UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 3rd Dec 2021 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Formula used:

Average = Sum of all values/Number of all values

Calculation:   

Total sales = 3 + 6 + 8 + 7 + 5 + 9 + 8 + 10 = 56

Number of years = 8

⇒ Average = 56/8 = 7

∴ 7 billion of the sales of ABC Corporation for the period 2013-2020.

The correct option is 3 i.e. 7.0

Calculation:     

Earnings in 2013 = 500

Earnings in 2014 = 900

⇒ % increase = \(\frac{900 - 500}{500}\times 100 = 80%\)%

Earnings in 2015 = 200

Earnings in 2016 = 400

⇒ % increase = \(\frac{400 - 200}{200}\times 100 = 100%\)%

Earnings in 2016 = 400

Earnings in 2017 = 700

⇒ % increase = \(\frac{700 - 400}{400}\times 100 = 75%\)%

Earnings in 2017 = 700

Earnings in 2018 = 800

⇒ % increase = \(\frac{800 - 700}{700}\times 100 = 14.28%\)%

∴ In year 2016 was the percentage (%) increase in earnings from the previous year highest

The correct option is 3 i.e. 2016

Calculation:

1 billion = 1000 million

8 billion = 8000 million

⇒ Sales in 2015 = 8000 million

⇒ Earnings in 2015 = 200 million

Earnings ∶ Sales

⇒ 200 ∶ 8000

∴  1 ∶ 40 

The correct option is 4 i.e. 1 ∶ 40

Calculation:      

(A)

Sales of the smartphone in 2020 = 10 × 40% = 4

Sales of the smartphone in 2013 = 3 × 40% = 1.2

⇒ Sales of Smartphones in the year 2020 exceeded total sales in the year 2013.

⇒ This statement is true.

( B)

1 Billion = 1000 million

3 billion = 3000 million

Maximum earnings in 2014 = 900 million

Lowest sales in 2013 = 3000 million

⇒ Sales > Earnings

⇒ This statement is incorrect.

(C)

Sale of smartphone = 40% - 10% = 30%

Sale of computer = 25% + 10% = 35%

⇒ This statement is correct.

The correct option is 3 i.e. (A) and (C) only

Calculation:      

Earnings of ABC = 500 + 900 + 200 + 400 + 700 + 800 + 700 = 4200

∴ Total earnings of ABC Corporation for the period 2013-2019 is Rs. 4200 

The correct option is 2 i.e. 4200

Teaching is considered the act of imparting instructions to the learners in the classroom situation. It is watching systematically.

Important Points

Reflecting on something means giving careful thought to something over some time. It also means thinking deeply about something.

• Reflective level of teaching talks about both ‘Understanding level’ & ‘Memory Level’ teaching and its problem centered.
• Its main objective is to develop problem-solving, critical and constructive, independent, and original thinking.
• At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and finding a solution to it.
• The student’s original thinking and creative abilities develop at this level.
• A student is Core ‘Active & Primary’ while a Teacher becomes ‘Secondary & passive’ in this.

Hence Reflective level of teaching lays stress on the critical sifting of ideas at the highest cognitive level.

Additional Information

Memory Level: Memory level teaching emphasizes on presentation of facts and information and it’s all about CRAMMING.

• Knowledge or information is gained by the learner through memorization.
• It is the initial stage of teaching and induces the habit of ROTE Learning of facts and subject matters. It provides students with the ability to retain and reproduce the learned subject.

Understanding level: This level helps to build the thinking level of students to make use of their acquired knowledge based on previously known facts and subjects.

• Memory level teaching is the prerequisite for the understanding level of teaching as it talks about the generalization of principles, theory, and other key important facts.

The autonomous development level is student-centered. There is little or no leadership, direction, coercion, prescription, or imposition of student thought or behavior to promote self-feelings leading to a sense of freedom.

Qualitative research is research using methods such as participant observation or case studies that result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice.

Important Points

• Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.
• The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data.
• The grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.
• The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico-deductive model used in traditional scientific research.
• A study based on grounded theory is likely, to begin with, a question, or even just with the collection of qualitative data.
• As researchers review the data collected, ideas or concepts become apparent to the researchers. These ideas/concepts are said to "emerge" from the data.

Hence Grounded theory research is an example of qualitative research.

Additional Information

• Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design.
• ​It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated, and compared.
• Ex post facto study or after-the-fact research is a category of research design in which the investigation starts after the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher.
• A Descriptive Survey Research is an approach of Descriptive Research that blends quantitative and qualitative data to provide the researcher with relevant and accurate information.

