UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer Electrical 22 Nov 2021 Official Paper II (Previous Year Paper)

The Correct Answer is Chandauli District.

Key Points

• The Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh state in central India.
• It is well endowed with beautiful picnic spots, dense forests, and scenic waterfalls like Rajdari and Devdari that attract tourists every year to its vicinity.
• Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated about 70 kilometers from the historic city of Varanasi.
• The area was made a hunting preserve for the rulers of Benares in the second half of the 18th century.
• The wildlife sanctuary was established in May 1957. Asiatic lions were introduced at Chandra Prabha in 1958.

Additional Information

• Importance of Wildlife Sanctuaries: There are a number of reasons for establishing wildlife sanctuaries. Some of the reasons are listed below:
• The wildlife sanctuaries are established to protect endangered species.
• It is quite difficult to always relocate the animals from their natural habitat, therefore, protecting them in their natural environment is advantageous.
• The endangered species are specially monitored in the wildlife sanctuaries. If they reproduce and grow in number while under protection, few specimens can be kept for breeding in the conservation parks for their survival.
• Biologist activities and researches are permitted in the wildlife sanctuaries so that they can learn about the animals living there.
• A few sanctuaries take in injured and abandoned animals and rehabilitate them to health before releasing them in the forest.
• Wildlife sanctuaries preserve endangered species and protect them from humans and predators.

The correct answer is 15.

Key Points

The correct answer is Only 1.

Key Points

• Journalists Maria Ressa, of the Philippines, and Dmitry Muratov, of Russia, have won the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize.
• They have been honored for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace.
• Maria Angelita Ressa is a Filipino-American journalist and author, the co-founder and CEO of Rappler, and the first Filipino recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
• Dmitry Andreyevich Muratov is a Russian journalist, television presenter, and editor-in-chief of the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta.

Additional Information 

• Nobel prize in chemistry was won by Benjamin List and David MacMillan in 2021.
• Nobel prize in Medicine was won by David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian in 2021.

The correct answer is Article 72.

Key Points

• Pardoning Power of the President:
• Constitution’s Article 72 empowers the President to grant pardons to persons tried and convicted of any offence where:
• The Sentence is for an offence against a Union Law;
• A sentence is by a court-martial (military court); and
• It is a sentence of death.
• This pardoning power is independent of the Judiciary;
• It is executive power.
• But, the President does not sit as a court of appeal, while exercising this power.
• We may point out that, it is a power which the Sovereign exercises against its judicial mandate.
• Hence option 4 is NOT correct.

 Important Points

• The pardoning power of the President includes the following:
• Pardon: Completely frees the convict from all sentences, punishments, and disqualifications.
• Commutation: Substitution of punishment into a lighter form.
• For example, a death sentence may be substituted for rigorous imprisonment.
• Remission: Implies reducing the period of a sentence without changing its character.
• For example, a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for two years may be remitted to rigorous imprisonment for one year.
• Respite: It means awarding a lesser sentence in place of one originally awarded due to some special fact, such as the pregnancy of a woman offender or the physical disability of a convict.
• Reprieve: It denotes a stay of the execution of a sentence (especially that of death) for a temporary period to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 4.

 Key Points

• The latitude approximately 23°27′ N of the terrestrial equator is called tropic of cancer.
• There are 17 countries(Including Taiwan) through which the tropic of cancer passes.
• The tropic of cancer is the only latitude pass through India.
• The tropic of cancer passes through 8 Indian states.

Important Points

• The 8 Indian states through which tropic of cancer passes through are:

1. Gujarat.
2. Rajasthan.
3. Madhya Pradesh.
4. Chhatisgarh.
5. Jharkhand.
6. West Bengal.
7. Tripura.
8. Mizoram.

• Mahi River is the only river in India that passes the tropic of cancer twice.
• The city nearest to the tropic of cancer in India is Udaipur city in Tripura.

The correct answer is A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1.

Key Points

Additional Information 

• Rigveda - The oldest Veda is the Rigveda. It has 1028 hymns called ‘Suktas’ and is a collection of 10 books called ‘Mandalas.’
• Samaveda - Known as the Veda of melodies and chants, Samaveda dates back to 1200-800 BCE. This Veda is related to public worship.
• Yajurveda - Stands to mean ‘Worship Knowledge’, Yajurveda dates back to 1100-800 BCE; corresponding with Samaveda. It compiles ritual-offering mantras/chants. These chants were offered by the priest alongside a person who used to perform a ritual (in most cases yajna fire.)
• Atharvaveda - Stands to mean a tatpurusha compound of Atharvan, an ancient sage, and knowledge (atharvan+knowledge), it dates back to 1000-800 BCE.

The correct answer is Part XI.

Key Points

• India is a  "Union of States" according to the Constitution of India.
• Center-state relation is mentioned in Part XI of the constitution.
• It divides into the legislative, executive, and financial powers between the centre and the states.
• The center-state relations are divided into three parts - 
• Legislative Relations (Article 245-255)
• Administrative Relations (Article 256-263)
• Financial Relations (Article 268-293)
• Part XIII - consists of Articles on trade and Commerce inside the territory of India.
• Articles 301 - 305 on Freedom of Trade and Commerce.
• Article 306 - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.

Additional Information 

• Originally the constitution contained 395 articles divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules.
• At present, there are 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules.​

The correct answer is Honduras.

Key PointsUN Human Rights Council Elections for 2022-2024 and the Responsibility to Protect

• On 14 October 2021, the UN General Assembly elected Argentina, Benin, Cameroon, Eritrea, Finland, The Gambia, Honduras, India, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Montenegro, Paraguay, Qatar, Somalia, United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America to the Human Rights Council (HRC) for the 2022-2024 term. With the elections of Argentina, Finland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Paraguay, Qatar, and the United States of America, 19 of the 47 Council members in 2022 will be “Friends of the Responsibility to Protect” – having appointed an R2P Focal Point and/or joined the Group of Friends of R2P in New York and Geneva.
• The Human Rights Council and its mechanisms and procedures – including the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), investigative mechanisms, special procedures and treaty bodies, as well as the technical assistance provided by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) – all play an essential role in providing early warning of the risk factors that can lead to crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, war crimes and genocide, and provide recommendations to prevent their recurrence. 

Additional Information

The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect encourages all HRC members to:

• Improve the link between human rights and peace and security:
• Ask the UN Secretary-General to bring to the attention of the Security Council relevant decisions and reports by the HRC;
• Encourage the UN General Assembly to ensure information collected by HRC-mandated special procedures and international investigative mechanisms, is relayed to the Security Council in a timely manner;
• Encourage the Security Council to request regular briefings by OHCHR and relevant HRC mechanisms and procedures;
• Promote continued dialogue on human rights and the prevention of mass atrocities.
• Make better use of the UPR to detect early warning signs of potential mass atrocity crimes:
• In preparation for your national report, consider what action your government has taken to uphold its primary responsibility to protect all populations in your territory;
• Use the UPR to ask relevant questions regarding the ratification and implementation of core human rights treaties, as well as regarding risk factors related to systematic violations and abuses of human rights.
• Ensure the HRC responds in a timely and effective manner to atrocity situations:
• Actively support the adoption of resolutions addressing serious violations of human rights;
• Support HRC-mandated investigative mechanisms;
• Mandate that special procedures and investigative mechanisms conduct country-specific atrocity risk assessments, including by utilizing the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes;
• Where an imminent risk of mass atrocity crimes is detected, hold a special session in order to help mobilize appropriate international diplomatic action.
• Make use of the Irish Principles, which layout independent and objective considerations to guide decisions on whether and when the HRC should respond to a country-specific situation.

The correct answer is B. N. Rao.

Key Points

The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.

• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.

Important Points

Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, CIE, (26 February 1887 - 30 November 1953) was an Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the Constitution of India.

• He was the Constitutional Advisor to Constituent Assembly.
• He was also India's representative to the United Nations Security Council from 1950 to 1952.
• One of the foremost Indian jurists of his time, Rau helped draft the constitutions of Burma in 1947 and India in 1950.
• As India's representative on the United Nations Security Council (1950–52), he was serving as president of the council when it recommended armed assistance to South Korea (June 1950).
• Later he was a member of the Korean War post-Armistice United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC).

