UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 30th Nov 2021 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The categorical proposition, in syllogistic or traditional logic, is a proposition or statement, in which the predicate is, without qualification, affirmed or denied of all or part of the subject.

Key PointsStatement I: Asamavyapti corresponds to the Universal Affirmative proposition.

• A universal affirmative proposition (to which, following the practice of medieval logicians, referred to by the letter “A“) is of the form; All S is P; representing the subject and predicate terms respectively by the letters “S” and “P.”
• Such a proposition asserts that every member of the class designated by the subject term is also included in the class designated by the predicate term.
• Thus, it distributes its subject term but not its predicate term.

Hence statement I is true.

​​Statement II: Samavyapti corresponds to the Universal Negative proposition.

• A universal negative proposition (or “E“) is of the form; No S are P.
• This proposition asserts that nothing is a member both of the class designated by the subject term and of the class designated by the predicate terms.
• Since it reports that every member of each class is excluded from the other, this proposition distributes both its subject term and its predicate term.

Hence statement II is also true.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Additional Information

• According to the Nyaya theory of knowledge, inference is one of the sources of true knowledge.
• The inference is defined as that cognition that presupposes some other cognition.
• It is mediate and indirect and arises through a mark, the middle-term (linga or hetu) which is invariably connected with the ‘major term’ (Sadhya).
• It is knowledge (mana) that arises after (anu) other knowledge.
• Invariable concomitance(vyapti) is the nerve of inference.
• The presence of the middle term in the minor term is called paksadharmata.
• The invariable association of the middle term with the major term is called vyapti.
• A vyapti between terms of unequal extensions, such as smoke and fire is called asamavyapti
• A vyapti between two terms of equal extension is called samavyapti.

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) was set up to conduct a survey on the facilities available for technical education and to promote development in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.

Key PointsObjectives of AICTE

• Promotion of Quality in Technical Education.
• Planning and Coordinated Development of Technical Education System.
• Regulations and Maintenance of Norms and Standards.
• The purview of AICTE (the Council) covers programs of technical education including training and research in Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Town Planning, Management, Pharmacy, Applied Arts and Crafts, Hotel Management and Catering Technology, etc. at different levels.

Therefore, AICTE is not dealing with the maintenance of standards of Nursing.

Additional Information Hotel Management is an area of study that covers a wide range of topics concerned with the operational aspects of hoteliers.

Performance Testing is a software testing process used for testing the speed, response time, stability, reliability, scalability, and resource usage of a software application under a particular workload. The main purpose of performance testing is to identify and eliminate the performance bottlenecks in the software application. It is a subset of performance engineering and is also known as “Perf Testing”.

Key PointsFor performance testing, developers can use these seven steps:

1. Identify the testing environment

• Identifying the hardware, software, network configurations and tools available allows the testing team to design the test and identify performance testing challenges early on.

2. Identify performance metrics.

• In addition to identifying metrics such as response time, throughput and constraints, identify what are the success criteria for performance testing.

3. Plan and design performance tests.

• Identify performance test scenarios that take into account user variability, test data, and target metrics. This will create one or two models.

4. Configure the test environment.

• Prepare the elements of the test environment and instruments needed to monitor resources.

5. Implement your test design.
6. Execute tests.

• In addition to running the performance tests, monitor and capture the data generated.

7. Analyze, report, and retest.

• Analyze the data and share the findings. Run the performance tests again using the same parameters and different parameters.

Hence the correct answer is C, A, E, D, B

Qualitative Data Analysis Software is a system that helps with a wide range of processes that help in content analysis, transcription analysis, discourse analysis, coding, text interpretation, recursive abstraction, grounded theory methodology, and interpreting information so as to make informed decisions.

Key Points

NVivo software:

• NVivo is a software program used for qualitative and mixed-methods research.
• Specifically, it is used for the analysis of unstructured text, audio, video, and image data, including (but not limited to) interviews, focus groups, surveys, social media, and journal articles.
• It is produced by QSR International. As of July 2014, it is available for both Windows and Macintosh operating systems

Additional Information

R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics.

• It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.
• Qualitative data analysis tools can help organize, process, and analyze data for actionable insights.
• Qualitative data analysis software is used across a wide range of sectors and industries such as healthcare, the legal industry, e-commerce businesses,

SPSS is a software program. it stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it's used by various kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis.

• The SPSS software package was created for the management and statistical analysis of social science data.

STATA is a powerful statistical software developed by StataCorp for data manipulation, visualization, statistics, and automated reporting.

• It enables users to analyze, manage, and produce graphical visualizations of data.
• It is primarily used by researchers in the fields of economics, biomedicine, and political science to examine data patterns.​

Classroom communication is the interaction between the teacher and the students in the classroom, which are basic processes in teaching and learning. It can be verbal, nonverbal, or written.

Key Points

Assertion A: Two fundamental features of classroom communication are classroom instruction and classroom management.

• Classroom communication is purposive, positive, and pragmatic in nature.
• It takes place between teacher and learners and among learners in both informal as well as informal situations.
• It involves speaking, lecturing, describing, explaining, illustrating on the part of the teacher, and engaging the students in debate, dialogue, and discussion.
• Learners raise questions, doubts, and queries to make their difficulties explicit which need to be effectively responded to and addressed by the teacher.

Hence, classroom instruction and classroom management are fundamental features of classroom communication.

The assertion is true.

Reason R: The classroom communication of teachers rests on the principle of edutainment.

