer:

  • A thin layer of sap in between the sapwood and inner bark is referred to as the cambium layer.
  • It indicates the portion of the sap which is yet to be converted into the sapwood.

Bark:

The Outer protective layer or covering provided around the cambium layer is referred as bark.

Question 58

Consider the following methods of preservation of timber

  1. Dipping  2. Brushing or spraying  3. Pressure impregnation

The correct sequence in decreasing order of the effectiveness of these methods of preservation is?

  1. AOption (a)

    1, 2, 3

  2. BOption (b)

    2, 1, 3

  3. COption (c)

    3, 1, 2

  4. DOption (d)

    3, 2, 1

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

3, 1, 2

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The correct sequence in decreasing order of the effectiveness of these methods of preservation: 

Pressure impregnation > Dipping > Brushing or spraying

Various treatment Processes:

1) Surface Application: 

  • It is done either by spraying, dipping or by brushing the preservative for a short period on thoroughly debarked timber.
  • For the oil-type preservatives, the moisture content in timber should not be more than 14 percent.
  • With water-soluble preservatives, a moisture content of 20 to 30 percent is permissible. At least two coats should be applied.
  • The surface treatment is used mostly for treating timber at the site and for retreatment of cut surfaces.

2) Soaking/Dipping Treatment: 

  • It consists of submerging debarked timber in the preservative solution for a sufficiently long period until the required absorption of the preservative is obtained.

3) Pressure impregnation: 

  • There are processes like the Boucherie process, Fuel Cell/Bethel Process, Empty cell process (Lawry and Rueping process) that use pressure processes and are aimed at a maximum penetration of the preservative with minimum net retention.

Question 59

If 'P' is the percentage of water required for determination of normal consistency of cement, then percentage of water to be added for determination of initial setting time is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.70 P

  2. BOption (b)

    0.75 P

  3. COption (c)

    0.80 P

  4. DOption (d)

    0.85 P

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

0.85 P

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Consistency: 

Vicat’s Apparatus is used to find out the consistency, initial setting time and final setting time of the cement. In the normal consistency test we have to find out the amount of water to be added to the cement to form a cement paste of normal consistency.

Type of testWater to be added (Consistency)
Setting time (both initial and final)0.85P
Compressive strength test(P/4 + 3) %
Soundness test0.78 P

Question 60

Consider the following oxides:

  1. Al2O3
  2. CaO
  3. SiO2

The correct sequence in increasing order of their percentage in an ordinary Portland cement is

  1. AOption (a)

    2, 1, 3

  2. BOption (b)

    1, 3, 2

  3. COption (c)

    3, 1, 2

  4. DOption (d)

    1, 2, 3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

1, 3, 2

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The correct sequence is 1, 3, 2: Al2O3 < SiO2 < CaO

ConstituentsPercentage
Lime, CaO62 - 65
Silica, SiO217 - 25
Alumina, Al2O33 - 8
Gypsum, CaSO43 - 4
Iron Oxide, Fe2O33 - 4
Magnesia1 - 3

Question 61

In an isolated reinforced concrete column footing of effective depth d, the stress in punching shear is checked

  1. AOption (a)

    At the centre of column

  2. BOption (b)

    At the face of column

  3. COption (c)

    At a distance d/2 away from face of the column

  4. DOption (d)

    At a distance d away from face of the column

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

At a distance d/2 away from face of the column

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Two way/punching shear:

It shall be checked around the column a perimeter half the effective depth of footing slab away from the face of column or pedestal.

τv;two;way=w[L×B−(a+d)(b+d)]2[(a+d)+(b+d)]d{\tau _{v;two;way}} = \frac{{w\left[ {L \times B-\left( {a + d} \right)\left( {b + d} \right)} \right]}}{{2\left[ {\left( {a + d} \right) + \left( {b+d} \right)} \right]d}}

The critical section for two-way shear or punching shear is at a distance of d/2 from the face of the column.

Important Points

Footing is designed as per shear criteria. There are two types of shear:

  1. One way shear
  2. Two way shear

In one way shear the critical section for shear is:

  1. At a distance d from the face of the wall or column as the case may be.
  2. At a distance d/2 from the face of the wall or column if the footing slab is on piles.

Question 62

If the resultant of two equal forces has the same magnitude as either of the forces, then the angle between the two forces is

  1. AOption (a)

    30°

  2. BOption (b)

    60°

  3. COption (c)

    90°

  4. DOption (d)

    120°

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

120°

Why this answer is correct

Let F1, F2, are two forces & 'θ' is the angle b/w these two forces. The relationship F1, F2 & 'θ' is:

R=(F1)2+(F2)2+2F1F2cosθ\rm R=\sqrt{(F_1)^2+(F_2)^2+2F_1F_2cosθ} ; R → Resultant

Given: F1 = F2 = R = P (ray)

P=P2+P2+2×P×Pcosθ\rm P=\sqrt{P^2+P^2+2\times P\times P cosθ}

P2 = 2P2 (1 + cos θ)

cos θ = -1/2

⇒ θ = 120°

Question 63

Cavity wall is generally provided for

  1. heat insulation
  2. sound insulation
  3. prevention of dampness of these statement
  1. AOption (a)

    1 and 2 are correct

  2. BOption (b)

    2 and 3 are correct

  3. COption (c)

    1, 2 and 3 are correct

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above are correct

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

1, 2 and 3 are correct

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

Cavity wall

  • Cavity wall is constructed with two separate walls for a single wall purpose with some space or cavity between them. These two separate walls are called leaves of cavity walls. The inner wall is called an internal leaf and the outer wall is called an external leaf.
  • Cavity wall is also called a Hollow wall.

Advantages of Cavity Walls

  • Cavity walls give better thermal insulation than solid walls. It is because the space provided between two leaves of cavity walls is full of air and reduces heat transmission into the building from outside.
  • Economically they are cheaper than solid walls.
  • Moisture content in the outer atmosphere is not allowed to enter because of the hollow space between leaves. So, they also prevent dampness.
  • They also act as good sound insulators.
  • They also reduce the weight on the foundation because of their lesser thickness.
  • Outer Efflorescence is also prevented.

Question 64

Web crippling in beams generally occurs at the points where:

  1. AOption (a)

    Concentrated loads act.

  2. BOption (b)

    Bending moment is maximum.

  3. COption (c)

    Shear force is maximum.

  4. DOption (d)

    Deflection is maximum.

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Concentrated loads act.

Why this answer is correct

Web cripling:

High concentrated loads create large bearing stress concentration at the junction of web and flange. The web near the portion of stress concentration tends to fold over the flange. This type of local buckling phenomenon is called as web crippling.

Question 65

The toughness index of clayey soils is given by

  1. AOption (a)

    Plasticity index/flow index

  2. BOption (b)

    Liquid limit/plastic limit

  3. COption (c)

    Liquidity index/plastic limit

  4. DOption (d)

    Plastic limit/liquidity index

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Plasticity index/flow index

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Toughness Index: 

Toughness index is defined as the ratio of plasticity index (IP) of the soil to the flow index (IF) of the soil.

The toughness index varies between 0 to 3.

Toughess;index=Plasticity;indexFlow;index \begin{array}{l} Toughess;index = \frac{{Plasticity;index}}{{Flow;index}}\ \end{array}

This gives us an idea of the shear strength of soil at its plastic limit.

When the toughness index is less than 1, the soil is said to be friable, which means it can be easily crushed at the plastic limit.

Question 66

The maximum number of steps in a flight should NOT be more than

  1. AOption (a)

    12

  2. BOption (b)

    15

  3. COption (c)

    10

  4. DOption (d)

    8

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

12

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Staircase:

Stairs are a set of steps that give access from floor to floor. The room or enclosure of the building, in which stair is located is known as the staircase. A staircase provides access & communication between floors in multi-story buildings.

The following are some of the general guidelines to be considered while planning a staircase:

  1. The respective dimensions of tread and riser for all the parallel steps should be the same on the consecutive floor of a building.
  2. The minimum width of stairs should be 850 mm, though it is desirable to have a width between 1.1 to 1.6 m. In a public building, cinema halls, etc., large widths of the stair should be provided.
  3. Generally, the number of risers in a flight should be restricted to twelve.
  4. The minimum vertical headroom above any step should be 2 m. 5. The size of the tread generally ranges from 270 mm for residential buildings and 300 mm for public buildings.
  5. The size of the riser generally ranges from 150 mm for public buildings to 190 mm for residential buildings.

7.The minimum width of landing shall be equal to the staircase width.

Question 67

Percentage of steel for balanced section of a singly reinforced rectangular section by limit state method does NOT depend on

  1. AOption (a)

    Characteristic strength of concrete

  2. BOption (b)

    Yield strength of concrete

  3. COption (c)

    Modulus of elasticity of steel

  4. DOption (d)

    Geometry of the section

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Yield strength of concrete

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

For a balanced reaction of the simply reinforced bean, we know that

T = c

0.8 × fy ×  Ast, lim = 0.36 × fck × b × xu, lim

Now divide above by 'Bd'

0.87 fy (Ast,limBd)=(0.36 Bfck x4,limBd)\rm \left(\frac{A_{st}, lim}{Bd}\right)=\left(\frac{0.36 \ B f_{ck}\ x_4, lim}{Bd}\right)

(OR) Pt,lim=(0.36fck0.87fy)(x4,limd)\rm P_t, lim=\left(\frac{0.36 f_{ck}}{0.87 f_y}\right)\left(\frac{x_4, lim}{d}\right)

Pt, lim = % of tension reinforcement.

xu, lim = limiting depth of N.A

fck = characteristic strength of concrete

d = effective depth

fy = yield strength of steel

From the above formula, it is clear that limiting steel does not depend on the yield strength of concrete but it depends on fck i.e. characteristic strength of concrete.