The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study.

Key Points

• This concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies, including those about prevalence, associations, interventions, and diagnosis.
• Internal validity is the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study.
• It is one of the most important properties of scientific studies and is an important concept in reasoning about evidence more generally.

Important Points

Threats to internal validity are important to recognize and counter in a research design for a robust study. Different threats can apply to single-group and multi-group studies.

• Statistical regression: This is a threat to internal validity as participants at extreme ends of treatment can naturally fall into a direction because time is passing by and not because of the treatment administered.
• Differential Selection of Subjects:   This is the bias that may result from the selection of study groups. If your sample size is small, it can cause Simpson's paradox.
• **In educational research, mortality (**also referred to as experimental mortality or attrition) is a metaphorical term that is used to describe the loss of participants from a study prior to completion
• Attrition is bad for the research because it leads to a bias. When the participants leave research, the findings will rely on those participants who decided otherwise about dropping out of the research.
• This will certainly affect the credibility of the research because the researcher has lesser inferences to draw from.

Therefore statistical regression, differential Selection of Subjects & Experimental mortality are threats to internal validity.

Hence (B), (D), and (E) only are correct options.

The communication word comes from the Latin word “communicate” or “communist” which means to make common. Communication means to make familiar facts, thoughts, information, and requirements. So, Communication is the interchange of ideas, information, message, etc. by way of speech, writing, or signal.

Important Points

• In the communication process, feedback refers to a response from the receiver which gives the communicator an idea of how the message is being received and whether it needs to be modified.
• Constructive feedback is a robust tool for creating a healthy environment, boosting productivity and engagement, and achieving better results.
• Active listening is the process of reflecting back on what the other person said to check out your understanding.
• One knows the effects of communication: when the listener knows the effects of the communication he actively listens to the communication and gives the most appropriate feedback.
• One knows the quality of the content of the message: When the listener knows the quality of the content,  his feedback follows the Same.
• One knows the future prospect of the object of communication.

Hence When one has the knowledge of communication effects and the quality of the content, it reflects in the feedback. 

Therefore (A), (B), and (C) only are correct options.

"Communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding".

 Key PointsCongruent communication can be defined as-

• a style of speaking that does not attack others but remained harmonious with the feelings being experienced
• addresses the situations rather than the student’s character or personality.

Important Points

• Haim Ginott, a psychology professor and former elementary school teacher, established the congruent communication theory.
• His congruent communication paradigm minimizes confrontation by attempting to validate others' sentiments. Ginott's theory is founded on the idea that the instructor's actions and words create the tone for learning in the classroom. The theory is based on humanistic psychology principles that emphasize acceptance and validation as necessary for healthy self-esteem.
• Students must feel accepted and respected in the classroom, according to Ginott's method, for effective or consistent communication to occur.

Additional Information 

• People sometimes say things that are in direct opposition to their nonverbal communication clues.
• As a result, the listener is left wondering why the individual didn't state exactly what he or she meant all along.
• Incongruent communication occurs when a person's words do not reflect what he or she is experiencing or thinking.
• Someone so upset that he or she is red in the face, for example, would respond, "Fine." to the question, "How are you?" The person is not in good health, so his or her response is not accurate. The individual's statements and deeds contradict each other.

Therefore, the correct answer is congruence.

Given: 

The owner sell the phone in 25 % of more than its cost price.

Customer paid for this phone = Rs. 8000

Calculation: 

Let the cost price of mobile phone = Rs.100 x

Owner sell the mobile = 25 % of cost price = 25 % of 100 x 

⇒ Rs.125 x

But customer paid for this = Rs 8000

It mean 125 x = Rs 8000

x = 8000 / 125 

x = 64 

∴ The cost price of mobile = 100 x = 100 × 64 = Rs 6400

∴ Option 3 is correct.

Given:

B, H, R, F, ....., ......

Calculation:

Hence, The next letter in the series is X

Given: 

Y = X2

X changes by 6%

Calculation:

Let X be x 

⇒ Y = X2

Now, the change in X is 6%

Let X = 1

⇒ Y = (x + 6%x)²

^⇒ Y = (1.06x)²

Change in percentage of Y = \(\frac{(1.1236\ x^2 - \ x^2)\ × 100}{x^2}\)

⇒ Y = 12%

Alternate Method 

Here we can assume that the value of x be 50, 

If you increase by 6% then it will be 53

and if you reduce by 6% then it will be 47

y = 2500 before changes

after changes 2809 or 2209

% increase = 2809 - 2500/2500 × 100 ~ 12%

% increase = 2500 - 2209/2500 × 100 ~ 12%

In both the cases the answer will be approximately 12%]

Hence the solution is correct.