Thus, we can say that B. N. Rao was the constitutional advisor to the Constituent Assembly of India.

Additional Information

• Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (3 June 1895 - 10 December 1963), popularly known as Sardar K. M. Panikkar, was an Indian statesman and diplomat. He was also a professor, newspaper editor, historian and novelist.
• K.T Shah was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Bihar. He was an active member of the Assembly who made immense contributions during the debates. He was a socialist and intervened on issues ranging from freedom of speech, presidential elections, citizenship and separation of powers.

The correct answer is Khudiram Bose.

​ Important Points

• Khudiram Bose was hanged for his attempt to assassinate a British judge, Magistrate Kingsford.
• Bose was executed on August 11, 1908, after being held guilty for the famous Muzaffarpur conspiracy where he, made an attempt on the life of Douglas Kingsford, a British judge in colonial India.
• Prafulla and Khudiram Bose tried to assassinate the District Judge, Mr. Kingsford by throwing bombs at the carriage in which Kingsford was supposed to travel but he was not in the carriage and two British women were killed.

 Key Points

• Khudiram Bose was born on 3 December 1889, He was an Indian revolutionary from the Bengal Presidency who opposed British rule of India.
• At the age of 15, Bose joined the Anushilan Samiti, an early 20th-century organization that propounded revolutionary activities in Bengal.
• At the time of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years old making him one of the 2nd youngest revolutionaries in India.
• On July 13, 1908, Bose was finally sentenced to death.

Additional Information

• Douglas Kingsford colonial British judicial officer, former
• Chief Presidency Magistrate of  Calcutta was a Kingsford was the Chief Magistrate of the Presidency Court of Alipore and had overseen the trials of Bhupendranath Dutta and other editors of Jugantar, sentencing them to rigorous imprisonment.
• During  Kingsford time Bengal was a hotbed of revolutionaries and freedom fighters, and freedom movements were more visible in Bengal than in other regions.

Important Points about Kakori

• Kakori Conspiracy is also known as Kakori Kand, Kakori Conspiracy Case, or The Kakori Train Robbery.
• It was an armed robbery that took place on August 9, 1925, on a train in central Uttar Pradesh.
• The robbery occurred at the town of Kakori, about 16 km from Lucknow which was where the train was headed.
• The objectives of the Kakori Kand/Conspiracy were to:
• Gain funds for the HRA by taking money from the British Administration through force.
• Create a positive image of the HRA among Indians by attacking a high-profile British government target with minimum collateral damage.
• The robbery was planned by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan.
• It was executed by Bismil, Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajendra Lahiri, Shachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty, Murari Lal Khanna(Gupta), Banwari Lal, Mukundi Lal Gupta, and Manmathnath Gupta.
• Though no passengers were targeted by the revolutionaries, one passenger named Ahmed Ali was killed in the crossfire between the guards and revolutionaries.
• This made it a manslaughter case.
• The final verdict of the Kakori Kand was pronounced in July 1927. Around 15 people were let off by the court for lack of evidence. Death sentences were awarded to:
• Ram Prasad Bismil
• Ashfaqullah Khan
• Thakur Roshan Singh
• Rajendra Lahiri

The correct answer is 2015.

Important Points

• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’s campaign was started in October 2015 A. D.
• The initiative Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat was announced by the Hon'ble Prime Minister on the occasion of the 140th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (EBSB) has been one of the major flagship programs of the Government to bring in cultural integration of the country as a part of the vision to build a New India by 2022.

Key Points

• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat program aims to enhance interaction & promote mutual understanding between people of different states/UTs through the concept of state/UT pairing.
• The aim of online Ek Bharat Shresth Bharat Saptah was to foster the spirit of National Integration and solidarity by overcoming cultural, religious, geographical, environmental, and linguistic barriers from all state NCC cadets.
• Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat of NCC is an annual camp for national integration conducted between paired states.

Additional Information 

• M/o Human Resource Development (HRD) is the nodal ministry for the EBSB program.
• The Minister of Education, formerly the Minister of Human Resources Development (1985-2020), is the head of the Ministry of Education and one of India's cabinet ministers.
• The current minister is Dharmendra Pradhan and its Headquater is located in New Delhi.

The correct answer is Raja Raja.

 Key Points

• A delegation sent to China by the great Chola emperor Rajaraja over trade relations 1,000 years ago, a Shiva temple in China, and the use of Chinese umbrellas centuries ago shed light on ancient links between Tamil Nadu and the dragon land.
• During the reign of the Song dynasty (960-1279), Raja Raja Chola the Great sent a delegation of emissaries to China by 1014 following a representation from the Chinese rulers, seeking trade ties.

Additional Information

• Rajaraja Chola(985-1014AD)
• The original name, Arumolivarman, who crowned himself as Rajaraja I in 985 A D the next thirty years of his rule formed the formative period of Chola imperialism.
• He was the successor of Parantaka II,
• The Chola kingdom grew under him into an extensive and well-knit empire, efficiently organized and administered and possessing a powerful standing army and navy.
• Rajaraja began his conquests by attacking the confederation between the rulers of the Pandya and Kerala kingdoms and of Ceylon.
• Polonnaruva became the capital of Chola province in North Ceylon after the defeat of Mahinda V, the Ceylonese king.
• He also annexed the Maldives. Elsewhere, several parts of modern Mysore were conquered and annexed which intensified their rivalry with the Chalukyas.
• Rajaraja built the magnificent Shiva temple of Brihadeshwara or Rajaraja temple at Thanjavur which was com­pleted in 1010.
• It is considered a remarkable piece of architecture in the South Indian style.
• Rajaraja I also encouraged Sri Mara Vijayottungavarman, the Sailendra ruler of Sri Vijaya to build a Buddhist Vihara at Negapatam.
• This vihara was called ‘Chudamani Vihara’ after the father of Sri Mara.

The correct answer is 11 December 2019.

Key Points 

• The Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019 has been passed by the Parliament, with the Rajya Sabha approving it on 11 December 2019.
• The bill amends the Citizenship Act, 1955 to make illegal migrants of six communities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan eligible for Indian citizenship.
• The communities are:
• Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians.

The correct answer is c.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary:-
• Established in the year 1977.
• Total area: 05 sq km
• It is located in the Lalitpur district.
• This sanctuary is home to Wolves, Wild cats, Hyenas, Wild Dogs, Mongoose, etc.
• Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary:-
• ​Established in the year 1982.
• Total area: 501 sq km.
• It is located in the Mirzapur district.
• It is famous for Black Bucks.
• Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary:
• It is in the Lakhimpur Kheri district not in Lucknow.
• Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary was founded in 1972.
• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary is in Bahraich.
• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1975.
• Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary is in Kannauj.
• Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary was founded in 1972.
• ​Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary.
• The largest bird Sanctuary of Uttar Pradesh is Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary.
• Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary is situated in the Kannauj district of UP
• Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary covers 80 square km.
• Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary is home to various migratory birds.
• Jackal, blue bull, mongoose, fishing cat, and monkeys are also found in Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary.

Important Points

• There is a total of 11 Wildlife sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh.
• First Wildlife Sanctuary: Chandraprabha
• Set up in 1957 in Chandauli.
• Largest Wildlife Sanctuary: Hastinapur
• Total area: 2073 sq km.
• Smallest Wildlife Sanctuary: Mahavir Swami
• Total area: 05 sq km.

