UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 1st Dec 2021 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Shortcut Trick

If each observation in a data set is increased by p%, the average of that data set also increases by p%.

Initial Average = X

Each number is increased by 10%.

Increase in Average = 10% of X = 0.1X

The new average increases by a factor of 0.1.

∴ The correct option is A.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of observations (n) = 10

Initial Average = X

Formula: Average = Sum of observations ÷ Total number of observations

Initial Average (X)

New Average (1.1X)

Increase = 10% of X = 0.1X

⇒ Sum of 10 numbers = 10 × X = 10X

⇒ Each number is increased by 10%.

⇒ New value of each number = original + 0.1 × original = 1.1 × original

⇒ New Sum = 1.1 × (Sum of 10 numbers) = 1.1 × 10X = 11X

⇒ New Average = New Sum ÷ 10

⇒ New Average = 11X ÷ 10 = 1.1X

⇒ Increase in average = New Average − Old Average

⇒ Increase = 1.1X − X = 0.1X

∴ The correct option is A.

Additional Information

Addition/Subtraction Rule

If a constant 'k' is added to or subtracted from each term, the new average becomes (Original Average ± k).

Multiplication/Division Rule

If each term is multiplied or divided by a constant 'k', the new average becomes (Original Average × k) or (Original Average ÷ k).

Percentage Change in Average

If each number is changed by p%, the average changes by the same p% because of the linear property of the sum.

The Government of India established the Radhakrishanan Commission, popularly known as the University Education Commission after independence.

Key PointsStatement I: It is obvious that if higher education is not radically improved, our administration and technical progress, our intellectual standards and social advance will be most seriously handicapped. This is a major recommendation of the University Education Commission

• Some Important recommendations of the University Education Commission: 
• To familiarise all youth with social and philosophical information so that they might strive for richer and more upgraded economic and political realms.
• The maximum number of students in a teaching university's Arts and Science faculties is set at 3,000, and the maximum number in an affiliated college is set at 1,500.
• Universities should define educational goals in light of changes in India's socio-political landscape.
• Essential goals of university education in independent India should be leadership training, social efficiency, knowledge and wisdom development, passion for higher life values, and so on. ​​​

​​Thus, Statement I is Incorrect. 

Statement II: The University Grants Commission was established in accordance with the recommendation of the National Education Commission. 

• National Education Commission is also knowns as the Kothari Commission established by the government of India.
• On July 14, 1964, the Kothari Commission was established and disbanded on June 29, 1966.
• Some major recommendations of the National Education Commission:
• It is recommended that children from 6 to 14 years receive free and compulsory education.
• The Commission proposed that state governments adopt a three-language formula.
• The Kothari Commission advised that instructors be given favorable and acceptable working conditions, as well as the essential flexibility to undertake research and publish their findings.
• ​The establishment of the University Grants Commission was recommended by the Radhakrishanan Commission.  ​

So, Statement II is Incorrect. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect. 

Additional Information

• The Secondary Education Commission also known as the Mudaliyar Commission was established in 1952.
• Under the chairmanship of Dr. Lakshamanaswami Mudaliyar tries to incorporate Mahatama Gandhi's educational philosophy and aimed at national development.

The central and most state boards uniformly follow the "10+2+3" pattern of education. In this pattern, the study of 10 years is done in schools and 2 years in Junior colleges, and then 3 years of graduation for a bachelor's degree. The first 10 years are further subdivided into 4 years of primary education, 6 years of High School followed by 2 years of Junior college.

Key Points

Main Recommendations of Wood’s Despatch 

• According to the Wood’s Despatch, the responsibility for education in India lies with the British government
• Despatch defined the aim of education in which Britishers wanted to raise the intellectual level and moral character of Indians.
• The despatch emphasized the importance of the oriental language. Mr. Wood recognized the usefulness of western knowledge for Indians.
• The despatch recommended that the medium of instruction should be in English.
• The Despatch recommended the establishment of Universities in Presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, and if necessary at

other places also.

