UGC NET Paper 2: English 1st Dec 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "Try what one may, no one can ever be at ease."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

They often follow us even into the cloisters and schools of philosophy. Neither deserts, nor rocky caves, nor hair shirts, nor fastings will free us of them.

• The lines depict the unwanted yet irrisitable chase by man, that keeps him occupied even if he seeks solitude.
• Man seek reasons and choices to make to get himself engage with something.
• From the statement above, it is evident that does not matter how much one tries, one can never be at ease.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "abstain from the love of leisure."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

          Whatever the mind is wrapped up in it, it is all wrapped up in it, and domestic occupations are no less importunate for being less important.

• The lines depict the human mind's inclination towards occupations and activities that are not so important at times.
• The human mind tend to distract itself from the leisure while pursuing the less important tasks.
• From the statement mentioned above, it is evident that humans make the mistake of abstaining from the enjoyment of leisure.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "B and D only."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

           Furthermore, by getting rid of the court and the marketplace we do not get rid of the principal worries of our life....Ambition, avarice,                          irresolution, fear and lust do not leave us when we change our country....They often follow us even into the cloisters and schools                              of philosophy. 

• The lines depict that the principal worries of life are ambition, avarice, resolution, fear, and lust, which result from a materialistic approach and tend to follow us if we run behind such things or despite following any schools of philosophy.
• From the statement above, it is evident that People who are deep into buying and selling, despite following any school of philosophy, are followed by the "principal worries of life."

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct option is 'disinterestedness'. 

Key Points 

• “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time”** was an essay from the first collection of critical work titled ***‘*Essays in Criticism’ which was written in 1865.
• This essay is all about Arnold's interpretation of criticism.
• Through this essay he says, how some critics write their essays in a biased manner both politically and religiously.
• Mathew Arnold defines criticism as “A disinterested endeavor to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought of in the world, and thus to establish a current of fresh and true ideas".

 ​Therefore it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Arnold starts his essay by saying, “Of the literature of France and Germany, as of the intellect of Europe in general, the main effort, for now, many years, has been a critical effort; the endeavor, in all branches of knowledge, theology, philosophy, history, art, science, to see the object as in itself it really is.”

The correct answer is "Plato."

Key Points

• Plato believed that poetry is trivial because it is an imitation of an imitation.
• Plato's description of poetry does not advance social morals.
• Plato believed that impressionable minds might be perverted by poets' love of gods and noble warriors since they were shown as corrupt.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• According to Plato, poetry cannot influence a person's character or advance the welfare of society. It is a replica of the replica. It is two steps away from reality.

The correct answer is "B and C only."

Key Points

• Instead of Writing Poetry, They Only Wrote Verses (B): Expressing criticism, Samuel Johnson alleged that what the metaphysical poets were crafting were merely verses, not poetry.
• In his eyes, their work was lacking in the qualities that take written verse from being just structured words to becoming true poetry - elements like emotional resonance, profound observation, and lyrical beauty.
• They Neither Copied Nature Nor Life (C): In his critique, Johnson suggested that these poets failed to embody and reflect nature and the human condition in their works accurately.
• From his perspective, an essential aspect of good poetry was its capacity to mirror the real world and human experiences in a meaningful, relatable, and compelling manner.
• According to Johnson, the metaphysical poets, with their intricate wit and complicated metaphors, ignored this core aspect and turned towards conceits that were too far removed from these fundamental inspirations of poetry.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A group of English poets from the 17th century renowned for their deft use of theological and philosophical ideas are collectively referred to as the pioneers of metaphysical poetry.

The correct answer is a tough reasonableness beneath a slight lyric grace.

Key Points

• "Andrew Marvell" is an essay written by T S Eliot.
• This essay is on the poetry style of Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) and was first published in the Times Literary Supplement, on March 31, 1921.
• In this essay, Eliot shows Marvell as an objective observer of current events and talks about 'Unification of sensibility' , i.e. a fusion of thought and feeling.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2. 

Additional Information

• The essay begins with the sentence -"The tercentenary of the former member for Hull deserves not only the celebration proposed by that favoured borough, but a little serious reflection upon his writing''.

The correct answer is "Tennyson and Swinburne".

Key Points

• F.R. Leavis was a prominent British literary critic of the 20th century, known for his moral and aesthetic approach to literature.
• In his book "New Bearings in English Poetry," Leavis effectively shifted the focus of critical attention from Victorian poets towards modernists.
• Specifically, he downgraded the works of Victorian poets like Alfred Lord Tennyson and Algernon Charles Swinburne, focusing instead on the modernist aspects of poetry.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• New Bearings in English Poetry also went into great detail while lauding Ronald Bottrall's work.

The correct answer is "homonyms."

Key Points

• Words with the same pronunciation and different meanings are called homonyms.
• Homonymy, also known as homonymy or equivocal in Latin, is the study of the connection between a group of homonyms.
• Additionally, the term "homonymous" can be applied whenever two things have the same word, regardless of how similarly or distantly linked the terms are in etymology or meaning.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Despite having similar spellings and pronunciations, the terms "river bank," "savings bank," "bank of switches," and "bank shot" have different meanings.

The correct answer is "A and C only."

Key Points

• An Interlocking System (A): Ferdinand de Saussure viewed language as an interconnected or interlocking system.
• This means he saw language as a structure where each element (like words and grammar rules) has a relationship with the others.
• No single element can be fully understood in isolation as its meaning and function are shaped by its position in the larger system. For example, a word's meaning often depends on the words around it (its context).
• This understanding of language profoundly influenced the development of modern linguistics and the field of structuralism.
• System of Signs (C): Essential to Saussure's theory is the idea that language is a system of signs.
• Each sign consists of two parts: the signifier and the signified.
• The signifier is the physical existence of the word (the sound-image or its written equivalent), while the signified is the mental concept or meaning associated with it.
• Together, they form the sign. For instance, the word "tree" (signifier) brings to our mind the image of a tree (signified). The relationship between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary, meaning there is no natural relationship linking a specific signifier to a specific signified. Signifiers are assigned to signified concepts by social convention.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Ferdinand de Saussure's theories served as a springboard for numerous significant advancements in semiotics and linguistics throughout the 20th century and he is considered the "father of modern linguistics."

The correct answer is "lexeme."

Key Points

• A group of words connected through intonation is referred to as a lexeme.
• It is a fundamental conceptual unit of meaning and a grammatical analysis unit in linguistics that approximately equates to a collection of patterns that one root word can take.
• For instance, the English word "run," which is also spelled "runs," "ran," and "running," is a permutation of the same lexeme.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Grammar regulations control how a lexeme's forms are used. The subject-verb agreement and compound tense rules that regulate the form of a verb that can be used in a phrase apply to English verbs like run.

The correct answer is "J.L. Austin and John Searle."

Key Points

• J. L. Austin and John Searle are linguists associated with "speech acts."
• According to the philosophy of language and linguistics, a "speech act" is an expression conveyed by a person who disseminates information and activity.
• The origin of the term's modern usage can be traced to J. L. Austin, who developed the concept of functional statements and proposed the theories of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• John R. Searle states a "speech act" to be the same process as the term "illocutionary act."

The correct answer is "spoonerism".

Key Points

• Spoonerism is a verbal error in which a speaker accidentally transposes the initial sounds or letters of two or more words, often to humorous effect, as in the sentence "you have hissed the mystery lectures".
• A spoonerism occurs when two words in a phrase have the same consonants, vowels, or morphemes exchanged between them.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Accidentally and erroneously, however, are distinctive as adverbs since inadvertently means accidentally, and wrongly implies by mistake, in error, or incorrectly.

The correct answer is " Marcellus."

Key Points 

• The above line takes place in Act I, scene iv of the play Hamlet
• Marcellus and Horatio debate whether or not to follow Hamlet and the ghost into the dark night.
• The line implies that there is something amiss in Denmark as suggested by the appearance of the ghost.
• Marcellus is a guard at Elsinore (a town on the eastern coast of Denmark).