• The purpose of edutainment is to attract and hold the attention of the learners by engaging their emotions through a computer monitor full of vividly colored animations.
• Edutainment is a form of entertainment designed to educate as well as to amuse.

Hence it is true that the classroom communication of teachers rests on the principle of edutainment.

The reason is correct but not the correct explanation.

Therefore, based on the above statements both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• The relationship between classroom instruction and management is that Instructional Design Can Become an Effective Classroom Behavior Management Strategy.
• High-quality academic instruction has consistently proven to be an effective classroom for technique minimizing disruptions by reducing problem behavior and promoting student engagement.

Given: 

Formula Used:

Total Seats = Enrolled Seats + Vacant Seats

Calculation:

Vacant Seats in MTech for 2016-2020 = (30 - 24) + (30 - 26) + (30 - 25) + (30 - 28) + (30 - 27) 

Now, average vacant seats of M Tech = (6 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 3)/5

⇒ 20/5 = 4

Vacant Seats in MBA for 2016-2020 = (60 - 52) + (60 - 57) + (60 - 54) + (60 - 56) + (60 - 48) 

Now, average vacant seats of M Tech = (8 + 3 + 6 + 4 + 12)/5

⇒ 33/5 = 6.6

So, the difference between average vacant seats of M Tech and MBA for 2016-2020 = 6.6 - 4 = 2.6

∴ The difference between average vacant seats of M Tech and MBA for 2016-2020 is 2.6

Given:

Calculation:

Percentage increase in enrollment of students from 2016-2017 is

In BTech = [(110 - 96)/96] × 100 = (14/96) × 100 = 14.58%

In MTech = [(26 - 24)/24] × 100 = (2/24) × 100 = 8.33%

In MPhil = [(14 - 12)/12] × 100 = (2/12) × 100 = 16.66%

In MBA = [(57 - 52)/52] × 100 = (5/52) × 100 = 9.61%

∴ The course which has the highest percentage increase in enrollment of students from 2016-2017 is MPhil.

Given:  

Calculation:

The number of vacant seats of B.Tech for years (2016-2020) is

In the year 2016 = 120 - 96 = 24

In the year 2017 = 120 - 110 = 10 

In the year 2018 = 120 - 108 = 12

In the year 2019 = 120 - 112 = 8

In the year 2020 = 120 - 104 = 16

So, the average number of vacant seats of B. Tech for years (2016-2020) is

⇒ (24 + 10 + 12 + 8 + 16)/5

⇒ 70/5 = 14

∴ The average number of vacant seats of B. Tech for years (2016 - 2020) is 14

Given:

Formula Used: 

Total Seats = Enrolled Seats + Vacant Seats

Calculation:

Vacant seats in 2016 = 230 - 180 = 50

Vacant seats in 2017 = 230 - 207 = 23

Vacant seats in 2018 = 230 - 200 = 30

Vacant seats in 2019 = 230 - 211 = 19

Vacant seats in 2020 = 230 - 195 = 35

∴ Year which has the minimum vacant seats is 2019

Given:

Calculation:

Average enrollment in the year 2016 = 180/4 = 45

Average enrollment in the year 2017 = 207/4 = 51.75

Average enrollment in the year 2018 = 200/4 = 50

Average enrollment in the year 2019 = 211/4 = 52.75

Average enrollment in the year 2020 = 195/4 = 48.75

∴ Year which has highest average enrollment is 2019

A categorical syllogism is an argument consisting of exactly three categorical propositions (two premises and a conclusion) in which there appear a total of exactly three categorical terms, each of which is used exactly twice.

Key Points Assertion A: In a valid categorical syllogism, the middle term must be distributed in at least one premise.

• Categorical syllogisms are sets of three categorical propositions.
• The first two are given and presumed to be true.
• These first two categorical propositions are called premises.
• The third categorical proposition is the conclusion.
• A categorical proposition is termed "valid" if the premises are sufficient to support to prove the conclusion true.
• The premises are always presumed to be true.

Hence Assertion is true.

Reason R: The conclusion of a valid argument cannot assert any more than is contained in the premises.

• An argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
• If all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.
• It is impossible that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

Hence it is true that the conclusion of a valid argument cannot assert any more than is contained in the premises.

Therefore, based on the above statement we can conclude that both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

The aim of the National Knowledge Commission was to enable the development of a vibrant knowledge-based society. This entails both a radical improvement in existing systems of knowledge and creating avenues for generating new forms of knowledge.

Key Points

• National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was constituted on 13th June 2005.
• As a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, the National Knowledge Commission has been given the mandate to guide policy and direct reforms, focusing on certain key areas such as education, science, and technology, agriculture, industry, e-governance etc.

The key mandate areas of the National Knowledge Commission are

• Build excellence in the educational system to meet the knowledge challenges of the 21st century and increase India’s competitive advantage in fields of knowledge.
• Promote the creation of knowledge in Science and technology laboratories.
• Improve the management of institutions engaged in Intellectual Property Rights.
• Promote knowledge applications in Agriculture and Industry.
• Promote the use of knowledge capabilities in making government an effective, transparent, and accountable service provider to the citizen and promote widespread sharing of knowledge to maximize public benefit.

Hence easy access to knowledge, creation, and preservation of knowledge systems, dissemination of knowledge, and better knowledge services are core concerns of the commission.

Therefore the correct answer is A, B, D, and E only.

A toxic substance is a substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects.

Key PointsStatement I: Toxic chemicals often injure organs as well as organ systems.

