UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 4th Dec 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

The number of registered Larceny cases in 2017 = 35

The number of pending Larceny cases in 2017 = 20

The number of registered Carjacking cases in 2015 = 15

The number of pending Carjacking cases in 2015 = 12

Calculation:

The number of solved Larceny cases in 2017 = 35 - 20 = 15

The number of solved Carjacking cases in 2015 = 15 - 12 = 3

The number of solved Larceny cases in 2017 : The number of solved Carjacking cases in 2015 = 15 : 3 = 5 : 1

∴ The ratio of the number of solved Larceny cases in 2017 compared to the number of solved Carjacking cases in 2015 is 5 : 1

Given:

The number of registered and pending cases given in the table is in thousands.

The number of registered Arson cases in 2015 = 55000

The number of pending Arson cases in 2015 = 29000

Calculation:

The total number of solved Arson cases in 2015 = 55000 - 29000 = 26000

The total number of pending Arson cases from the year 2015 to 2020 = 29000 + 26000 + 39000 + 20000 + 49000 + 18000 = 181000

The percentage = (26000/181000) × 100 = 14.3646...% ≈ 15%

∴ The number of solved Arson cases in the year 2015 as an approximate 15 percentage of all the pending Arson cases from the year 2015 to 2020.

Given:

The number of registered and pending cases given in the table is in thousands.

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2015 = 15000

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2016 = 21000

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2017 = 50000

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2018 = 20000

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2019 = 40000

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2020 = 75000

Calculation:

The percentage increase in registered Carjacking cases from 2015 to 2016 = {(21000 - 15000)/15000} × 100

= 6/15 × 100 = 40%

The percentage increase in registered Carjacking cases from 2016 to 2017 = {(50000 - 21000)/21000} × 100

= 29/21 × 100 = 138.095...%

The number of cases was decreased in registered Carjacking cases from 2017 to 2018.

The percentage increase in registered Carjacking cases from 2018 to 2019 = {(40000 - 20000)/20000} × 100

= 20/20 × 100 = 100%

The percentage increase in registered Carjacking cases from 2019 to 2020 = {(75000 - 40000)/40000} × 100

= 35/40 × 100 = 87.5%

Hence, the percentage of registered Carjacking cases was maximum increased in 2017 over the previous year.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2017.

Given:

The following table presents the number of Registered and Pending criminal cases (in Thousands) namely Larceny. Arson and Carjacking in each year from 2015 to 2020.

Calculation:

Total registered cases in 2015 = 21000 + 55000 + 15000 = 91000

Total pending cases in 2015 = 15000 + 29000 + 12000 = 56000

Total solved cases in 2015 = 91000 - 56000 = 35000

The success rate in 2015 = (35000/91000) × 100 = 38.46...%

Total registered cases in 2016 = 42000 + 30000 + 21000 = 93000

Total pending cases in 2016 = 32000 + 26000 + 11000 = 69000

Total solved cases in 2016 = 93000 - 69000 = 24000

The success rate in 2016 = (24000/93000) × 100 = 25.80...%

Total registered cases in 2017 = 35000 + 60000 + 50000 = 145000

Total pending cases in 2017 = 20000 + 39000 + 15000 = 74000

Total solved cases in 2017 = 145000 - 74000 = 71000

The success rate in 2017 = (71000/145000) × 100 = 48.96...%

Total registered cases in 2018 = 25000 + 45000 + 20000 = 90000

Total pending cases in 2018 = 14000 + 20000 + 10000 = 44000

Total solved cases in 2018 = 90000 - 44000 = 46000

The success rate in 2018 = (46000/90000) × 100 = 51.11...%

Total registered cases in 2019 = 65000 + 60000 + 40000 = 165000

Total pending cases in 2019 = 44000 + 49000 + 22000 = 115000

Total solved cases in 2019 = 165000 - 115000 = 50000

The success rate in 2019 = (50000/165000) × 100 = 30.30...%

Total registered cases in 2020 = 80000 + 35000 + 75000 = 190000

Total pending cases in 2020 = 55000 + 18000 + 55000 = 128000

Total solved cases in 2020 = 190000 - 128000 = 62000

The success rate in 2020 = (62000/190000) × 100 = 32.63...%

Here, the year 2016 has the lowest success rate than other years.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2016.

Given:

The number of registered and pending cases given in the table is in thousands.

The total number of registered Carjacking cases in 2019 = 40000

The total number of pending Carjacking cases in 2019 = 22000

Calculation:

The total number of solved Carjacking cases in 2019 = 40000 - 22000 = 18000

The total number of registered cases in 2019 = 65000 + 60000 + 40000 = 165000

The percentage = (18000/165000) × 100 = 10.9090...% ≈ 11%

∴ Approximately 11 percent of solved Carjacking cases in the year 2019 to the total number of registered cases in that year.

Mistake Points

We have to find the percentage of solved Carjacking cases in the year 2019 With respect to all the registered cases of 2019 ( Larceny + Arson + Carjacking )

Related to teacher questioning is the use of teacher probes. Probing or delving occurs when a student does not respond to a teacher's question. Probes are teacher assists that support the student to answer.