Additional Information In such cases where increase or decrease is not mentioned we only take increased not decreased.

Nyāya, literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six astika schools of Indian philosophy. This school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology.

Important Points

Assertion: The Naiya̅yikas did not give a separate treatment of the inductive methods, as the western logicians have done.

• Induction is a basic method of scientific and philosophical inquiry.
• The inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion.

Thus, we can say that Naiya̅yikas did not give a separate treatment to inductive methods.

Hence, the assertion is true.

Reason: According to Nya̅ya school universal propostions are obtained from perception itself by one of the forms of extra-ordinary perception.

• The universal proposition is defined as the proposition in which the relation between the subject term and the predicate term is without any condition, in which the predicate is either affirmed or denied of the subject unconditionally.
• In Nyaya logic, the term vyapti is a universal proposition or invariable relation between the middle term (linga/hetu) and the major term (sadhya). According to the category of relation, propositions are divided into categorical and conditional.

Thus we can say that according to Naiya̅yikas propostions are obtained from perception itself by one of the forms of extra-ordinary perception.

Thus, reason is true.

We can conclude that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

A sesavat inference is that in which we infer the unperceived cause from a perceived effect. The inference of past rain from the swift muddy current of the river is an example of sesavat.

 Important Points

Statement I: Sesavata is the inference of what remains (sesa) by elimination of the irrelevant.

• Seavat inference: When we infer an unperceived cause from a perceived effect we have seavat inference.
• The inference of what remains (sesa) by elimination of the irrelevant.
• e. g. when we infer previous rain from the swift muddy current of the river.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: Sesavata inference corresponds to the method of residues in western inductive logic.

• Inductive reasoning is a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.
• It's usually contrasted with deductive reasoning, where one goes from general information to specific conclusions.
• Inductive reasoning is also called inductive logic or bottom-up reasoning.
• This statement shows there is a relation between inductive logic and Sesavat Anunmana.

​Hence statement II is correct.

Therefore we can conclude that both the statements are correct.

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it is powered on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer.

Key Points

Read-only memory (ROM):

• Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.
• Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device.
• RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on. ROM is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.
• It's used to store the start-up instructions for a computer, also known as firmware. Most modern computers use flash-based ROM. It is part of the BIOS chip, which is located on the motherboard.
• Read-only memory (ROM) provides permanent storage for instructions needed during bootstrapping or the process of turning on the computer. It does so by storing the BIOS and other firmware for the computer hardware. This firmware is very hardware-specific and rarely needs updating.

Hence when a computer is switched on, the BIOS is loaded from ROM.

Additional InformationRandom Access Memory (RAM)

• Random-access memory is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.
• It is a computer's short-term memory.

Compact Disc Read-Only Memory(CD-ROM)

• A CD-ROM is a CD that can be read by a computer with an optical drive. The "ROM" part of the term means the data on the disc is "read-only," or cannot be altered or erased.

Therefore ROM is the correct answer.

Storage is a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.  

Key Points

• The bit is the smallest fundamental size of data storage. It is a binary digit meaning that it can take the value of either 1 or 0.
• All computer data can be broken down to a string of these 1 and 0 (like in the Matrix, only it doesn’t fall down the screen like rain). When represented as a string it is called binary code.

Important Points

• The kilobyte is the smallest unit of memory measurement but greater than a byte. A kilobyte is 103 or 1, 000 bytes abbreviated as ‘K’ or ‘KB’.One megabyte is equal to 1, 000 KBs and antecedes the gigabyte (GB) unit of memory measurement.
• A megabyte is 106 or 1, 000, 000 bytes and is abbreviated as “MB” One gigabyte is equal to 1, 000 MBs and precedes the terabyte(TB) unit of memory measurement.
• A gigabyte is 109 or 1, 000, 000, 000 bytes and is abbreviated as “GB” One terabyte is equal to 1, 000 GBs and precedes the petabyte(PB) unit of memory measurement.
• A terabyte is 1012 or 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 bytes and is abbreviated as “TB. One petabyte is equal to 1, 000 TBs and precedes the exabyte unit of memory measurement.
• A petabyte is 1015 or 1, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 bytes and is abbreviated as “PB.
• An exabyte is 1018 or 1, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 bytes and is abbreviated as “EB

Hence correct order of the following computer storage capacities ranked from largest to smallest capacity is as follows

1TBytes>100 GBytes>10000000000 Bytes>1000000 KBytes

That is (C), (A), (B), and (D) is the correct order.