Therefore it is clear that Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Horatio is a friend of Hamlet.
• He is a guard at Elsinore. Francisco, another guard gives up his watch to Bernardo in the opening of the play,

The correct answer is Chinua Achebe.

Key Points

• Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist, poet and critic.
• The short story The Voter by Achebe  is about a man's dilemma in choosing between traditional culture and modern culture which is to be done through election campaigns.
• It is a beautiful story symbolic of the entry of a new system of governance into the innocent settlements of native people in Africa.

Therefore it is clear that Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The story talks about Mr. Rufus Okeke. He is a bicycle repairer who influences people in his village in political affairs. He is popularly known by his people as Roof.

The correct answer is  William Hazlitt.

Key Points

• Hazlitt chose his acquaintances wisely,  and many of them wound up ascending into the canon: Wordsworth, Stendhal, Charles and Mary Lamb. Added to this list is Coleridge.
• Coleridge was the poet with whom Hazlitt was first acquainted.
• “My First Acquaintance with Poets”  discusses the relationship between prose, poetry, and gender issues.
• Hazlitt used poetic elements while writing his prose.

Therefore it is clear that Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• William Hazlitt's landlord was Jeremy Bentham.
• Charles Lamb was an essayist and critic of the 19th century. He was a lifelong friend of Coleridge. He was one of the prominent members of the Romantic Circle.
• Thomas Penson De Quincey was an English writer, essayist, and literary critic, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.
• John Ruskin was a critic and writer of the Victorian Era.

The correct answer is "Kathy Acker".

Key Points

• Kathy Acker was a well-known American experimental novelist, playwright, essayist, and postmodernist writer.
• She was known for her radical and provocative style of writing which often reworked or rewrote classic literature with a fresh and modern perspective.
• One of her works includes a postmodern reworking of Charles Dickens's "Great Expectations" where she used the same title.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is "Susan Sontag."

Key Points

• In “The World as India,” Susan Sontag argues that English can be India's only “unifying language.”
• Sontag discusses how language differences have been bridged by using English as the universal language.
• She claims that the only language that all Indians can speak in unison is not only English, but it must be English.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Sontag puts light on the argument that, due to the prevalence of English-speaking media, or media where English is widely used with an American accent, and the requirement that businessmen and researchers interact in a single language, English is presently advancing around the world.

The correct answer is Book XI

Key Points

• In 'Book XI' of 'Paradise Lost', Milton refers to "Agra and Lahore of Great Mogul" because the massive Lahore Fort  that were built.
• Lahore reached the peak of its architectural glory during the rule of the Mughals.
• These are the lines quoted in book XI of the Paradise Lost, "To  Paqoin  of  Sinaean  kings,  and  thence To  Agra  and  Lahore  of  great  Mogul".
• In Book XI, Michael is introduced as the second angel, after Raphael, to impart information and education to Adam.
• ​Michael and Raphael make an interesting contrast.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Milton first published his seminal epic poem, Paradise Lost, in 1667.
• Milton begins Paradise Lost in the traditional epic manner with a prologue invoking the muse, in this case Urania, the Muse of Astronomy.
• Milton further emphasizes in the prologue that his theme will be Man's disobedience to God's will, implying not only Adam's disobedience, but all of mankind from first to last.
• Milton's real goal here, though, is to establish Hell's capital, Pandemonium — a word which Milton himself coined from  Latin.
• Milton chose not to copy Homer and Virgil, but to create a Christian epic.
• Milton chose not to write in hexameters or in rhyme because of the natural limitations of English.
• Instead he wrote in unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, the most natural of poetic techniques in English.

The correct answer is The Thousand and One Nights

Key Points

• The thousand and One Nights' narrative cycles is referred to in Michel Foucault's 'What is an Author'?
• **The thousand and One Night' is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the **Islamic golden Age.
• It is often known in English as the 'Arabian Nights'.
• "What is an author?" (1969) is a lecture on literary theory given by sociologist and historian Michel Foucault.
• The Thousand and One Nights (Alf Laylah wa Laylah) or The Arabian Nights as it is commonly called in English, is a collection of stories of uncertain date and authorship that is very well known to readers worldwide.
• While the sources of many of the stories are unknown, most are considered to have Middle Eastern or Indian origin.
• The stories are set within a frame story with many stories embedded within.
• The tales have influenced and continue to inspire many well-known literary figures.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• The Tuti-nama (Tales of a Parrot) is a literary work written in 1329–30 in Persian by the learned Sufi author Ziya’ al-Din Nakhshabi (d. 1350).
• The paintings of the Tuti-nama depict scenes from the 52 stories told on successive nights by a pet parrot to beguile Khujasta, the wife of his owner, so that she would be too enthralled to leave home to meet her lover and succumb to an adulterous affair.
• The Decameron (c.1351) is an entertaining series of one hundred stories written in the wake of the Black Death. The stories are told in a country villa outside the city of Florence by ten young noble men and women who are seeking to escape the ravages of the plague.
• Written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century, The Canterbury Tales tells the story of a group of 31 pilgrims who meet while travelling from the Tabard Inn in Southwark to the shrine of St Thomas Becket in Canterbury.

The correct answer is Tzvetan Todorov.

Key Points

• Tzvetan Todorov's 'The Typology of Detective Fiction' seeks to uphold the distinction between 'genre fiction' and 'literature'.
• Todorov begins his essay with a brief explanation of genre and its evolution within society.
• He also mentions the features of great novels and that “As a rule the literary masterpiece does not enter any genre save perhaps its own; but the masterpiece of popular literature is precisely the book which best fits its genre”.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• G.K. Chesterton was one of the dominating figures of the London literary scene in the early 20th century.
• Not only did he get into lively discussions with anyone who would debate him, including his friend, frequent verbal sparring partner and noted Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw.
• Umberto Eco is an Italian author who is best known for mystery novels that reflect Eco’s vast knowledge on subjects such as religion, literature, history, politics and philosophy.
• Vladimir Propp (1895-1970), a Russian scholar of folktale, said about the functions of the donor and the magical agents in ‘fairy tales’.

The correct answer is Louis Althusser

Key Points

• Louis Althusser’s article, From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, argues that ideology is simply a tool that allows individuals to realize their conditions of existence.
• He states that ideology is an imaginary relationship, meaning that it is not something physical that can be proven.
• Rather, it is something that represents each individual and therefore influences his or her daily lives.
• This idea can also emphasize the need for and reliance on power dynamics in society.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Terry Eagleton is an internationally celebrated literary scholar and cultural theorist.
• Fredric Jameson (b. 1934) is generally considered to be one of the foremost contemporary Marxist literary critics writing in English. He has published a wide range of works analyzing literary and cultural texts and developing his own neo-Marxist theoretical position.
• Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-American neo-Marxist philosopher and sociologist and a member of the Frankfurt School.

The correct answer is B and C only

Key Points

• Wodwo' and 'Lupercal' both are works of Ted Hughes.
• Wodwo, Hughes’s fourth collection, was published in 1967.
• It differs in form to Hughes’s other main works, comprising as it does three sections; the first of poems, the second of short stories, and the third of more poems.
• It consists principally of the poems he has written in the years since then, but it also contains five stories and one radio play "From the book Jacket".
• Lupercal published in 1960, is Hughes' second collection and his follow-up to 'The Hawk in the Rain'.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Edward James (Ted) Hughes was born in Mytholmroyd, in the West Riding district of Yorkshire, on August 17, 1930.
• His childhood was quiet and dominately rural.
• Hughes won many of Europe’s highest literary honors, and was appointed Poet Laureate of England in 1984.