Secondly, E for steel is assumed as 200 GPa for all steel. However, the tensile test shows that E varies considerably with a grade of steel i.e fy so, when fy varies E also, however, this variation is small and generally not taken into design consideration, but according to the given option YIELD STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS FALSE STATEMENT

Important PointsIt is clear from the above formula that pt,lim depends on fy, fck, d, xu,lim and it is independent of the Yield strength of concrete.

Question 68

In a compaction test, as the compactive effort is increased the optimum moisture content

  1. AOption (a)

    decreases

  2. BOption (b)

    remain same

  3. COption (c)

    increases

  4. DOption (d)

    increase first and thereafter decrease

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

decreases

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Factor affecting compaction:

**Compactive effort:**​

  • For a given type of compaction, the higher the compactive  effort, the higher the maximum dry unit weight and lower the optimum moisture content.

Water content:

  • At lower water content soil is relatively stiff, hence offer higher resistance against compaction and does not pack into a denser state of contact resulting in lower dry unit weight.
  • With the increase in water content more and more layers of water are found surrounding soil solids which induce the lubrication effect, under which soil solid can be easily worked around in a denser state of contact resulting in higher dry unit weight.
  • This increase in dry unit weight takes place up to a particular water content termed as OMC (Optimum moisture content) at which lubrication effect is maximum, beyond which if water content increases there is no change in lubrication but water starts replacing solid

Type of soil:

  • Coarse-grained soils, well-graded, compact to high dry unit weight, especially if they contain some fines.
  • However, if the quantity of fines is excessive the maximum dry unit weight decreases.
  • Poorly graded or uniform sand leads to lowest dry unit weight value.
  • In clay soils, maximum dry unit weight tends to decreases as plasticity increases.
  • Cohesive soils have generally high value of OMC
  • Heavy clays with high plasticity have a very low value of the maximum dry unit weight and very high value of OMC.

Method of compaction:

  • Since the field compaction is essentially a kneading or rolling type compaction and the laboratory test is dynamic-impact type compaction, therefore, laboratory compaction test has more value of maximum dry unit weight.

Question 69

The change in shearing force between two points on the beam is equal to the area of

  1. AOption (a)

    Loading diagram between the two points

  2. BOption (b)

    Shear force diagram between the twopoints

  3. COption (c)

    Bending moment diagram between the two points

  4. DOption (d)

    M/EI diagram between the two points

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Loading diagram between the two points

Why this answer is correct

Relation between shear force and loading is:

dVdx=−w\frac{{dV}}{{dx}} = - w

Here, V is Shear force, W is loading intensity

From the above, it can be concluded that changes in shear force between two points (slope of shear force diagram) give the loading intensity between these two points.

Relation between shear force and bending moment is:

dMdx=V\frac{{dM}}{{dx}} = V

Here, V is Shear force, M is Bending Moment

From the above, it can be concluded that changes in bending Moment between two points (slope of Bending Moment diagram) on a beam is equal to the area under the shearing force curve between those two points.

Important Points

While applying the above two relations following two points shall be remembered.

  1. Loading intensity, w is considered positive in a downward direction.
  2. Above relations are not applicable for uniformly distributed moment along the span.

Question 70

Which combination is NOT considered in the design of steel structure?

  1. AOption (a)

    Dead load + Imposed load

  2. BOption (b)

    Dead load + Imposed load + Wind load

  3. COption (c)

    Dead load + Erection load

  4. DOption (d)

    Dead load + Imposed load + Wind load + Earthquake load

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Dead load + Imposed load + Wind load + Earthquake load

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • As per CI. 3.2.1 of IS 800:2007, For the purpose of designing any element, member, or structure, the following loads (actions) and their effects shall be taken into account, where applicable, with partial safety factors find combinations:
  • Deal load
  • Imposed loads (live load, crane load, snow load, dust load, wave load, earth pressures, etc).
  • Wind loads
  • Earthquake loads
  • Erection loads
  • Accidental loads such as those due to blast, the impact of vehicles, etc; and
  • Secondary effects due to contraction or expansion resulting from temperature changes, differential settlements of the structure as a whole or of its components, eccentric connections, the rigidity of joints differing from design assumptions.
  • As per CI. 3.5.1 of IS 800:2007, Load combinations for design purposes shall be those that produce maximum forces and effects and consequently maximum stresses and deformations. The following combination of loads with appropriate partial safety factors may be considered.
  • Dead load + imposed load,
  • Dead load + imposed load + wind or earthquake load
  • Dead load + wind or earthquake load, and
  • Dead load+ erection load
  • As per CI. 3.5.2 of IS 800:2007, Wind load and earthquake loads shall not be assumed to act simultaneously. The effect of each shall be considered separately.

Question 71

Moment of inertia of a square of side 'b' about an axis through its centre of gravity is

  1. AOption (a)

    b3/3

  2. BOption (b)

    b4/3

  3. COption (c)

    b4/12

  4. DOption (d)

    b4/8

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

b4/12

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Moment of inertia of an area or Second moment of area (MI):

  • MI of a body about any axis is defined as the summation of the second moment of all elementary areas about the axis.
  • I = Σ(A × d2)

Unit: m4 or mm4 or cm4

For a square of side a or b:

Moment of inertia is a412\frac{a^4}{12} or b412\frac{b^4}{12}

Question 72

The Muller Breslar principal in structural analysis is used for

  1. AOption (a)

    Writing virtual work equation

  2. BOption (b)

    Superimposition of load effect

  3. COption (c)

    Drawing influence line diagram of any force function

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Drawing influence line diagram of any force function

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Muller-Breslau Principle:

  1. It states that "If an internal stress component or a reaction component is considered to act through some small distance and thereby to deflect or displace a structure. The curve of deflected structure will influence line stress or reaction component".
  2. It is used to draw influence line diagrams for determinate and indeterminate structures.
  3. ILD for determinate structure is linear while that for the indeterminate structure will be curvilinear.
  4. This method is based on the concept that Influence lines are deflection curves.
  5. It is a straight application of Maxwell's reciprocal theorem.
  6. ILD is a graphical representation of variation in the reactions, Shear force, and bending moment at each and every section when unit load moves from one to another end of the structure. They can be drawn for any type of structure – beams, arches, trusses, etc.

For example, to draw the influence line diagram for a vertical reaction at A in a simply supported beam as shown below.

Remove the ability to resist movement in the vertical direction at A by using the guided roller

Question 73

A course of stone provided just below a Cornice is known as

  1. AOption (a)

    Frieze

  2. BOption (b)

    Toothing

  3. COption (c)

    Pilaster

  4. DOption (d)

    Carbell

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Frieze

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Frieze:

  • It is a course of stone placed immediately below the cornice, along the external face of the wall.

String course: 

  • It is a horizontal projecting course of masonry projecting out of the wall for shedding rainwater off the face.

Coping: 

  • It is a course placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to prevent the seepage of water.

Cornice: 

  • It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.

Corbel: 

  • It is a projecting stone that is usually provided to serve as support for roof truss, beam, weather shed, etc.

The cross section of substructure and superstructure is given below

Question 74

Maximum area of tension reinforcement in beam of size b × D, shall NOT exceed

(Note: Where b is width and D is depth of beam.)

  1. AOption (a)

    0.04 bD

  2. BOption (b)

    0.02 bD

  3. COption (c)

    0.08 bD

  4. DOption (d)

    01.10 bD

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

0.04 bD

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • Steel reinforcing rods are used in concrete beams to make it carry tension.
  • As concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension and its tensile strength is approx 1/10th of compressive strength. To improve its tensile strength, reinforcement ( steel reinforcing rods ) is embedded in it.
  • As per IS 456 maximum area of tension reinforcement in the beam shall not exceed 4% of the total area i.e. 0.04bD

Important Points 

Some other provision is given by IS 456:

  • The minimum area of tensile reinforcement = Astbd=0.85fy\frac{{{A_{st}}}}{{bd}} = \frac{{0.85}}{{{f_y}}}
  • Nominal cover =  25 mm
  • Ultimate tensile strain in steel is in the range of = 0.12% to 0.2%

Question 75

The constant of proportionality between seepage velocity and hydraulic gradient is called

  1. AOption (a)

    Seepage coefficient

  2. BOption (b)

    Coefficient of transmissibility

  3. COption (c)

    Coefficient of percolation

  4. DOption (d)

    Modified coefficient of permeability

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Coefficient of percolation

Why this answer is correct

Concept-

Coefficient of transmissibility (T)-

The rate of flow of water through the entire medium of unit width under unit hydraulic gradient is termed as coefficient of transmissibility 

Darcy's law states that there is a linear relationship between flow velocity (v) and hydraulic gradient (i) for any given saturated soil under steady laminar flow conditions.

If the rate of flow is q (volume/time) through cross-sectional area (A) of the soil mass, Darcy's Law can be expressed as

v = q/A = k.i

where k = permeability of the soil

i = Dh/L

Dh = difference in total heads

L = length of the soil mass

The flow velocity (v) is also called the Darcian velocity or the superficial velocity.

It is different from the actual velocity inside the soil pores, which is known as the seepage velocity, vS.

At the particulate level, the water follows a tortuous path through the pores.

Seepage velocity is always greater than the superficial velocity, and it is expressed as:

Vs=qAv=qAv×AA≈vn{V_s} = \frac{q}{{{A_v}}} = \frac{q}{{{A_v}}} \times \frac{A}{A} \approx \frac{v}{n}

where AV = Area of voids on a cross section normal to the direction of flow

n = porosity of the soil

Seepage velocity can be written as,

v = kp i

kp = Coefficient of percolation

The constant of proportionality between seepage velocity and hydraulic gradient is called coefficient of percolation.