Key Points  Probing:

• Probing helps students to clarify their thinking, surface their reasoning, and explore alternative perspectives or solutions.
• A probing question makes a student think more deeply about the topic at hand, thereby engaging him/her in more cognitively rigorous instruction.
• This is especially important for lower-achieving students who may have begun to doubt their own capabilities and withhold effort.
• Seeing their teachers make a special effort to help them can enhance students’ self-confidence and willingness to exert effort in learning.
• The question stems that follow are examples of teacher probes that can support students to think more deeply.

Hence, the approach that encourages students to elaborate on an answer - either their own or another student is called probing.

Additional Information

• Structuring is defined by Hospel and Galand (2016) as “the amount and the clarity of information given to students about how to satisfy teachers' expectations and achieve the desired educational outcomes.”
• Teacher task orientation is a key behavior that refers to how much classroom time the teacher devotes to the task of teaching.
• The more time dedicated to the task of teaching a specific topic, the greater the opportunity students have to learn.
• Remediation is also colloquially known as “re-teaching,” as it assumes that the student has been introduced to concepts previously but has not yet mastered them.
• Remediation enables teachers to spot blind spots in students' learning and quickly assess and correct them.

Creative blocks, or barriers to inspiration, can be described as the inability to access one's internal creativity.

Key Points

Hence that correct match is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)

Cross-sectional Design: Cross-sectional surveys allow researchers to study various characteristics, such as the demographic structure of the consumers, their interests, and attitudes, all at once. It aims to provide information about the population at the current moment in time.

Key PointsElements of Cross-sectional Design:

• A sample of cases with inter-related variations-  A cross-sectional study is defined as a type of observational research that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time across.
• Data are collected at a single point of time - This study type is also known as cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, or prevalence study because the data for it is collected at a single point of time.
• Examination of relationships between variables- Cross-sectional studies let researchers study one independent variable as the main focus and examine its effects on one or more dependent variables.

Hence, the correct statements regarding elements of a cross-sectional design are C, D, and E.

A structured interview is a standardized method of evaluating job candidates with pre-set questions focused on the knowledge, skills, and characteristics required for the job.

Key Points Asking the same questions across all candidates, and using a standardized method for scoring responses, can ensure hiring decisions are based on job-relevant information, and not on irrelevant details.

Advantages of Structured Interview:

• Effectiveness: One structured interview can provide the same amount of accurate information as unstructured interviews – making the hiring process not only more accurate but more efficient.
• Consistency: All candidates are treated the same because decision-makers have the same information for every candidate, comparisons can be made quickly in terms of candidates’ potential for success if hired, further streamlining the decision-making process and improving confidence in those decisions.
• Fairness: All candidates are treated objectively because questions are based on job requirements. This also makes it easier for candidates to see the link between what they are being evaluated on and the job, improving the candidate experience.
• Legal protection: Structured interviews predict performance better than unstructured, and provide more detailed job-related documentation, they are markedly more defensible in court.

Hence, the main advantages of structured interviews include standardized questions, accuracy is possible to a large extent and Data processing is easy only.

Therefore the correct statements are (B), (C), (D) only.

Positivist researchers tend to use a highly structured research methodology in order to allow the replication of the same study in the future.

Key PointsPositivism:

• Positivism is a philosophy of knowing, which believes that only knowledge gained through direct observation is factual and trustworthy.
• Researchers following a positivist approach postulate that there is one objective reality that is observable by a researcher who has little, if any, impact on the object being observed.
• Positivism implies that there are objective, independent laws of nature to which human life is subjected.
• It is the purpose of research to discover and describe these objective laws.

Additional Information 

• A research paradigm is a model or approach to research that is considered the standard by a substantial number of researchers in the field based on having been both verified and practiced for a long period of time.
• Four major paradigms seem to compete in qualitative inquiry: positivism, postpositivism, critical theory, and constructivism.

Hence, positivist researchers consider reality as objective.

A decision trap can be described as a thought process that can lead to a situation going wrong and include biases.

Key PointsDecision Traps related to processing skills are:

1. The Anchoring Trap- When considering a decision**, the mind gives disproportionate weight to the first information it receives.** Initial impressions, estimates or data anchor subsequent thoughts and judgments.
2. The Status-Quo Trap- Everyone carries biases that influence the choices that they make. Deep within their psyches, people are self-protective and risk-aversive.
3. The Sunk-Cost Trap- Another deep-seated bias is our tendency to make choices in ways that justify past decisions, even when the latter no longer seem valid.
4. The Confirming-Evidence Trap- Leaders sometimes seek out information that supports their existing instinct or point of view, while avoiding information that contradicts it.

Based on the information given above, we can conclude that poor group process, ignoring negative feedback, and not keeping records are the main types of decision traps related to processing skills.

A teaching portfolio is a coherent set of materials, including work samples and reflective commentary on them, compiled by a faculty member to inquire into and represent his or her teaching practice as related to student learning and development.

Key Points The steps are arranged as under:

1. Decide on the purpose for a portfolio- The first step of building a portfolio is to decide on the purpose for which the activity is being designed. The purpose can be introducing a new topic or providing a remedial class.
2. Identify cognitive skills and dispositions- After deciding on the purpose, the skills required for attaining the purpose are to be identified so that they can be used accordingly.
3. Decide who will plan the portfolio- The next step involves determining the responsible people for building the portfolio. There are different sets of people who can be involved in planning the portfolio like the teacher themselves or management.
4. Decide which products and how many samples to put in the portfolio- The next step involves deciding on the products which will be put out for the purpose of the sample. The quantity and quality of the samples are decided before finally deciding on the portfolio rubrics.
5. Build the portfolio rubrics- The last step involves building the portfolio rubrics. A rubric is a systematic scoring guideline to evaluate students' performance (papers, speeches, problem solutions, portfolios, cases) through the use of a detailed description of performance levels.