• The Despatch recommended that there should be graded schools which is similar to the current "10+2+3" pattern of education all over the country as follows:

Hence Wood's despatch led to the formulation of the 10+2+3 system of education.

Additional Information 

• Elphinstone report:
• ​The present system of higher education dates back to Mountstuart Elphinstone`s minutes of 1823, which stressed the need for establishing schools for teaching English and the European sciences.
• Macualay minute:
• Promoted European literature and science among Indians.
• All funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best spent on English education alone.
• Hunter Education Commission
• It was a landmark commission appointed by Viceroy Lord Ripon with objectives to look into the complaints of the non-implementation of the Wood's Despatch of 1854;
• The Hunter commission had recommended for diversification of the curriculum into two separate parts: (1) Literary and science and (2) vocational. The 1^st was meant to prepare students for university classes and the 2^nd was for imparting vocational education useful in practical affairs of life

Scott M. Cutlip and Allen H. Center in their book Effective Public Relations introduced the "Seven Cs of communication". 

Key Points

• The seven Cs (7Cs) of communication are the concepts that describe how to communicate successfully such that the intended audience understands the message.
• These concepts provide individuals with recommendations for learning how to effectively influence people with their own or corporate objectives.
• The 7Cs and their role in good communication are detailed below. 
• Credibility: Communication takes place in an atmosphere of trust. The sender's performance, which should show an earnest desire to assist the recipient, creates this milieu.
• Context: An advertising/communications campaign must take into account the realities of its surroundings. It must be pertinent to the receivers' circumstances. People choose the pieces of information that offer them the most benefits.
• Clarity: The message must be expressed clearly. The words chosen must have the same meaning for both the sender and the receiver.
• Consistency: The process of communication is never-ending. It takes a lot of practice to get it right. Learning information and attitudes is aided by repetition with variation.
• Channels: Use established communication channels that the receiver is familiar with.
• Capability of audience: Communication must take into account the audience's capability.
• Conciseness: Your message should be as short and to the point as possible.

​Thus, the sequence of elements of effective communication as listed by Cutlip et al is Climate of belief⇒ Participatory context⇒ Promise of reward⇒ Message⇒ clarity⇒ Consistency.

Additional Information

• Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in such a way that the goal or intention is met to the best of one's ability.
• Example: Simple gestures such as calling someone by their name, making eye contact, and actively listening when they talk will make them feel valued.

A system bus connects the primary components of a computer system and includes three main elements the address bus, data bus, and control bus. 

Key Points

Statement I: Address bus carries signals relating to addresses between the processor and memory. 

• An address bus that specifies a physical address.
• The CPU uses the address bus to convey the address of a memory location or an input/output port that needs to be accessed.
• The number of lines on an address bus determines the maximum number of memory locations that can be accessed in a system.
• An address bus is a computer bus designed for transferring data between the processor and memory.

Thus, Statement I is True. 

Statement II: It is bi-directional. 

• The address bus is a set of wires that connects the CPU to the main memory and is used to identify addresses in the main memory.
• Data flows in only one direction from the CPU to the memory or from the microprocessor to the input/output devices.
• It is uni-directional.

​So, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• An address bus with n lines can be addressed directly at a maximum of 2n places. For example, a 16-bit address bus can access two 16-bit or 64-kilobytes of memory.
• Regardless of whether it's a read or write operation the CPU calculates the address of the required data and passes it to the data bus for execution.

Teaching models are plans for developing curriculum, determining instructional goals, and selecting instructional materials. Syntax refers to the order in which tasks are performed in order to organise a complete instructional programme.