Question 76

In airconditional building, the glass recommended for use, is

  1. AOption (a)

    Plate glass

  2. BOption (b)

    Wired class

  3. COption (c)

    Foam glass

  4. DOption (d)

    Glass wool

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Foam glass

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

Foam glass is porous, non-metallic inorganic material which is made mixing finely ground glass and carbon and then melting in a furnace under high temperature.

Characteristics:

  1. Foam glass contains 350 million inert air cells per m3.
  2. It can float in water.
  3. It can be cut easily.
  4. It is fire proof (non-combustible), rigid and heat insulator.
  5. It is widely used in refrigeration and air conditioning industry.

Question 77

The slow setting cement will have higher percentage of

  1. AOption (a)

    Tri calcium aluminate

  2. BOption (b)

    Tri calcium silicate

  3. COption (c)

    Gypsum

  4. DOption (d)

    Di-calcium silicate

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Di-calcium silicate

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The initial setting of Portland cement is mainly due to tricalcium aluminate.

Tricalcium aluminate (C3A):

  • This is also called Celite.
  • It is the quickest one to react when water is added to the cement. It is responsible for the flash setting.

​​Tricalcium silicate (C3S):

  • This is also called Alite.
  • Tricalcium silicate hydrates quickly and contributes more to the early strength

​Dicalcium silicate (C2S):

  • This is also called as Belite.
  • The contribution of dicalcium silicate takes place after 7 days and may continue for up to 1 year.

​Tetra calcium Alumino ferrite (C4AF):

  • This is called as Felite.
  • Tetracalcium alumino-ferrite is comparatively inactive.​

Additional Information 

The rate of hydration is highest for C 4AF and heat of hydration is highest for C3A.

From the above, the decreasing order of rate of hydration of Portland cement compounds is

C4 AF > C3 A > C3 S > C2 S.

For the heat of hydration, decreasing the order of heat of hydration of portland cement is

C3 A > C3 S > C4 AF > C2S

Question 78

The short-term modulus of elasticity of concrete (in N/mm2) as per IS 456 ∶ 2000 is given by

Where fcu is characteristic strength of concrete.

  1. AOption (a)

    5000fcu\rm\sqrt{f_{cu}}

  2. BOption (b)

    5700fcu\rm\sqrt{f_{cu}}

  3. COption (c)

    3000fcu\rm\sqrt{f_{cu}}

  4. DOption (d)

    3700fcu\rm\sqrt{f_{cu}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

5000fcu\rm\sqrt{f_{cu}}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Short term modulus of elasticity is given by:

E=5000fckE = 5000\sqrt {{f_{ck}}}

fck = characteristic strength of concrete

Long term Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, Eθ=E1+θ{E_\theta } = \frac{{{E}}}{{1 + \theta }}

where θ = creep strain coefficient

Important Points 

Age of loadingθ
7 days2.2
28 days1.6
1 year1.1

Question 79

Coefficient of curvature (Cc) is given by

  1. AOption (a)

    Cc = (D30)2D10×D20\rm\frac{\left(D_{30}\right)^2}{D_{10} \times D_{20}}

  2. BOption (b)

    Cc = (D20)2D10×D60\rm\frac{\left(D_{20}\right)^2}{D_{10} \times D_{60}}

  3. COption (c)

    Cc = (D30)2D10×D40\rm\frac{\left(D_{30}\right)^2}{D_{10} \times D_{40}}

  4. DOption (d)

    Cc = (D30)2D10×D60\rm\frac{\left(D_{30}\right)^2}{D_{10} \times D_{60}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Cc = (D30)2D10×D60\rm\frac{\left(D_{30}\right)^2}{D_{10} \times D_{60}}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Coefficient of Curvature / Curvature Coefficient:

Cc=D302D60×D10{C_c} = \frac{{D_{30}^2}}{{{D_{60}} \times {D_{10}}}}

For well graded soil, 1 < Cc < 3

For gap graded soil, 1 < Cc or Cc > 3

where

D60 = size at 60% finer by weight

D30 = size at 30% finer by weight

D10 = size at 10% finer by weight = Effective size

Coefficient of Uniformity / Uniformity Coefficient:

It is defined as the ratio of D60 and D10 sieve sizes in the sieve analysis of granular material.

Higher is the value of Cu larger is the range of the particle size.

Cu=D60D10{C_u} = \frac{{{D_{60}}}}{{{D_{10}}}}

For uniformly graded soil, Cu = 1

For well graded sand, Cu > 6

For well graded gravel Cu > 4

Question 80

A borrow soil has a dry density of 1.76 t/m3. How many cubic meters of this soil will be required to construct an embankment (with dry density 1.68 t/m3) of 100 m3?

  1. AOption (a)

    95 m3

  2. BOption (b)

    100 m3

  3. COption (c)

    105 m3

  4. DOption (d)

    110 m3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

95 m3

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

When soil is brought from a borrow pit for constructing an embankment, the unit weight of solids, volume of solids, or weight of solids will not change. Therefore, we can say that

Volume of solid in borrow pit (Vs)pit = Volume of solids in embankment (Vs)embankment

We know that

 Vs=V1+eV_{s} = \frac{V}{1+e}

γd=Gγw1+e\gamma_{d} = \frac{G\gamma _{w}}{1+e}

Using the above notations, we can say that

Vs=VγdGγwV_{s} = \frac{V\gamma d}{G\gamma _{w}}

Vs = Volume of Solid

γd\gamma _{d}  = dry unit weight of soil

γw\gamma _{w}  = unit weight of water

G = Specific gravity of soil

e = void ratio

Calculation:

Given:

γd\gamma_{d} (borrow pit) = 1.76 t/m3 , γd\gamma_{d} (embankment) = 1.68 t/m3 

V = 100 m3

Using the above concept,

Volume of solid in borrow pit (Vs)pit = Volume of solids in embankment (Vs)embankment

Vborrowpit×γdV_{borrow pit} × \gamma_{d}  (borrow pit) = V×γdV × \gamma_{d}  (embankment)

Vborrow pit × 1.76 = 100 × 1.68

Vborrow pit = 95.45 m3

Question 81

​Pick the incorrect statement.

  1. AOption (a)

    On a principal plane, only normal stress acts.

  2. BOption (b)

    Isotropic state of stress is independent of frame of reference.

  3. COption (c)

    On the plane which carries maximum shear stress, the normal stress is zero.

  4. DOption (d)

    On the plane which carries maximum normal stress, the shear stress is zero.

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

On the plane which carries maximum shear stress, the normal stress is zero.

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

Principal plane is the plane on which only normal stress acts and shear stress is zero and isotropic state of stress is independent of the frame of reference.

Plane carrying maximum normal stress have zero shear stress, but plane carrying maximum shear stress not having zero normal stress.

Consider a two-dimensional stress element as shown in the above figure:

  • The mohr's circle is drawn by using a magnitude of stress in that 2-D stress element.
  • The dotted line A-A' denotes the maximum shear stress plane.
  • Through mohr's circle, it's clear that there is the presence of normal stress in the maximum shear stress plane but, that normal stress is not either maximum or minimum.
  • The maximum and minimum values of normal stress also has mentioned in the above figure separately

Question 82

Which of the following is the most correct method of estimate?

  1. AOption (a)

    Building cost index estimate

  2. BOption (b)

    Analysis of rate estimate 

  3. COption (c)

    Cube rate estimate

  4. DOption (d)

    Plinth area estimate

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Cube rate estimate

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Detailed Estimate

  • It is an accurate estimate prepared by work.
  • It consists of reports, general specifications, drawings, and analysis of rates.
  • It is prepared for technical sanction, for arranging the contract, and for the execution of the project.

Plinth Area Estimate:

  • It is an approximate estimate calculated for the covered area by taking the external dimension of the building at the floor level.

Cube Area Estimate:

  • It is an approximate estimate in which the cubical content of various items is determined by multiplying length, breadth, and width.

Note: It is more accurate than the plinth area estimate.in this Question, there is no option available Detailed estimate so the Second Best Correct method is Cube Rate Estimate.

  • Building cost index estimate: It is based on the percentage change in average building cost at a particular place. It is not an accurate method.

Question 83

A column of unsupported length L has both the ends fully restrained. The effective length of column will be

  1. AOption (a)

    0.55 L

  2. BOption (b)

    0.65 L

  3. COption (c)

    0.80 L

  4. DOption (d)

    2.0 L

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

0.65 L

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

As per IS code effective length for different end conditions:

Degree of end restraint of compression memberRecommended value of effective length
1. Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at both ends0.65 L
2. Effectively held in position at both ends restrained against rotation at one end0.80 L
3. Effectively held in positions at both ends, but not restrained against rotation1.00 L
4. Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position1.20 L
5. Effectively held in positions and restrained against rotation at one end and at the other end partially restrained against rotation but not held in position.1.50 L
6. Effectively held in position at one end but not restrained against rotation, and at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position2.00 L
7. Effectively held in position and restrained at one end but not held in position nor restrained against rotation at the end2.00 L

Question 84

A singly reinforced rectangular concrete beam of width 300 mm and effective depth 400 mm, is to be designed using M 25 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel. For the beam to be under reinforced, the maximum number of 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars that can be provided is

  1. AOption (a)

    3

  2. BOption (b)

    4

  3. COption (c)

    5

  4. DOption (d)

    6

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

5

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Xu,lim for Fe 500 =0.46 × 400 =184 mm (U/R section)

We know that, For a section to be under reinforced Ast ≤ Ast,lim

  Ast=0.36fckbXulim0.87fy=0.36×25×300×1840.87×500=1142.06 mm2A_{st}= \frac{0.36f_{ck}bX_{u{lim}}}{0.87f_{y}} = \frac{0.36× 25× 300× 184}{0.87× 500}=1142.06\ mm^{2}

​No bars for a limited area of steel  

  1142.06∏4×162=5.68\frac{1142.06}{\frac{\prod }{4}× 16^{2}} =5.68

So, the number of bars will be 5.