• Toxic chemicals can affect any system in the body, including the respiratory (nose, air passages, and lungs), digestive (mouth, throat, stomach, etc.), circulatory (heart, blood), nervous (brain, nerve cells), and reproductive (sperm, egg, etc.).
• Some chemicals, like acids, are nonspecific and cause damage on direct contact. Other chemicals, like gasoline, can be absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Some chemicals affect only certain target systems or target organs.
• Every organ system has different functions and physical characteristics. So the effect of chemicals on each system has to be evaluated slightly differently.

Hence Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Hepatotoxins are chemicals that can damage kidneys.

• A hepatotoxin is a toxic chemical substance that can cause damage to or otherwise injure the liver.
• Hepatotoxins work by blocking the secretion of triglycerides, or fat, into the blood plasma. This process reduces the concentration of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. This fat accumulation is a key factor in liver injury.
• Studies have shown that organic solvents may be associated with hepatotoxicity. Organic solvents are used in various industrial processes such as spraypainting, manufacturing of paints, processing of metals, and aeronautical and auto manufacturing maintenance.
• Organic solvents are also prevalent in various chemical storage facilities. Workers can be exposed to hepatotoxins via intentional or accidental ingestion in food or absorption of toxic contaminants through the skin.

Hence statement II is incorrect.

Therefore, based on the above explanations, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Additional Information

• Nephrotoxins are toxic chemicals that can damage kidneys.
• Some studies have shown that toxins like benzene can be hepatotoxin as well as nephrotoxins.

Anaerobic digestion is the biological degradation of organic matter in the absence of free oxygen.

Key Points

• In anaerobic digestion, much of the organic matter is converted to biogas; methane, carbon dioxide, and water.
• Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is indeed an effective process for organic solids.
• It involves the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the decomposition of sewage sludge.
• It is  also known as methane fermentation or anaerobic sludge stabilization, this process can reduce the organic matter content of sludge by 40 and 50 %
• Two different types of anaerobic sludge digestion process are in practice:

1. Low rate digestion: a large storage tank, occasionally, with some heating facility
2. High rate digestion: with pre-thickening of raw sludge, complete mixing, heating, and uniform feeding of raw sludge.

• Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and can be captured and utilized as a renewable energy source.
• The anaerobic digestion process helps break down the organic solids, reducing the overall volume of the sludge and making it more manageable for subsequent handling and disposal.

Thus anaerobic digestion enhances the stabilization of sewage sludge, reduces pathogens and odor emission, and dry matter of sludge is reduced, which leads to a significant reduction in the final sludge volume.

Therefore, statements A, C, and D only are correct.

Shortcut TrickGiven:

Amount = 2 × Principal

Time = 4 years

Calculation:

A certain sum at C.I. becomes n times in t years then,

n times → t years

n^m times → (m × t) years

A sum of money placed at C.I. doubles itself in 4 years then,

2 times → 4 years

8 times = 2³ times = (3 × 4) years = 12 years

∴ A sum of money will amount to its 8 times in 12 years.

Alternate MethodGiven:

Amount = 2 × Principal

Time = 4 years.

Formula Used:

A = P × [1 + (r/100)]n

Where A = Amount, P = Principal, r = rate of interest, n = time period

Calculation:

A = P × [1 + (r/100)]n

Here,  A = 2P, n = 4 years 

⇒ A = P × [1 + (r/100)]n

⇒ 2P = P × [1 + (r/100)]⁴

⇒ 2 = [1 + (r/100)]⁴     ----(1)

If sum becomes 8 times in n years, 

Then, A = 8P

⇒ 8P = P × [1 + (r/100)]ⁿ

⇒ 8 = [1 + (r/100)]ⁿ

⇒ 2³ = [1 + (r/100)]ⁿ     ----(2)

From equation (1) and (2), we get;

⇒ {[1 + (r/100)]⁴}³ =  [1 + (r/100)]ⁿ

⇒ [1 + (r/100)]¹² = [1 + (r/100)]n 

⇒ n = 12 years

∴ A sum of money will amount to its 8 times in 12 years.

Important Points

Hence  A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV match is correct.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were 8 international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.

Key Points   

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching code is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

The Correct Answer is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

Key Points

Hence we can conclude that the correct matching code is A-III, B - IV, C - II, D - I

A fallacy is a type of arguing that appears to be valid, but actually invalid. The term fallacy comes from the Latin word ‘fallo,’ meaning ‘I deceive. Therefore any error in reasoning is a fallacy. 

Important Points

An ad hominem fallacy

• It uses personal attacks rather than logic.
• This fallacy occurs when someone rejects or criticizes another point of view based on the personal characteristics, ethnic background, physical appearance, or other non-relevant traits of the person who holds it.
• Ad hominem arguments are often used in politics, where they are often called "mudslinging."

Hence the fallacy committed in the given statement is Argument ad Hominem.

Additional Information

Argument from ignorance 

• it is also known as appeal to ignorance (in which ignorance represents "a lack of contrary evidence") and is a fallacy in informal logic
• Appeal to Ignorance occurs when a person mistakenly believes something to be true that is not, because he or she does not know enough about the subject, or has not been given enough evidence, to know otherwise.
• For Example, if you accuse a person of wrongdoing, it is up to you to prove it. It is an argument from ignorance to suggest someone is guilty because they can't prove their innocence.