The correct answer is Only 1.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Kushinagar International Airport on 20 October 2021.
• The inaugural flight will land at the airport from Colombo, Sri Lanka carrying 125 dignitaries & Buddhist Monks.
• Inauguration of the Kushinagar Airport will facilitate the pilgrims from across different parts of the world by providing seamless connectivity to various Buddhist sites in the region.
• Tourism inflow is expected to rise by up to 20% with the inauguration of the flight.
• The Kushinagar International Airport will not only put the pilgrimage site on International Aviation Map but also give a boost to the economic development of the region.
• It will have a multiplier effect on the hospitality industry by promoting hotel business, tourism agencies, restaurants, etc.
• It will create employment for local people by opening an immense amount of opportunities in feeder transport services, local guide jobs, etc.
• The development of the airport at Kushinagar will help in developing Kushinagar as one of the four principal places of Buddhist Pilgrimage.
• The airport will serve a population of more than two crores since the airport has a hinterland of around10-15 Districts and will be a great support for the large migrant population of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western / Northern Part of Bihar.
• This will also boost the opportunities for the export of horticultural products like bananas, strawberries, and mushrooms.
• The Kushinagar Airport is spread across 3600sqm. It is built at an estimated cost of ₹260 crores.
• The new terminal is equipped to handle 300 passengers during peak hours.
• At present, two international airports - Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport at Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport at Varanasi -- are operational in the state while another one is coming up at Jewar in Gautam Budh Nagar.
• Now Kushinagar became the Third International Airport of Uttar Pradesh.

The correct answer is Shillong.

Key Points

• Shillong, the capital city of Meghalaya, has been selected as the 100th Smart City of India by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs after evaluating the proposal submitted by it.
• With the selection of Shillong, the total proposed investment in the finally selected 100 cities under the Smart Cities Mission would be Rs.2,05,018 crores.
• Till now, 99 smart cities have been selected in four rounds of competition, and with this announcement; the selection of 100 cities has been completed under the Smart Cities Mission.
• Previously, 20 cities were selected in January 2016, 13 cities in May 2016, 27 cities in September 2016, 30 cities in June 2017, and nine cities in January this year.
• The Smart Cities Mission was launched on June 25, 2015, with the objective of strengthening urban infrastructure through the application of smart solutions and giving a decent quality of life to citizens.

The correct answer is  Narayan Meghaji Lokhande.

Key Points

• Narayan Meghaji Lokhande was the pioneer in organizing the labor movement in British India.
• Lokhande is acclaimed as the Father of the Trade Union Movement in India.
• The first labor association in India,  'Bombay Mill Hands Association' was started by him.
• The Government of India issued a postage stamp with his photograph in 2005.

The correct answer is Amin Divi Island.

 Key Points

Amindivi Islands, Lakshadweep

• Amindivi Islands build up the northern part of Lakshadweep and consists of several small islands that are popular tourist attractions around the place.
• These islands are namely – Chetlat, Kadmat, Bitra, Amini, and Kiltan.
• Amindivi Islands are one of the three major island groups in Lakshadweep.
• Lakshadweep is an exotic archipelago, sun-kissed amidst the gigantic Arabian Sea boasting soft white sands, and crystal blue water accompanied with some of the best seafood delights.
• The main attraction of Amindivi Islands is hidden in its very name, the name comes from the word ‘Amini’ which roughly translates to a heavenly place
• Kadmat Island offers a bountiful of water sports options like scuba diving, swimming.

Nearby Attractions of Amindivi Islands

• Amindivi is a group of islands with each island being slightly more unique than the other. So, most nearby attractions include natural beauty at its best with friendly natives, eager to help, and the overall vibe of complete relaxation.
• The nearby attractions in Amindivi are:
• Dolphin Dive Centre, Kavaratti
• Minicoy Dive Centre
• Kadmat Scuba Diving Centre
• Kiltan
• Chetlat
• Bitra

Additional Information

• Rutland Island is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. the island lies 20 km south from Port Blair.
• Narcondam, India's easternmost island, is a small volcanic island located in the northern Andaman Sea. The island's peak rises to 710 m above mean sea level, and it is formed of andesite.
• Bompoka island lies about 1,8 NM east from the southern end of nearby Teressa Island in the Nicobar group of islands. The hills on the island rise up to 193 m. The island has dense forest and some portions have grass growth.

The correct answer is 1952.

Key Points

• National Development Council (NDC) is the apex body that gives approval to five-year plans in India.
• It was established on 6th August 1952.
• The Prime minister is serving as the chairman of the National Development Council.
• The headquarters of the National Development Council (NDC) is in New Delhi.
• The first five-year plan is the only five-year plan adopted without the consent of the National Development Council.
• The first meeting of the NDC was chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru in November 1952.

The correct answer is Anshu Malik.

Key Points

• At the 2021 World Wrestling Championships, Indian wrestler Anshu Malik created history as she became the first Indian women finalist at the World Championship.
• And also the first female player from India to claim a silver medal.
• The 19-year old Anshu settled for a silver medal after losing to 2016 Olympic champion Helen Lousie Maroulis of the United States in a 57kg freestyle bout.

Additional Information

• To date, Indian women wrestlers Alka Tomar (2006), Geeta Phogat (2012), Babita Phogat (2012), Pooja Dhanda (2018), and Vinesh Phogat (2019) have been able to win a bronze each.
• Wrestler Sushil Kumar (2010) is the lone wrestler from India to win World Championship to date.
• Besides this, Sarita Mor claimed her maiden medal by winning bronze in the 59kg category at the 2021 World Wrestling Championships being held at Oslo, Norway from October 02 to 10, 2021.

The correct answer is Jagannath.

Key Points

• Jagannātha, also known as Jagannātha Paṇḍita or Jagannātha Paṇḍitarāja, or Jagannatha Pandita Rayalu, was a famous poet and literary critic who lived in the 17th century.
• As a poet, he is known for writing the Bhāminī-vilāsa. He was a Telugu Brahmin from the Khandrika family and a junior contemporary of Emperor Akbar.
• Pandit Jagannath was a famous poet and literary critic in the courts of the Mughal emperors Jehangir and Shah Jahan.
• As a literary theorist or rhetorician, he is renowned for his Rasagagadhara, a work on poetic theory. He was granted the title of Paanditaraja by the Mughal emperor, at whose court he received patronage.
• Sanskrit scholars of Jahangir’s time, Jaganath, who later became  Jahangir’s court pandit and was called ‘Pandit Raj’ was patronized by Asaf Khan 1 and wrote ‘Asaf Vijaya’ a eulogy of Asaf Khan.

Additional Information

• https://archive.org/stream/StatusAndRoleOfPrimeMinistersUnderTheMughals1526To1707/Status%20and%20role%20of%20prime%20ministers%20under%20the%20Mughals%201526%20to%201707_djvu.txt

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• Simon Commission:​

• In 1927, the British government appointed Simon Commission to look into the working of the Government of India Act,1919.

• All its seven members were Englishmen.

• On 3 February 1928 when the Commission reached Bombay, a general hartal was observed all over the country.

• And they were greeted with black flags and the cries of 'Simon Go Back'.

• The Simon Commission Report became the basis for enacting the Government of India Act of 1935.

• Quit India Movement

• On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement.

• The next day, Gandhi, Nehru, and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government.

• The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

• The slogan 'Quit India' was given by Yusuf Meherally.

• The viceroy during the Quit India movement was Lord Linlithgow.
  

• During the 'Quit India' movement, Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die'​

• The cabinet mission plan was formed in the year 1946.

• The main purpose of this plan was to transfer the power from the British government to the Indian government.

• The three British cabinet members were - Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, and A.V Alexander.

• The elections were held for the first time for the constituent assembly.

• The members of the constituent assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation.

• First Meeting of Indian Constitution Assembly​

• The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India was held on 9 December 1946 at the Constitutional Hall, New Delhi.

• The Indian National Congress won 208 seats, the Muslim League won 73 seats.

• The Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950 which became the Republic Day of India.

• It was passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949.

• In the first meeting, the Assembly adopted an 'Objectives Resolution' which later became the Preamble to the Constitution.

• The constitution-making body was elected by the Provincial Legislative Assembly consisting of 389 members, 93 from princely states, and 296 from British India.

• Dr. Satchidanand Sinha was the first president of the Constituent Assembly.

The correct answer is A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 4.