Because if we provide 6 bars, then the beam may become over-reinforced, which is avoided in our design.

 Additional Information

The steps for the analysis of singly reinforced rectangular beams are as follows:

Step(1) Calculate the area of reinforcement steel (Ast)

Step(2) Calculate the depth of the Neutral axis (xu) by using Horizontal equilibrium i.e. by using the expression.

Compressive force in concrete = Tensile force in steel

C  =  T  Or 0.36fck ×  b × Xu  = fs × Ast

Step(3)   Calculate the limiting value of depth on the neutral axis (Xu, max) by using clause 38.1 of code IS 456:2000.

Step(4) Compare Xu with Xu, max and determine whether the section is a balanced section, under-reinforced section or over-reinforced section.

Step (5)    Find the moment of resistance (Mu) by using the expression for balanced and under-reinforced sections and the expression for over-reinforced sections.

Question 85

Horizontal web stiffener are used in plate girders if depth to thickness ratio of web is greater than

  1. AOption (a)

    100

  2. BOption (b)

    180

  3. COption (c)

    200

  4. DOption (d)

    300

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

200

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

Transverse Stiffeners are provided to increase buckling resistance of the web due to shear, It is provided vertically along the span.

Horizontal Stiffener / Longitudinal Stiffener is designed to prevent web buckling due to bending compression.

End Bearing Stiffeners are provided at the supports & Load Bearing Stiffeners are provided at the points of concentrated loads.

if < 67ϵ ⇒ unstiffened girder can be designed i.e. No girder required.

If 85 ϵ < < 200 ϵ ⇒ Vertical stiffener (C1 and C2 ) may be provided.

If 200 ϵ <  < 250 ϵ ⇒ Vertical stiffener along with Horizontal stiffener at 0.2 d may be provided.

i.e tw < d/200 ∴ A vertical stiffener along with longitudinal stiffener at 0.2 d may be provided.

If 250 ϵ <  < 345 ϵ ⇒ Vertical stiffeners along with two longitudinal stiffeners at 0.2 d and 0.5 d respectively may be provided.

Question 86

The ratio of saturated unit weight to dry unit weight of a soil is 1.25. If the specific gravity of solid (Gs) is 2.65, the void ratio of the soil is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.625

  2. BOption (b)

    0.663

  3. COption (c)

    0.994

  4. DOption (d)

    01.325

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

0.663

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

The saturated unit weight of soil is given as:

γsat=(G+e)γw1+e\gamma_{sat} = \frac{(G + e)\gamma_w}{1 + e}

The dry unit weight of soil is given as:

γd=(G)γw1+e\gamma_d = \frac{(G)\gamma_w}{1 + e}

Where

e is void ratio

G is specific gravity of soil solids

Calculation:

The ratio of saturated unit weight to dry unit is given as:

γsatγd=(G+e)γw1+eγb1+e\frac{γ_{sat}}{γ_d} = \frac{\frac{(G + e)\gamma_w}{1 + e}}{\frac{\gamma_b}{1 + e }}

Or

γsatγd=G+eG\frac{γ_{sat}}{γ_d} = \frac{G + e}{G}

Or

1.25=2.65+e2.651.25 = \frac{2.65 + e}{2.65}

∴ e = 0.6625

Question 87

The vertical sides of door and window opening are known as

  1. AOption (a)

    Intrados

  2. BOption (b)

    Tombs

  3. COption (c)

    Reveals

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

None of the above

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

Elements of door:

1**. Jamb post:** It is the vertical wall face of a door opening that supports the door frame. In the door frame, the jamb is the vertical portion of the door frame in which a door is secured.

2. Head Jamb: The top horizontal member of door frame is called head jamb.

  1. Door frame: The combined portion of head jamb and jamb post are called door frame.
  2. Holdfasts: They are mild steel flats which are used to hold the door frame in position. They are generally Z-shape.
  3. Rebate of door frame: It is the depression made on all around the door frame so that door shutter is properly enclosed.
  4. Mullion: It is the vertical member of door shutter which is sub–divide a door vertically.
  5. Transom: It is the horizontal member of door frame which sub-divide the door and window above it.

Question 88

In limit state method, spacing of main reinforcement control primarily

  1. AOption (a)

    durability

  2. BOption (b)

    deflection

  3. COption (c)

    collapse

  4. DOption (d)

    cracking

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

cracking

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

In the limit state approach, the spacing of main reinforcement controls primarily cracking.

The serviceability check (cracking) in the limit state is mainly governed by the spacing of the main bar, as an increase in the spacing of the main bar will increase the cracking in the beam.

Limit state Method

  • The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a “limit state.
  • In the limit state method, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life, it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as deflection and cracking.
  • In a limit state method, members are first designed to satisfy the most critical limit state and then checked to ensure that the other limit states are not reached.

Question 89

In a plate load test, the ultimate load is estimated from the load-settlement curve on a log-log graph

  1. AOption (a)

    By drawing tangents to the curve at the initial and final points

  2. BOption (b)

    Directly

  3. COption (c)

    By the secant method

  4. DOption (d)

    Simply at 0.2% of the maximum settlement

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Directly

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

The ultimate load is estimated by plotting on a log-log graph yields the ultimate load directly.

Additional Information

Plate Load Test

  • The plate load test is a field test, performed to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and the probable settlement under a given load. This test is very popular for the selection and design of the shallow foundation.
  • For performing this test, the plate is placed at the desired depth, then the load is applied gradually and the settlement for each increment of the load is recorded.
  • At one point a settlement occurs at a rapid rate, the total load up to that point is calculated and divided by the area of the plate to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil at that depth.
  • The ultimate bearing capacity is then divided by a safety factor (typically 2.5~3) to determine the safe bearing capacity.

Calculation of Bearing Capacity from Plate Load Test

  • The load-settlement curve is drawn which is a logarithmic graph where the load applied is plotted on X-axis and settlement on Y-axis.
  • From the graph, the ultimate load for the plate is obtained which is the corresponding load for settlement of one-fifth of the plate width.
  • On a log-log scale, the relationship typically appears as two straight lines. The intersection of these two lines (the break point) corresponds to the ultimate bearing capacity or failure point of the soil.
  • Drawing tangents to the initial and final portions of the curve is a method commonly used on arithmetic (natural) plots to find the failure point when it is not clearly defined..
  • The ultimate bearing capacity can be calculated from the ultimate load from the plate.
  • The ultimate bearing capacity is then divided by a suitable factor of safety to determine the safe bearing capacity of soil from the foundation.

Question 90

During seepage through an earth mass, the direction of seepage is

  1. AOption (a)

    Parallel to the equipotential lines

  2. BOption (b)

    Perpendicular to the stream lines

  3. COption (c)

    Perpendicular to the equipotential lines

  4. DOption (d)

    Along the direction of gravity

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

Perpendicular to the equipotential lines

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

The velocity potential function may be defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.

Velocity potential function (φ) satisfies the Laplace equation.

So, ∂2ϕ∂x2+∂2ϕ∂y2=0\frac{{{\partial ^2}\phi }}{{\partial {x^2}}} + \frac{{{\partial ^2}\phi }}{{\partial {y^2}}} = 0

The solution of the above equation gives two sets of curves known as equipotential lines and stream lines (or flow lines), mutually orthogonal to each other as shown in figure.

The equipotential lines represent contours of equal head (potential).

The direction of seepage is always perpendicular to the equipotential lines.

The path along which the individual particles of water seep through the soil are called streamlines or flow lines.

Question 91

With the usual notation, sinking fund factor is given by

  1. AOption (a)

    (1 + i)n

  2. BOption (b)

    i/[(1 + i)n − 1]

  3. COption (c)

    1(1+i)n\rm\frac{1}{(1+i)^n}

  4. DOption (d)

    (1+i)n[(1+i)n−1]\rm\frac{(1+i)^n}{\left[(1+i)^n−1\right]}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

i/[(1 + i)n − 1]

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

The sinking fund factor is given as:

SFF=i(1+i)n−1SFF = \frac{i}{{{{\left( {1 + i} \right)}^n} - 1}}

Where,

i is the rate of interest (annually) and n is the design life in years.

Question 92

Which of the following condition is to be satisfied both in elastic and plastic analysis?

  1. AOption (a)

    Equilibrium condition

  2. BOption (b)

    Yield condition

  3. COption (c)

    Plastic moment condition

  4. DOption (d)

    Mechanism condition

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Equilibrium condition

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Elastic analysis

Conditions to be satisfied in elastic analysis of indeterminate structures :-

  1. Equilibrium condition - All equilibrium equations i.e. summation of all the forces and moments should be zero.
  2. Yield condition- The bending moment at any section must not exceed the full plastic moment of the section.