An appeal to pity 

• It relies on provoking your emotions to win an argument rather than factual evidence.
• Appealing to pity attempts to pull on an audience's heartstrings, distract them, and support their point of view.
• For Example, Someone accused of a crime using a cane or walker to appear more feeble in front of a jury

Appeal to Inappropriate Authority

• ​This fallacy is used when a person appeals to a false authority as evidence for a claim.
• These fallacious arguments from authority are the result of citing a non-authority as an authority.
• It is a fallacy "when the appeal is made to parties having no legitimate claim to authority in the matter at hand
• The statement "The policies suggested by him have no merit since he was once charged with embezzlement" is a clear case of Appeal to inappropriate authority where the person's policies are negated on the basis that he was once charged for corruption.

The correct answer is David Ausubel.

Verbal Learning involves acquiring skills to communicate with others by using words, sounds, pictures, etc. In the following section, we will discuss various theories of learning

Important Points

 Ausubel's Meaningful verbal learning:

• It was developed by David  Ausubel in the 1960s as a contrast to rote learning
• It is concerned with how individuals learn large amounts of meaningful material from verbal/textual presentations in a school setting
• Meaningful verbal learning corresponds to a large extent to concept learning.
• It involves the functional internalization of the verbal material presented to learners and occurs through progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation.​

Additional Information

• Jerome Bruner - Learning Theory in Education
• This theory depicted how knowledge is represented and organized through different modes of thinking (or representation). Bruner proposed three modes of representation
• Enactive representation (action-based)
• Iconic representation (image-based)
• Symbolic representation (language-based)
• Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.:​
• it is  Familiarly known as Bloom’s Taxonomy.
• The framework elaborated by Bloom and his collaborators consisted of six major categories:
• These were ​Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
• The categories after Knowledge were presented as “skills and abilities,” with the understanding that knowledge was the necessary precondition for putting these skills and abilities into practice.
• ​Kohlberg's theory of moral development :
• It focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning.
• It suggests that moral development occurs in a series of six stages grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
• The theory also suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice​

A correct answer is malicious programs are often disguised as legitimate software.

Computer viruses are unwanted software programs or pieces of code that interfere with the functioning of the computer. They a self-replicating computer program that interferes with the functioning of the computer by infecting files, data, programs, etc.

Key Points

Trojan Horse

• A Trojan is sometimes called a Trojan virus or a Trojan horse virus, but that’s a misnomer.
• Viruses can execute and replicate themselves but Trojan cannot.
• A user has to execute Trojans.
• It can't replicate like viruses and worms as a Trojan horse hides in a program.
• it is a type of malicious code or software that looks legitimate and acts as a bona fide application or file Once installed, Once you install any such program, the trojan horse enters your computer.
• It can provide unauthorized access to your computer, send your files to other computers, and may delete files or can make other unwanted changes in your computer by gathering information by monitoring.

Trojan malware example to show how it works.

• You might think you’ve received an email from someone you know and click on what looks like a legitimate attachment. But you’ve been fooled. The email is from a cybercriminal, and the file you clicked on — and downloaded and opened — has gone on to install malware on your device.
• When you execute the program, the malware can spread to other files and damage your computer

Common Types Of Computer Viruses are·-Trojan virus, File-infecting Virus, Macro Virus, Web Scripting Virus, Boot Sector Virus, etc

The correct answer is A-IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

Key Points

Hence we can conclude that correct matching code is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

The Correct Answer is T. S. Kuhn

A paradigm is a basic framework of assumptions, principles and methods from which the members of the community work. 

Important Points

• Thomas Kuhn's concept of Padigm's shift:
• He argued that science does not evolve gradually towards truth.
• Science has a paradigm that remains constant before going through a paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon, and someone proposes a new theory.
• A scientific revolution occurs when:
• the new paradigm better explains the observations and offers a model that is closer to the objective, external reality; and
• the new paradigm is incommensurate with the old.
• For example, Lamarckian evolution was replaced with Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Additional Information

• Karl Popper's Theory
• It believed that scientific knowledge is provisional.
• The Falsification Principle was proposed by Karl Popper which is a way of demarcating science from non-science.
• It suggests that for a theory to be considered scientific it must be able to be tested and conceivably proven false. For example, the hypothesis that "all swans are white," can be falsified by observing a black swan.
• For Popper, science should attempt to disprove a theory, rather than attempt to continually support theoretical hypotheses.
• R. A. Fisher:
• He elicited the genetic mechanisms and consequences of natural selection. made unique insights into the genetic processes that lead to the evolution of phenotypes. Fisher (1999) introduced the concepts of life history, reproductive value, and runaway selection
• Imre Lakatos:
• He is famous for his ideas on "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes"La radical revision of Popper’s Demarcation Criterion between science and non-science which gave rise to a novel theory of scientific rationality.

The correct Answer is Pravajya.

In the Buddhist period, every class in society, except the Chandals, had the right to receive an education.

It was denied only to the ill, the handicapped, the dishonored and those punished for crimes. Education began at the age of 8. Till the age of 12, the student remained in a state of shramana. After attaining the age of 20, he was qualified to become a monk

The total period of education was 22 years, composed of 12 years as pababja or Pravajya, and 10 years as upsampada.