Water covers around 71 percent of the Earth's surface, while the seas hold 96.5 percent of all the water on the planet.

 Key Points 

Therefore, the correct answer is (E), (C), (D), (A), (B).

Additional Information

• The water cycle depicts how water evaporates from the Earth's surface, rises into the atmosphere, cools, condenses to form clouds, and then falls as precipitation back to the surface.
• The evaporation of water from the Earth's surface transfers approximately 75% of the energy (or heat) in the global atmosphere.
• Water evaporates from the earth on land, primarily from soils, plants (transpiration), lakes, and streams.
• Evaporation from the Earth's land surfaces and evapotranspiration from plants account for around 15% of the water entering the atmosphere.
• Evaporation cools the Earth's surface, cools the lower atmosphere, and adds water to the atmosphere, which forms clouds.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sometimes known as the Global Goals, are a set of 17 interconnected global goals aimed at creating a "blueprint for a better and more sustainable future for all." 

Important Points

By 2030, the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) aims to provide "cheap, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for everybody." Its three main goals serve as the cornerstone for our efforts: 

1. Ensure that everyone has access to energy services that are affordable, reliable, and cutting-edge.
2. Increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by a significant amount.
3. Double the worldwide rate of energy efficiency improvement.

Additional Information The 17 SDGs are:

1. No Poverty,
2. Zero Hunger,
3. Good Health and Well-being,
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequality
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life On Land
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals.

Therefore, the correct answer is two.

Additional Information

• The United Nations General Assembly (UN-GA) established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, with the goal of achieving them by 2030.
• They are part of the 2030 Agenda, often known as Agenda 2030, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.
• The SDGs were created as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the successor to the Millennium Development Goals, which were completed in 2015.

Sattva is a state of mind in which the mind is steady, calm, and peaceful. 

Key Points

• A sattvic man or woman works with no attachment to the result. A person can be called sattvic if he/she predominantly has sattvic tendencies.
• Sattvik individuals always work for the welfare of the world. They are always hardworking, alert, live life moderately, lead a chaste life, eat moderately, speak the truth, and bold.
• They never use offensive or insulting language, do not feel jealous, nor are affected by greed and selfishness.
• They do not cheat or mislead anyone and wouldn’t allow
• evil tendencies to enter their mind.
• They have a keen interest in improving spiritual knowledge and spend time doing good deeds or humble acts.
• A sattvic individual can be recognized if his mind, speech, and actions synchronize.
• Manasa, Vacha, and karma are the three Sanskrit words used to describe such a state.
• Honest, compassionate, competent, visionary, intelligent, courageous, and trustworthy all these traits are qualities of a sattvik leader, as described by Krishna.
• Along with these qualities, “a sattvic person performs actions with the firm belief in his or her responsibilities and without attachment to results”

Hence compassion and respect are the satvik values.

Thus (A) and (C) only options are correct.

On July 29, 2020, the Union Cabinet approved the New Education Policy (NEP). Another significant change is the rebranding of the Human Resource Development (HRD) Ministry to the Ministry of Education.

 Key Points 

• In June 2019, the draft of the New Education Policy was made public.
• The administration had requested input from stakeholders and the general public until July 31, 2019.
• On the four-year B.Ed. the program, the three-language formula, the board test for classes V to VIII, and other issues, the proposal was met with hostility.
• The final NEP has been released by the Ministry, with some revisions.
• The National Education Policy was first established in 1986 and then revised in 1992.

Important Points

• Following the approval of India's new National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 on July 29, the country's 10+2 schooling system will be replaced with a new 5+3+3+4 system.
• The NEP 2020 also expands the scope of the Right to Education Act, now covering ages 3 to 18, and looks to organize the entire school education period so that there is more access, affordability, accountability, and universalization at the Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) or pre-school level, all while providing better quality education.
• According to the current urban education system, children first enroll in playschools and then transfer to schools, where they complete two years of kindergarten classes (KG classes) followed by 12 years of school education (classes 1–12).

Therefore, the correct answer is IX-XII.

Prakrit languages (from Sanskrit: prkta, "arising from the source, occurring in the source") are a subset of Sanskrit languages. Inscriptions, literary works, and grammarians' descriptions have all been used to identify Middle Indo-Aryan languages. Prakrit languages are linked to Sanskrit, although they differ in various aspects and are contrasted with it.