Plastic analysis

Conditions to be satisfied in plastic analysis of indeterminate structures :-

  1. Equilibrium condition- All equilibrium equations i.e. summation of all the forces and moments should be zero.
  2. Mechanism condition - The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed. The number of plastic hinges developed should be just sufficient to form a mechanism

Question 93

A vane, 10.8 cm long, 7.2 cm in dia. was pressed into a soft clay at the bottom of a bore hole. Torque was applied and the value at failure was 45 Nm. Find the shear strength of the clay on a horizontal plane

  1. AOption (a)

    21 KN/m2

  2. BOption (b)

    42 KN/m2

  3. COption (c)

    14 KN/m2

  4. DOption (d)

    84 KN/m2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

42 KN/m2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

For both ends of the vane shear device partaking in shear

T=cπ(D2H2+D36)T= c\pi\left ( \frac{D^{2}H}{2} +\frac{D^{3}}{6}\right ) 

Where 

T= Torque

c =Shear strength

D=Diameter of vane

H= Height of sample

Solution: 

 T=cπ(D2H2+D36)T= c\pi\left ( \frac{D^{2}H}{2} +\frac{D^{3}}{6}\right )

45100=cπ(7.22×10.82+7.236)×1100×100×100\frac{45}{100}= c\pi\left ( \frac{7.2^{2}\times 10.8}{2} +\frac{7.2^{3}}{6}\right )\times \frac{1}{100\times 100\times 100}

c=45×100×100×1001000((7.2)2×10.82+7.236)kN/m2≈42kN/m2 \begin{aligned} c & =\frac{45 \times 100 \times 100 \times 100}{1000\left(\frac{(7.2)^2 \times 10.8}{2}+\frac{7.2^3}{6}\right)} k N / m^2 \approx 42 k N / m^2 \end{aligned}

The shear strength of the clay (cohesion) is 42 KN/m2

Question 94

The deterioration of the properties of a material when subjected to repeatedly applied stresses is termed as

  1. AOption (a)

    Creep

  2. BOption (b)

    Fatigue

  3. COption (c)

    Isotropic

  4. DOption (d)

    Elasticity

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Fatigue

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

Fatigue is the weakening of a building material when it is loaded and unloaded repeatedly, the load being above the particular value called the endurance limit.

Fatigue strength is defined as the load value below which the material would not yield for any number of cycles of loading and unloading.

Creep is the tendency of a solid material to deform permanently under the influence of  sustained load for very large period of time.

Elasticity is defined as the property of material by virtue of which it gets back to (or recover) its original shape after the removal of applied force or load.

Isotropic means that the material properties are the same in all directions.

Question 95

As per ​IS ∶ 456 ∶ 2000, the minimum cover shall be provided in the footing

  1. AOption (a)

    25 mm

  2. BOption (b)

    40 mm

  3. COption (c)

    50 mm

  4. DOption (d)

    60 mm

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

50 mm

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

For footing:

i) The thickness at the edge shall not be less than 150 mm for footings on soil and not less than 300 mm for footing on piles.

ii) The depth of the foundation should be a minimum of 500 mm.

iii) For reinforcement, footing is treated as an inverted slab. As per IS:456-2000, the minimum percentage of reinforcement of steel is 0.12% of the gross sectional area with HYSD bar and 0.15% of the gross area with plain bars of mild steel.

iv) Minimum clear cover should be 50 mm.

v) Permissible shear stress for footing, according to limit state method is τc = 0.25√fck and τc = 0.16√fck according to working stress method.

Question 96

A cycle load test is performed to determine a pile's

  1. AOption (a)

    Skin resistance

  2. BOption (b)

    Tip resistance

  3. COption (c)

    Ultimate load capacity under repetition

  4. DOption (d)

    Skin resistance and tip resistance separately

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Skin resistance and tip resistance separately

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Cyclic pile load test method is used in case of initial test to find out skin frictional resistance and point bearing load separately for a single piles of uniform diameter.

Alternate loading and unloading shall be carried out at each stages and each loading and unloading stage shall be maintained for at least 15 min and the subsequent elastic rebound in the pile should be measured accurately by dial gauges or LVDTs.

The details procedure for pile load test is given in IS 2911-Part IV.

There are two types of tests, namely, initial and routine test for each type (mode) of loading (that is, vertical, lateral and pull-out).

Initial Test: This test is required for one or more of the following purposes:

a) Determination of ultimate load capacity and arrival at safe load by application of factor of safety.

b) To provide guidelines for setting up the limits of acceptance for routine tests.

c) To get an idea of suitability of piling system.

d) To have a check on calculated load by dynamic or static approaches.

Routine Test:

This test is required for one or more of the following purposes:

a) Checking the safe load as determined from static analysis [As per IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 1 to 4), IS 2911 (Part 2) and IS 2911 (Part 3)].

b) Detection of any unusual performance contrary to the findings of the initial test, if already done.

Other Important Points:

In vertical, lateral and pull out mode of loading compressive, shear and tensile strength of pile is found out respectively.

Question 97

Which one of the following parameters can be used as a rough guide to determine the type of failure in soil?

  1. AOption (a)

    Angle of shearing resistance

  2. BOption (b)

    Density index

  3. COption (c)

    Penetration test

  4. DOption (d)

    Plate load test

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Density index

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

  • The angle of friction between soil particles depends upon the shape, size, roughness, grading, and packaging of particles.
  • For Sand, particle size and shape roughly remain the same and thus it cannot be used to estimate the angle of friction of sandy soil.
  • However, the angle of internal friction would be very high if the sand particle is compactly dense which is indicated by the value of the density index.
  • The density index is the ratio of the difference between the void ratios of a cohesionless soil in its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference between its void ratio in the loosest and densest states.
  • The higher value of the relative index indicates a higher angle of internal friction.

So we can say that parameter that can be used as a rough guide to determine the type of failure in the soil is the Angle of internal friction which is indicated by the value of the density index.

Question 98

A cantilever beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a concentrated load 'w' at its free end. If the width of the beam is doubled, the deflection at the free end as compared to earlier case, will be

  1. AOption (a)

    8 times

  2. BOption (b)

    4 times

  3. COption (c)

    2 times

  4. DOption (d)

    half

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

half

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Deflection of a cantilever beam for point load at the free end; δ=;Wl33EI{\bf{\delta }} = ;\frac{{{\bf{W}}{{\bf{l}}^3}}}{{3{\bf{EI}}}}

Where, W = point load, l = length of the beam, E = modulus of elasticity, I = moment of inertia

For rectangular section; I=;bh312{\bf{I}} = ;\frac{{{\bf{b}}{{\bf{h}}^3}}}{{12}}, b = width of section, h = height of section.

δ=;Wl33E×bh312{\bf{\delta }} = ;\frac{{{\bf{W}}{{\bf{l}}^3}}}{{3{\bf{E}} \times \frac{{{\bf{b}}{{\bf{h}}^3}}}{{12}}}}

Now, the width of the beam is doubled; b → 2b

So, δ1=;Wl33E×2bh312;{{\rm{\delta }}_1} = {\rm{;}}\frac{{{\rm{W}}{{\rm{l}}^3}}}{{3{\rm{E}} \times \frac{{2{\rm{b}}{{\rm{h}}^3}}}{{12}}}}{\rm{;}}

δ1=0.5;δ{{\bf{\delta }}_1} = 0.5;{\bf{\delta }}

So, the deflection at the free end becomes half as compared to the earlier case.

Question 99

Defects such as blisters and cracks in bitumen may be caused by natural agencies such as

  1. Water
  2. Air
  3. Light

Of the above, the correct agency (ies) is/are

  1. AOption (a)

    1 alone

  2. BOption (b)

    1 and 2

  3. COption (c)

    1 and 3

  4. DOption (d)

    1,2 and 3

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

1,2 and 3

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

Bitumen is a non-crystalline solid or viscous material derived from petroleum, by natural or refinery process.  The main constituent is petrolene—a yellowish oily substance, an excess of which makes bitumen to melt at low temperature and, asphaltene—hard black substance, an excess of which makes bitumen brittle and non-plastic.

Bitumen is not affected by light, air or water individually, but in combination they can make it brittle, porous and susceptible to oxidation forming blisters and cracks.

Characteristics of Bitumen:

  1. It is asphalt in solid state and mineral tar in semi fluid state.
  2. Bitumen is brown or black in color.
  3. Their composition is carbon 87 per cent, hydrogen 11 per cent and oxygen 2 per cent.
  4. It becomes soft at temperatures between 30°–100° C and therefore, must be protected from exposure to heat.
  5. It is insoluble in water and fairly resistant to most acids.
  6. It is soluble in carbon disulphide.

Question 100

The effective length of fillet weld should NOT be less than

  1. AOption (a)

    Size of weld

  2. BOption (b)

    Two times the size of weld

  3. COption (c)

    Three times the size of weld

  4. DOption (d)

    Four times the size of weld

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Four times the size of weld

Why this answer is correct

Concepts:

A minimum effective length of weld is four times the size of weld.

When placing a fillet weld, though the welder tries to build up the weld to its full dimension from the beginning, there is always a slight tapering off where the weld starts and where it ends. The width of this tapering is called end returns and is equal to two times the size of weld on either side of welding. This tapered portion of weld is not able resist or carry any load hence cannot be the part of weld length. Therefore, the length of weld which is actually effective to resist loads, called effective length, is taken as overall length of weld minus two times the size of weld in case fillet weld as per IS 800:2007 codal provisions.

Note:

  1. The effective length of weld is taken equal to overall length of weld minus twice the size of weld.  This is done to avoid stress concentration at ends.
  2. To avoid stress concentration at edges of plate, the length of longitudinal (side) fillet weld shall not be less than the width of plate.
  3. The perpendicular distance between longitudinal fillet welds is limited to 16 times the thickness of the thinner plate jointed.
  4. In case of Groove weld in butt joints, the effective length is taken as the length of continues full size weld, but in no case, it should not be less than the four times the size of weld.