Key Points

• There are five elements of the teaching models:
• Focus
• Syntax
• Social System
• Principle of Reaction
• Support System
• ​Syntax refers to the order in which tasks are performed in order to organise a complete instructional programme.
• Group Investigation is a cooperative learning technique that combines classroom engagement and communication with the academic inquiry process.
• Group Investigation Model of Learning and Teaching: Syntax
• Phase One - Learners encounter puzzling situations (planned or unplanned).
• Phase Two - Learners explore reactions to the situation.
• Phase Three - Learners formulate study tasks and organize for study (problem definition, role, assignments, etc.).
• Phase Four - Independent and group study.
• Phase Five - Learners analyze progress and process.
• Phase Six - Recycle activity.

​Thus, C, E, A, D, and B are the correct sequence. ​

Additional Information

• Focus:
• it is simply an objective that explains why a particular topic is being taught in the classroom.
• It simply determines the student's behaviour in the classroom by assuming the student's behaviour before instructing.​
• Social System
• It covers the roles of students and teachers, as well as their interactions.
• It's all about a teacher's, student's, and activity's own activities.
• ​Principle of Reaction
• The reaction of the teacher when a learner responds to something
• Support System 
• It refers to the materials used to assist a teacher in instructing students using any teaching method.
• It could be a journal, textbook, essay, newspaper, blog, audio-visual aids, or other educational materials.

The Morningside Center in New York, USA, developed the 4Rs Program which incorporates social and emotional learning into the language arts curriculum for pre-kindergarten to middle school pupils.

Key Points

• Conflict with others, one's own, and the institution is inherent in the human situation, and it is at the heart of the educational interaction with causes ranging from differences in culture, personality, values, needs, interests, and power.
• Students conflicting attitudes which encompass a wide range of inappropriate behaviours such as absenteeism in class causing and disturbing classmates, and violent circumstances.
• Conflict is an inevitable element of any school's life, so teachers must learn to work with it rather than against it.
• Engleberg and Wynn in their book Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies, explore the "four Rs" of conflict-resolution as a mechanism for a third party to help resolve disputes.
• The Four Rs of Conflict Resolution: 
• ​Reading
• Writing
• Respect
• Resolution
• ​The 4Rs curriculum is grade-specific, with lessons that employ high-quality children's reading to promote understanding and capabilities in areas including community building, emotional literacy, social responsibility, conflict resolution, and problem-solving.

​Thus, The 4Rs approach to conflict resolution comprises of Reading, Writing, Respect, and Resolution. 

Additional Information

• Research has demonstrated that the 4Rs Program has a favourable influence on kids' social and emotional competency, behaviour, attendance, and academic performance, as well as a decrease in anger and aggression.
• There has also been evidence of positive effects on school climate.
• Students should use the Four Rs when confronted with a conflict: Recognize, Respond with Respect, Resolve, and Reflect.

Ethics is the set of standards that regulate our expectations of our own and others' behaviour. 

Key Points

• Research ethics is the ethical rules that dictate how scientific research should be done and distributed.
• Human subjects or contributors are implicated in research, which raises a variety of ethical, legitimate, civic, and administrative considerations.
• Research ethics is definitely concerned with the investigation of ethical issues that arise when people are involved as study participants.
• Some examples of violation of research ethics:
• ​Changing or fabricating data to achieve the intended goal
• Changing the way data is presented or interpreted.
• Using a skewed perspective to interpret data.
• Excluding data analysis and conclusion sections.
• Making recommendations that go beyond the limits of the information gathered.
• Violating participant confidentiality
• The research ethics committee/Institutional Review Board (IRB) evaluates whether the study is ethical enough to preserve the respondents' rights, dignity, and welfare.

Thus, Violating participant confidentiality, making recommendations beyond the scope of data collected and changing data to meet the desired outcome are examples of violations of research ethics. 

Additional InformationSome of the advantages of Research ethics are the following: 

• The goals of the research are promoted by research ethics.
• It improves the researcher's and respondent's trust in each other.
• In order to protect the dignity, rights, and well-being of study participants, it is critical to follow ethical guidelines.
• Researchers can be held responsible for their acts and held accountably.

In Nyaya's school of logic, Anumana is a central concept.