The correct answer is A and C only

Key Points

• Samuel Johnson' and 'Horace Walpole' condemned the transportation of 50000 slaves into England in 1771.
• In 1718, the transportation act introduced penal transportation.
• People convicted of capital crimes had their sentences 'commuted' to 14 years of life in the Americas.
• Convicts found guilty of non-capital crimes received seven year sentences.
• Between 1718 and 1776, over 50,000 convicts were transported to Virginia and Maryland in the modern united states.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Alexander Pope, poet and satirist of the English Augustan period, is best known for his poems An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, The Dunciad (1728), and An Essay on Man (1733–34).
• Thomas Gray was an English poet whose “An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard” is one of the best known of English lyric poems.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• "Science and Poetry" (B) is a work by I.A. Richards where he explores the relationship between science and poetry and attempts to bridge the gap between the two disciplines.
• "The Philosophy of Rhetoric" (C) is another work by I.A. Richards.
• In this book, he delves into the principles and theories of rhetoric, examining the art of effective communication.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• English Literature in Our Time and the University - This book was first published by Cambridge in 1979. It is taken from the 1967 Clark Lectures and is in the first place a vigourous defence of the study of English in a modern university.

The correct answer is C and D only

Key Points

• 'Woman to Man' (1949)  and 'The Old Prison'  are poems written by Judith Wright.
• The poem 'Woman to Man' describes the feelings of a woman with her husband her feelings as from the time of sexual encounter until the time of labour.
• She expresses wife as well as the holder of her future offspring in her belly.
• The Old Prison' is a poem by Judith Wright,  who as an Australian played a crucial role in the upholding of aboriginal Australian's rights and took strong decisions in voicing environmental issues.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• “Meditation on a Bone” by AD Hope, Quadrant(1957) a scholar finds a bone which has been inscribed by a man who confesses his love for a woman despite her unfaithfulness to him.
• Imperial Adam is Hope’s most anthologized erotic poem and his best known work. It does away with the parables of Genesis and the angels and theology of Milton's Paradise Lost to focus exclusively on the carnal.

The correct answer is B and C only

Key Points

• 'Murray Colonial and Home Library Series' and 'Colonial Library Series by Macmillan' are the earliest colonial publishing initiatives that apply to India.
• 'The Home and Colonial Library' was a series of works published in London from 1843 to 1849, comprising 49 titles by John Murray III.
• Macmillan's Colonial Library are typically marked "Intended for circulation only in India and the British colonies".

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Chatto & Windus developed a series of about 60 titles issued under the St. Martin’s Library name from about 1904 to at least 1927. This included 17 R.L. Stevenson titles, a sprinkling of older classics, and publisher’s back catalog titles.
• The Langs' Fairy Books are a series of 25 collections of true and fictional stories for children published between 1889 and 1913 by Andrew Lang and his wife, Leonora Blanche Alleyne.

The correct answer is "B and D only".

Key Points

• The four essays in "The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays" are:
• "Epic and Novel" (1941);
• "From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse" (1940);
• "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel" (1937–38);
• "Discourse in the Novel" (1934)
• 'Discourse in the Novel' and 'Forms of Time and the chronotope in the Novel' are essays which form part of Mikhail Bakhtin's 'The Dialogic Imagination'.
• Other two essays given in the options do not belong to Bakhtin.
• In 'Discourse in the Novel' (1934), Bakhtin provides a model for history of discourse and introduces the concept of heteroglossia.
• In 'Forms of time and the chronotope in the Novel', Bakhtin analyzes the ways in which configurations of time and space (chronotopes) have been represented in narrative literature.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Bakhtin is generally regarded as the most influential twentieth-century Russian literary theorist.
• His writings on literature, language, ethics, authorship, carnival, time and the theory of culture have shaped thinking in criticism and the social sciences.
• His name is identified with the concept of dialogue, which he applied to language and numerous other aspects of culture and the psyche.
• "From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse" is a less traditional essay in which Bakhtin reveals how various different texts from the past have ultimately come together to form the modern novel.

The correct answer is B and C only

Key Points

• The following conform to the documentation style prescribed by the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook - Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 620‐26. and Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book. U of California P, 1996.
• The eight edition of the MLA style book is intended to simplify the citation process.
• The basic form of MLA Handbook is- Author's last Name, First Name. "Title of Article," Periodical Title Volume number. issue number (Date of Publication) : Page number range. Medium of Publication.
• The above two follow the prescribed style of documentation.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• MLA Handbook is a Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
• It establishes a system for documenting sources in scholarly writing.
• It is published by the Modern Language Association, which is based in the United States.

The correct answer is "image."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the given passage:

           "The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to                 float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their                orbits..."

• The author gives an image of the earth with a vivid description of such things as the sun, moon, light, rivers, seas, ships, rainbows, stars, and planets.
• The statement above shows that the full description is an example of an "image."

​Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer,

The correct answer is "The workings of nature."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

          The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to                float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their                orbits, to preserve inviolate a system of which they were the centre.

• The lines highlight the setting of the description, strictly referring to the characteristics and elements of nature, such as the sun, moon, stars, and planets.
• From the statement above, it is evident that Dombey and Son are centered on the working of the natural "system."

Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is, "Man is far more than what he seems to be."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

           Is man no more than this? Consider him well. Thou ow'st the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume. ‐‐‐ Ha!             here's three on's are sophisticated.

• The lines depict that a man is not just what he shows himself to be or what others perceive of him.
• From the statement above, it is evident that the line "Is man no more than this?" means man is far more than what he seems to be.

Therefore**, Option 1** is the correct answer.

The correct answer is, "Man just uses what animals possess."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

          Thou art the thing itself; unaccommodated man is no more than such a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art.

• Shakespeare, through these lines, highlights and sympathizes with the distinction between a man's image and that of usual perception, similar to animals.
• From the statement mentioned, it is evident that Shakespeare highlights that man uses what animals possess.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "felt deep inside the self."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

              God guard me from those thoughts men think

                 In the mind alone;

• The lines from the passage depict that the human mind can generate thoughts that are felt deep inside, owing to things that are not always valid to follow. The speaker wants God to guard him against such thoughts.
• From the statement above, it is evident that thoughts true for all time are felt deep inside the "human" self.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "what he does not want to appear."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

              O what am I that I should not seem

                  For the song's sake a fool?

• The lines depict that the poet is indecisive about what makes a man look wise or a fool. The poet thinks of his actual personality and believes that he should not appear otherwise for the sake of his appearance.
• From the statement above, it is evident that the poet thinks of "what he does not want to appear."

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is, "He believes in the efficacy of prayer."

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:

           I pray‐‐for fashion's word is out

          And prayer comes round again ‐‐

         That I may seem, though I die old,

         A foolish, passionate man.

• The lines highlight the poet's faith in prayer for all things he does not want to appear and that he will be when he is old.
• From the statement above, it is evident that the poet believes in the efficacy of prayer.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and D only

Key Points

• 'Personal Estimate' and 'Historic Estimate' are fallacious evaluations of poetry according to Matthew Arnold's 'The Study of Poetry'.
• Matthew Arnold (24 Dec 1822-15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic.
• 'The Study of Poetry' was perhaps Arnold's most famous piece of essay on literary criticism.
• The Historic Estimate' places the historical context above the value of the art itself.
• 'The Personal Estimate' on the other hand depends on the personal taste, the likes and dislikes of the reader which affects his judgment of poetry.
• Arnold says that both these estimates tend to be fallacious.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Matthew Arnold was an English Victorian poet and literary and social critic, noted especially for his classical attacks on the contemporary tastes and manners of the Barbarians and the Philistines.
• Arnold believes that the art of poetry is capable of high destinies. It is the art in which the idea itself is the fact.