Question 101

The exit gradient for the seepage of water through a soil medium is given by

  1. AOption (a)

    The slope of the flow lines

  2. BOption (b)

    The slope of the equipotential lines

  3. COption (c)

    The ratio of total head to the height of seepage

  4. DOption (d)

    The ratio of head loss to the height of seepage

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

The ratio of head loss to the height of seepage

Why this answer is correct

According to Darcy’s law,

For laminar flow Vα i

V = K × i  Where,

V = velocity of water flowing in soil, K = coefficient of permeability

i = hydraulic gradient = hl/L

hl = head loss, L = seepage length

Important point:

Critical hydraulic gradient (ic) is given by

ic=G−1e+1i_{c} ={{G - 1} \over {e+1}}

Where,n = Porosity, e =Voids ratio, G = Specific gravity of soil

Question 102

The product E and I is known as

  1. AOption (a)

    Polar moment

  2. BOption (b)

    Flexural rigidity

  3. COption (c)

    Modulus of repture

  4. DOption (d)

    Modulus of rigidity

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Flexural rigidity

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

MI=fy=ER{M \over I } = {f \over y} = {E \over R}

EI = Flexural rigidity. i.e. EI ∝ M.

Flexural rigidity is a measure of the resistance of a beam to bending, that is, the larger the flexural rigidity, the smaller the curvature for a given bending moment.

We know that,

Where, R = Radius of curvature of beam, M = Bending moment, E = Young’s modulus, I = Area moment of inertia,

Question 103

For centring of R.C.C. structures the bricks used should be

  1. AOption (a)

    Ist class

  2. BOption (b)

    IInd class

  3. COption (c)

    IIIrd class

  4. DOption (d)

    IVth class

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

IInd class

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

1. First Class Bricks:

  • These are thoroughly burnt and are of deep red, cherry, or copper colour.
  • The surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges and square corners.
  • These should be free from flaws, cracks, and stones.
  • These should have a uniform texture.
  • No impression should be left on the brick when a scratch is made by a fingernail.
  • The fractured surface of the brick should not show lumps of lime.
  • A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck against each other.
  • Water absorption should be 12-15% of its dry weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours. The crushing strength of the brick should not be less than 10 N/mm2. This limit varies with different Government organizations around the country.

Uses: First class bricks are recommended for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring, and reinforced brickwork.

2. Second Class Bricks:

Second Class Bricks are supposed to have the same requirements as the first-class ones except that

  • Small cracks and distortions are permitted.
  • A little higher water absorption of about 16-20% of its dry weight is allowed.
  • The crushing strength should not be less than 7.0 N/mm2.

Uses: Second-class bricks are recommended for all important or unimportant hidden masonry works and centering of reinforced brick and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures.

3. Third Class Bricks are underburnt. They are soft and light-colored producing a dull sound when struck against each other. Water absorption is about 25 percent of dry weight.

Uses: It is used for building temporary structures.

4. Fourth Class Bricks are overburnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. Uses: The ballast of such bricks is used for foundation and floors in lime concrete and road metal.

Question 104

Rankine-Gordon formula which covers all cases of struts, is

where notation are as usual

  1. AOption (a)

    P = fcA1+(ak)2l\rm\frac{fcA}{1+\left(\frac{a}{k}\right)^2 l}

  2. BOption (b)

    P = fcA1+a(l2k2)\rm\frac{fcA}{1+a\left(\frac{l^2}{k^2}\right)}

  3. COption (c)

    P = fcAk2+a2l2\rm\frac{fcA}{k^2+a^2l^2}

  4. DOption (d)

    P = fcA1+a2lk2\rm\frac{fcA}{1+\frac{a^2l}{k^2}}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

P = fcA1+a(l2k2)\rm\frac{fcA}{1+a\left(\frac{l^2}{k^2}\right)}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

The empirical formula thus proposed covers all cases ranging from very short to very long struts

Rankine’s Formula

1PR=1PC+1PE PR=PC1+PcPRR=σc×A1+(σc/π2E)(Le/K)2\Putting σc/π2E=A, we getR=σcA1+α(Le/k)2{1 \over {P_R }} = {1 \over P_C} + {1 \over P_E} \ P_R = {P_C \over {1 + {P_c \over P_R }}} \P_R = {\sigma_c \times A \over 1+ { (\sigma_c/\pi^2E)(L_e/K)^2}}\Putting\ \sigma_c/\pi^2E = A, \ we \ get \P_R={{\sigma_c}A \over 1+ \alpha(Le/k)^2 }

a =Rankine constant 

 Pc = crushing load 

 Pe = Eulers crippling load

 Pr = Rankine loa

A=cross sectional area

 k= Radius of gyration

This formula covers all cases ranging from very short to very long struts. It is also known as Rankin Gordon Formula. For the short column, PE is very large and hence 1/PE is very small in comparison. In the case of a short column, the calculated load will be known as the crushing load. On the other hand, in the case of a long column, the load is called buckling or crippling load.

Question 105

Wide and deep cracks in concrete members may be repaired by

  1. AOption (a)

    Grouting

  2. BOption (b)

    Shotcreting or guniting

  3. COption (c)

    Mortar replacement

  4. DOption (d)

    Epoxy injection

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Grouting

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Wide cracks, particularly in gravity dams and thick concrete walls, may be repaired by filling them with Portland cement grout. This method is effective in stopping water leaks, but it will not structurally bond cracked sections.

Concrete Crack Repair Methods

Crack repair can be done using different methods and techniques. They are as follows:-

  1. Epoxy injection grouting
  2. Routing and sealing
  3. Flexible sealing
  4. Stitching
  5. Providing additional reinforcement
  6. Drilling and plugging
  7. Prestressing steel
  8. Grouting

1. Epoxy Injection

  • Epoxy compounds possess properties like high compressive strength, tensile strength, and bond strength. They are widely used for making repaired mortar.

2. Routing And Sealing

  • The crack sealers used for the repair of cracks should ensure structural integrity and serviceability. Additionally, they should be able to protect themselves from the ingress of harmful substances.

3. Flexible Sealing

  • In this method, a recess is cut along the line of the crack and it is filled up with a suitable flexible material.
  • The breadth of the recess and the sealant's strength capacity determine the joint movement that can be accommodated.
  • So, the sealant bond must have a suitable width and shape for the expected movement. A bond breaker should be used to prevent the sealing material from bonding to the bottom of the recess.

4. Stitching

  • In this technique, holes are drilled on both sides of the crack. The holes are cleaned up and the legs of stitching dogs are anchored in it using either a non-shrink grout or an epoxy-resin-based bonding system.

5. Drilling And Plugging

  • In this method, a hole of 50 mm to 75 mm diameter is drilled down the length of the crack. The hole is thoroughly cleaned and filled with grout.
  • The grout key is responsible for preventing the transverse movements of the concrete sections adjacent to the crack. The key also helps to reduce heavy water leakage through the cracks and loss of soil from behind the leaking wall.

6. Grouting

Question 106

The side face reinforcement in the deep beam shall NOT be less than

  1. AOption (a)

    0.1 × web area

  2. BOption (b)

    0.01 × web area

  3. COption (c)

    0.001 × web area

  4. DOption (d)

    0.012 × web area

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

0.001 × web area

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Side face reinforcement:

Side face reinforcement shall be provided as per CI. 26.5.1.3 and 26.5.17(6) of IS 456:2000

  • Beam depth > 450 mm (if beam subjected to torsion)
  • Beam depth > 750 mm (if beam not subjected to torsion)
  • Provide @ 0.1% OR 0.001 times of web area and distribute it equally on both side faces

NOTE:

In question it is not mentioned, wether the beam is subjected to torsion or not, so we have selected the most appropriate option, as correct option for beam subjected to torsion ie 450 mm is not given in the solution. We have to go for 750 ie for beam not subjected to torsion.

Question 107

The number of funicular polygons which can be drawn to pass through two specified points in the space diagram are

  1. AOption (a)

    One

  2. BOption (b)

    Three

  3. COption (c)

    Two

  4. DOption (d)

    Infinity

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Infinity

Why this answer is correct

Number of funicular polygons which can be drawn to pass through two specified points in the space diagram are Infinity.

Funicular Polygon

  • a graphical method of finding the reactive forces and resultants of a system of forces, constructing bending moment diagrams.
  • determining the rational shapes of arched and suspended systems, and solving other problems of the statics of two-dimensional systems.
  • The construction of funicular polygons is based on the conception of a polygon formed by an axis that is fixed at the ends of a weightless thread (string), which is tensioned by the forces acting on it.
  • The construction of a funicular polygon together with a force polygon (see Figure 1) is also used to determine the geometric characteristics of planar cross sections and to solve certain problems in engineering hydraulics, economics, and other fields.

Question 108

For a single point load 'W' moving on a symmetrical parabolic three hinged arch of span 'L', the maximum sagging moment occurs at a distance 'x' from ends. The value of x is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.211 L

  2. BOption (b)

    0.250 L

  3. COption (c)

    0.234 L

  4. DOption (d)

    0.50 L

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

0.211 L

Why this answer is correct

Concept :

For 3 Hinged Arch

ILD for beam moment in arch

Bending moment in an arch is due to the combined action of beam moment & moment due to horizontal thrust.