Key Points

Statement I: In the Nyāya system, the inference is made from the particular to the particular through the Universal.

• Anumana is a Sanskrit term that combines two words: "Anu" means "after," and "mana" means "measuring."
• Anumana (inference) is a process of thinking in which we shift from the apprehension of some mark (linga) to that of something else under an invariable relation (vyapti) that exists between them.
• In Indian philosophy, inference is employed for one's own benefit and for the benefit of others.
• The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Statement II: In the Nyāya system, the inference is made from the Universal to the Universal through the particular.

• Anumana, according to Indian philosophy, is knowledge gained via proof.
• In Nyāya philosophy Inference is regarded as the second source of legitimate knowledge.
• The usual example of inferential knowledge is inferring the presence of fire based on the sight of smoke.
• The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality.

So, Statement II is incorrect. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect. 

Additional Information

• Anumana (inference) can be divided into three categories:
• Purvavat Anumana: We infer the unperceived outcome from a seen cause in this inference. For example, we can predict coming rain based on the sight of dark, thick clouds.
• Sesavat Anumana: An inference in which the unobserved cause is inferred from the seen consequence. For example, a quick muddy movement of water in the river can be used to infer past rain.
• Samanyatodrasta Anumana: An inference based on the perception of uniformity rather than causal relationships. For example, we assume that the moon moves when we see changing positions of it at extended intervals, even though we may not have noticed it moving.

Aerobic digestion is a sewage treatment procedure that reduces the volume of sewage sludge. 

Key Points Statement I: Aerobic digestion of sewage sludge requires lots of energy. 

• Aerobic digestion is known as the decomposition of organic sludge solids in the presence of oxygen.
• The oxygen is delivered into the reactor as fine air bubbles.
• It is highly sensitive to ambient temperature and may require excessive retention times to achieve stabilisation.
• Aerobic digestion is higher operating costs and particularly energy costs.

Thus, Statement I is true. 

Statement II: Aerobic digestion of sewage sludge produces a huge amount of methane.

• Microorganisms can oxidise a considerable part of the organic materials in sludge to carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions.
• It's a bacterial reaction that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
• The organic material in the sludge is converted to carbon dioxide and water, while the ammonia and amino species are converted to nitrate by the microorganisms in the sludge.
• The activated sludge biota begins to die as there is no new supply of organic material from sewage.

​So, Statement II is false. 

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Additional Information

• Sludge disposal processes include:
• reducing sludge volume, primarily by removing water
• reducing the volatile content of the sludge
• final disposal of the residues.

A case study is a comprehensive examination of a single person, group, location, event, organisation, or phenomena.

Key Points Assertion A: In the case study method, the researcher collects detailed information from a limited number of participants.

• The majority of qualitative methods are employed in case study research but quantitative approaches are occasionally used as well.
• Case studies can be used to describe, compare, evaluate, and comprehend various elements of a study subject.
• A case study is an acceptable research design to gather concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject.

​So, Assertion A is true. 

Reason R: Findings based on case study research can be used to develop research hypotheses/questions for subsequent studies.

• Case studies to compare and illuminate different parts of your research challenge, or you could use just one sophisticated case study to analyse a particular subject in depth.
• Case studies that generate hypotheses try to generalise beyond the data.
• They look at one or more situations in order to construct a more general theoretical framework.
• Propositions can then be tested using various techniques, such as large-N approaches.

​So, Reason R is true but not the correct explanation of A.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• Benefits of Case study
• ​Allows researchers to acquire a large amount of data.
• Give researchers the opportunity to gather data on rare or atypical cases.
• Allows researchers to come up with theories that can be tested in experiments.
• Limitation of Case study
• It is not always possible to extrapolate to a bigger population.
• Cannot show a link between cause and consequence
• It's possible that it's not scientifically sound.
• Can result in bias

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship that exists between particular propositions based on their form.