 Important Points

• Upsampada Ritual
• In Buddhist education after attaining the age of twenty years, the student had to adopt 'Upsampada'.
• On this occasion, the presence of ten monks was essential. After this ritual, the male monks were called '~ikshu' and female monks 'Bikshuni
• Even at this stage, monks were required to observe such rules as living under a tree, eating food obtained in their begging bowls

Additional Information

• Pababja or Pravrajyā Ritua l:
• The ceremony is also the preliminary part of higher ordination, raising a novice to a monk
• in Sanskrit pababja is called as  Pravrajyā,
• Before a student could enter a monastery for receiving education, he had to perform the 'pababha' ritual, in which, according to the 'Vinaypitaka, the student had his head shaved off all the hair, dressed in yellow clothes, placed his forehead at the feet of the monks living in the monastery,
• He was then ordained to obey ten rules, which included abstaining from theft, killing of any living being, impure conduct, partaking of food at prohibited times, use of intoxicating things, use of cosmetics, taking things without being offered, accepting objects of gold and silver in alms, watching dances or listening to music, etc.
• After the performing of this ritual, the student was called a 'shrarnana' or 'samner
• Samavartana
• The Samavartana, also known as Snāna, is a rite of passage in the ancient texts of Hinduism performed at the close of the Brahmacharya period and marked the graduation of the student from Gurukul.
• The students used to spend the long period of twelve years &ill1 their Gurus in their families.
• After that period, having completed their education, they were allowed to go home to enter the family life
• It signifies a person's readiness to enter grihastashrama.
• Upanayana:
• is one of the traditional saṃskāras (rites of passage) that marked the acceptance of a student by a guru (teacher or tutor) and an individual's initiation into a school in Hinduism.
• The tradition is widely discussed in ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism and varies regionally.
• The sacred thread (yagnyopavita or  janeu,  is received by the boy during this ceremony, which he continues wearing from the left shoulder to the right crossing the chest thereafter.
• Generally, this ceremony should be performed before the advent of adulthood.

In computer architecture, a bus (shortened form of the Latin omnibus, and historically also called data highway) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers

Von-Neumann Architecture comprised three major bus systems for data transfer

• Address Bus
• Data Bus
• Control Bus

Key Points

Statement I: Data bus sends data between the processor, memory unit, and the I/O devices. 

• Data Bus:
• ​Data Bus carries data between the processor, the memory unit, and the input/output devices
• It .is a data-centric software framework for distributing and managing real-time data in intelligent distributed systems.
• It allows applications and devices to work together as one, integrated system.

Hence Statement I is true.

Statement II: It is uni-directional

• Data Bus Functioning:
• ​It simplifies application and integration logic with a powerful data-centric paradigm.
• It can transfer data to and from the memory of a computer, or into or out of the central processing unit (CPU) that acts as the device's "engine."
• A data bus can also transfer information between two computers.
• Thus the data bus is bidirectional

​Hence Statement II is false.

Thus we can conclude that Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Important Points 

• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 replaces the 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 as the first education policy of the twenty-first century.
• This policy, which is based on the foundational pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, and Accountability, aims to transform India into a vibrant knowledge society and global knowledge superpower by making school and college education more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, suited to 21st-century needs, and aimed at bringing out the unique capabilities of each student.

Key Points

NEP-2020 envisages higher education as-

• To move towards multidisciplinary universities and colleges,
• Establish more higher education institutions across India;
• Move towards faculty and institutional autonomy;
• Revamp curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, and student support system, at both UG and PG levels.
• Playing an important role in promoting human as well as social well being
• a system with identified sets of skills and values to be incorporated at each stage of learning from pre school to higher education
• a system which needs complete overhaul and energising to overcome the challenges faced by the system

Therefore, the correct answer is A, D, and E only

 Key PointsInference-It is an important concept of the Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy. Here, the prefix ‘anu’ means ‘after’ and ‘māna’ means ‘knowledge’. It is a way of drawing inference from prior or existing knowledge. It is a means of arriving at truth not directly but through previous knowledge of concomitance (vyapti) between the major term (sadhya) and the middle term (sadhana). Therefore, unlike Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference) yields mediate knowledge. For example, if there is smoke on a hill, our ‘anumana’ would be that there is some fire on the hill. This process of making an Anumana is through ‘vyapti’

"A young child goes near an iron ball, feels the radiation of heat; from that, she concludes that the ball must be quite hot and returns without physically touching the ball." here the cognition is through the inference, as the child arrives at the conclusion through previous knowledge of the ball being hot as it radiates heat, even without touching the ball.

Additional Information Perception-pratyaksha, (Sanskrit: “that which is before one’s eyes”) in Indian philosophy, perception, the first of the five means of knowledge, or pramanas, that enable a person to have correct cognitions of the world. Pratyaksha is of two kinds, direct perception (anubhava) and remembered perception (smriti).

Verbal Authority-shabda, (Sanskrit: “sound”) in Indian philosophy, verbal testimony as a means of obtaining knowledge. In the philosophical systems (darshans), shabda is equated with the authority of the Vedas (the most-ancient sacred scriptures) as the only infallible testimony, since the Vedas are deemed to be eternal, authorless, and absolutely infalliable

![Solved] Which of the following is not correct with reference to](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/20/08/F1_Satya_Madhu_03.08.20_D4.png)

Therefore, the correct answer is Inference.

Key Points

A consumer is described as someone who pays to consume goods and services produced by a seller in the domains of economics, marketing, and advertising (i.e., company, organization). A consumer is a person (or a group of individuals) who is considered the end-user or target demographic for a product, good, or service.

Important Points The Smart Consumer, as the term implies, is an intelligent, thorough, and curious shopper. It is not a compulsive buyer; on the contrary, before making any purchase, it is the responsibility of the buyer to thoroughly research the product or service in order to weigh all of the benefits that the purchase may provide.

A consumer, on the other hand, not only researches the product's performance and pays close attention to other buyers' opinions, but also inquires about and compares prices. In a market as competitive as the current one, we may say that the Smart Consumer is a challenge.