Important Points

• Apabhramsha is a literary language from the Middle Indo-Aryan languages' last phase.
• When the Prakrit languages were formalized through literary use, they were dubbed Apabhramsha.
• Despite their close kinship, Apabhramsha and the nonliterary Prakrits are usually treated separately by scholars.
• Although some researchers use the name Prakrit throughout the Middle Indo-Aryan period, the term Prakrit (which includes Pli) is used for the popular dialects of India that were spoken until the 4^th - 8^th centuries.
• Apabhraas, which were used until the 15^th century, eventually evolved from Middle Indo-Aryan languages. Apabhraas have evolved into modern languages that are spoken by millions of people today.

Therefore, the correct answer is Apabhramsha.

The President of the English East India Company's Board of Control (introduced by Pitt's India Act, 1784) was Charles Wood. He had also served as India's Secretary of State. He had a significant impact on the spread of education in India.

Key Points 

• He addressed a despatch to Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India at the time, in 1854.
• Primary schools should adopt vernacular languages, according to Wood's dispatch.
• He also advised in the despatch that anglo-vernacular be used in high schools and that English be used for college-level education.
• Wood's Despatch is regarded as India's "Magna Carta" of English Education.
• As a result of Wood's Despatch, Universities at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857.

Important Points

Education at the Primary Level

• The promotion of vernacular languages was intended.
• Every province was supposed to have an education department.
• Every district should have at least one government school..

Education at the University Level

• Universities modeled after the University of London should be built in major cities such as Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.
• A technique of instruction that is systematic.

Education for Women

• Women's education has been promoted at all levels.

Therefore, the correct answer is Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

A norm-referenced test is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation that yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.

Key Points

• Assigning scores on such tests may be described as relative grading, marking on a curve, or grading on a curve.
• A criterion-referenced test is an assessment and test that measures a student’s performance. Also, these measure the performance of the students alongside fixed criteria.

Important Points

Statement I:  In norm-referenced testing of students, test data helps us determine a student's place or rank.

• These tests measure students’ performance in comparison to other students. Also, the age and question paper are the same for both of them. They measure whether the students have performed better or worse than other test-takers.
• It is the theoretical average determined by comparing scores.
• Characteristics of the Criterion Reference Test Authority, Consistency, Practically, Subject Mastery, Managed Locally.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: In Criterion-referenced testing, the test data tells us about a student's level of proficiency.

• A criterion reference test is a method that uses test scores to judge students. Also, they help to generate statements about students’ behavior. Also, they use test scores as their reference. Criterion reference mostly uses quizzes.
• The main objective of this is to check whether students have learned the topic or not.
• These generally have multiple-choice, true-false, and open-ended questions. They play an important role in taking a decision about students’ performance.

Hence statement II is correct.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Communication is a two-way process in which a message is conveyed between two or more people in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, and views with the goal of generating a shared understanding. 

Key Points

The communication process can be broken down into a series of five essential components, each of which serves an integral function in the overall process:

1. Source
2. Message
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Feedback

Important Points

The message is imagined, created, and sent by the source. The source encodes the message by selecting the optimal order of words to communicate the intended meaning, and then presents or sends it to the audience (receiver). The source determines how well the message was received by watching the audience's reaction and reacting with clarification or further information.

The communication process is explained as follows-

Therefore, the correct answer is Source.

Important Points

Assertion (A): Agenda building is a collective communication process in which media, government, and the citizenry reciprocally influence one another.

• The "capacity of the news media to impact the relevance of items on the public agenda" is described by agenda-setting theory.
• That is, if a news story is regularly covered, the audience will consider the subject to be more important. In actuality, the media only shows the public what it considers to be a significant issue.
• The audience's ability to think for themselves will be taken away by print or televised news. Therefore, agenda building is a process of collective communication in which the media, government, and citizens all influence each other.

Hence this statement is correct.

Reasons (R): Agenda building presumes cognitive effects and inactive audiences with less societal-level effects.

• Agenda building has been examined under the broad category of cognitive effects and effects of active media-consuming audiences leading to high societal effects.

Hence the reason provided is false.

Therefore, the correct answer is that (A) is true but (R) is false.

Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect.

Important Points

Statement I: Search Engines are websites that help a user to search for information on WWW.

• A search engine is a software system designed to carry out web searches. They search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a textual web search query.
• The search results are generally presented in a line of results, often referred to as search engine results pages.

Thus statement I is correct. 

Statement II: For any search term, Search Engines provide the exact same results to all the users.

• The searches on the web are related to our search. Sometimes it shows exactly the same content we want, and sometimes it shows the related content.
• It is based on our searches and it works on an algorithm.

Thus statement II is wrong. 

Hence Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)

The presence of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases in the air causes the greenhouse effect, which causes warming of the Earth's surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere).