The correct answer is D, A, B, C

Key Points

• The appropriate chronological order of W.B. Yeats' poems with publication are-Poem Publication
• D. Adam's Curse - 1903 > A The wild Swans at coole - 1917 > B. The second coming - 1920 > C. Among school children - 1928.
• Adam's Curse explores the idea that beauty, including art and love, doesn't come naturally to people; it's the product of hard work.
• It is written in heroic couplets, which is a name used to describe rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter.
• The Wild Swans at Coole is a bleak, mournful poem, in which the speaker returns to a lake in Ireland.
• In this poem Yeats explores the theme of the frailty of human life through his speaker.
• This particular speaker becomes keenly aware of his own aging as he watches the same swans that he has watched year after year.
• The Second Coming is one of W.B. Yeats's most famous poems.
• Written in 1919 soon after the end of World War I, it describes a deeply mysterious and powerful alternative to the Christian idea of the Second Coming—Jesus's prophesied return to the Earth.
• Among School Children is about a visit made by the ageing Yeats to a convent school in Waterford, Ireland in February 1926.
• As a Senator, Yeats is visiting the school as a public figure, but the poem is a record of his private thoughts.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• William Butler Yeats is widely considered to be one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.
• He belonged to the Protestant, Anglo-Irish minority that had controlled the economic, political, social, and cultural life of Ireland since at least the end of the 17th century.
• Most of Yeats’s poetry, however, used symbols from ordinary life and from familiar traditions, and much of his poetry in the 1890s continued to reflect his interest in Irish subjects.

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

• 'Waiting for Godot (1952) is a play by Samuel Beckett in which two characters, Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (Gago), engage in a variety of discussions and encounters while awaiting the titular ciodat, who never arrives.
• In the play, the opening and closing lines of Waiting for Godot are spoken by Estragon.
• Thus, we can say that statement I is true but statement II is false.
• 'Waiting for Godot' ends with Estragon and Vladimir learning that Godot will 'surely' come tomorrow.
• The play ends by explaining that 'they do not move' suggesting they will stay in their current limbo.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Samuel Beckett, the Irish playwright, theatre director, novelist and poet, is one of the most influential writers of the 20th century.
• A modernist, often associated with the ‘Theatre of the Absurd’, his work tends to eschew conventional plotting or structure while exploring the human condition in ways that are both bleakly humorous and profound, where laughter is a weapon against despair.
• Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and the Theatre of the Absurd’s first theatrical success.

The correct answer is Gothic

Key Points

• Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken in parts of the Crimea until the 17th century.
• Gothic has special value for the linguist because it was recorded several hundred years before the oldest surviving texts of all the other Germanic languages.
• Thus it sheds light on an older stage of a Germanic language and on the development of Germanic languages in general.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Yiddish is the language of the Ashkenazim, central and eastern European Jews and their descendants.
• Written in the Hebrew alphabet, it became one of the world's most widespread languages, appearing in most countries with a Jewish population by the 19th century.
• The Yuè dialects, also known as Cantonese, are one of the major dialect groups of China.
• They are spoken by 52 million people in the province of Guăngdōng and in the city of Guăngzhōu, as well as in Hong Kong, Macau, and in expatriate Chinese communities and Chinatowns in Southeast Asia, Europe, and the United States.
• Frisian was once the primary language of a larger geographic area called Frisia, which spanned the North Sea coasts and islands of modern-day Germany and the Netherlands during the early to late Middle Ages.

The correct answer is Harold Bloom

Key Points

• Harold Bloom posits the tradition of great writers as an inescapable fact and takes ambivalent position of considering it as both a blessing and a curse.
• Harold Bloom (1930-2019) was American literary critic known for his innovative interpretations of literary history and of the creation of literature.
• Bloom's first language is Yiddish and he also learns Hebrew before English.
• At the age of 21, Bloom graduated from Cornell University, where he was mentored by the famous critic M.H. Abrams, before going to Yale for his doctoral studies.
• He was the most notorious literary critic in America, Professor Bloom argued for the superiority of giants like Shakespeare, Chaucer and Kafka.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Frank Raymond Leavis was an English literary critic who championed seriousness and moral depth in literature and criticized what he considered the amateur belletrism of his time.
• TS Eliot was the 1948 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
• Eliot is a giant of modern literature, highly distinguished as a poet, a literary critic, a dramatist, an editor, and a publisher.
• Allen Tate was a poet, critic, biographer, and novelist. Tate’s best-known poems, including “Ode to the Confederate Dead,” confronted the relationship between an idealized past and a present he believed was deficient in both faith and tradition.

The correct answer is Antonio Gramsci

Key Points 

• Antonio Gramsci is associated, with 'Philosophy of Praxis'.
• In the 'Prison Notebooks' Antonio Gramsci proposes the distinctive notion of a 'Philosophy of Praxis'.
• The interpretation of the significance of this suggestive formulation has constituted a fertile field of discussion both of Gramsci's approach to philosophical questions in his prison writings and more broadly, the nature of Marxist philosophy.
• Philosophy of Praxis was an attempt to present Marxism as a political philosophy promoting the inter-definable relation between theory and practice.
• No practice without theory; every man was a philosopher. Marx's call to change the world (act) more than interpret it (think) did not repudiate philosophy.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Stuart Hall was a Jamaican-born British sociologist, cultural theorist and political activist.
• He was born in Kingston in 1932 then came to the UK in the 1950s and was later dubbed the “godfather of multiculturalism” for his contributions to Sociology.
• Raymond Williams (1921-1988) was an author, academic, cultural theorist, literary critic, public intellectual, socialist, and a leading figure of the New Left.
• Georg Lukács (1885-1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. Most scholars consider him to be the founder of the tradition of Western Marxism.
• He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre

The correct answer is  C, D, B, A.

Key Points

• Blackwood's Magazine (C) was first published in 1817 in Edinburgh as a Tory counterpoint to Whig journals, it published a variety of Scottish authors and soon gained a wide readership.
• Bentley's Miscellany (D) started its publication in 1837 in London. It was a magazine started by Richard Bentley, who invited Charles Dickens to be its editor.
• Cornhill Magazine (B) was first published in 1860 by George Smith. It was a literary magazine that hosted works of famous authors like Anthony Trollope, Elizabeth Gaskell, and others.
• Longman's Magazine (A) began its publication in 1882. It was a monthly review that included short stories, articles and serialized novels.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2

 Additional Information

• Blackwood's Magazine was a British literary magazine that featured original essays and literary works, along with satirical pieces, reviews and criticisms.
• Bentley's Miscellany published 64 volumes between 1838 and 1868, and was then merged into Temple Bar.
• The most important magazine of the latter part of the nineteenth century was undoubtedly the Cornhill, founded in 1860 by the publisher George Smith.
• Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly magazine published in Edinburgh, Scotland, and later in London, in the 19th and 20th century.

The correct answer is A is correct but R is not correct

Key Points

• In the given statements, Assertion (a) is correct but Reason (R) is not correct answer because the second statement is not supporting with correct reason stated into statement I.
• The concepts 'implied reader' and 'implied author' were introduced into literary criticism by Wayne C. Booth in 'The Rhetoric of Fiction' (1961), Which emerged from the neo-Aristotelian school of formalism associated with the work of R.S. Crane.
• In Iser's phenomenological theory of reader-response, a hypothetical ‘role’ or ‘model’ of someone assumed by the author to share the knowledge necessary in order to fully understand the text, as distinct from any actual readers.
• The difference between an implied reader and an actual reader is likely to be most apparent in reading works from a period when conventional values were very different.
• The implied reader is embodied in the way in which text structures responses, in the form of a network of schemata, patterns, points of view, and indeterminacies that require and constrain interpretation.
• See also reader-response theory; reception theory; compare model reader.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• R.S. Crane, in full Ronald Salmon Crane, American literary critic who was a leading figure of the Neo-Aristotelian Chicago school.
• His landmark book, The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of Poetry (1953), formed the theoretical basis of the group.
• Wayne C. Booth was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language and Literature at the University of Chicago.
• His many books include The Rhetoric of Fiction and For the Love of It: Amateuring and Its Rivals, both published by the University of Chicago Press.