ILD for BM:

For absolute maximum BM:

Let at a dist. x from left end, maximum +ve BM occurs

For maximum +ve BM, AB should be minimum

Using similar triangle properties,

AB=2x2l2(l−x) BM=x(l−x)x−2x2(l−x)l2=2x3−3x3l+xl2l2AB ={2x^2 \over{l^2}}(l - x) \ BM = {x(l-x) \over x}- {2x^2 (l-x) \over l^2} = {2x^3 - 3x^3l + xl^2 \over l^2}

For BM to be maz, dZ/dx = 0

∴ 6x2 - 6xl + l2 = 0

Solving this, x = 0.211 l (from both ends)

Question 109

The minimum thickness of the wall where single Flemish bond is used

  1. AOption (a)

    One brick thick

  2. BOption (b)

    One and a half brick thick

  3. COption (c)

    Two and a half brick thick

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

One and a half brick thick

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Types of brick masonry bonds:

Type of bondProperties
English Bond1. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers. 2. Most common and popular bond. 3. One of the strongest bonds but requires more facing bricks than other bonds.
Flemish Bond1. Each course consists of a header and stretchers alternately arranged. 2. Single flemish consists of a Flemish bond on the face of the wall and an English bond on the back of the wall and minimum thickness is 1.5 bricks. 3. Double flemish consists of a Flemish bond on the face as well as on the back of the wall. 4. Uses a greater number of brick bats and hence it is economical. 5. It is of two types: Single Flemish and Double Flemish. 6. Better in appearance than the English bond.
Stretcher Bond1. All the bricks are laid as stretchers. 2. Used-in half brick thick walls.
Header Bond1. All the bricks are laid as headers. 2. The elevation of the wall laid in Header bond. 3. Used for curved surfaces in work such as well lining or well foundation etc.
Dutch Bond1. Modification over the English bond. 2. Consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers except every stretcher course start with a three-quarter brick and in every alternate stretcher course in the header is placed after the three quarter brick
Raking Bond1. Bricks are laid at some inclination to the face of the wall. 2. When walls are more than two brick thick becomes weaker in longitudinal strength as the headers being used in the interior of the wall to increase the transverse strength 3. This defect is removed by using a raking bond (rake means inclination) 4. Also used for laying bricks on the floor. 5. Two types of Raking bond: Diagonal bond and Herringbone bond.

Question 110

Hot bitumen is used for damp-proofing course in the building. It can be applied with a minimum thickness of

  1. AOption (a)

    2 mm

  2. BOption (b)

    3 mm

  3. COption (c)

    5 mm

  4. DOption (d)

    6 mm

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

3 mm

Why this answer is correct

Explanation :

  • Damp Proof Course or DPC is the protective layer applied to prevent the rising of moisture to the walls from the ground due to capillary action.
  • It is usually 2.5 cm thick with a ratio of rich cement concrete 1:1.5:3 or 2 cm thick with cement mortar 1:2 mixed with standard waterproofing material.
  • It is provided from the plinth level to the entire width of the plinth wall, and the quantities are calculated in square meters (length x breadth). ​

Some common materials used in the Damp Proof Course:

Hot bitumen – This is a highly flexible material with a minimum thickness of 3 mm. It is applied to the bedding of concrete or mortar while it is hot.

Mastic asphalt – It is a semi-rigid, highly durable, and entirely waterproof material. It’s made by heating asphalt, sand, and mineral fillers together. 

Bituminous or asphaltic felts – This is a flexible material that is available in rolls of various wall thicknesses. It is applied on a uniform flat layer of cement mortar.

Metal sheets – Lead, copper, and aluminum sheets can be utilized as DPC. These sheets are made of a flexible material and are pretty flimsy. Their thickness should be such that their weight per square meter does not go below 20 kg/m2.

 Additional Information

Dampness in buildings can lead to the attack of termites, rusting and corrosion of metal fittings, cracking in walls, electrical fittings getting damaged, leaking sealants, and many more problems that can lead to loss of money when not treated in time.

Question 111

A reinforced concrete beam having width of 250 mm and effective depth of 400 mm, is reinforced with 415 of steel grade (Fe 415). As per the provisions of IS ∶ 456 ∶ 2000, the minimum and maximum amount of tensile reinforcement for the section are respectively

  1. AOption (a)

    250 mm2 and 3500 mm2

  2. BOption (b)

    205 mm2 and 4000 mm2

  3. COption (c)

    270 mm2 and 2000 mm2

  4. DOption (d)

    300 mm2 and 2500 mm2

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

205 mm2 and 4000 mm2

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Minimum tension steel

Astbd=0.85fy{A_{st} \over bd}= {0.85 \over f_y}

Where, Ast = Area of steel, b = breadth of beam or web in case of T beam, d = effective depth, fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2

Maximum tension steel

Ast max = 4 % × bd 

Calculation:

 Ast( minimum) = 0.85/415 250400 = 205 mm2

Ast (maximum)=  = 0.04 × 250 × 400 = 4000 mm2

Question 112

The process of compaction of a soil involves

  1. AOption (a)

    Expulsion of pore water

  2. BOption (b)

    Expulsion of pore air

  3. COption (c)

    Expulsion of both pore air and pore water

  4. DOption (d)

    None of the above

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Expulsion of pore air

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Compaction: 

  • It is the process in which the soil particles are forced into a denser state by mechanical means, thus decreasing the air voids and hence porosity also reduces.
  • It is an instantaneous phenomenon.
  • Commonly used equipment is a rammer, roller, etc.

Additional Information 

Consolidation:  

  • It is a gradual reduction in the volume of the fully saturated soil due to the dissipation of excess pore water pressure, set up due to an increase in effective stress.
  • It is a time-dependent phenomenon.

Consolidation is believed to occur in three stages:-

a) Immediate consolidation: 

  • It occurs if the soil is initially partially saturated and expulsion of air and lateral expansion of soil takes place.

b) Primary consolidation: 

  • It occurs due to the expulsion of pore water pressure and depends on the magnitude of stress increase, the compressibility and thickness of the soil layer.

c) Secondary consolidation: 

  • It is thought to occur due to the gradual readjustment of clay particles into a more stable configuration following the structural disturbance caused due to decrease in void ratio. It occurs in a very long time

Question 113

Which of the following method is not classified as a force method?

  1. AOption (a)

    The theorem of three moments

  2. BOption (b)

    The moment distribution method

  3. COption (c)

    The method of consistent deformation

  4. DOption (d)

    Castiglione’s theorem

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

The moment distribution method

Why this answer is correct

The moment distribution method is displacement method.

Force method

Theorem of three moments

Method of consistent deformation

Castiglione’s theorem

Compatibility method

Displacement method

Moment distribution method

Slope deflection method

Kani’s method

Stiffnens matrix method

Question 114

A bar of 4 cm diameter is subjected to an axial load of 4T. The extension of the bar over a gauge length of 20 cm is 0.03 cm. The decrease in diameter is 0.0018 cm. The Poisson's ratio is

  1. AOption (a)

    0.06

  2. BOption (b)

    0.3

  3. COption (c)

    0.33

  4. DOption (d)

    0.35

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

0.3

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Poisson's Ratio:

  • The ratio of the transverse contraction of a material to the longitudinal extension strain in the direction of the stretching force is the Poisson's Ration for a material. The stress or stain can be generated by applying the force on the material by the body.
  • The Poisson's ratio is negative for the compressive deformation whereas for the tensile deformation the Poisson's Ratio is Positive. The negative Poisson's ratio suggests that the positive strain is in the transverse direction. The Poisson's Ratio for most of the materials is in the range of 0 to 0.5.

​Poisso's ratio is calculated as,

Poisson's ratio, μ = |-Lateral strain/Longitudinal strain|

Calculation:

Given,

Dimeter of bar (d) = 4 cm, Length of bar (L) = 20 cm

Extension of bar (ΔL) = 0.03 cm, Decrease in diameter (Δd) = 0.0018 cm

∵ Longitudintal strain = Change in length/Original length

Longitudintal strain = 0.03/20 = 1.5 × 10-3,

Lateral strain = Change in diameter/Original diameter

Lateral strain = 0.0018/4 = 4.5 × 10-4

∵ We know that, μ = |-Lateral strain/Longitudinal strain|

μ=4.5×10−41.5×10−3\mu =\frac{4.5 \times 10^{-4}}{1.5 \times 10^{-3}}

μ = 0.3

Question 115

Which one of the following is unstratified rock?

  1. AOption (a)

    quartz

  2. BOption (b)

    granite

  3. COption (c)

    lime stone

  4. DOption (d)

    slate

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

granite

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

In physical classification there are three types of rocks:

  1. Stratified rock:
  • These rocks consist of different layers in their structure and these layers are separated by planes of stratification.
  • These planes are also called cleavage planes or bedding planes.
  • These rocks can easily split up along these bedding planes.
  • Most of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, shale, etc. are the best examples of stratified rocks.

2) Unstratified rock:

  • The structure of unstratified rocks is crystalline or compact granular.
  • They possess a similar kind of structure throughout their whole body.
  • Most of the igneous rocks and some sedimentary rocks come under unstratified rocks.
  • Granite, marble, and trap are a few examples of Unstratified rocks.

3) Foliated rocks:

  • These rocks possess a layered or banded structure which is obtained by exposure to pressure and heat.
  • Unlike stratified rocks, these rocks can split up in a certain direction only.
  • Most of the metamorphic rocks formed by metamorphism come under foliated rocks.
  • Some examples are gneiss, schist, slate, etc.
  • ​Hence, we can say that the unstratified rock is Igneous rock and the Example of Igneous Rock is granite.

Question 116

A PERT network has 9 activities on its critical path. The standard deviation of each activity on the critical path is 3. The standard deviation of the critical path is

  1. AOption (a)

    3

  2. BOption (b)

    √3

  3. COption (c)

    3√3

  4. DOption (d)

    9

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

9

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

In CPM:

The standard deviation of the critical path:

σcp = Sum;of;variance;along;critical;path\sqrt {Sum;of;variance;along;critical;path}

σcp = σ12+σ22+…+σ82+σ92\sqrt {σ _1^2 + σ _2^2 + \ldots + σ _8^2 + σ _9^2}

Where, σ1, σ2, ...., σ8, σ9 are the standard deviation of each activity on the critical path   

Calculation:

Given:

σ1, σ2, ...., σ8, σ9 = 3

σcp = σ12+σ22+…+σ82+σ92\sqrt {σ _1^2 + σ _2^2 + \ldots + σ _8^2 + σ _9^2}

σcp = 32+32+32+32+32+32+32+32+32\sqrt {3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2}

σcp = 9×9\sqrt {9 \times 9}  = 9

∴ the standard deviation of the critical path is 9.