Key PointsStatement I : Solar flat plate collectors essentially work on the principle of the Green House Effect.

• A solar collector is essentially a flat box with three primary components: a transparent cover, coolant tubes, and an insulated rear plate.
• Solar radiation striking against the transparent surface of the solar collector is passed through this surface, which works on the greenhouse effect concept.
• The energy held within the sun collector is practically trapped and so heats the coolant contained within the tubes because the inside of the solar collector is normally emptied.
• The tubes are often composed of copper, with a black backplate to assist absorb solar radiation. To prevent heat loss, the solar collector is normally insulated.

Hence, this is correct.

Statement II: Black absorber plat radiates infrared radiations.

• The optical and thermal efficiency of a receiving tube is mostly determined by the selective absorber.
• It collects energy from concentrated solar radiation that enters the metallic pipe and transfers it to the HTF.
• The vacuum environment within metal and glass pipes reduces conduction and convection losses in receiver tubes, while the low thermal emittance of the selective absorber minimizes radiative losses.

Hence this statement is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Both Statements I and Statement II are true.

For decades, researchers in India have considered establishing a National Research Foundation (NRF) as an organisation to catalyse, facilitate, coordinate, seed, grow, and mentor research in institutions across the country. One of the primary proposals of the Draft National Education Policy 2019, which was commissioned by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2017, was to establish a National Research Foundation.

Important Points

The primary activities of NRF are as follows- 

• Fund competitive peer-reviewed grant proposals of all types across all disciplines.
• Act as a liaison between researchers and relevant branches of government as well as industry.
• The NRF was formulated, to make the pursuit of science, humanities, art & culture accessible and available in the language one is most comfortable with.
• Strengthen the governance structure of the research-related institutions and will improve linkages between R&D, academia, and industry.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching comprises Online learning, Learning through Mobile applications, and Web-based learning.

Important Points

Assertion: Modern and ICT-based teaching support require some technical knowledge on the part of the teacher and learner.

• The days of blackboards and chalk were all replaced by LCD Projectors & interactive whiteboards in the classroom.
• When we talk about the modern or ICT-based education system it includes full-fledged usage of high-tech equipment in educational institutions.
• It requires ICT-based devices (laptops, e-readers, e-notebook, and tablets), audio-visual teaching aids, projectors, and flash educational games.

Hence teaching support require some technical knowledge on the part of the teacher and learner.

Therefore assertion is correct.

Reason:  Both teachers and learners have to be provided orientation in the use of the various support tools and techniques in an intelligent way.

• When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to higher-order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace.
• As the use of the ICT needs the pre-knowledge of the tools to use them in an efficient way.
• It is necessary to have an orientation of the tools of modern learning methods for teachers and learners as well.

Thus modern learning methods require the knowledge of the technological tools and both teachers and learners have to be provided orientation in the use of the various support tools and techniques in an intelligent way.

Hence reason is also correct.

Therefore we can conclude that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Logic is the study of inference and argument. Logic has always fascinated humankind for its sheer scope of immense arguments and discussions. 

Important Points

• Logic is an important concept of the Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy.
• It is a way of drawing inferences from prior or existing knowledge.
• In Sanskrit inference is known as ‘anumâna’. Anumâna is the second source of valid knowledge according to the Nyâya-Vaiúeika school.
• Anumâna is a mediated indirect source of knowledge.
• Inferences are made when a person (or machine) goes beyond available evidence to form a conclusion. With a deductive inference, this conclusion always follows the stated premises.

Thus the inference in Indian logic is inductive, deductive, and Valid In Nature. Also, It has to be materially true.

Hence (A), (B), (C) and (D) only are correct options.

A term is a word, or a combination of words, which by itself is capable of being used as a subject or predicate of a proposition.

Key Points

• Extension, in logic, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept: “extension” indicates its range of applicability by naming the particular objects that it denotes.
• The denotation, or extension, of a term, is the list of a class of objects referred to by the word (think of it as “how far does this word extend?”).
• Thus the word “planet” denotes specific objects such as Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Neptune.

Hence the collection of all the objects to which a term may correctly be applied is called the extension of that term and denotation of that term.

Thus (C) and (D) only are the correct option.

Additional Information

• Intention means the sum of the qualities which describe a general name.
• The scope of application of the term is to all the members of the class, and this signifies extension.
• The qualities or properties of content or subject matter of the term signify intention.
• connotation is roughly synonymous with intension. Connotation is often contrasted with denotation, which is more or less synonymous with extension. Alternatively, the connotation of the word may be thought of as the set of all its possible referents (as opposed to merely the actual ones).