Characteristics of Smart Consumer of media-

1. Avoids scams and fraud
2. Do research before buying
3. Gets good deals/value for money spent
4. Knows where to complain if needed
5. Following a few select TV channels, one likes

Therefore, being a smart consumer of media means being adept at recognizing subtle and not subtle forms of messages.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The logic followed for first letter:

First letters are: A, C, Q, ?

The logic followed for second letter:

second letters are: N, Q, U, ?

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Hence, the next term will be ''GZ''.

Key Points

In general, mixed methods research represents research that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or in a series of studies that investigate the same underlying phenomenon. Its central premise is that the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone.

Important Points Disadvantages of Mixed research methods are-

• Quantitative and qualitative research are epistemologically different
• The aims of quantitative and qualitative research are different
• Ontological assumptions of quantitative and qualitative research may be different
• A researcher choosing to rely on this method of research has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to appropriately mix them.
• The mixed method of research is more expensive and time-consuming than any other method of research due to its duplicitous content.
• Quantitative and qualitative research are paradigmatically incompatible.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, C, D, and E only

Key Points

 The English word ‘communication’ has been derived from the Latin word, ‘Communicare’ which means to impart or participate or to transmit. The word ‘Communicare’ is derived from the root ‘Communis’ which means to make common or to share.

Additional Information

 Communication is-

1. The activity or process of sharing or exchanging ideas, feelings, information, experience between two or more persons;
2. An act or instance of transmitting;
3. The information is actually communicated by some means.

Definitions of communication:

1. The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as “the action of conveying or exchanging information and ideas.”
2. Peter Little defines communication as “the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and or organizations so that an understanding response results.”
3. Allen Lui (Louis) defines communication as “ Communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic process of telling, listening, understanding, and responding.”
4. Keith Davis defines communication as “Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another.

Therefore, the correct answer is to make it common, the information available

Key Points

Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes 4 stages of development. 

• Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
• Preoperational stage: 2 to 7 years
• Concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 years
• Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up

The Sensorimotor Stage-Ages: Birth to 2 Years

• The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
• Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
• Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence)
• They are separate beings from the people and objects around them
• They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them

**The Preoperational Stage-**Ages: 2 to 7 Years

• Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
• While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.

The Concrete Operational Stage-Ages: 7 to 11 Years

• During this stage, children begin to think logically about concrete events
• They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
• Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete
• Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle

The Formal Operational Stages: 12 and Up

• At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
• Abstract thought emerges
• Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
• Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information

​ 

Important Points

Statement I: As per Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the child learns a language and begins to use symbols to represent objects during the pre-operational stage.

• As per Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the child learns a language and begins to use symbols to represent objects during the pre-operational stage.
• Hence the statement is correct as the correct answer is a pre-operational stage.

Statement II: As per Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the child learns through reflexes, senses, and movement-actions on the environment during the formal operational stage.

• As per Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the child learns through reflexes, senses, and movement-actions on the environment during the sensorimotor stage.

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Note: The official answer is provided in option four which is incorrect as per the above explanation.

 Key PointsThe research process is incomplete without the collection of data which begins after the identification of research problems and the development of a study design.

Primary data is collected using a variety of approaches, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and so on. In research surveys, both questionnaires and schedules are commonly used methods of data collection. The essence of these two systems has a striking resemblance, prompting many to suggest that they can be considered interchangeable from a practical standpoint.

 Important PointsStatement I: Questionnaires are filled in by the participants themselves.

A questionnaire is a research tool that consists of a set of questions or other forms of prompts designed to gather data from a respondent. A typical research questionnaire has a combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions. Long-form, open-ended inquiries allow the reply to elaborate on their opinions. The Statistical Society of London created research questionnaires in 1838. A questionnaire is a method of obtaining responses to questions by having the respondent fill out a form on his own. It is made up of a set of questions that are printed or typed in a specific order. These forms are addressed to the respondent, who is expected to read and understand the questions and respond by filling in the blanks with the appropriate responses. Hence this statement is correct.

Statement II: Interview schedule is filled in by the interviewer/researcher.

A schedule is a list of questions on a certain topic that are personally asked by the interviewer or investigator. The order of the questions, their phrasing, and the organisation of elements of the schedule remain unchanged. If the respondent has any difficulties, the investigator can explain the questions. Enumerators (interviewer/researcher) go to the informants with the schedule. Hence this statement is correct.

Therefore,Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Key PointsWood’s Dispatch is considered to be the “Magna Carta of Education” in India. The Dispatch is a comprehensive important educational document and holds a unique place in the history of Indian education. It placed the responsibility of education of the Indian people fully on the company and made it quite clear that it must never be neglected. The Dispatch gave a new direction to education in India and which has an impact on today’s education in the country.

The following developments were reflected post-Charles Wood’s Despatch:

1. Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta universities were set up in 1857
2. In all provinces, education departments were set up
3. Bethune School (founded by J.E.D. Bethune) was started for women's education
4. Agriculture Institute at Pusa (Bihar) and an Engineering Institute at Roorkee were started
5. British India witnessed rapid westernization of the education system with European headmasters and principals in schools and colleges
6. Private Indian educators appeared.

Important PointsStatement I: The Wood's Despatch recognized for the first time that the government should give frank and cordial support to female education and take effective measures for its expansion.

• Wood’s Despatch began a new era of organized educational administration, defined the aim of Indian education, and determined the Government’s attitude towards the need for technical and women’s education.
• Even though it had recommended that the British Government should support women’s education and give financial assistance for the opening of girls’ schools, the department of education did not take active measures for another decade or two.