Hence, the correct steps for building a portfolio for the teaching area from beginning to last step order  (B), (D), (A), (C), (E).

Student-centric approach, also known as the learner-centered approach, encompasses teaching methods that shift focus from teachers to students.

Key Points

Assertion (A): A learner-centered approach provides the best experience for learners.

• A learner-centered approach views learners as active agents.
• They bring their own knowledge, past experiences, education, and ideas – and this impacts how they take on board new information and learn.
• It differs significantly from a traditional instructor-centered approach.
• This approach sees learners as respondents to external stimuli.

Hence a learner-centered approach provides the best experience for learners.

Therefore assertion is true.

Reason (R): Learner-centered approach does not acknowledge the needs of the learner as central to learning experience.

• Student-centric learning is personalized, competency-based, and engaging.
• It helps learners play to their interests and strengths, therefore helping them engage with their own learning journey.
• By incorporating interests and skills, this approach prepares individuals for life beyond the classroom.
• They acquire the skills needed to succeed after graduation and contribute to society.

Hence the learner-centered approach acknowledges the needs of the learner as central to the learning experiences.

Thus reason is incorrect.

Therefore the Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Fidelity may be defined as the extent to which delivery of an intervention adheres to the protocol or program model originally developed. Fidelity measurement has increasing significance for evaluation, treatment effectiveness research, and service administration.

Key PointsStatement I: The opinion that history must emerge from archives is questioned repeatedly over a period of time. 

• The supporters of this approach are of the opinion that the selection of facts for history can be done according to the life histories.
• They feel that great men represent their time.
• They influence great historical movements. Therefore the stories of their life should be included in the curriculum of history.
• The teaching of history should be imparted through the stories of these great men.
• According to this approach, history is taught as a series of stories of the great men of our country in chronological order.

Statement II: Content fidelity compels history researchers to seek several sources of information.

• History aims at helping students to understand the present existing social, political, religious, and economic conditions of the people.
• The aims and objectives of teaching history have undergone changes with the shift in the philosophical thinking of the time and changes in the social and political practices.
• The recent approaches to history have led to researchers seeking different sources of information before deciding on a certain view of history.

 Hence we can conclude that both statements I and II are correct.

Hence the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).

Cross-cultural Classroom Connections serve to promote global understanding in children.

Key PointsMulticultural classrooms are classrooms that embrace diversity and incorporate ideas, beliefs, or people from different countries and cultural backgrounds.

• Several cultural perspectives are put together to enable students to get a truly international education.
• A multicultural education provides educational opportunities to learners from diverse ethnic cultural groups and social classes.
• It enables students to acquire skills and develop a positive attitude to communicate, interact, and foster acceptance and tolerance with individuals from varied cultures to create a moral and civic community.
• Students are given the liberty to examine learning materials to identify potentially prejudicial or biased materials.
• Both teachers and students evaluate their own cultural assumptions and then discuss how learning materials, teaching practices, or schools policies reflect cultural bias, and how they could be changed to eliminate bias.
• A multi-cultural classroom is often regarded as the "gatekeeping of stereotypes" because different cultures are safeguarded and supported in such a classroom.

Hence, the contributive factor for a better ecosphere in a cross-cultural classroom situation is gatekeeping of stereotypes.

Effective listening is actively absorbing the information given to you by a speaker, showing that you are listening and interested, and providing feedback to the speaker so that he or she knows the message was received.

Key PointsCharacteristics of Effective Listening:

• Identification of the common ground- In constructive communication, common ground is a basis of mutual interest or agreement that's found or established in the course of an argument. Finding common ground is an essential aspect of conflict resolution and a key to ending disputes peacefully.
• Finding out the areas of mutual agreement- Teamwork and group discussions contribute to making the classroom a more comfortable environment.
• By working in small groups, students are able to share their ideas more easily and improve their own communication skills. It is important to find out the areas of agreement that are for the benefit of both the teacher and learners.
• Seeing the real issues- Working on the real issues helps in achieving the objectives of classroom communication. The teacher tries to address the real issues and thus achieve the objectives of communication.

Hence, the correct statements are A, B, and C only.

Additional Information

• Permitting different interpretations- Different interpretations override the objective of communication. If the teacher will allow different interpretations then the learners will get confused and real objectives will not be achieved.
• Varied perspectives of the common message- Since a common message should be understood equally by all the students. Providing different perspectives of a common message will ruin the objective of classroom communication.

Effective communication in the classroom equals effective teaching.

Key Points

Statement I: Differences in orientation, habits and interests will affect the classroom communication process.

• Previous knowledge, communication skills, age, sex, IQ, self-esteem, motivation, habits, emotional state, beliefs, values, interests, and aptitude of students are all factors that influence classroom communication.
• Instructors are the source or sender of a message, their ability to communicate effectively has an impact on communication.
• The efficiency of communication is determined by the source's characteristics and attributes
• Communication in the classroom is also influenced by the setting.

​Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Age differences do not matter when we consider semantic noise

• Semantic noise is a communication obstacle caused by a misunderstanding of word meanings.
• Semantic noise is ambiguity in words, sentences, or other symbols used in communication rather than sound.
• People from different cultures, ages, education, and experience can have differences in interpretation.

​So, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Behavioural communication is individual variances variable entailing indirect presentation of feelings, needs, and thoughts as a substitute for more direct and open communication. 

Key Points

• Individual differences in the expression of feelings, needs, and thoughts as a substitute for more direct and open communication are influenced by communicative behaviours.
• A psychological construct that influences individual differences in the expression of feelings, needs, and thoughts.
• The sequence of individual differences in communication is Beliefs ⇒opinions⇒ Values⇒ Needs
• It refers to people's proclivity for using indirect messages and behavioural repercussions to express their feelings, desires, and opinions.
• It may be claimed that a large portion of human communication is nonverbal.

Therefore, the sequence of individual differences in communication is Beliefs ⇒opinions⇒ Values⇒ 

Needs

Additional Information

• Any behaviour that has the goal to transmit a message can be classified as communicative.
• Some example, haircut, a display of certain emotion etc.

communication barrier is anything that prevents someone from receiving. 

Key Points 

 

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is correct matching.

Given:

There are three statements (A), (B), and (C) are given in the question.

Calculation:

According to statement A, the time required to fill the tank by a pipe = x hours

Hence, work done by the pipe in 1 hour = 1/x

Then, the part filled in 1 hour is 1/x

Therefore, statement A is incorrect.

According to statement B, the time required to empty the tank by a pipe = y hours

Hence, work done by the pipe in 1 hour = 1/y

Then, the part emptied in 1 hour is 1/y

Therefore, statement B is correct.

According to statement C,

Time required to fill the tank by a pipe = x hours

Time required to empty the tank by another pipe = y hours

∴ The pipe filled the tank in 1 hour = 1/x

∴ The pipe empty the tank in 1 hour = 1/y

Hence, the net part filled in 1 hour = 1/x - 1/y

So, statement C is correct.

∴ The statements (B) and (C) are correct.

Given:

The ratio of water and milk in the original mixture = 1 : 5

The ratio of water and milk in the final mixture = 2 : 5

Calculation:

Suppose, the total quantity of water in the original mixture = x

The total quantity of milk in the original mixture = 5x

The total quantity of added water = 5 litres

Therefore, (x + 5)/5x = 2/5

⇒ 10x = 5x + 25

⇒ 10x - 5x = 25

⇒ 5x = 25

⇒ x = 5

The total quantity of milk in the original mixture = 5 × 5 = 25 litres

∴ The quantity of milk in the original mixture is 25 litres.

Given:

A sum of money doubles in six years at simple interest.

Required amount = four times the sum of money.

Formula used:

S.I. = (P × R × T)/100

Where, S.I = Simple interest

P = Total sum of money

R = Rate of interest

T = Time (in years)

Calculation:

Suppose, the sum of money = x

The money becomes after six years = 2 × x = 2x

Then, the simple interest = 2x - x = x

Time = 6 years

Rate of interest = R

Therefore, x = (x × R × 6)/100

⇒ 6R = 100

⇒ R = 100/6 = \(16\frac{2}{3}%\)

Therefore, the rate of interest = \(16\frac{2}{3}%\)

The sum of money needs to become four times.

Hence, the money becomes = 4 × x = 4x

Then, total simple interest = 4x - x = 3x

Suppose, the total time required = T

Then, 3x = (x × \(16\frac{2}{3}\) × T)/100

⇒ 3 = {(50/3) × T}/100

⇒ (50/3) × T = 300

⇒ T = 300 × 3/50 = 18

Hence, the total time required = 18 years

The sum of the money will become 4 times in 18 years.

Given:

The H.C.F. of two numbers = 12

The difference between the two numbers = 12

Calculation:

Suppose, two numbers are 12x and 12y

So, 12x - 12y = 12

⇒ 12 (x - y) = 12

⇒ x - y = 12/12 = 1

Hence, x and y are consecutive prime numbers.

By evaluating all four options, we get for 96 and 84

96 = 12 × 8

84 = 12 × 7

Also, (8 - 7) = 1

Therefore, the numbers are 96 and 84.

Fallacies are common logical flaws that will weaken your argument's logic.

Key Points

• Fallacies might be invalid arguments or irrelevant points, and they're easy to spot because they don't have any proof to back up their claims.
• The appeal to ignorance fallacy occurs when a person justifies a specific conclusion by exploiting a lack of information.
• This fallacy incorrectly places the burden of proof on the person making the allegation.
• For example, No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception. We must therefore conclude that extra-sensory perception is a myth.
• In this example, the conclusion is drawn that the existence of extrasensory myth is justified by exploiting a lack of information.

​Therefore, "No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception. We must therefore conclude that extra-sensory perception is a myth", the appeal to ignorance fallacy is committed in this sentence. 

Mistake Points

• In this example, the conclusion is drawn that the existence of extrasensory myth is justified by exploiting a lack of information which is an Appeal to Ignorance.
• A hasty generalization is a fallacious generalization that is usually false due to insufficient information, or where a logical pathway is reversed. So, the answer should be Appeal to Ignorance.
• For example, Everyone that signed up for the diet program said they lost weight. People will lose weight if they go on this diet.