A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves", in the construction of an argument, which may appear stronger than it really is if the fallacy is not spotted. 

 Important Points

• Hasty Generalization: also called a "converse accident." Coming to a conclusion without any evidence or drawing conclusions from incomplete information.
• Hasty generalization is a policy that affects inductive generalizations. The fallacy occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the group.
• Such a likelihood May arise if the sample is either too small or not when only selected.

Hence in the given example, "The Daily News carried an article this morning about some local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies" the fallacy committed is a hasty generalization.

Additional Information

• Red Herring: This fallacy is closely associated with missing the point. The arguer diverts the attention of The Reader or Listener by changing the subject to a different but subtly related one. To use the Red Herring fallacy effectively, the arguer must change the original subject of the argument without The Reader or listener noticing it.
• Strawman: This fallacy occurs when, in attempting to refute another person's argument, you address only a weak or distorted version of it. Straw person is the misrepresentation of an opponent's position or a competitor's product to tout one's own argument or product as superior.
• Ad Hominem: This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument. The fallacious attack can also be direct to membership in a group or institution.

Storage devices such as flash drives and hard disks are a fundamental component of most digital devices since they allow users to preserve all kinds of information such as videos, documents, pictures, and raw data.

Important Points

• Random-access devices include hard drives, CD (compact disc) writers, and DVD (digital versatile disc) RAM (random-access memory) devices. The hard drive typically has a storage capacity of 20 gigabytes (GB) and a data transfer rate of over 10 megabytes (MB) per second.
• Traditional hard drives are not meant for archiving data nor for removal from one system to another.
• A hard disk is an electromechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
• A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs, i.e. it is a type of read-only memory. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer.
• Pen Drive: A flash drive is a portable computer drive that uses flash memory. Flash drives are the larger memory modules consisting of a number of flash chips.

Therefore, the Hard Disc, CD Rom, and Pen Drive Are the parts of Random Access Memory.

Hence (B), (C) and (D) only are correct options.

Key Points The loudness of a sound is expressed as a ratio comparing the sound to the least audible sound. The range of energy from the lowest sound that can be heard to a sound so loud that it produces pain rather than the sensation of hearing is so large that an exponential scale is used. The lowest possible sound that can be heard is called the threshold of hearing.

Scientific research is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypotheses.

Key PointsStatement I: Scientific research is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions.

• Research conducted for the purpose of contributing to science by the systematic collection, interpretation, and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II:  Population of research need not be defined in qualitative and quantitative research.

• A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics.
• All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait.
• The population of the research needs to be defined in qualitative and quantitative research.

Hence statement II is incorrect.

Thus we can say that statement I is true but statement II is false.

Qualitative research is research using methods such as participant observation or case studies that result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice.

Key PointsAssertion:  Actual settings are the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research.

• Qualitative research aims to get a better understanding through first-hand experience, truthful reporting, and quotations from actual conversations.
• It aims to understand how the participants derive meaning from their surroundings, and how their meaning influences their behavior.
• Hence actual settings are the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research.

Therefore assertion is true.

Reason:  The purpose underlying qualitative research is relatively more directed at the depiction of reality rather than arriving at context-free generalizations.

• In qualitative research, the reality is considered incomprehensible, fluid, shaped, and influenced by social interactions.
• Qualitative researchers seek meaning from participants ’understanding.
• Common examples include studying the perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and values of the participants. Most people’s lived experiences are a source of data generation in qualitative research.
• Therefore the purpose underlying qualitative research is relatively more directed at the depiction of reality rather than arriving at context-free generalizations.

Thus reason is also correct.

Therefore we can say that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Research involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue.

Important Points

Hence the correct match is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

The correct answer is 'offer courses related to interdisciplinary contemporary socio-economic problems'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"The need for continuing and reinforcing value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies may be considered even more important. Most of the students trained at these levels are likely to become leaders of business and industry, technocrats, leaders of thought, teachers and educationists, research workers, professionals, political leaders, social workers, etc."*​

• In the given statement, the author has suggested the need for continuing and reinforcing a value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies.
• Hence it is important to promote strong value orientation at higher education levels as it offers courses related to interdisciplinary contemporary socio-economic problems'

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Utilitarian values'

Key Points

L  et's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"The need for continuing and reinforcing value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies may be considered even more important. Most of the students trained at these levels are likely to become leaders of business and industry, technocrats, leaders of thought, teachers and educationists, research workers, professionals, political leaders, social workers, etc."*​