Key Points

Statement I: Two contrary statements cannot both be false.

• According to the diagram of the square of opposition, the A and E propositions are contrary.
• It's always Between Universal.
• Both statements cannot be true at the same time but both can be False.

So, statement II is false. 

Statement II: Two contrary statements cannot both be true. 

• According to the diagram of the square of opposition A and E propositions are contrary.
• According to the rule of the square of opposition then, 
• If One is True the other will be False definitely.
• If One is False the other will be  Doubtful.

So, Statement I is true.

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

• Diagram of Aristotelian Square of Opposition.

Additional Information

The four corners of this diagram represent the four basic forms of propositions. 

The act of giving, receiving, and sharing information is known as communication.

Key Points 

Therefore, A-II, B - III, C - IV, and D - I  are correct matching.

Communication is the communication of ideas, facts, sentiments, or impressions between two or more people. 

Key Points*Statement I: The primary act of communication begins when an individual decides to use a particular language symbol, susceptible to standardised interpretation, resulting in common meaning.*​

• The sender must begin encoding in order to convey the meaning which entails converting data into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts.
• This procedure converts ideas or concepts into a coded message that may be transmitted.
• Symbols can take many forms, including languages, phrases, and gestures.
• These symbols are employed to convert concepts into messages that may be understood by others.

Thus, Statement I is Correct. 

Statement II: Meaning refers to inner, subjective reactions to images, interpretations, emotions and feelings as given out by the words used.

• The degree to which this person comprehends the message will be determined by a variety of elements.
• It includes the individual's or people's knowledge of the topic, their receptivity to the message, and the relationship and trust between sender and receiver.
• The receiver's experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture all influence their interpretations.

So, statement II is correct.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Additional Information

Given:

The given time = 3:40 pm

Hour = 3

Minute = 40

Formula used:

Angle between the hour hand and minute hand = |(11/2)M - 30H|

Where, M = Minute; H = Hour

Calculation:

Angle = |11/2 × 40 - 30 × 3|

= |11 × 20 - 90|

= |220 - 90|

= 130º

∴ The angle between the hour hand and the minute hand at 3:40 pm is 130º.

Given:

Total number of students in B.Sc = 400

Total number of students in B.A. = 650

Total number of students in M.Sc. = 280

Total number of students in M.A. = 340

Calculation:

Percentage of male students in B.Sc. = 65%

Total number of male students in B.Sc. = 400 × 65/100 = 260

Percentage of male students in B.A.. = 54%

Total number of male students in B.A. = 650 × 54/100 = 351

Total number of male students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.) = 260 + 351 = 611

Percentage of male students in M.Sc. = 75%

Total number of male students in M.Sc. = 280 × 75/100 = 210

Percentage of male students in M.A.. = 55%

Total number of male students in M.A. = 340 × 55/100 = 187

Total number of male students of post-graduation (M.A. + M.Sc.) = 187 + 210 = 397

Total number of male students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.) - Total number of male students of post-graduation (M.A. + M.Sc.) = 611 - 397 = 214

∴​ The difference between male students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.) and male students of post-graduation (M.A. + M.Sc.) is 214.

Given:

Total number of students in B.Sc = 400

Total number of students in B.A. = 650

Total number of students in M.Sc. = 280

Total number of students in M.A. = 340

Calculation:

Percentage of female students in B.Sc. = 35%

Total number of female students in B.Sc. = 400 × 35/100 = 140

Percentage of female students in B.A.. = 46%

Total number of female students in B.A. = 650 × 46/100 = 299

Total number of female students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.) = 140 + 299 = 439

Percentage of female students in M.Sc. = 25%

Total number of female students in M.Sc. = 280 × 25/100 = 70

Percentage of female students in M.A.. = 45%

Total number of female students in M.A. = 340 × 45/100 = 153

Total number of female students of post-graduation (M.A. + M.Sc.) = 153 + 70 = 223

Therefore, Total number of female students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.)/Total number of female students of post-graduation (M.A. + M.Sc.) = 439/223

∴ The ratio of female students in graduation (B.Sc. + B.A.) and female students in post-graduation (M.Sc. + M.A.) is 439/223.