Question 117

Collapse load for the beam shown in fig. is

  1. AOption (a)

    6 Mp/L

  2. BOption (b)

    8 Mp/L

  3. COption (c)

    9 Mp/L

  4. DOption (d)

    16 Mp/L

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

9 Mp/L

Why this answer is correct

Calculation: 

Step 1: Degree of static indeterminacy, Ds = 2

∴ Number of plastic hinges required for mechanism or collapse = Ds + 1 = 3

Step 2: Determine the location of plastic hinges

Plastic hinge will for, at the fixed end and under concentrated load

Step 3: Sketch possible mechanism

Determine the ultimate load by solving the equilibrium equations using principle of virtual work 

L/3 × θ = 2L/3 × α 

θ = 2α 

Internal work dne = MPθ + MP(θ + α) + MPα 

External work done = W × L/3 × θ 

∴ From principal of virtual work

Internal work done = External work done 

MPθ + MP(θ + α) + MPα = W × L/3 × θ 

MP 2α + MP (2α + α) + MPα = W × L/3 × θ 

W = 9MP/L

Question 118

Which one of the following rollers is suitable for soil cement stabilized construction?

  1. AOption (a)

    Vibratory roller

  2. BOption (b)

    Sheep foot roller

  3. COption (c)

    Pneumatic roller

  4. DOption (d)

    Smooth wheel roller

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Vibratory roller

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Vibratory Roller:

  • Vibratory-type rollers have two smooth wheels/drums plus the vibrators. One is fixed at the front and the other one is on the rear side of the vibratory roller.
  • Vibration is to reduce air voids and causes the densification of granular soils.
  • During the vibration of the soil layer, rearrangement of particles occurs due to the deformation of the granular soil because of the oscillation of the roller in a cycle.

Pneumatic tired roller:

  • The pneumatic tired roller has a number of rubber tires at the front and at the rear end.
  • A pneumatic tired roller can be used for highways, the construction of dams, and for both fine-grained and non-cohesive soils.

Tamping roller/sheep foot roller:

  • Sheep foot roller also named tamping roller.
  • The front steel drum of the sheep foot roller consists of many rectangular-shaped boots of equal sizes fixed in a hexagonal pattern.
  • In sheep foot, roller compaction is by static weight and kneading of the respective layer.
  • This makes the tamping roller better suited for clay soils.

Smooth wheel rollers:

  • Smooth wheel rollers and vibratory rollers are the same. Both have the same characteristics.
  • Only the difference in both is vibratory equipment.
  • The smooth wheel roller has no vibrator attached to the drum.
  • This makes smooth wheel roller best suited for rolling of weaker aggregates, proof rolling of subgrades, and compacting asphalt pavements.

∴ The vibratory roller is most suitable for proof rolling subgrades, for finishing operation of fills coarse-grained soils and for soil cement stabilized construction as well.

Question 119

Which of the following is NOT a drier in paints?

  1. AOption (a)

    Leatharge

  2. BOption (b)

    Lead oxide

  3. COption (c)

    Red lead

  4. DOption (d)

    Copper sulphate

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (d)D.

Copper sulphate

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

Drier is used in paints for specific purpose e.g. as catalyst for the oxidation, polymerisation and condensation of the vehicle in paint.

The quantity of drier is limited to 8 %, excess of it affects the elasticity of paints leading to flaking failure.

Examples are: Letharge (lead oxide), lead acetate, red lead, manganese dioxide, cobalt, zinc and lead chromate.

Question 120

Lug angles are used to connect the members to

  1. AOption (a)

    Reduce the length of connection

  2. BOption (b)

    Increase the length of connection

  3. COption (c)

    Increase the strength of rivet connection

  4. DOption (d)

    Reduce the strength of rivet connection

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Reduce the length of connection

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

Lug angle is small piece of angle used to connect outstand legs of the members to the gusset plate. The purpose of lug angle is to reduce the length of connection to the gusset plate and to reduce shear lag effect.

In the diagram total 8 number of bolts required for connection. If all the bolts are provided in the member only, then the length of the gusset plate would increase greatly. Instead 3 bolts are used on lug angle such that the length of the gusset plate reduced.

Question 121

Which test is to be conducted in the laboratory for the determination of shear strength parameters 'C' and 'ϕ' of soil?

  1. AOption (a)

    Tri-axial compression test

  2. BOption (b)

    Atterbarg limit test

  3. COption (c)

    Proctor compaction test

  4. DOption (d)

    Relative density test

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

Tri-axial compression test

Why this answer is correct

Concept:

A triaxial test is used to determine the shear strength parameter of soil.

The triaxial compression test consists of two stages:

First stage: In this, a soil sample is set in the triaxial cell, and confining pressure is then applied.

Second stage: In this, additional axial stress (also called deviator stress) is applied which induces shear stresses in the sample. The axial stress is continuously increased until the sample fails.

During both stages, the applied stresses, axial strain, and pore water pressure or change in sample volume can be measured.

S = C̅ + σ tan ϕ

Where,

S = Shear strength of soil, C = Cohesion of soil, and ϕ = angle of internal friction

C & ϕ are known as the Shear strength parameters of soil.

Tests carried out to measure the shear strength of the soil:

i) Direct shear test

ii) Unconfined compression test

iii) Triaxial compression test

iv) Vane shear test

Question 122

The strain energy stored in a simply supported beam of span 'l' and flexural rigidity 'El' due to a central concentrated load 'w' is

  1. AOption (a)

    w2l348El\rm\frac{w^2 l^3}{48 El}

  2. BOption (b)

    w2l248El\rm\frac{w^2 l^2}{48 El}

  3. COption (c)

    w2l396El\rm\frac{w^2 l^3}{96 El}

  4. DOption (d)

    w2l296El\rm\frac{w^2 l^2}{96 El}

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (c)C.

w2l396El\rm\frac{w^2 l^3}{96 El}

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

For simply supported beam in concentrated load at mid span:

Deflection at the midpoint, δ:

δ=WL348EI\delta = \frac{{W{L^3}}}{{48EI}}

Strain energy, U:

U=12Wδ=12W×WL348EI=W2L396EIU = \frac{1}{2}W\delta = \frac{1}{2}W \times \frac{{W{L^3}}}{{48EI}} = \frac{{{W^2}{L^3}}}{{96EI}}

Question 123

D' Alembert's principle is used for

  1. AOption (a)

    Determining stresses is the truss

  2. BOption (b)

    Reducing the problem of kinetics to equivalent static problem

  3. COption (c)

    Stability of floating bodies

  4. DOption (d)

    Designing safe structures

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

Reducing the problem of kinetics to equivalent static problem

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

D’Alembert’s principle:

  • D’Alembert’s principle states that For a system of mass of particles, the sum of the difference of the force acting on the system and the time derivatives of the moment is zero when projected onto any virtual displacement.
  • D’Alembert’s principle is used for analyzing the dynamic problem which can reduce it into a static equilibrium problem.
  • It is also known as the Lagrange-d’Alembert principle, named after the French mathematician and physicist Jean le Rond d’Alembert.
  • It is an alternative form of Newton’s second law of motion.
  • According to the 2nd law of motion, F = ma while it is represented as F – ma = 0 in D’Alembert’s law.
  • So it can be said that the object is in equilibrium when a real force is acting on it.
  • Here, F is the real force while -ma is the fictitious force known as inertial force.

Question 124

Lifting of the corners of the slabs is prevented by providing ________ reinforcement.

  1. AOption (a)

    torsion

  2. BOption (b)

    shear

  3. COption (c)

    transverse

  4. DOption (d)

    longitudinal

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (a)A.

torsion

Why this answer is correct

Explanation:

  • As per IS 456 CI. D-1, Restrained slab is the slab whose corners are prevented from getting lifted up and are provided with suitable reinforcement to resist torsion and are called a restrained slab.
  • All four edges of the slab are assumed to be rigidly tied with the beams or walls underneath and the edges may be either continuous (Fixed) or discontinuous.
  • A corner restrained in the slab reduces the bending moment and deflection in the middle of the slab just like a fixed beam which reduces the mid-span moment and deflection as compared to simply supported beams.

 Important Points

As per IS 456 (B 1.8, B 1.9, B 1.10), Torsion reinforcement is provided as:

B 1.8 Torsion reinforcement is required at the corner where both edges are discontinuous

Reinforcement is provided in 4 layers..

size of mesh = 1/5

Area of steel in each layer = (3/4) x Ast (+ve)

B 1.9: Torsion reinforcement is required where at least one edge is discontinuous

Provided in 4 layers

size of mesh = 1/5

Area of steel in each layer = (3/8) x Ast (+ve)

B 1.10: Where both edges are continuous no need to provide torsional reinforcement.

Question 125

The maximum slenderness ratio of a compression member carrying loads resulting from dead loads and superimposed loads is:

  1. AOption (a)

    250

  2. BOption (b)

    180

  3. COption (c)

    50

  4. DOption (d)

    350

View answer & explanation

Correct answer

Answer: (b)B.

180

Why this answer is correct

Explanation

Maximum slenderness ratios for compression members:

Type of Memberλ
A tension member in which a reversal of direct stress occurs due to loads other than wind or seismic forces.180
A member carrying compressive loads resulting from dead loads and imposed loads.180
A member subjected to compressive forces resulting only from combination with wind/earthquake actions, provided the deformation of such members does not adversely affect the stress in any part of the structure.250
Compression flange of a beam restrained against lateral-torsional buckling.300
A member normally acting as a tie in a roof truss or a bracing system not considered effective when subjected to a possible reversal of stresses resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces.350

125 questions in the full paper