The correct answer is Silver‐Fork

Key Points

• Fashionable novels, also called 'Silver-Fork' novels, were a 19th century genre of English literature that depicted the lives of the upper class and aristocracy.
• Although it was parodied even at the height of its popularity, its cultural influences lasted well into the century.
• Some of the most prolific authors of silver fork fiction included writers from as diverse backgrounds as Benjamin Disraeli, the Countess of Blessington, Catherine Gore, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Rosina Bulwer Lytton, Lady Caroline Lamb, Lady Charlotte Bury, and Theodore Hook.
• Their works shared the same interest in aristocratic high society, usually packaged for socially aspiring members of the “middling classes.”
• The term "Silver-fork" to describe these Victorian fashionable novel was coined by William Hazlitt in an article on "The Dandy school" in 1827, at the genre's heyday.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• William Hazlitt (10 April 1778 – 18 September 1830) was an English writer remembered for his humanistic essays and literary criticism. He is sometimes esteemed as the greatest English literary critic after Samuel Johnson.
• Famous for never losing his revolutionary principles, Hazlitt attacked those he saw as 'apostates' with the most rigor, seeing their move towards conservatism as a personal betrayal.
• He felt admiration for Edmund Burke as a thinker and writer but deemed him to have lost all common sense when his politics turned more conservative.

The correct answer is Count Dracula

Key Points

• Vlad the Impaler was a medieval prince whose bloodthirsty acts inspired the world's most famous Vampire, Bram Stoker’s Dracula.
• Legends of vampires go back centuries, but few names have cast more terror into the human heart than Dracula.
• However the fictional character, created by author Bram Stoker, was in fact based on a real historical figure called Vlad the Impaler.
• Vlad the Impaler, also known as Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, was a 15th-century warlord, in what today is Romania, in south-eastern Europe.
• Stoker used elements of Vlad's real story for the title character of his 1897 novel "Dracula".

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Victor Frankenstein is a fictional character and the main protagonist and title character in Mary Shelley's 1818 novel, Frankenstein
• Victor is responsible for creating the Monster and he is also responsible for abandoning it and setting in motion the train of events that result in the deaths of many of his family and friends.
• Peter Quint is a major character in The Haunting Of Bly Manor, and the secondary antagonist. He is the manipulative business associate of Henry Wingrave.
• Manfred is the ruler of Otranto, the grandson of the man who usurped Otranto from its former rulers. He is husband to Hippolita, and father to Matilda and Conrad

The correct answer is epic theatre

Key Points

• Benoit Brecht's term 'epic theatre' is for his mode of drama-writing to distinguish it from traditional theatre.
• In the theory of 'epic theatre', Brecht believed that theatre should appeal not to the spectator's feelings but to his reason.
• Epic theatre repeatedly and deliberately reminds its observers that the events being depicted are not events to which they can relate.
• Thus, epic theatre is ''epic'' in the sense that it is not fully understood or understandable.
• Brecht first discussed epic theatre at length in his 1949 treatise 'Kleines Organon für das Theater'.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Kitchen-sink drama is the name given to plays that depict the daily struggles of ordinary working class people.
• Plays in this category often deal with social issues such as poor living conditions, lack of employment, poverty and turbulent relationships.
• Musical theater is a form of theater combining music, songs, spoken dialog, and dance. The varied emotional aspects of the production—humor, pathos, love, anger—as well as the story itself, are communicated through the words, music, dance, and staging of the entertainment as an integrated whole.
• Proletarian Theatre, Stage of the Revolutionary Workers of Greater Berlin was a radical theatre project which was set up in Berlin in October 1920 during the revolutionary period following the November Revolution. It was founded by Hermann Schüller and Erwin Piscator.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (II), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (IV), D ‐ (I)".

Key Points

• Madmen and Specialists, a play by Wole Soyinka is a tragic satire of humankind immersed in war, although war is barely mentioned.
• Doctor Bero is a medical specialist whose talents have been perverted by his activities and power lust during the war.
• The Sea at Dauphin is a play by Derek Walcott.
• ​The play gives the audience a glimpse into the rough lives of the fisherman and villagers of the West Indies.
• Afa is obstinate, believing himself to be brave for refusing to acknowledge the rough waters and deadly dangers of the sea.
• The Trial of Dedan Kimathi by Ngugi wa Thiong' offers succinct critiques of imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, and capitalism. 
• Kimathi and his followers are aspiring agents of change who demand class solidarity among working people and want only to govern a truly independent Kenya that exists for the people.
• An Echo in the Bone is the seventh volume in Diana Gabaldon's epic Outlander series.
• Combining elements of the historical fiction, adventure, fantasy, and romance genres, the series follows the adventures of Claire Randall, a WWII battle nurse.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Ngugi wa Thiong'o is a  Kenyan writer who was considered East Africa's leading novelist.
• His popular Weep Not, Child (1964) was the first major novel in English by an East African.
• Wole Soyinka is best known as a playwright. Alongside his literary career, he has also worked as an actor and in theatres in Nigeria and Great Britain.
• Diana J. Gabaldon is an American author, known for the Outlander series of novels. Her books merge multiple genres.
• Derek Walcott was born on the island of Saint Lucia, a former British colony in the West Indies, poet and playwright. He was trained as a painter but turned to writing as a young man.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Key Points

• Deconstruction claims that language is non-referential since it refers neither to the things in the world nor to our concepts of things but only to the play of signifiers.
• It refers to the play of signifiers of which language itself is made.
• Our mind does not contain stable and unchanging concepts, but a continually changing play of signifiers.
• Each and every signifier produces other signifiers in a never ending deferral or postponement of meaning.
• Derrida states that deconstruction is an "antistructuralist gesture" because structures were to be ''undone, decomposed, desedimented,"

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) was the founder of “deconstruction,” a way of criticizing not only both literary and philosophical texts but also political institutions.
• Deconstructive criticism follows the belief that objects have meaning because it has been defined through language.
• Deconstruction uses the concept of binaries in which one object has been given a sort of privilege, the better appeal i.e. good/bad, love/hate, white/black and male/female.

The correct answer is A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

Key Points

• A Midsummer Night’s Dream is known for its play within a play structure.
• This occurs when a group of lower-class workers, known as the Rude Mechanicals, stage a production of the tragedy "Pyramus and Thisbe" for the wedding celebration of Duke Theseus.
• The "play within a play" concept in A Midsummer Night’s Dream serves as a comic device, showcasing the amateurish performances of the Rude Mechanicals and generating amusement for the audience.
• The subplot of "Pyramus and Thisbe" mirrors the primary plotline of the main play with themes including forbidden love and attempted elopement, adding an extra layer to the narrative structure.
• Contrarily, while "The Taming of The Shrew" begins with a narrative framework sometimes referred to as a 'play within a play,' this does not structure the entire play.
• In "The Taming of the Shrew," the "inner" play, which is the main story of Katherine and Petruchio, is framed by a narrative device involving a drunk tinker named Christopher Sly.
• Thus, the 'play within a play' structure is more continuously and prominently featured in "A Midsummer Night's Dream."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is The Crystal World

Key Points

• 'The Crystal World' by J.G. Ballard is about a virus that freezes anything it comes in contact with.
• The Crystal World' is a science fiction novel, published in 1966. Its author 'James Graham Ballard' (15 Nov. 1930-19 April 2009) was an English novelist, short-story writer, satirist and essayist who first associated with the New Wave of science fiction.
• Ballard is one of a handful of writers who, after establishing early reputations as science-fiction writers, subsequently achieved a kind of “transcendence” of their genre origins to be accepted by a wider public.
• The novel tells the story of a physician trying to make his way deep into the jungle to a secluded leprosy treatment facility.
• While trying to make it to his destination, his chaotic path leads him to try to come to terms with an apocalyptic phenomenon in the jungle that crystallizes everything it touches.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• The Drowned World- First published in 1962, J.G. Ballard's mesmerizing and ferociously prescient novel imagines a terrifying future in which solar radiation and global warming have melted the polar ice caps and Triassic-era jungles have overrun a submerged and tropical London
• Concrete Island is the story of Robert Maitland (Ballard loved naming his protagonists "Robert" for some reason), a wealthy architect that crashes his car in the opening paragraph. His Jaguar goes flying over the guardrail of the high-speed highway he was driving on and crashes on the titular concrete island below.
• Kingdom Come- A violent novel filled with insidious twists, Kingdom Come follows the exploits of Richard Pearson, a rebellious, unemployed advertising executive, whose father is gunned down by a deranged mental patient

The correct answer is "Colonialism will die a natural death sans any violent struggle against it".