Confusion Points

• Although the Balaghat mine produces 52% of India's Copper production.
• However, Manganese ore fines are generated at Balaghat and Ukwa mines of MOIL.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Balaghat is the largest source of manganese in Madhya Pradesh.
• Madhya Pradesh is India's foremost source of manganese ore with a reserve of around 23.64 million tonnes.
• It accounts for near about 14.13% of the national reserve.
• The country's largest Open Cast Copper Mine is at Malajkhand in the Balaghat district of the state.
• The "Bharveli manganese mine" in Balaghat district is the largest underground mine operating in the Asian sub-continent.
• Rajasthan has the highest reserve of copper in India followed by Madhya Pradesh.
• Copper plants in India:
• Ghatsila (Jharkhand).
• Korba (Chattisgarh).
• Taloja (Maharastra).
• Chilpi, Malanjkhand (Madhya Pradesh).
• Bailadila-14 mine is the first large-scale open cast mechanized iron ore mine in India for which DPR was prepared by NMDC.
• The mine has the distinction of having a unique down-the-hill conveyor system passing through a tunnel to transport iron ore from the crushing plant to the processing plant.
• The iron ore mined at Bailadila is mostly haematite.
• Nellore is a city located on the banks of the Penna River.
• It is in the Nellore district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
• ​Nellore district produces most of the crude mica in India.

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• Dhai din ka Jhopra is situated in Ajmer.
• Dhai din ka Jhopra was constructed by Qutb-Ud-Din-Aibak in 1192 CE.
• ​Groundbreaking: 1192 CE
• Completed: 1199 CE

​

• The  Quwwat-Ul-Islam Mosque was built along with the Qutub Minar in 1193 AD and finished in 1197 AD by Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak of the Slave dynasty as a Jami Masjid.
• Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in the Qutub Minar Premises was converted from a Jain temple.

​

​​

• Sultan Ghari was the first Islamic Mausoleum built in 1231 AD for Prince Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud, eldest son of Iltumish, in the "funerary landscape of Delhi" in the Nangal Dewat Forest, Near Nangal Dewat Vasant Kunj.

• Iltumish was the third Sultan of the Slave Dynasty who ruled in Delhi from 1210 to 1236 AD.

• Siri Fort was built by Allauddin Khilji to defend the city of Delhi from the Mongol attack.

• Siri Fort is one of the many forts of Delhi, which were built during the time of the Delhi Sultanate (AD 1191-1526) in the medieval age.

• It is situated between Hauz Khas and Mehrauli.

• The fort was said to be a part of the city of Siri.

• Built: 1303

• Demolished: 1540 - 1545

​

The correct answer is 11 March 2020.

Key Points

• Pandemic 
• A pandemic is an outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months.
• Pandemics arise from epidemics, which are outbreaks of disease confined to one part of the world, such as a single country.
• Pandemics, especially those involving influenza, sometimes occur in waves, so that a post-pandemic phase, marked by decreased disease activity, may be followed by another period of high disease prevalence.
• In March 2020, an ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared a pandemic by WHO officials on 11 March 2020.
• Infection with SARS-CoV2 produced an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• The illness was characterized primarily by fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

• Magnetic permeability is the ability of magnetic material to support magnetic field development.
• A material selected for a magnetic core in the electrical machine should have “high permeability” so that required magnetic flux can be produced in the core by fewer ampere-turns.
• Saturation is the state reached when an increase in applied external magnetic field H cannot increase the magnetization of the material further.
• The magnetic core should have high saturation flux density because when we use low saturation material then after a certain level of field current, the core saturates and the flux induced is constant even if the field current increases.

NOTE:

Materials with high saturation flux density and high permeability reduce the induction size as it allows for a lower number of turns and therefore directly reduces copper loss and capacitance, thus improving filter performance at high frequency.

Four Quadrant Operations:

• A four-quadrant or multiple-quadrant operation is required in industrial as well as commercial applications.
• These applications require both driving and braking, i.e., motoring and generating capability.
• The different quadrant operations drive the motor with normal as well as reversal of both voltage and currents so as to run as well as to break the motor either in forward or reverse directions.

Applications of Four-quadrant Operation:

• Electric traction system
• Battery operated vehicles
• Lifts and cranes
• Minings and mills
• Engine test loading systems
• Spindle and tool drives in machine tools
• Auxiliary drives in robotic systems
• Position control systems

Important Points 

• Compressor, pump and fan type load requires operation in the I quadrant only.
• As their operation is unidirectional, they are called one quadrant drive systems.

Concept:

Time-shifting property: When a signal is shifted in time domain it is said to be delayed or advanced based on whether the signal is shifted to the right or left. 

For example:

Time scaling property: A signal is scaled in the time domain with the scaling factor 'a'. 

If a > 1, then the signal is contracted by a factor of 'a' along the time axis. 

if a < 1, then the signal is expanded by a factor of 'a' along the time axis. 

For example:

Analysis:

We can observe that if we scale f(t) by a factor of ½ and then shift, we will get g(t).

First scale f(t) by a factor of ½ ,

g₁(t) = f (t/2)

Shift g₁(t) by 3

$g\left( t \right) = g_1\left( {t - 3} \right) = f\left( {\frac{{t - 3}}{2}} \right)$

$g\left( t \right) = f\left( {\frac{t}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} \right)$

Capacitor start capacitor run motor:

The capacitor start capacitor run motor has a cage rotor and its stator has two windings known as main and auxiliary windings and these windings are displaced by 90°. Therefore, this motor act as a two-phase motor.

Important Points:

• There are two capacitors in this motor represented by C_S and C_R.
• At the start, the two capacitors are connected in parallel.
• Capacitor C_S is the starting capacitor and is short time rated. It is electrolytic having large value.
• Run capacitor C_R has small value with long-time rated and is made of oil-filled paper.
• This type of motor is quiet and smooth running.
• They have higher efficiency than the motors that run only on the main windings.
• They are used for loads of higher inertia requiring frequent starts where the maximum pull-out torque and efficiency required are higher.

Concept:

The surge impedance or characteristic impedance of a long transmission line is given by,

${Z_C} = \sqrt {\frac{Z}{Y}}$

Z is series impedance per unit length per phase

Y is shunt admittance per unit length per phase

Surge impedance loading (SIL):

Surge impedance loading is defined as the power load in which the total reactive power of the lines becomes zero. The reactive power generated by the shunt capacitance is consumed by the series inductance of the line.

SIL $= \frac{{{V^2}}}{{{Z_C}}};MW$

Calculation:

Given that, surge impedance (Z_C) = 200 Ω

Voltage (V) = 400 kV

Surge impedance loading $= \frac{{{{\left( {400 \times {{10}^3}} \right)}^2}}}{{200}} = 800;MW$

FIR filtering has these advantages over IIR filtering:

1.It can implement linear-phase filtering. This means that the filter has no phase shift across the frequency band. Alternately, the phase can be corrected independently of the amplitude.

2. They are guaranteed to be stable. 3. It can be used to correct frequency-response errors in a loudspeaker to a finer degree of precision than using IIR Filter.

Note:

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration

A DC servomotor is similar to a regular DC motor except that its design is modified to cope with slow speeds and static conditions

Power Line Carrier Communication:

• A mean of transmitting information over a power transmission line by using a carrier frequency superimposed on the normal power frequency.
• This is a type of communication which is used to do the
• communication between the electric substations with the help of electric cables.
• So with the help of this, we can do telecommunication, telemonitoring, and tele-protection between the electric substations.
• Tuning unit or line tuner is the device present in power line carrier communication system.
• The line tuner is connected with the coupling capacitor in a series.

Concept:

In complementary commutation used in a parallel inverter:

• Two sets of switching devices (like transistors or thyristors) are used in a complementary fashion. When one set is conducting (ON state), the other set is non-conducting (OFF state), and vice versa.
• The commutation process relies on the charge and discharge of capacitors, which are strategically placed in the circuit to momentarily support the transfer of current from one set of devices to the other. This ensures a smooth transition and allows each set of switches to recover (return to a non-conducting state) before being turned on again.
• This method helps in creating an alternating output from a direct current source efficiently and is crucial for maintaining the sinusoidal output waveform quality in single-phase parallel inverter.
  

Commutation of SCR:

• Commutation is nothing but the turn OFF method of an SCR.
• It is one method used to bring an SCR or thyristor from ON state to OFF state.
• We know that an SCR can be activated by using a gate signal toward an SCR when it is in forwarding bias.
• But SCR needs to turn off when required for power controlling otherwise power conditioning.