Hence statement 1 is correct

Statement II: Girl candidates were allowed to appear in the matriculation examination for the first time by Calcutta University.​

• It was in 1877 that Calcutta University first opened its doors for girl students, and Bombay University followed suit in 1883.
• Thus the gates of higher education were thrown open for women. In 1883, Chandramukhi Basu and Kadambini Basu of Calcutta University became the first women graduates in India.

Hence statement 2 is correct.

Therefore the correct answer is both Statements I and Statement II are correct.

Wind power is electricity generated by turbines that harness the energy of the wind. Wind, despite its irregularity and dispersion, contains enormous amounts of energy and is both unlimited and nonpolluting. As a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, the usage of wind in energy systems increased dramatically in the 1980s and into the early twenty-first century. Wind power is mostly produced in China, the United States, and Germany.

Important PointsAssertion A: Coastlines are considered as high potential areas for wind energy generation.

• The kinetic energy in wind is a significant source of renewable energy in many parts of the world, with considerable potential for further development.
• The energy produced by the turbines is heavily dependent on the average local wind speed.
• Regions that usually have the most important wind potential are located near coasts, inland areas with open fields, or at the edge of water bodies.

Hence, the assertion is true and correct.

Reason R: Ocean water can be utilized as a coolant during wind energy production

• Wind turbines require virtually no water to generate electricity and the 1.5 MW platform wind turbine generator is cooled using a passive, maintenance-free air circulation system with no moving parts.
• Ambient air is directed through special cooling channels on the generator housing.

Hence the reason is True but not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Therefore, both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation:

We are given to find the unit digit of the product of the first 22 natural numbers.

The first 22 natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22.

The unit digit of a number is the digit in the one's place of the number. i.e It is the rightmost digit of the number. For example, the units digit 243 is 3

Since the unit digit in two numbers among the first 22 natural numbers, that are 10 and 20 is 0, so the total product must have unit digit 0.

∴ The unit digit of the product of the first 22 natural numbers will be 0.

Key PointsThere are various reasons which cause unsuccessful communication or prevent understanding the actual meaning of the information which are known as communication Barriers. The difficulty to successfully deliver the information is categorized in different communication barriers based on various aspects

Types of Communication Barriers are as follows:

1. Semantic Barrier
2. Language Barrier
3. Organizational Barrier
4. Interpersonal Barrier
5. Individual Barrier
6. Physical Barrier
7. Psychological Barrier
8. Technological barrier
9. Cultural Barrier

Important Points

Semantic Barrier-

• It is based on the same worlds having different meanings to different peoples.
• The difficulty arises when different people assume the different meanings of specific information or word, it is called semantic Barriers.
• Semantic barriers arise due to difference in understanding of people. People in different levels have different understanding.
• Different signals and messages can be interpreted in a different way because of the levels of hierarchy in which they are present.
• Hence, power and status can be said to cause semantic barriers.

Additional Information

Physical Barrier-

• It is the most occurred barrier in communication due to natural and environmental conditions.
• The physical barrier includes circumstances like noise, hearing problems, speech difficulties, closed doors, defective equipment, etc.
• The distance or geographical distance may be the reason for Physical barriers.
• It is always easy to convey a message to a person over a short distance.
• As more communication channel and technology is required to deliver the message at a large distance.

Cultural Barrier-

• A cultural barrier is a rule or expectation in any culture that prevents or impedes someone, from outside of that culture, from being included or participating equally, Eg of the cultural barrier are- stereotypes, pride, and prejudice.

Technological Barrier-

• The disturbance during communication occurs due to a technical error or is known as Technical Barrier.
• The network issue, coding errors, or defects in electronic equipment are the major reason for the technological barrier.
• For example, one cannot be able to communicate over the phone if there is any defect in the phone or if the proper network is not available.

Therefore, Power and status are said to cause semantic barriers in communication.

Ethernet is a type of computer networking technology that is commonly used for transmitting data through cable in local area networks (LANs).

Key Points

• Ethernet is a form of communication protocol used to connect various numbers of computers with each other to transmit data.
• it is invented by Robert Metcalfe.
• An Ethernet is also known as Alto Aloha Network and it is a commonly used LAN and WAN protocol.
• It is wired connections are used for faster maximum data transfer rates and are more secure & less susceptible to interference than wireless networks.

Different types of ethernet are following: ​

Therefore, Ethernet is a system that connects a number of computers or devices together to form a LAN

A cyber security threat is any harmful attack that attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, disrupt digital activities, or damaged data. A cyber security threat can be employed by various agents such as corporate spies, hacktivists, terrorist groups, hostile nation-states, etc. 

Important Points

Hence, the correct option is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and assesses whether specific traffic should be allowed or blocked. 

Key Points

• It acts as a gatekeeper by detecting and preventing unwanted traffic from an unidentified source.
• It manages network traffic to help safeguard your network and information.
• A firewall acts as traffic by allowing the IP addresses or trusted sources to be permitted by the users.
• Types of  firewall: Hardware Firewall and Software Firewall

• The firewall used two Port numbers and applications to control data traffic.

 Therefore, the firewall examines traffic between a computer and a network and keep the list of IP addresses thus preventing access to certain websites. 

Additional Information

• ​Attacks on personal computers prompted the development of first-generation firewalls in the late 1980s.
• the first stateful inspection firewall was introduced in 1993.
• In the early 2000s, third-generation firewalls addressed application-layer vulnerability attacks, resulting in Intrusion Prevention Systems Products (IPS).
• In 2017, larger-scale attacks necessitated even more sophisticated defences.