Key Points

• Fanon perceived colonialism as a form of domination whose necessary goal for success was the reordering of the world of indigenous (“native”) peoples.
• He saw violence as the defining characteristic of colonialism.
• Fanon was critical of the institutions of colonialism, but he also was an early critic of the postcolonial governments, which failed to achieve freedom from colonial influences and establish a national consciousness among the newly liberated populace.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "ghost words".

Key Points

• A ghost word is published in a dictionary or similarly authoritative reference work, having rarely, if ever, been used in practice, and previously had been meaningless.
• As a rule, a ghost word will have originated from an error, such as a misinterpretation, mispronunciation, misreading, or typographical or linguistic confusion.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Protoword (plural proto words) is an early word-like utterance produced by an infant before it has acquired actual language.
• A pseudoword is a specific type of non-word composed of a combination of phonemes that conform to the language’s phonotactic rules.

The correct answer is "D and A only".

Key Points

• Syntactic Structures is an influential work in linguistics by American linguist Noam Chomsky, originally published in 1957. It is an elaboration of his teacher Zellig Harris's model of transformational generative grammar.
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is a book on linguistics written by Noam Chomsky, and first published in 1965. In Aspects, Chomsky presented a deeper, more extensive reformulation of transformational generative grammar (TGG), a new kind of syntactic theory that he had introduced in the 1950s with the publication of his first book, Syntactic Structures.​

​Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Verbal Behavior (1957) is a book by psychologist B. F. Skinner, in which he describes what he calls verbal behavior, or what was traditionally called linguistics.
• The Pragmatics of Politeness (2014) is a book by Geoffrey Leech. This book presents a new general theoretical understanding of politeness.
• Language and Society is a book by Andrew Simpson. It is a broad introduction to the interaction of language and society, intended for undergraduate students majoring in any academic discipline

The correct answer is "B and D only". 

Key Points

• A Künstlerroman meaning “artist’s novel” in English, is a narrative about an artist’s growth to maturity. It could be classified as a sub-category of Bildungsroman: a coming-of-age novel.
• Charles Dickens's David Copperfield(1850) is a novel in the bildungsroman genre, In this novel Copperfield, details his adventures in his journey from infancy to maturity.
• A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man(1916) is the first novel by Irish writer James Joyce. A Künstlerroman written in a modernist style, it traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen Dedalus, Joyce's fictional alter ego, whose surname alludes to Daedalus, Greek mythology's consummate craftsman.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James,(1880–81). It is one of James's most popular novels and is regarded by critics as one of his finest.
• The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. It is a picaresque novel.

The correct answer is A, C, and D only.

Key Points

• David John Lodge is an English author and critic.
• British Museum is Falling Down (1965), a comic novel, is the story of a poor Catholic graduate working on his thesis in the Reading Room of the British Museum.
• Changing Places (1975) is the first "campus novel". The subtitle is "A Tale of Two Campuses", and thus both the title and subtitle are literary allusions to Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities.
• Nice Work novel is written in(1988). It is the final volume of Lodge's "Campus Trilogy", after Changing Places and Small World: An Academic Romance. The larger socioeconomic background to the novel was the economic policies and education cuts during the Thatcher government.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• The Seven Sisters by Lucinda Riley is a historical novel.
• Empire of the Sun is a 1987 American epic coming-of-age war novel written by Tom Stoppard.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (V), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (II), D ‐ (I), E ‐ (IV)".

Key Points

• Strafford (1837) is a tragedy by the British writer Robert Browning. It portrays the downfall and execution of Lord Strafford, the advisor to Charles I shortly before the English Civil War.
• Osorio is a tragedy (1797) in blank verse by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge revised and recast the play sixteen years later, giving it the new title of Remorse.
• The Second Mrs. Tanqueray (1893) is a problem play by Arthur Wing Pinero. It adopts the “Woman with a past” plot, popular in nineteenth-century melodrama.
• Queen Mary is the first edition of Alfred Tennyson's play, which was the first in a string of plays he wrote later in life.
• The Borderers, a tragedy in five acts, was Wordsworth’s first major work. In the course of its composition, he moved toward his later blank-verse style.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'B, C, A, D'.

Key Points

• Locutionary Act (B): Introduced by J.L. Austin in his book "How to Do Things with Words," published in 1962. It refers to the act of saying something in the context of speech act theory.
• Interpellation (C): Concept introduced by Louis Althusser in his essay "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," published in 1970. It describes the process by which ideology addresses individuals and transforms them into subjects.
• Phallogocentrism (A): Term associated with poststructuralists, particularly Jacques Derrida, and became prominent in the 1980s. It critiques the privileging of masculine and logical perspectives in Western thought.
• Interpretive Community (D): Introduced by Stanley Fish in his work "Is There a Text in This Class?" published in 1980. It refers to the group of readers who share similar interpretive strategies.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (A, D, C, B): Incorrect order as it places Interpretive Community before its actual introduction and incorrectly sequences the terms.
• Option 3 (C, B, D, A): Incorrect order for Dislocutionary Act since it was introduced before Interpellation.
• Option 4 (D, A, B, C): Incorrect order as it places Interpretive Community before its actual introduction and Phallogocentrism before Locutionary Act and Interpellation.

The correct answer is "A and D only".

Key Points

• "India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English"; Crystal (2004) claims by combining native and non-native speakers.
• India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world. However, most scholars and research that has been conducted dispute his assertions.
• It has a special place in the parliament, judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, business, and in education systems.
• India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for official purposes.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "D, B, A, and C".

Key Points

• Cooing, also known as gurgling or mewing, is another universal stage of development and generally occurs when babies are around 6-8 weeks old. It is thought that during this stage the child is discovering its vocal cords and sounds like ‘coo’ ‘goo’ and ‘ga-ga’ are made.
• Babbling stage: The second stage of a child's language development happens between the ages of 6 to 9 months. Children begin to babble, making noises and syllables that aren’t yet words. Mouth muscles and teeth grow to prepare children for more advanced talking.
• One word (holophrastic) stage: At about ten months, infants start to utter recognizable words. Some word-like vocalizations that do not correlate well with words in the local language may consistently be used by particular infants to express particular emotional states.
• Telegraphic stage: The telegraphic stage occurs between the ages of 24 to 30 months. Children can speak phrases that are not only longer but also have more than two elements.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "C, A, D, and A".

Key Points

• Indian feminist author Shashi Deshpande’s fifth novel, That Long Silence (1989), won the Sahitya Academy Award.
• The God of Small Things, a novel written by Arundhati Roy, was published in 1997. It won the Booker Prize in 1997.
• The Namesake (2003) is the debut novel by American author Jhumpa Lahiri. It was originally published in The New Yorker and was later expanded to a full-length novel.
• The Inheritance of Loss is the second novel by Indian author Kiran Desai. It was first published in 2006. It won the Booker Prize.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (II), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (IV), and D ‐ (I)".

Key Points

• The Anniversary is written by John Donne. It is a dramatic lyric in which the poet celebrates his love which is now one year old. The poet is the speaker and his beloved is the listener.
• George Herbert's volume The Temple(1633) contains almost all of his English language poetry and is the work for which he is best known. The collection is divided into three separate sections.
• The Rehearsal Transprosed (1672-1673) by Andrew Marvell is a prose satire. The Rehearsal Transprosed provides a vivid exposition of Whig suspicions of the restored monarchy’s attraction to absolutism in an account of the Growth of Popery, and Arbitrary Government in England.
• Abraham Cowley’s Pindarique Odes (1656) introduced a looser version known as Pindarics. These are irregularly rhymed odes in which the length of line and stanza is capriciously varied to suggest, but not reproduce, the style and manner of Pindar.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (II), B ‐ (V), C ‐ (I), D ‐ (III), E ‐ (IV)".