Additional Information

• Slippery slope: The slippery slope fallacy occurs when if one thing happens or is permitted to happen subsequent steps will follow eventually leading to a final consequence.
• Red herring: This fallacy involves attempting to divert the conversation to a topic on which the person conducting the redirecting is more knowledgeable.

Given:

There are two statements given in the question.

Calculation:

Let's see an example to justify the statement I,

Suppose, a ratio is 5 : 6

We will multiply or divide each term of the ratio by 2 (a non-zero number).

Multiplication: 5 × 2 : 6 × 2 = 5 : 6

Division: 5/2 : 6/2 = 5 : 6

So, the multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number doesn't affect the ratio.

Therefore, the statement I is false.

According to statement II, a = k/b

where, k is a constant.

Then, a = k/b

⇒ a ∝ 1/b

Hence, a is inversely proportional to b. Therefore, statement II is true.

∴ Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Anuman is classified into two-part hetu and sadhya. 

Key Points

• Vyapti refers to a link between two facts, one of which is pervaded and the other of which is pervaded.
• Anumana (inference) can be divided into three categories:
• Pu̅rvavata Anumana
• S̀esavata  Anumana
• Sa̅ma̅nyatodrsta Anumana
• S̀esavata  Anumana: An inference in which the unobserved cause is inferred from the seen consequence.
• For example, one infers rainfall on the hills from floods.
• In this case, we can infer floods from the past rainfall on the hills.

Thus, S̀esavata inference is used when one infers rainfall on the hills from floods. 

Additional Information

• Pu̅rvavata Anumana: Infer the unperceived outcome from a seen cause in this inference.
• For example, anyone predicts coming rain based on the sight of dark, thick clouds.
• Sa̅ma̅nyatodrsta Anumana: An inference based on the perception of uniformity rather than causal relationships.
• For example, assume that the moon moves by observing see changing positions of it at extended intervals, even though may not have noticed the motion.

Inductive reasoning is a type of argument in which the premises are considered as providing evidence for the conclusion's truth.

Key Points

• Inductive reasoning is defined as the deduction of general principles from specific observations.
• Inductive reasoning starts with particular and limited observations and then moves on to a generalised conclusion that is likely but not certain based on the evidence.
• Inductive reasoning advances from the specific to the universal.
• For example, 
• The barrel contains 100 apples
• Three apples selected at random were found to be ripe.
• Therefore probably all 100 apples are ripe.
• In this example, a conclusion is drawn from the specific observation which is "three apples selected at random were found to be ripe"
• The conclusion "Therefore probably all 100 apples are ripe" is the generalised conclusion from the specific observation.

Thus, Inductive 

Additional Information

• Deductive reasoning is that the conclusion is definitely true based on the premises' logic.
• Deductive reasoning is a method of proving that a conclusion is correct by using universally recognised truths

Access time is the period between the beginning of one storage device access and the start of the succeeding access. 

Key Points  

 

Therefore,  computer components ranked from slowest to fastest in terms of access time correct order is the Optical drive⇒  SSD⇒ RAM⇒ CPU Cache

RAM is one of the fastest types of memory. 

Key Points

• Random Access Memory (RAM) is the computer's main memory.
• The term random access refers to the fact that the CPU can access any part of the main memory without having to do so in a specific order.
• RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
• There are two forms of main memory: dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and static random access memory (SRAM).
• RAM capacity is typically always denoted by terms like 4GB, 8GB, 12GB, and 16GB.
• It stores operating system software, software applications, and other data so that the central processor unit (CPU) can accomplish tasks quickly and efficiently.

Therefore, RAM is the main memory of a computer. 

Additional Information

• A computer hard drive is a type of storage device that holds your computer's operating system, applications, and data files such as documents, images, and music.
• Compact disc read-only memory or CD-ROM is a type of computer memory that is stored on a compact disc and read by optical means.
• USB flash drive, or a pen drive, is a plug-and-play portable storage device with flash memory.

The United Nations approved the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), safeguard the environment, and ensure that by 2030. 

Key Points

• Goal 3 commits the international community to a global effort to eliminate disease, improve treatment and healthcare, and address new and emerging health challenges.
• All main health issues are addressed in the Goal, including reproductive, maternal, and child health; communicable, non-communicable, and environmental diseases; etc.
• The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contain a target to reduce premature death from Non-communicable illnesses by a third by 2030.
• Heads of State and Government are committed to reducing premature mortality from NCDs by one-third (50%) through prevention and treatment.
• The WHO's leadership and coordination position in promoting and monitoring global action against NCDs.

​Therefore, Under Sustainable Development Goal 3 - 'Good Health and Wellbeing', by 2030, premature mortality from non-communicable diseases is to be reduced by 50%.

Additional Information

 Some others under SDG 3 'Good Health and Wellbeing', by 2030 are mentioned below:

• Reduce worldwide maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
• End preventable deaths of newborns and children under the age of five.
• End AIDS, TB, malaria, and other neglected tropical illnesses epidemics.
• Reduce the number of people killed or injured in road traffic accidents

Natural hazards are described as natural events that have the potential to have an influence on human society and the environment.