The commutation techniques of thyristors are classified into two types:

• Natural Commutation
• Forced Commutation:
  

further classified as:

1. Class A: Self commutated by a resonating load
2. Class B: Self commutated by an LC circuit
3. Class C: Cor L-C switched by another load-carrying SCR
4. Class D: C or L-C switched by an auxiliary SCR
5. Class E: An external pulse source for commutation
6. Class F: AC line commutation

Important Points Load commutation or self commutation is used in inverter in which L and C are connected in series with the load or C in parallel with the load such that the overall load circuit is underdamped.

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation):

• PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a digital scheme for transmitting analog data.
• The amplitude of an analog signal can take any value over a continuous range, i.e. it can take on infinite values.
• But, digital signal amplitude can take on finite values.
• Analog signals can be converted into digital by sampling and quantizing.

Advantages of PCM:

• Encoding is possible in PCM.
• Very high noise immunity, i.e. better performance in the presence of noise.
• Convenient for long-distance communication.
• Good signal to noise ratio.

Disadvantage of PCM:

• The circuitry is complex.
• It requires a large bandwidth.
• Synchronization is required between transmitter and receiver.

AC-DC Converter (or full-bridge converter) SMPS Working:

• In this type of SMPS, the input supply is AC and in the output, we get DC supply.
• Rectifiers and filters are used to convert this AC power to DC.
• This uncontrollable DC voltage is given to the affected power factor correction circuits.
• This includes high-frequency energy which influences to reduce the power factor.
• This is due to power conversion but we have used AC input instead of DC input supply.
• Therefore, a combination of rectifier and filter, this block diagram is used to convert AC to DC, and switching an operation is done using a power muffle amplifier.
• MOSFET transistors use low resistance and are capable of resisting high currents.
• The switching frequency is chosen so that normal humans (above 20KHz) must be kept low and the operation of the switch is controlled using a PWM oscillator.

Power Ratings of given SMPS:

Important Points Topologies of SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) :

The topology of SMPS is classified into different types which are as follows:

Metal semiconductor Junction:

• Metal–semiconductor junctions are crucial to the operation of all semiconductor devices.
• Usually, an ohmic contact is desired, so that electrical charge can be conducted easily between the active region of a transistor and the external circuitry.
• M–S junctions can either be rectifying or non-rectifying.
• The rectifying metal-semiconductor junction forms a Schottky barrier, making a device known as a Schottky diode, while the non-rectifying junction is called an ohmic junction.
• Whether a given metal-semiconductor junction is an ohmic contact or a Schottky barrier depends on the Schottky barrier height
• For lower Schottky barrier heights, the semiconductor is not depleted and instead forms an ohmic contact to the metal.

For the formation of rectifying junction:

• The contact between the metal and the semiconductor must be intimate and without the presence of any other material layer (such as an oxide).
• No interdiffusion of the metal and the semiconductor is taken into account.
• There are no impurities at the interface between the two materials.

Here, in the question, it is given that we are going for more doping, which means more impurities, so it can't form a rectifying junction it can form an ohmic junction only.

• Leakage flux and leakage reactance are constant irrespective of rotor angular position.
• Armature reaction though is dependent on the angular position of the rotor in salient pole machine but in cylindrical rotor machine, both the quantities are independent of rotor position.

• It is a high voltage gain direct coupled amplifier.
• It can be used to perform mathematical operations on analog signals, hence it is called an operational amplifier.
• Op-amp is available as IC 741.
• The open-loop voltage gain of an ideal Op-amp is infinite.
• Op-amp consists of two terminals inverting(-ve) and non-inverting(+ve).

Additional Information

 Characteristics of an ideal Op-Amp:

• Infinite voltage gain Vd.
• Infinite input resistance Ri, so that almost any signal source can drive it and there is no loading of the input source.
• Zero output resistance R0, so that output can drive an infinite number of other devices.
• Infinite bandwidth, so that any frequency signals from 0 to infinite Hz can be amplified without attenuation.
• Infinite common-mode rejection ratio, so that the output common-mode noise voltage is zero.
• Zero output voltage when the input voltage is zero.
• Infinite slew rate, so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously with input voltage changes.

MOSFET:

MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.

It is a majority carrier device and also called as Voltage controlled current device (VGS control the current ID)

Operation of the MOSFET:

The drain characteristics or the plot between ID and VDS is shown below

The drain characteristics are shown in below tabular form.

VGS = Gate-Source voltage

ID = Drain current

VDS = Drain-Source voltage

Concept:

The inverse Laplace transform of function can also be obtained using the partial fraction method.

And It is the Region of convergence (ROC) that completes the description of the Laplace Transform-

i.e. For example: if $H\left( f \right) = \frac{1}{{s + a}}$

h(t) = e-at. u(t), with ROC > - a

‘or’ - e-at u(-t), with ROC <-a

Calculation:

Given $T.F = \frac{{3s + 1}}{{s(s+1)}}$

Using partial fraction

$⇒ \frac{{3s + 1}}{{s(s+1)}} = \frac{{3s + 1}}{{\left( {s } \right)\left( {s + 1} \right)}}$

$⇒ \frac {3s + 1}{s(s+1)} = \frac{A}{{s }} + \frac{B}{{s + 1}}$

$⇒ \frac {3s + 1}{s(s+1)} = \frac{1}{{s }} + \frac{2}{{s + 1}}$

Apply inverse transform, we get

f(t) = 1 + 2 e^-t

Key differences between Linear Power Supply and Switch Mode Power Supply:

1. The main difference between the linear power supply and SMPS is that linear power supply converts the high voltage of AC into low voltage AC first then the rectification procedure takes place.

On the contrary, the SMPS converts the AC signal into DC signal first then the stepping down of voltage signal takes place.

1. The linear power supply uses a voltage regulator for voltage regulation of the output voltage while SMPS uses a feedback circuit for voltage regulation.
2. Power dissipation also plays a key role in differentiating linear power supply and SMPS.

The linear power supply also dissipates power and thus requires a heat sink, but SMPS does not require heat sink as there is no power dissipation.

1. The step-down transformer used in linear supply is bulky while in SMPS the step-down transformer is light in weight.
2. The noise disturbance is more in SMPS due to switching action; this makes SMPS inappropriate for audio and radiofrequency applications.

The linear power supply is immune to noise disturbance and thus used in audio and radiofrequency applications.

1. There is a major difference between the efficiency of the linear power supply and SMPS.

The efficiency of the linear power supply is low about 20-25% due to ohmic losses while that of SMPS is high, i.e. about 65-75%.

Ferromagnetic Materials:

• The ferromagnetic materials are those substances that exhibit strong magnetism in the same direction of the field when a magnetic field is applied to it.
• when we consider some unpaired electrons, they will interact with each other between two atoms and they line up themselves in a tiny region with the direction of the magnetic field.
• This mechanism of the ferromagnetic material is ferromagnetism.
• It can be defined as some materials (cobalt, gadolinium, iron etc) that will become permanent magnets with the use of a magnetic field.

Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials:

• When a rod of this material is placed in a magnetic field, it rapidly aligns itself in the track of the field.
• It is strongly attracted by the magnet.
• The ferromagnetism mechanism is not present in liquids and gases.
• Some materials show permanent magnetic properties as after application of external field the moment in dipole is permanent i.e. they show permanent dipole moment.

The basic block diagram for a Full Adder is as shown:

A Full adder can be realized using two half adders as shown:

We, therefore, conclude that a full adder combinational circuit has 3 inputs and 2 outputs.

A full adder can be implemented using 2 XOR, 2 AND, 1 OR as shown in figure:

The truth table of a full adder logic is:

S = A ⊕ B ⊕ C

The Sum output bit of a full adder is given by:

The carry output bit of a full adder is given by:

X1 = AB + BC + AC

Explanation:

The circuit diagram of a boost converter is shown below.

Step Up or Boost converter is used to obtain the output voltage greater than the input voltage.