• In the given statement, the author has suggested the need for continuing and reinforcing a value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies that help get opportunities to acquire modern scientific and technical knowledge of high standards particularly*.*
• Hence​ it is evident that the higher education system as of now emphasizes on the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the number of good things**.**
• Thus the higher education system as of now emphasizes on utilitarian values.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'To train students as efficient resource agents'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"The need for continuing and reinforcing value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies may be considered even more important. Most of the students trained at these levels are likely to become leaders of business and industry, technocrats, leaders of thought, teachers and educationists, research workers, professionals, political leaders, social workers, etc."*​

• In the given statement, the author has suggested the need for continuing and reinforcing a value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies is important as most the students get trained at these levels for various jobs.
• Hence​ it is evident that a value-oriented curriculum at the professional studies level is important to train students as efficient resource agents.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Value basis for tertiary education and society'

Key Points

• In the given passage, the author has suggested the need for continuing and reinforcing a value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level and level of professional studies is important as most the students get trained at these levels for various jobs.
• The author has also focussed on the aspect of curricular reform and reconstruction of higher education.
• Hence the most suitable caption for the passage may be the value basis for tertiary education and society.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Curricular reforms'

Key Points

Let's look at the excerpt from the passage: ​ 

*"Curricular reform and reconstruction on proper lines should be the active concern of educationists and educational planners because as pointed out in national policy document 1986, **it can be a forceful tool for the cultivation of social and moral values."*​

• In the given statement, the author has suggested the need for "Curricular reform and reconstruction of a value-oriented curriculum at the postgraduate level.
• Hence​ it is evident that in order to cultivate values, the higher education system should concentrate on curricular reforms.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used for the classification of educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. 

Key Points

• The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
• The cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional education and is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments, and activities.

Important PointsCognitive Domain:  In 2001 in the revised edition of Bloom's taxonomy, the levels have slightly different names and their order was revised:

• Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create (rather than Synthesize)

Affective Domain: Skills in the affective domain describe the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel other living things' pain or joy.

• Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotions, and feelings.
• There are five levels in the affective domain moving through the lowest order processes to the highest.
• Receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization

Psychomotor Domain: 

• Skills in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer. Psychomotor objectives usually focus on change and/or development in behavior and/or skills.
• Bloom and his colleagues never created subcategories for skills in the psychomotor domain, but since then other educators have created their own psychomotor taxonomies.
• Simpson (1972)proposed the following levels: Perception set Guided Response, Mechanism, complex Overt Response, adaptation, and Origination (Naturalization).

Thus With help of the above information, we can infer that Evaluation, Characterization, and Naturalization are the last steps of the Cognitive,  affective, and psychomotor domains.

Hence (B), (D), and (E) only are correct options.

Helping behavior is providing aid or benefit to another person. It does not matter what the motivation of the helper is, only that the recipient is assisted. This is distinguished from the more general term prosocial behavior, which can include any cooperative or friendly behavior. 

Important Points

Hence (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is the correct match.

Important PointsStatement I: The art of Mass Communication is much more simple than of face to face communication or any type of communication.

• Mass communication is a complex process involving different elements to make it a success.
• Face-to-face communication is one such type of communication but other types of communication mainly mass communication, group communication, etc are more complex than the face-to-face type of communication.

Hence, this statement is false.

Statement II: Each of us uses 3S (Sight, Sound, and Smell) and 2T (Touch and Taste) when we communicate with others.

• Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch are the five senses used to communicate. However, not every one of them is utilized to connect with people directly.
• More often than not, sight, hearing, and touch are utilized in tandem to communicate. Still, sight is the most powerful and takes precedence over the other senses.
• For example, because we are accustomed to communicating with our eyes rather than our ears, the first communication tools we choose are usually sight-related, such as face-to-face video conferencing and instant messaging (IM), among others. However, additional communication tools have been developed to work with the remaining senses, such as the telephone.

Hence this statement is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

The pattern followed here is :

Hence, the correct answer is "15"

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Given:

Total distance = 120 km

The speed for first 40 km = 50 km/hr

The speed for 80 km = 60 km/hr

Formula Used:

Average Speed = Total distance/ Total time

Calculation:       

Time to cover in first 40 km = 40/50 = 4/5 hour

Time to cover in next 80 km = 80/60 = 4/3 hour

⇒ Average speed = \(\frac{(40 + 80)}{\frac{4}{5}+\frac{4}{3}}\)

⇒ Average speed = \(\frac{120 \times 15}{32}\)

∴ Average speed = 56.25 km/hr

The correct option is 3 i.e. 56.25 km/hr