Key Points

• Geophysical catastrophes are natural disasters caused by tectonic and seismic activity beneath the surface of the Earth.
• Most geophysical catastrophes have a level of unpredictability that makes it difficult to accurately predict when one will occur.
• Some examples of  Natural hazards of geophysical origin are floods, subsidence, tsunami, volcano, earthquake, hurricanes and tropical storms tornadoes etc.
• Floods can happen in a matter of minutes or over a lengthy period of time, lasting days, weeks, or even months.
• A tsunami is a catastrophic ocean wave that is typically triggered by an undersea earthquake, an underwater or coastal landslide, or a volcanic eruption.

Therefore, floods, subsidence and tsunamis are identified as the natural hazards of geophysical origin. 

Additional Information

• In contrast to natural disasters caused by natural risks, man-made disasters involve human intent, neglect, or error involving a failure of a man-made system.
• Such man-made disasters are crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, etc.

Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.

Key Points

• The Kyoto Protocol puts the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change into action by committing developed and developing countries to restrict and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG).
• The Convention merely requires those countries to establish mitigation plans and actions and to report on a regular basis.
• It was adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
• The Kyoto Protocol was revised on December 8, 2012, in Doha, Qatar.
• Second New Parties' commitments adopted for the period 2013–20.
• Parties promised to cut GHG emissions by at least 18% below 1990 levels in the 8-year period from 2013 to 2020 during the second commitment period.

​Therefore, During the second commitment period (2013-2020) for parties under Kyoto Protocol, the target for reduction in Green House emissions with reference to 1990 levels is 18%.

Additional Information

• the composition of Parties in the second commitment period differs from the first.

Some more revised goals for 2013-2020 are mentioned below: 

• a revised list of greenhouse gas emissions to be reported during the second commitment period.
• changes to various Kyoto Protocol articles that have to be amended for the second commitment period.

The major premise, minor premise, and conclusion make up an inference. 

Key Points

• In Vyapti, the cause must be acknowledged to be inextricably linked to the predicate.
• The Logical substrate of inference is the universal relationship between reason and predicate.
• There can be no inference (Anumana) unless there is an invariable concomitance (Vyapti) between the mark and the character inferred Vyapti between the middle and major terms.
• The Nya̅ya system theory of causation is ‘astkāryavāda’ or ‘ārmbhavāda’.
• Nya̅ya system introduced the notion of real universals or class character

Thus, Species - genus relation, causal relation, member-class relation type of relations are considered by the Nya̅ya system as necessary relations between middle and major terms.

Additional Information

• In the theory of causation, there are two important components.
• The first is 'cause,' while the second is 'effect.'
• An unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect is defined as a cause.
• An effect is defined as a cause's unconditional and invariable result.

Access time is the period between the beginning of one storage device access and the start of the succeeding access. 

Key PointsStatement I: Access time is typically stated in milliseconds for secondary storage devices and in nanoseconds for primary storage devices. 

• Accessing a byte of data from a disc drive takes roughly six orders of magnitude longer than accessing a byte from the main memory.
• The access time of Primary memory such as CPU Cache, and RAM is a few nanoseconds.
• The access time of Secondary memory such as Optical fibre, CD ROM, SSD range from 10 to 200  microseconds (ms)

So, Statement II is true.

Statement II: Average access time can usually be improved by defragmenting the data contents of a hard disk. 

• Defragmenting is the process of restructuring data on a hard disc so that related pieces of data are grouped together and arranged in a logical order.
• it gathers all of the data scattered over your hard drive and reassembles it neatly and cleanly.
• It reorganises all of the data so that the computer can discover items more simple and make the most of its storage space.
• Defragmenting is the process of re-arranging files on a hard disk for faster access.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Additional Information

• The access time for an optical disk ranges from 100 to 200  microseconds (ms) whereas SSDs have access times of 25 to 100ms.
• The access time for RAM is 10 nanoseconds or less and Cache most a few nanoseconds.

The higher education landscape is changing dramatically as a result of the digital revolution.

Key Points 

 

Therefore, (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II) is correct option.

If the conclusion does not accept the logical rules it is referred to as a fallacy. 

Key Points Statement I: The formal fallacies of Aristotle are based on the violations of the formal structure of the whole syllogism. 

• Logical rules contain further rules that must be followed or else an error will arise which is referred to as a fallacy.
• Fallacies in Aristotelian logic after violation of some rules and regulations in the structure of the whole syllogism.
• Some of the rules are mentioned below related to Aristotelian logic:  
• In a syllogism, there must be exactly three terms, all of which are employed in the same way and context.
• The argument is invalid unless the middle word is dispersed at least once in the premises.
• A noun or a noun clause should be used as the subject and predicate terms.
• If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must be spread in the premise as well or else the argument will be invalid.
• In this case, if the Syllogism violated the formal structure then the fallacy is committed.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Fallacies given by the Naiya̅yikas rest on the violations of the formal conditions of the valid middle term or reason.

• The anumana defines the Nyaya inference fallacy, which states that the whole conclusion can be reached.
• These forms of anumana have specific rules, and if they are not followed, the syllogism is said to as a fallacy.
• Hetvabhasa is the error of Nyaya inference which means a word that literally means hetu or reason.
• However, the reason is described in terms of 'invalid reason' in the errors of inference.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Global warming is the long-term warming of the earth's climate system that has been seen from the pre-industrial period as a result of human activity which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.