Key Points

• A Handful of Dust is a novel by the British writer Evelyn Waugh. First published in 1934, it is often grouped with the author’s early, satirical comic novels for which he became famous in the pre-World War II years.
• Brighton Rock is a novel by Graham Greene, published in 1938. The novel is a murder thriller set in 1930s Brighton.
• Howards End is a novel by E. M. Forster, first published in 1910, about social conventions, codes of conduct, and relationships. Howards End is considered by many to be Forster’s masterpiece.
• The Plumed Serpent (1926) is a political novel by D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there.
• 'Those Barren Leaves' is a satirical novel by Aldous Huxley, published in 1925. The title is derived from the poem 'The Tables Turned' by William Wordsworth which ends with the words: "Enough of Science and of Art; Close up those barren leaves; Come forth, and bring with you a heart that watches and receives".

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect".

Key Points

• Basically, research is an original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge and understand concepts in major subject areas of specialization, and includes the generation of ideas and information leading to new or substantially improved scientific insights with relevance to the needs of society.
• Studying and documenting past work on a research topic can tell the researcher if a research question has already been answered and help to evaluate the interestingness of a research question.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "Both Statements I and Statement II are correct".

Key Points

• A pidgin is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages
• Fundamentally, pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people. Pidgin is not the native language of any speech community but is instead learned as a second language.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1,

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• Aptronymically basically was a comedy of ideas and physiological interpretation of character and personality. Ben Jonson appears to have been the first person to have elaborated on the idea on any scale.
• Jonson named dramatis personae aptronymically: Kitely, Dame Kitely, Knowell, Brainworm and Justice Clement (in Every Man in His Humor); Fastidious Brisk, Fungoso, Sordido, and Puntarvolo the vainglorious knight, and so forth (in Every Man Out of His Humour).
• Comedy of humor, is a dramatic genre most closely associated with the English playwright Ben Jonson.
• Jonson’s characters usually represent one humor and, when unbalanced, the characters become caricatures.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "A. Revathi".

Key Points

• Revathi was born a boy but felt and behaved like a girl. As a child, Revathi experienced violence in her school and within her family for her "feminine" ways.
• She preferred playing with young girls over boys and dressed up as a woman in her mother's clothes, distressed by the feeling of being a female trapped in a male body.
• She decided to write about her own experiences. She published her second book, The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story, in 2010.
• The book was written in Tamil and translated into English by feminist historian V Geetha.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "Octavio Paz".

Key Points

• The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950) is a book-length essay by the Mexican poet Octavio Paz.
• The Labyrinth of Solitude is a beautifully written and deeply felt discourse on Mexico's quest for identity that gives us an unequaled look at the country hidden behind the mask.
• In this international classic, Paz has written one of the most enduring and powerful works ever created on Mexico and its people, character, and culture.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Gabriel José de la Concordia García was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo throughout Latin America.
• Gabriela Mistral, pseudonym of Lucila Godoy Alcayaga Chilean poet, who in 1945 became the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
• Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine poet, essayist, and short-story writer whose works became classics of 20th-century world literature.

The correct answer is the "Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies".

Key Points

• The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) was a research center at the University of Birmingham, England. It was founded in 1964 by Stuart Hall and Richard Hoggart, as its first director.
• From 1964 to 2002, it played a critical role in developing the field of cultural studies.
• It inspired the creation of a disciplinary field. It pioneered the analysis of popular culture, subcultures, race, and the mass media as well as introducing new theoretical approaches.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "Stendhal".

Key Points

• The Red and the Black, a novel by Stendhal, was published in French in 1830 as Le Rouge et le noir.
• Julien Sorel powerful character, an ambitious young man who uses seduction as a tool for advancement.
• The Red and the Black is generally considered the author’s major work and one of the greatest 19th-century novels.
• Stendhal was one of the most original and complex French writers of the first half of the 19th century and was chiefly known for his works of fiction.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Honoré de Balzac was a French novelist recognized as one of the founders of realism in European fiction.
• Gustave Flaubert was a French novelist regarded as the prime mover of the realist school of French literature and best known for his masterpiece, Madame Bovary (1857).
• Molière, a French actor and playwright, was the greatest of all writers of French comedy.

The correct answer is "A and C only".

Key Points

• Raymond Williams is often described as one of the founding fathers of Cultural Studies. Culture and Society is a book published in 1958.
• The analysis of culture, from such a definition, is the clarification of the meanings and values implicit and explicit in a particular way of life, a particular culture.
• There is the ideal culture, in which culture is a state or process of human perfection, in terms of certain absolute or universal values.
• "Culture and Society" is not about the history of culture itself, but rather of the idea of culture.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "A and B only".

Key Points

• The Other Side of Silence by Urvashi Butalia is a truly different perspective and eminent work on oral history of partition, 1947.
• It was the first major work to exhume the personal trauma of the Partition.
• In this book, Urvashi Butalia turns to oral histories to tell the real story of the violence in Delhi and across North India in 1947.

Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.​ 

Additional Information

• Urvashi Butalia in her book, The Other Side of Silence, attempts to analyze the partition in Indian society, through an oral history of Indian experiences.
• The collection of traumatic events from those people who lived through the partition gives insight on how history has enveloped these silences decades later.

The correct answer is "A and D only".

Key Points

• In 1969, the Department of Popular Culture at Bowling Green University (USA) launched the Journal of Popular Culture.
• The journal carried essays on Spiderman comics, rock music, amusement parks, the detective films and other such forms of popular culture.
• It continues to break down the barriers between so-called "low" and "high" culture and focuses on filling in the gaps that a neglect of popular culture has left in our understanding of the workings of society.
• It also highlights the importance of popular culture.

Thus, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (IV), B ‐ (II), C ‐ (III), D ‐ (I)".

Key Points

• English, August: An Indian Story is a novel by Indian author Upamanyu Chatterjee written in English, first published in 1988. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1994.
• In Custody is a novel set in Delhi, India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1984.
• Such a Long Journey is a 1991 novel by Rohinton Mistry. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won several other awards.
• Funny Boy is a novel by Sri Lankan-Canadian author Shyam Selvadurai. It was first published by McClelland and Stewart in September 1994. It won the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction and the Books in Canada First Novel Award.

Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "A ‐ (II), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (IV), D ‐ (I)".

Key Points

• The Location of Culture is written by Homi Bhabha. In it, Homi Bhabha sets out the conceptual imperative and political consistency of the post-colonial intellectual project.
• Notes towards the Definition of Culture is written by T S Eliot. He presents culture as an organic, shared system of beliefs that cannot be planned or artificially induced.
• Image-Music-Text brings together major essays by Roland Barthes on the structural analysis of narrative and on issues in literary theory, on the semiotics of photograph and film, on the practice of music and voice.
• Reading the Popular is written by John Fiske. It is designed as a companion to understand popular culture. It gives the lie to theories that portray a mass audience that mindlessly consumes every product it is offered.

Therefore, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• Poet Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali published in London in 1912.
• The prize gained even more significance by being given to an Indian for the first time.
• This honor established Tagore's literary reputation worldwide.
• The 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.
• The prize was announced by the Swedish Academy on 13 October 2016.

Thus, 'option 2' is the correct answer.​ 

Additional Information

• The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country.
• It is awarded to the person who in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction.

The correct answer is "A, B and D only".

Key Points

• In 1854, Sir Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control of the British East India Company, sent a formal dispatch to Lord Dalhousie then Governor-General of India, suggesting a large shift to English language use within India.
• Departments of Arabic, Sanskrit and Persian, as well as law and civil engineering, were to be established at the universities.
• Wood's despatch suggested that primary schools must Adopt vernacular languages.
• Through the despatch, he also suggested that high schools use anglo-vernacular medium and that English should be the medium for college-level education.

Hence, 'option 2' is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• Wood's Despatch also suggested universities on the model of the London University be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

The correct answer is "A and C only".