The relation between the output voltage and the input voltage is given by

$Vo=\frac{{{V}_{s}}}{1-α}$

Where α is the duty cycle of the chopper. 

Additional Information

Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV):

It is defined as peak transient recovery voltage divided by the total time from zero voltage to peak voltage.

• For vacuum circuit breakers RRRV is almost negligible.
• Whereas for other circuit breakers the value of RRRV is relatively high.

​During capacitance switching, other circuit breakers (except vacuum circuit breaker) produces a restrike. 

That restrike can generate an overvoltage of 3 pu between the terminals of the capacitor bank.

Due to which the operation of other circuit breakers may damage the capacitor bank.

Hence Capacitor switching is easily done with a Vacuum circuit breaker

Points to remember:

Even the voltage range is mentioned, they will work as follows:

The ideal op-amp has the following characteristics:

• Input impedance (Differential or Common-mode) R_in = Infinity
• Output impedance (open loop) R₀= 0
• Gain A = Infinity
• Infinite Bandwidth
• Common-mode voltage gain = 0
• Vout = 0 when both inputs are at the same voltage, i.e. (zero "offset voltage")
• Output can change instantaneously (Infinite Slew Rate)
• The purpose of bias current is to achieve the ideal behavior in op-amp which is high CMRR, high differential gain, and high input impedance

​

CMRR (Common mode rejection ratio) is defined as the ratio of differential-mode voltage gain (Ad) and the common-mode voltage gain (Ac).

Mathematically, this is expressed as:

$CMRR = \frac{A_d}{A_c}$

Ad = Differential gain

Ac = Common mode gain

Note: Ideally, the common-mode gain of the Op--Amp should be zero., i.e. it must give a zero output for common input at both the inverting and non-inverting terminal. ∴ The CMRR of an ideal Op-Amp is infinity.

In a unipolar device, the current is due to only one type of carrier (i.e. electrons or holes), while in a bipolar device current is due to both holes and electrons.

The Schottky diode or hot-carrier diode is a junction of n-type semiconductor and metal, in it, electrons are sole carriers.

Important Points

Schottky Diode:

It is not a typical diode because it does not have a p-n junction.

Instead, it consists a doped semiconductor (usually n-type) and metal, bound together as shown:

• When the metal comes into contact with an n-type semiconductor the majority carriers, electrons, are infused into metal commonly called "Hot carrier" since injected electrons from a semi-conductor have very high kinetic energy compared to electrons in a metal.
• ​The Schottky diode’s significant characteristic is its fast switching speed as it doesn't allow the diode to reach saturation.
• This makes the Shottky diode useful for high-frequencies and digital applications.
• Schottky diode is also known as the Schottky barrier diode, surface barrier diode, majority carrier device, hot-electron diode, or hot carrier diode.
• Its symbolic representation is as shown:-

• The Schottky diode is a semiconductor formed by the junction of a semiconductor with metal. It has a low forward voltage drop and near-zero reverse recovery time hence used in very fast switching circuits.
• Schottky barrier diode can be used as a low noise amplifier due to metal-semiconductor junction.

Nyquist Sampling Theorem: 

A continuous-time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to twice the highest frequency component of the message signal, i.e.

fs ≥ 2fm

Therefore when we want to convert continuous signals to discrete signals, the sampling must be done at the Nyquist rate.

Application:

Given f_s = 50 k

We can write:

$50k \ge 2 \times f_m$

${f_m} \leq 25k$

∴ The maximum frequency of the signal it can acquire to reconstruct is 25 kHz

Silicon Controlled Switch:

• A silicon-controlled switch, or SCS, is essentially an SCR with an extra gate terminal.
• Typically, the load current through an SCS is carried by the anode gate and cathode terminals, with the cathode gate and anode terminals sufficing as control leads.
• An SCS is turned on by applying a positive voltage between the cathode gate and cathode terminals. It may be turned off (forced commutation) by applying a negative voltage between the anode and cathode terminals, or simply by shorting those two terminals together. The anode terminal must be kept positive with respect to the cathode in order for the SCS to latch.
• The SCS has two gates, anode-gate and cathode-gate. Either of the gates could be used to turn on the device.

Concept:

The maximum efficiency of a class A amplifier is 50%

The maximum efficiency of a class B amplifier is 78.5%

The maximum efficiency of a class C amplifier is 90%.

Hence, The transistor amplifier with 85% efficiency is likely to be Class C.

Note:

Calculation: 

We know that figure of merit for class B power amplifier = .4

Figure of merit = dc power / ac power

⇒ .4 = 25/ AC Power

⇒ AC Power = 62.5 W

Concept: 

• The separation between the valence band and the conduction band is known as the forbidden energy gap.
• If an electron is to be transferred from valence band to conduction band, external energy is required, which is equal to the forbidden energy gap.
• In conductors, like metals the valence band overlaps the conduction band or the difference between the bands is very small, as a result of which, electrons can easily get excited and conduct electricity.

Explanation:

• The energy gap of silicon at room temperature(300 K) is 1.1 eV and it is 0.67 eV for germanium.
• The forbidden energy gap between the valence band and conduction band is the least in the case of impure silicon.

Mho relay because inherently a directional relay as it detects the fault only in the forward direction.

Mho Relay:

• Mho relay is referred to as voltage-controlled directional relay or admittance relay or high-speed relay.
• The operating torque can be determined by the V-I (voltage-ampere) element and the voltage element develops the controlling element.
• These types of relays are used to detect phase faults for long transmission lines, and at the point where there is an occurrence of synchronizing power surges.
• The mho relay is more sensitive and reliable because it is a combined unit of both distance measurement and direction.

Operating Characteristic of Mho Relay:

​The diameter of the circle is practically independent of V and I, except at a very low magnitude of the voltage and current when the spring effect is considered, which causes the diameter to decrease.

Bilinear Transformation:

After the frequency scaling and transformation into a desirable type of filter have been performed, it is necessary to transform the resulting analog filter into a digital one.

Analog filter is stable if the poles of the transfer function are located in the left half of s plane, whereas digital filter is stable if the poles are located within the unit circle. 

For this reason, the transformation must provide that the left half of s plane coincides with the area within the unit circle of z plane, as shown:

One of the most commonly used methods of transforming analog filters into appropriate IIR filters is known as bilinear transformation. It is defined via expression:

$s=\frac{2}{T}\frac{1-z^{-1}}{1+z^{-1}}$

• In Bilinear Transformation, we carry out conformal mapping in which the jΩ axis is mapped onto the unit circle in the ‘z’ plane. This is a one-to-one mapping that does not bring along with it the issue of aliasing.
• All points in the left-hand side of the s-plane get mapped inside the unit circle in the z-plane. And all points in the right-hand side of the s-plane get mapped outside the circle in the z-plane.
• First, we will transform an analog filter, get H(z), and then get a relationship between s and z.

• Super Conductors are those materials whose resistivity becomes zero or very small below a critical temperature.
• The temperature at which transition of state occurs from superconducting to normal or vice versa is known as critical or transition temperature.
• In a superconducting state,

χM = -1

Where,

χM is magnetic susceptibility.

Type I Semiconductor:

1.Type I superconductors are those superconductors that lose their superconductivity very easily or abruptly when placed in the external magnetic field. As you can see from the graph of the intensity of magnetization (M) versus applied magnetic field (H), when the Type I superconductor is placed in the magnetic field, it suddenly or easily loses its superconductivity at the critical magnetic field (Hc).

After Hc, the Type I superconductor will become a conductor.

2.Type I superconductors are also known as soft superconductors because of this reason that is they lose their superconductivity easily.

3.Type I superconductors perfectly obey the Meissner effect.

Examples of Type I semiconductor:

Pb, Pd Al, Zn, Hg, In.

As Type I superconductor is a conductor with very large conductivity below a critical temperature only,

Hence statement 1 is false and all others are true.

Note:

Meissner's Effect:

The repulsion of magnetic flux lines from superconducting material when the material is in the superconducting state is known as Meissner's effect.