Key Points

Assertion (A): In comparison to coal and oil, natural gas contributes much less to global warming per unit of energy.

• In comparison to oil, natural gas has a lower carbon content.
• When natural gas is burned for energy it produces fewer air pollutants and carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum.
• Natural gas emits about 117 pounds of CO2 per million thermal units (MMBtu) compared to more than 200 pounds per MMBtu from coal and more than 160 pounds per MMBtu from distillate fuel oil.

So, Assertion (A) is correct. 

Reasons (R): Natural gas has lesser hydrogen per carbon atom than oil or coal. 

• Methane the most basic of all hydrocarbons is the main component of natural gas.
• The chemical formula for methane is CH4, which implies each molecule has four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom.

Thus,  Reasons (R) is not correct. 

Therefore, (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.

Additional Information

• Other greenhouse gases:
• ​Methane (CH₄), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), Nitrous oxide( N₂0)

Biodiversity loss is the loss that occurs as a result of a drop or reduction in this variety due to a range of circumstances.

Key Points

• The loss of biodiversity in a location may result in the extinction of some species, which in turn may result in the extinction of the entire ecosystem in that area.
• Some of the major factors for the loss of biodiversity: 
• Natural resources that were limitless a thousand years ago now appear to be severely limited due to the rising human population alone.
• One of the biggest causes of biodiversity and ecosystem loss is land-use intensification.
• Overexploitation has resulted in the extinction of species.
• For Example, Steller's sea cow and the passenger pigeon.
• Climate change has an impact on biodiversity on several levels, including species distribution, population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem function.
• overexploitation of natural resources, which has resulted in the extinction of biodiversity.

Therefore, Major factors for the loss of biodiversity are changes in land and sea use, direct exploitation of organisms and climate change. 

Additional Information

• Acid rain is a type of precipitation with a pH of 5.2 or below that is mostly caused by human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels which emit sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
• Ozone depletion: The gradual thinning of the Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is caused by the discharge of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities.

​ Confusion Points

• Acid rain can affect biodiversity as it can effects fish are harmed or killed, fish population numbers are reduced and fish species are completely eliminated from a waterbody.

TFT abbreviation is  Thin Film Transistor. 

Key Points

• It's a type of display screen used in liquid crystal displays.
• The active elements are TFTs, which operate as switches to turn each pixel on and off.
• Each pixel in a TFT display is controlled by one to four transistors.
• TFT technology is known for having the highest resolution of any flat-panel technology.
• Bernard Lechner was the first to present the concept of TFT in its entirety.
• He was the first to propose that the pixels be run in close cooperation with TFT technology.

​Thus, With respect to computers, TFT is related to Monitor. 

Additional Information

• Advantages of TFT: 
• ​The fundamental advantage of TFT technology is that each pixel on the display has its own small transistor.
• The image is refreshed multiple times per second which causes the screen to refresh incredibly quickly.

​Tacit knowledge is defined as abilities, ideas, and experiences that people have but that are not codified and may not be easily conveyed

Key Points

Statement I: Michael Polanyi, a physical chemist and philosopher of science, has argued that our explicit knowing depends on a vast subterranean layer of tacit human knowing. 

• Michael Polyani a chemical engineer turned philosopher of science in his book Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy coined the term tacit knowledge.
• Polanyi emerged from his laboratory with the news that the philosophers had it all wrong about scientific practice.
• He claims that not only is there knowledge that cannot be fully expressed verbally, but that all knowledge is anchored in tacit knowledge.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: According to Polanyi, "If we did not have bodies and selves" we could not know any of what we know at an articulate conceptual, logical, empirical level".

• The term tacit knowledge is used in the field of knowledge management to describe knowledge that cannot be fully documented.
• Extensive human contact, regular interaction and trust are all necessary for effective tacit information transfer.
• for example, Apprentices, work with their mentors and acquire craftsmanship through observation, imitation, and practice rather than through language.

​Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct. 

Integrative education strives to enable educated people to act on behalf of wholeness rather than fragmentation. 

Key Points

Statement I: Interrogative education begins with the premise that we are embedded in a communal reality.  

• It can be done by encouraging them to think about the world together rather than "think it apart.
• Integrative education starts with the assumption that we are embedded in a communal reality
• Individuals within the institution have kept the vision of an integrative practice alive in their hearts.
• The core place in the human self where all our capacities converge: intellect, senses, emotions, imagination, intuition, will, spirit, and soul.

​**Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: We cannot know this communal reality truly and well unless we ourselves are consciously and actively in community with it as knowers. 

• From the subatomic level through our conscious and unconscious inner lives to the social interactions.
• Institutional structures that make up your surrounding outward as you are communal beings.
• Parker J. Palmer makes an epistemological claim: we cannot really and fully know this communal reality unless we are consciously and actively in community with it as knowers.

So, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct. 

Additional Information

• Parker J. Palmer is an author, educator, and activist who focuses on education, community, leadership and spirituality.
• Parkar j. palmer in his book The Heart of Higher Education: A Call to Renewal: Transforming the Academy Through Collegial Conversations discusses the Philosophy of Integrative Education

The ability to assess the effectiveness of higher education institutions and systems remains limited, owing to the difficulty of defining and quantifying the inputs and outputs in the production process.