Key Points

• Cultural intermediaries mediate how goods are perceived by others, by framing those goods as culturally legitimate and thereby adding symbolic value to them.
• They play a large role in assigning meaning and value within consumer spaces.
• In commercial films, the film magazine columnist and fan clubs play the role of cultural intermediary.
• Cultural intermediaries are 'taste-makers' who leverage their own personal experiences into occupational resources to legitimate certain forms of culture over others.

Thus, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "It usually has a central, single source".

Key Points

• Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication.
• One major characteristic of mass media is that the traffic flows in only one direction that is single source, from the material source to the consumers.
• It also communicates a public message.
• It is used to disseminate information to a wide audience.

Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• Les Fleurs du mal (Flowers of Evil) is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire.
• It includes nearly all Baudelaire's poetry, written from 1840 until his death in August 1867.
• It was first published in 1857.
• It was important in the symbolist including painting and modernist movements.

Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist and art critic.
• His poems exhibit mastery in the handling of rhyme and rhythm, contain an exoticism inherited from Romantics but are based on observations of real life.

The correct answer is "B, D, C, A".

Key Points

• Shakuni plays a key role in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He is one of the main antagonists of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The bulk of the Mahabharata was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE.
• Godan is a famous Hindi novel by Munshi Premchand. It was first published in 1936 and is considered one of the greatest Hindi novels of modern Indian literature.
• The Room on the Roof is a novel written by Ruskin Bond. It was published in 1956. Bond wrote the novel when he was seventeen and won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in 1957. The novel revolves around Rusty, an orphaned seventeen-year-old Anglo-Indian boy living in Dehradun.
• Samskara, originally written in Kannada in 1965, sheds light on the caste system and ways of Brahmanism in a contemporary world.  Praneshacharya is a devout Brahmin who has completed his Vedic education at Varanasi and has returned to Duravasapura and is considered the leader of the Brahmin community of his village and the surrounding ones.

Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "A, B, D, C".

Key Points

• The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. Books I–III were first published in 1590, and then republished in 1596 together with books IV–VI.
• Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798.
• The Flowers of Evil is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire. It was first published in 1857.
• Canto General is Pablo Neruda's tenth book of poems. It was first published in Mexico in 1950.

Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is The Cavalier Poets, The Lake Poets, The Imagist Poets, and The Movement Poets.

Key Points

• The Cavalier Poets were called so because of their royalty to king Charles I.
• They were well known around the period 1625-1649.
• The term embraces Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew, Sir John Suckling, Edmund Waller, and Robert Herrick.
• The Lake poets are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey, who lived in the English Lake District of Cumberland and Westmorland (now Cumbria) at the beginning of the 19th century. They span around the time period 1801-1825.
• Imagists are a group of American and English poets group formulated about 1912 around Ezra Pound.
• The Movement was a term coined in 1954 by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator.
• The group of writers included are Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis, Donald Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest.

Therefore,  it is clear that option 2 is the correct answer.​

Additional Information 

• The Movement poets produced two anthologies, Poets of the 1950s (edited by D. J. Enright, published in Japan, 1955) and New Lines (edited by Robert Conquest, 1956).
• Conquest, who edited the New Lines anthology, described the connection between the poets as "little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles".
• These 'bad principles' are usually described as "excess", both in terms of theme and stylistic devices.

The correct answer is A ‐ (II), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (IV), D ‐ (I).

Key Points

• Advancement of Learning was the first among Bacon’s writings. The book was on the nature of science and the scientific method.
• Bacon also had a view of the unity of knowledge, both scientific and non-scientific.
• Past and Present is a book by the Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher Thomas Carlyle. It was published in April 1843 in England and the following month in the United States.
• It combines medieval history with criticism of 19th-century British society.
• English Traits was published in the year 1856 by R W Emerson. This work has been attributed as being culturally important, by scholars and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.
• Susan Sontag wrote Illness as Metaphor, in the year 1978. It is a classic work described by Newsweek as "one of the most liberating books of its time."
• The work talks about a cancer patient which is herself when she was writing the book. Sontag shows the metaphors and myths surrounding certain illnesses, especially cancer.

Therefore it is clear that the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is A ‐ (II), B ‐ (III), C ‐ (IV), D ‐ (I)

Key Points 

• The Lie of the Land is a work by Rajeswari Sunder Rajan. It is subtitled English Literary Studies in India. It is a book discussing the importance of the English language in general.
• Masks of Conquest is a work by Gauri Viswanathan.  It is a classic work in postcolonial studies. It describes the introduction of English studies in India under British rule and its function as an effective form of political control.
• Rethinking English is a work by  Svati Joshi. It is a collection of essays by academics, most of whom teach English in Indian universities. The book explores the problem' of English studies in India.
• This Gift of English is a work by Alok Mukherjee. It's subtitle is  English Education and the Formation of Alternative Hegemonies in India. it deconstructs the view of the English language as imposed by the British in India.​ ​

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Francoise d’Eaubonne".

Key Points

• Ecofeminism, also called ecological feminism, is a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature.
• Its name was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974.
• Ecofeminism uses the basic feminist tenets of equality between genders, a revaluing of non-patriarchal or nonlinear structures, and a view of the world that respects organic processes, holistic connections, and the merits of intuition and collaboration.
• Ecofeminism has emerged from, is both political activism and intellectual critique.
• Bringing together feminism and environmentalism, ecofeminism argues that the domination of women and the degradation of the environment are consequences of patriarchy and capitalism.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Marguerite Duras (1914­–96) was a French novelist, screenwriter, scenarist, playwright and film director, internationally renowned for her screenplays of Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959) and India Song (1975). Her novel The Lover won the prestigious Prix Goncourt in 1984.
• Monique Wittig (1935 – 2003) was an influential feminist writer who explored the intersections of gender roles, sexuality, language and literary form. Her first novel, L’Opoponax, published in 1964, was awarded the Prix Médicis and Les Guérillères, from 1969, became a touchstone for revolutionary expression, a source of ideas for many major feminist and lesbian thinkers and writers.
• Hélène Cixous (b. 1937) is a writer and philosopher. Transgressing the limits of academic language by and with poetic language, she is widely lauded for both her experimental writing style and her experimental practice, which traverses many discourses. An influential theorist, as well as a novelist, playwright, and poet, Cixous is also noted for her role in initiating and developing new models of education.

The correct answer is "Jerome McGann".

Key Points

• Jerome McGann is the author of Radiant Textuality: Literary Studies after the World Wide Web (2001).
• This book describes and explains the fundamental changes that are now taking place in the most traditional area of humanities theory and method scholarship and education.
• Jerome John McGann is an American academic and textual scholar whose work focuses on the history of literature and culture from the late 18'h century to the present.
• He has been at the forefront of the digital revolution in the humanities.
• His pioneering critical projects on the World Wide Web have redefined traditional notions about interpreting literature.
• In this trailblazing book, McGann explores the profound implications digital media have for the core critical tasks of the humanities.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Gerald Graff is one of his generation's most influential commentators on education, not only as a historian and theorist but also through his impact on the classroom practice of teachers.
• His 1987 book, Professing Literature: An Institutional History, which is widely regarded as a definitive work, has recently been reprinted in a Twentieth Anniversary Edition by the University of Chicago Press.
• Richard Altick (1915-2008), a professor with the Department of English at Ohio State, published more than 40 books throughout his career. He focused his scholarly pursuit on the literary culture of Victorian England.

The correct answer is "Infantilisation".

Key Points

• Infantilization is the prolonged treatment of one who has a mental capacity greater than that of a child as though they are a child.
• Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by the Walt Disney Company.
• In literature, the act of prolonging an infantile state in a person by treating them as an infant.
• Infantilisation is identified by Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart as having been deployed in Walt Disney comicbooks to propagate imperialist ideology.
• Armand and Ariel had denounced Walt Disney as an agent of American cultural imperialism, incarnated in the life, adventures and misdeeds of Donald.

Thus, 'option 4' is the correct answer.