Calculation:

Statement A: The average of first twenty multiples of 8 is 84

First twenty multiples of 8 are:

⇒ 8 × 1, 8 × 2, 8 × 3,...........8 × 20

So, AP = 8 + 16 + 24, +..............+ 160

Required average = 8(1 + 2 + 3 + ............+ 20)/20

AP: Sum of first n numbers = n/2[first term + last term]

Required average of AP = (8 + 160)/2 = 84

Hence, statement A is correct.

Statement B. There are 25 prime numbers between 100 to 200.

Prime numbers from 100 to 200 are:

101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199.

There are 21 prime numbers between 100 to 200

Hence, statement B is incorrect.

Statement C. Average of ten positive numbers is X. If each number is increased by 10%, then new average increases by 11%.

Let the ten positive numbers be m₁, m₂, m₃, ............ m₁₀

Now, average of ten positive numbers is X.

⇒ X = (m1 + m2 + m3 +............+ m10)/10

If each number is increased by 10% then, new average Y is,

⇒ Y = (1.1m1 + 1.1m2 + 1.1m3 +............+ 1.1m10)/10  

⇒ Y = 1.1 × (m1 + m2 + m3 +............+ m10)/10

⇒ Y = 1.1 × m

New average Y is increased by 10%

Hence, statement C is incorrect.

∴ Only statement A is correct.

Additional Information

• A prime number has exactly two factors and is a positive integer. If 'p' is a prime number, then 1 and p themselves are only necessary factors. Any number that does not obey this is called a composite number.

Given: 

Statement I: The single discount equivalent to a series discount of 10%, 30% and 50% is 68.5%

Statement II: The single discount equivalent to a series discount of 10%, 20% and 40% is 43.2%

Formula Used:

Total discount = [x + y - (xy/100)]%

Calculation:

Statement I: The single discount equivalent to a series discount of 10%, 30% and 50% is 

Single equivalent discount for 10% and 30% is

⇒ [10 + 30 - (10 × 30)/100]%

⇒ (40 - 300/100)% = (40 - 3)% = 37%

Now, single equivalent discount for 37% and 50% is

⇒ [37 + 50 - (37 × 50)/100]%

⇒ (87 - 18.5)% = 68.5%

Statement II: The single discount equivalent to a series discount of 10%, 20% and 40% is

Single equivalent discount for 10% and 30% is

⇒ [10 + 20 - (10 × 20)/100]%

⇒ (30 - 200/100)% = (30 - 2)% = 28%

Now, single equivalent discount for 28% and 40% is

⇒ [28 + 40 - (28 × 40)/100]%

⇒ (68 - 11.2)% = 56.8%

∴ Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship that exists between particular propositions based on their form.

A. A proposition and E proposition are contradictories is not correct as A and E are contraries

B. A proposition and O proposition are contradictories is correct

C. E proposition and O proposition are contradictories not correct as A and E are subaltern

D. I proposition and O proposition are contraries not correct as A and E are subcontraries

E. I proposition and O proposition are subcontraies correct

Key Points

Relationships between Propositions:

Therefore, from the above information B and E only is the correct option.

The correct answer is  'possibly the greatest in some sense but not the most civilized'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have been beaten in battle, the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.
• It is just possible that they are neither the greatest nor the most civilized.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that in the author's opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries are neither the greatest nor the most civilized.

Thus, it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'History books tell us far more about conquerors and soldiers than about those who helped civilization forward'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors, generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that in the first sentence, the author says that History books tell us far more about conquerors and soldiers than about those who helped civilization forward.

​Thus, it is clear that option 2 is the right answer.

The correct answer is 'the winner is right and the loser wrong'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Fighting means killing and civilized people ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side and then saying that, that side which has killed most has won.
• And not only has won but because it has won, has been in the right.
• For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the sentence 'That is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right' conveys the meaning that the winner is right and the loser wrong.

Thus, it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'the figure of some conqueror or general or soldier'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured a field, but we all know all about the killers and destroyers.
• People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world , we find the figure of some conqueror or general or soldier.

Thus, it is clear that option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'those that won the greatest number of battles against other countries'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• Most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have been beaten in battle, the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that most people believe that the greatest countries are those that won the greatest number of battles against other countries.

Thus, it is clear that option 4 is the correct answer.

Important Points 

Therefore, the correct answer is A - II, B - I, C - IV, and D - III.

The correct answer is Group communication

Google Classroom is a free blended learning platform developed by Google for educational institutions that aim to simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments

The primary purpose of Google Classroom is to streamline the process of sharing files between teachers and students

Key Points 

Group communication

• It is the act of sending and receiving messages to multiple members of a group
• Groups such as families, work teams, friendship circles, committees, and teams are some examples
• Google Classroom allows the teachers to communicate with students via email hence it is not an example of group communication where students can interact with each other

Additional Information

Downward communication

• It means communication that flows from a superior to a subordinate.
• It follows the line of authority from the top to the bottom of the organization hierarchy.
• Google Classroom allows the process of sharing files between teachers and students.

Intrapersonal communication

• Intrapersonal communication is commonly referred to as self-talk because it includes only one individual.
• It has a direct impact on how one perceives and reacts to situations

Mass communication

• It can be defined as the process of creating, sending, receiving, and analyzing messages to large audiences via verbal and written media.
• Google  classroom has certain limit of people that can associate hence it is not a type of mass communication