Important Points

Type II Semiconductor:

• Type II superconductors are those superconductors that lose their superconductivity gradually but not easily or abruptly when placed in the external magnetic field.
• As you can see from the graph of the intensity of magnetization (M) versus applied magnetic field (H), when the Type II superconductor is placed in the magnetic field, it gradually loses its superconductivity.
• Type II superconductors start to lose their superconductivity at the lower critical magnetic field (Hc1) and completely lose their superconductivity at the upper critical magnetic field (Hc2).
• The state between the lower critical magnetic field (Hc1) and upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) is known as the vortex state or intermediate state.
• After Hc2, the Type II superconductor will become a conductor.
• Type II superconductors are also known as hard superconductors because of this reason that is they lose their superconductivity gradually but not easily.
• Type II superconductors do not obey the Meissner effect.

Examples of type II semiconductors:

Ex: NbTi, Nb3Al

Concept:

• A dual converter is an electronic converter or circuit which comprises of two converters.
• One performs as a rectifier and the other performs as the inverter.
• Two full converters are arranged in an anti-parallel pattern and linked to the same DC load.
• These converters can provide four-quadrant operations.

Modes of operation of Dual converter:

Non-circulating current mode:

• There is no circulating current between the converters in this mode as only one converter will perform at a time
• During converter 1 operation, firing angle (α₁) will be between 0 to 90°
• During converter 2 operation, firing angle (α₂) will be between 0 and 90°

Circulating current Mode:

• In this mode, there is a circulating current as the two converters will be in the ON condition at the same time.
• The firing angles are adjusted such that
• Firing angle of converter 1 (α₁) + firing angle of converter 2 (α₂) = 180°
• Converter 1 as rectifier when 0° < α₁ < 90° and converter 2 as inverter when 90° < α₂ < 180°
• Converter 1 as inverter when 90° < α₁ < 180° and converter 2 as rectifier when 0° < α₂ < 90°
• Four quadrant operation of dual converter is shown below

Application of dual converter:

• Direction and speed control of DC motors
• Applicable wherever the reversible DC required
• Industrial variable speed DC drives.

Calculation:

Given that, firing angle of one bridge is 30° (i.e. α₁ = 30°)

We know that firing angles can never be greater than 180°.

i.e. α₁ + α₂ = 180°

∴ 30° + α₂ = 180°

α₂ = 180° - 30°

α₂ = 150°

Concept:

The total transmitted power for an AM system is given by:

${P_t} = {P_c}\left( {1 + \frac{{{μ^2}}}{2}} \right)$

Pc = Carrier Power

μ = Modulation Index

Calculation:

Given Pt = 10 kW

μ = 0.6

$10~kW = {P_c}\left( {1 + \frac{{{0.6^2}}}{2}} \right)$

$10~kW = {P_c}\times{1.18}$

\(P_c=\frac{10k}{1.18}=8.47kW\)

Pc ≈ 3.47 kW

Multiquadrant Operation of Electric Drives:

A quadrant diagram is drawn by plotting the speed-torque characteristics of the load/motor for all four quadrant operations.

There are basically two modes of operation:

(i) Motoring Mode: The electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy and supports the motion.

(ii) Braking mode: The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy and the motor works as a generator and opposes the motion. The fig. below shows the torque and speed coordinates for both forward and reverse motions.

We know that motor can provide motoring and braking operation for both forward and reverse directions.

The power is given as Power = Speed × Torque.

Now, if the power developed is positive then the operation is motoring. If the power developed is negative, the operation is braking.

Quadrant I - Forward Motoring:

In this region, the power and torque are both positive, so the power developed is positive and the machine works as a motor supplying mechanical energy.

Quadrant II - Forward Braking:

In this region, the speed is positive, but torque is negative, so power developed is negative and the machine works under braking opposing the motion.

Quadrant III - Reverse Motoring:

In this region, the speed is negative and the torque is also negative, so power developed is positive and so the machine works under reverse motoring mode.

Quadrant IV - Reverse Braking:

In this region, the torque is positive and the speed is negative, so the power developed is negative, so the machine works as a braking mode in the reverse direction.

Four-Quadrant Operation of the Hoist:

The hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to the motor shaft. There are two ends of the rope, on one end, there is a cage and on the other end there is a counter weight. The counter-weight is higher than the weight of the empty cage and lower than the weight of the fully-loaded cage. When there is an upward motion of the cage, then it represents the forward direction of the motor.

In quadrant I and IV, load torque shows the speed-torque characteristics of the loaded hoist. The torque is a difference of torque due to loaded hoist and counter-weight.

In quadrant lI and III, load torque shows the speed-torque characteristics of the empty hoist. The torque is a difference of torque due to counter-weight and empty hoist.

The operation in all four quadrants can be explained as follows: 

Quadrant 1- Forward Motoring:

The cage moves upward, so the speed of the motor is positive in the counter-clockwise direction. This condition is obtained if the motor has positive torque in counter-clockwise direction equal to the magnitude of load torque T_L1

Quadrant II - Forward Braking:

In this region, the empty cage is moved up. The motor Should produce a braking torque equal to T_L2 in the clockwise direction to limit the speed to a safe limit.

Quadrant III - Reverse motoring:

In this region, the empty cage is moved down. The motor should produce torque in a clockwise direction because an empty cage has a lesser weight than a counter-weight.

Quadrant IV - Reverse Braking:

In this region, the loaded cage is moved down. The motor should produce a positive torque T equal to T_L2 in an anticlockwise direction to limit the cage cag in safe value.  As the weight of the loaded cage is higher than counter-weight, so it is able to overcome due to gravity itself.

Concept:

The ratio between the starting torque to full load torque is given by:

\(\frac{{{T}{st}}}{{{T}{fl}}}={{s}{fl}}\times {{\left( \frac{{{I}{st}}}{{{I}_{fl}}} \right)}^{2}}\)

Where Tst is the starting torque

Tfl is the full load torque

sfl is the slip at full load

Ist is the starting current

Ifl is the rated current

Calculation:

The starting current of a 3-ϕ induction motor is 3 times the rated current. i.e.

Ist = 5 Ifl

Full load slip (sfl) = 4 %

\(\frac{{{T}{st}}}{{{T}{fl}}}={0.04}\times {{\left( \frac{{5}}{{1}} \right)}^{2}}\)

$= 0.04 \times {\left( {\frac{5}{1}} \right)^2} = 1.0$

Concept:

Breaking current: It expresses the highest number of short-circuit currents that the breakers are capable of breaking under specified conditions of transient recovery voltage and power frequency voltage. It is expressed in kA (RMS) at contact separation. The breaking capacities are divided into two types.

• Symmetrical breaking capacity of a circuit breaker
• Asymmetrical breaking capacity of a circuit breaker

Symmetrical breaking capacity $= \sqrt 3 {V_{L}}{I_{B}}$

Rated symmetrical breaking current ${I_B} = \frac{S}{{\sqrt 3 {V_L}}}$

Making current of a circuit breaker is the peak value of the maximum current loop during sub transient condition including the DC component when the breaker closes.

Symmetrical making current = 2.55 × symmetrical breaking current

Calculation:

Symmetrical breaking capacity = 2000 MVA

$\begin{array}{l} {V_{L}} = 33kV\ \Rightarrow {I_{{B}}} = \frac{{2000 \times {{10}^6}}}{{\sqrt 3 \times 33 \times {{10}^3}}} \end{array}$

IB = 34.99 kA  

Making current = 2.55 × Symmetrical breaking current

= 2.55 × IB

= 2.55 × 34.99  kA

= 89.22 kA

dielectric strength 

The dielectric strength is the ratio of the permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of free space.

It is an expression of the extent to which a material concentrates electric flux, and is the electrical equivalent of relative magnetic permeability.