Given:

Total number of students in B.Sc = 400

Total number of students in B.A. = 650

Total number of students in M.Sc. = 280

Total number of students in M.A. = 340

Total number of students in PhD = 180

Calculation:

There are 65% male and 35% female students in B.Sc.

Total number of male students in B.Sc. = 400 × 65/100 = 260

Total number of female students in B.Sc. = 400 × 35/100 = 140

There are 54% male and 46% female students in B.A.

Total number of male students in B.A. = 650 × 54/100 = 351

Total number of female students in B.A. = 650 × 46/100 = 299

There are 75% male and 25% female students in M.Sc.

Total number of male students in M.Sc. = 280 × 75/100 = 210

Total number of female students in M.Sc. = 280 × 25/100 = 70

There are 55% male and 45% female students in M.A.

Total number of male students in M.A. = 340 × 55/100 = 187

Total number of female students in M.A. = 340 × 45/100 = 153

There are 65% male and 35% female students in PhD.

Total number of male students in PhD = 180 × 65/100 = 117

Total number of female students in PhD = 180 × 35/100 = 63

Then, Total number of male students - Total number of female students

= (260 + 351 + 210 + 187 + 117) - (140 + 299 + 70 + 153 + 63)

= 1125 - 725

= 400

∴ The difference between the total number of male students and total number of female students in the college is 400.

Given:

Total number of students in M.Sc. = 280

Total number of students in M.A. = 340

Total number of students in PhD = 180

Calculation:

Percentage of male students in M.Sc. = 75%

Total number of male students in M.Sc. = 280 × 75/100 = 210

Percentage of male students in M.A.. = 55%

Total number of male students in M.A. = 340 × 55/100 = 187

Total number of male students of post-graduation (M.Sc. + M.A.) = 210 + 187 = 397

Percentage of male students in PhD = 65%

Total number of male students in PhD = 180 × 65/100 = 117

Therefore, Total number of male students of post-graduation (M.Sc. + M.A.)/Total number of male students in PhD = 397/117

∴ The ratio of male students in post-graduation (MSc + MA) and male students in the PhD program is 397/117.

Given:

Total number of students in B.Sc = 400

Total number of students in B.A. = 650

Total number of students in M.Sc. = 280

Total number of students in M.A. = 340

Total number of students in PhD = 180

Calculation:

Percentage of male students in B.Sc. = 65%

Total number of male students in B.Sc. = 400 × 65/100 = 260

Percentage of male students in B.A.. = 54%

Total number of male students in B.A. = 650 × 54/100 = 351

Percentage of male students in M.Sc. = 75%

Total number of male students in M.Sc. = 280 × 75/100 = 210

Percentage of male students in M.A.. = 55%

Total number of male students in M.A. = 340 × 55/100 = 187

Percentage of male students in PhD = 65%

Total number of male students in PhD = 180 × 65/100 = 117

∴ Total number of male students = 260 + 351 + 210 + 187 + 117 = 1125

∴ The total number of male students in the college is 1125.

At the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted which have set eight international development goals for the year 2015. 

Key Points

• These are measurable and time-bound goals for addressing severe poverty in all of its forms while also fostering gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability.
• The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) have aided in focusing much-needed focus and pressure on basic development issues, leading to better planning and implementation of policies and programmes.
• The 8 MDGs break down into 18 quantifiable targets.
• Goal 7 of the MDG deals with the ensure environmental sustainability.
• Targets of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) are:
• ​Ensure that everyone has access to affordable, dependable, and advanced energy services by 2030.
• Increase the contribution of renewable energy to the global energy mix by a significant amount by 2030.
• By 2030, the global pace of increase in energy efficiency will have doubled.
• Enhance international collaboration by 2030 to research and clean energy technology.
• Expand infrastructure and technology to provide modern and sustainable energy services to all developing nations.