Key Points Assertion (A): Highly selective institutions typically have higher completion rates than open-access institutions.

• It's more difficult to fully measure inputs and outcomes in higher education institutions
• Students, teachers, institutions, and degrees are not all the same, and neither are the hours for a specific activity.
• ​When assessing the performance implications of simple measurements like graduation rates, the heterogeneity issue frequently emerges.
• The completion rates of highly selective universities are often greater than those of open-access colleges.

​So, Assertion (A) is correct. 

Reasons (R): This may reflect more on the prior learning preparation and motivations of the entrants than on the productivity of the institutions they enter.

• This may have more to do with the entrants' past learning preparation and motivations than with the productivity of the institutions they enter.
• It is critical to include incoming student competence and readiness when drawing comparisons among institutions.
• This could indicate that the entrants' past learning, readiness, and motivation are more important than the institution's output.
• The marginal success effect owing to this input quality effect should be taken into account when making resource allocation, performance evaluation, or other high-stakes decisions**.**

Thus, Reasons (R) is the correct and correct explanation of (A). 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The ability to assess the effectiveness of higher education institutions and systems remains limited, owing to the difficulty of defining and quantifying the inputs and outputs in the production process.

Key Points

• In the quest to keep a high-quality college education as affordable as feasible, productivity improvement.
• Some of the factors that affect the measuring productivity in higher education are the following:
• Beyond the degree factory- multiple outputs and joint production
• Heterogeneity of inputs and output.
• Non-market variables and externalities
• Quality change and variation
• A joint production of multiple outputs
• Quality variation across institutions and systems
• Measurement at different levels of aggregation

Therefore, Measuring productivity in higher education is challenging due to the following factors joint production of multiple outputs, heterogeneous inputs and outputs, quality change over time, and quality variation across institutions and systems.

Additional Information

• Measures would almost certainly be abused and ineffective incentives will be created.
• The endeavour is made more difficult by the collaboration of numerous outputs, heterogeneous inputs and outputs, quality change over time, and quality variation between institutions and systems.

The University Education Commission first commission for higher education in the post-independence period in India.

Key Points

• The appointment of the University Education Commission under the chairmanship of Dr S. Radhakrishnan.
• Dr S. Radhakrishnan was asked to chair the University Education Commission after India gained independence on August 15, 1947.
• The Dr S. Radhakrishnan Committee's recommendations aided in shaping India's educational system.
• The Commission's 1949 Report examined the state of university education in newly independent India and made recommendations for its development.
• The Commission met for the first time on December 6, 1948, in New Delhi.

Therefore, The first commission for higher education in the post-independence period in India was headed by Dr S. Radhakrishnan.

Additional Information Some major recommendations of the University Education Commission. ​

• To prepare for self-improvement
• To prepare for democracy.
• To cultivate wisdom in order to awaken the innate ability to live a soulful life.
• To become acquainted with the social philosophy that should regulate all educational, economic, and political institutions

The correct answer is 'Public reasoning.'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"I being with the first subject-that of communication and interpersonal comprehension which are central to public reasoning. Our language reflects the variety of concerns on which our ethical assessments are drawn.**"*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about communication and interpersonal comprehension.
• He has suggested that language bear a variety of ethical concern that has an effect on public reasoning.
• Hence it is evident that our ethical evaluations, as reflected in our language will have a bearing on public reasoning.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Convention.'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"There are vast entanglements of facts and values here but 'while the phrase "entanglement of fact and value" is a convenient shorthand, what we are typically dealing with is a triple entanglement of fact, convention and value'."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about entanglements of facts and values. Here he has made a point that convention is the third parameter that is required for ethical assessment along with fact and value.
• He has suggested that language bear a variety of ethical concern that has an effect on public reasoning.
• Hence it is evident that the entanglement of fact and value should be complemented by the convention.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Group affiliation '

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"Indeed, as political thinker Antonio Gramsci, put it, several decades ago, in his letters from prison, 'In acquiring one's conception of the world one always belongs to a particular grouping which is that of all the social elements which share the same mode of thinking and acting."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about the views of political thinker Antonio Gramsci. According to him one's conception of the world one always belongs to a particular grouping
• Hence in this passage, according to Antonio Gramsci, one's conception of the world depends upon group affiliation.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'entanglements'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"There is a case for what may look like a bit of digression here, to wit, Gramsci's focus on entanglements and the use of rules of language, which has far-reaching relevance for the developments of contemporary philosophy."*​

• In the given statement, the author is speaking about the views of political thinker Antonio Gramsci on the use of rules of language, which has far-reaching relevance for the developments of contemporary philosophy.
• Hence in this passage, contemporary philosophy has developed because of entanglements.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Language and meaning'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"communication and interpersonal comprehension which is central to public reasoning. Our language reflects the variety of concerns on which our ethical assessments are drawn. There are vast entanglements of facts and values here but 'while the phrase "entanglement of fact and value" is a convenient shorthand, what we are typically dealing with is a triple entanglement of fact, convention, and value'. The role that an understanding of conventions plays in making sense of our social and ethical inquiries"*​

• If we read the above lines carefully, we can understand that the author is speaking about communication and interpersonal comprehension. Communication has a direct relation with the language and its meaning. The author has further focussed on the ethical assessment of language.
• Hence it is evident that the passage has focused on language and meaning.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.