Dielectric strength or constant of different materials:

Concept:

In a common base connection,

I_E = I_B + I_C

And I_C = α I_E + I_CBO

Where α is the current amplification factor

$I_C= \frac{α}{1-α} I_B+\frac {1}{1-α}I_{CBO}$

Calculation:

Given that,

α = .99

I_CBO = 1 μA

I_C = 1 mA

⇒ $I_C= \frac{α}{1-α} I_B+\frac {1}{1-α}I_{CBO}$

⇒ $1 mA= \frac{.99}{1-.99} I_B+\frac {1}{1-.99} \times 1 μ A$

⇒ I_B ≈ 9 μA

Fault Statistics:

​⇒ The Overhead lines have more prone to fault than other equipment and it is 50 %  

⇒ The Alternator has least  prone to fault than the above option

Key Points

→ Majorly alternator affected by the internal fault like overloading, reverse power, Negative phase sequence

→ The alternator protected by the use of  "Merz prize differential relay ''

Power and Energy Signals:

Energy Signal:

The energy of a signal for a continuous-time signal is defined as:

\({E_{x\left( t \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{T \to \infty } \mathop \smallint \nolimits_{ - T}^T {\left| {x\left( t \right)} \right|^2}dt\)

For a discrete-time signal, this is defined as:

\({E_{x\left[ n \right]}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \mathop \sum \limits_{n = - N}^N {\left| {x\left[ n \right]} \right|^2}\)

For energy signals, as t → ±∞, amplitude → 0 and the energy lies between 0 and ∞.

Power Signal:

The power of a signal for a continuous-time signal is defined as:

\(\underbrace {{P_{avg;x\left( t \right)}}}{\left( {not;periodic} \right)} = \mathop {\lim }\limits{T \to \infty } \frac{1}{{2T}}\mathop \smallint \nolimits_{ - T}^T {\left| {x\left( t \right)} \right|^2}dt\)

For periodic signals, it is calculated for one period.

For discrete signal, it is defined as:

\({P_{avg;x\left[ n \right]}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{1}{{2N + 1}}\mathop \sum \limits_{n = - N}^N {\left| {x\left[ n \right]} \right|^2}\)

• A signal x(t) is said to be an energy signal if and only if the energy of that signal is finite, and so power is equal to zero.
• A signal x(t) is said to be a power signal if and only if its average power is finite, thus implying that energy is infinite.
• Signals that satisfy neither property are referred to as neither energy signals nor power signals.

Important Points

• A periodic signal is a power signal if its energy content per period is finite. Normally for power signal energy is infinite but for a periodic energy signal, energy per period is finite.
• All periodic signals are power signals but vice versa may not be true.

Additional Information

• The finite area under the curve of a signal represents an energy signal.
• Infinite duration bounded signal represents power signal.
• The scaling of the signal will change the energy. But power is not going to change with scaling.
• The power and energy of a signal will not change with time-shifting.

The torque equation of the three-phase induction motor is given as

$T = \frac{3}{{2\pi {N_s}}}\frac{{sE_2^2}}{{R_2^2 + {{(s{X_2})}^2}}}$

Rotor current ${I_2} = \frac{{s{E_2}}}{{{Z_2}}}$

N_s = speed of the motor

s = slip of the motor

R₂ = rotor resistance

X₂ = rotor reactance

E₂ = rotor induced emf

From the torque equation, we can say that the slip is directly proportional to the torque and the synchronous speed of the motor.

From the current expression, slip is also directly proportional to the rotor current.

So, the Slip of an induction motor increases with an increase in current and torque

Bulk oil circuit breaker:

The plain-break circuit breakers or bulk oil circuit breakers are used widely on low voltage d.c. circuits and on low voltage distribution a.c. circuits.

For higher voltages, they become unduly large and require huge amounts of transformer oil.

Air circuit breaker:

Air circuit breakers are widely used for the low voltage circuits as well as the highest transmission voltages. Simple air circuit breakers that do not incorporate any arc-control devices are used for low voltages, below 1 kV.

Air-Blast Circuit Breaker:

These are used for the highest system voltages i.e., between 400 kV and above.

Vacuum Circuit-Breaker:

As the maintenance required is the least, these breakers are most suitable in a country like India where there is a very big complex rural electrification program. The distribution network is mostly at 11 kV or 33 kV, and therefore, they will be more suitable than any other type of C.Bs.

Selection of circuit breakers:

Additional Information Resistance Switching:

A fixed connection of resistance in parallel with the contact space or arc is called the resistance switching. Resistance switching is employed in circuit breakers having a high post zero resistance of contact space. The resistance switching is mainly used for reducing the re-striking voltage and the transient voltage surge.

SF6 circuit breaker is most suitable for interrupting short line fault without resistance switching.

Concept:

The slip in an induction motor is the difference between the main flux speed and their rotor speed.

Fractional slip (s) is given by,

$s = \frac{{{N_s} - {N_r}}}{{{N_s}}}$

The torque equation of the three-phase induction motor is given as

$T = \frac{3}{{2\pi {N_s}}}\frac{{sE_2^2}}{{R_2^2 + {{(s{X_2})}^2}}}$

Rotor current ${I_2} = \frac{{s{E_2}}}{{{Z_2}}}$

Ns = speed of the motor

s = slip of the motor

R2 = rotor resistance

X2 = rotor reactance

E2 = rotor induced emf

Explanation:

From the slip equation, the slip depends upon the rotor speed and synchronous speed.

From the torque equation, the slip is directly proportional to the torque of the motor.

∴ slip doesn't depend on the core loss component.

Concept:

Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal, which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain representation.

It can be considered as a discrete-time analogous of the Laplace transform. 

Z- transform for a signal x[n] is given by the following equation.

In considering the z transform of a time function x(t), we consider the sampled value of x(t) that is x(nT).

where, 

n = 0,1 ,2..... is sample number

T = time period of x(T).

Solution:

f(t) =  \(\rm f(nt)=\left{\begin{matrix}e^{\alpha n t}&;n\ge0\\ 0&;n<0\end{matrix}\right.\)

$X(z) = \mathcal{Z}{x[n]} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} e^{ant} z^{-n};$

$X(z) = \mathcal{Z}{x[n]} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} {(e^{at}z^{-1}})^{n};$

Which is the sum of infinite GP:

$X(z) = \mathcal{Z}{x[n]} = \frac{1}{1-(e^{at}z^{-1})};$

$X(z) = \mathcal{Z}{x[n]} = \frac{z}{z-(e^{at})};$

Important Points

The formula to find the sum of an infinite geometric progression is 

$S_∞ = \frac{a}{1 – r}$

where a is the first term and r is the common ratio.

The dc series motor is most suitable for traction services but more particularly for urban/suburban services because it has the following properties:

1. DC series motors are capable of withstanding rapid fluctuations in supply voltage.
2. DC series motors are capable of developing high torque at the start.
3. DC series motors are capable of withstanding temporary interruptions of supply without the undue rush of current.

Important Points

TYPES OF SERVICES 

There are mainly three types of passenger services, by which the type of traction system has to be selected, namely:

Mainline services:

• In the mainline service, the distance between two stops is usually more than 10 km.
• High balancing speeds should be required. Acceleration and retardation are not so important.

Urban service:

• In the urban service, the distance between two stops is very less and it is less than 1 km.
• It requires a high average speed for frequent starting and stopping.

Suburban service:

• In the suburban service, the distance between the two stations is between 1 and 8 km.
• This service requires rapid acceleration and retardation as frequent starting and stopping is required.

Given:

Open loop gain = G

Open loop gain is finite so virtual ground or short circuit concept can’t be applicable here.

V0 = G ⋅ Vd

V0 = G ⋅ (V+ - V-)

V0 = -G V-      ---(1)            ∵ V+ = 0

Now, apply KCL at node A,

$\frac{{{V^ - } - {V_i}}}{{{R_2}}} + \frac{{{V^ - } - {V_0}}}{{{R_1}}} = 0$

$\frac{{{V^ - }}}{{{R_1}}} + \frac{{{V^ - }}}{{{R_2}}} = \frac{{{V_0}}}{{{R_1}}} + \frac{{{V_i}}}{{{R_2}}}$

${v^ - } = \frac{{{R_2}{V_0} + {R_1}{V_i}}}{{{R_1} + {R_2}}}$

From equation (1)

${v_0} = \frac{{ - G{R_2}{V_0}}}{{{R_1} + {R_2}}} - \frac{{G{R_1}{V_i}}}{{{R_1} + {R_2}}}$