Therefore, the Targets of Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) are Universal access to modern energy, and increased global percentage of renewable energy and double the improvement in energy efficiency.

Additional Information 

 

Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party are credited with coining the term mass-line communication.

Key Points

• It is a political and leadership strategy that entailed non-manipulative communication with the masses while also taking into account their demands and knowledge.
• It comprises communication that was based on feedback from the general public.
• It is a bottom-up method of communication.
• In mass Line communication the leaders do not rule and control the crowd but rather rely on the masses to cope with the issues that concern them.
• During Mahatma Gandhi's freedom battle in India, he used a similar tactic.
• Gandhi advocated for bottom-up communication between citizens and development officials.
• Gandhiji sparked a huge revolution in India with activities such as the Satyagraha and the Dandi March. Thousands of Indians came out in support of him.

​Thus, The Gandhian method of communication is known as the Mass line.

Additional Information

• Gandhi recognised the link between personal development and societal change as well as the importance of interpersonal communication in achieving collective efficiency.

An antivirus programme is a programme that scans your computer or laptop for viruses and other harmful software and removes it.

Key Points

• Antivirus software, commonly known as anti-malware software is a computer programme that prevents, detects, and removes malware.
• Detecting the presence of malicious software by scanning directories or individual files for known dangerous patterns.
• Antivirus software prevents malware from inflicting damage to your device by identifying, quarantining, and/or destroying malicious code.
• It often works in the background, scanning PCs, servers, and mobile devices for malware and preventing it from spreading.
• Antivirus software examines the file by comparing specific parts of code to information in its database and if it detects a pattern that matches one in the database and the file will be quarantined or deleted.
• Antivirus software nowadays updates itself automatically to provide protection against the latest viruses and malware.

Therefore, statements A, B and C are correct. 

Additional Information

• antivirus software is designed to protect:
• Spyware: stealing sensitive information
• Ransomware: extorting money
• Worms: spreading copies between computers
• Trojans: promising one thing but delivering another
• Adware: advertising
• Spam: spreading unwanted email

In Nyaya's school of logic Anumana (inference) is a central concept.

Key Points

• "Anumana" is a Sanskrit term that combines two words: "Anu" means "after," and "mana" means "measuring."
• Anumana (inference) is a process of thinking in which we shift from the apprehension of some mark (linga) to that of something else under an invariable relation (vyapti) that exists between them.
• According to the Nyāya Philosophy, inference for others consists of five constituents:
• This hill has fire (Pratijnā)
• Because there is smoke (Hetu)
• Wherever there is smoke, there is fire (Udāharana)
• This hill has smoke (Upamāna)
• Therefore, this hill has fire (Nigamāna)
• The explanation for the claim and make a universal proposition that demonstrates the relationship between the two with an example.
• After which we apply the universal proposition to the current situation and draw a conclusion from the preceding propositions.

Therefore,  According to the Nyāya system, the correct sequence of Inference from beginning to end is Pratijnā⇒ Hetu⇒ Udaharanan⇒ Upanaya⇒ Nigamana. 

Additional Information

Experimental effect in which participants subconsciously adjust their behaviour to meet their interpretation of the experiment's purpose.

Key Points Statement I: Experimenter effects are errors introduced during the collection or analysis of experimental data due to the behaviour of the experimenter.

• Experimenter effects are errors caused by the experimenter's actions during the collection or analysis of experimental data.
• They can skew the data gathered in an experiment and thus skew the results analysed in at least four ways:

1. small changes in participant treatment
2. data recording errors
3. case selection errors
4. data analysis errors.

• ​The experimenter's personal features (e.g., age, sex, race), attitudes, and expectations have a direct impact on the conduct of participants in the former. ​
• Experimenter effects skew results in favour of hypothesised results in the great majority of cases where they have been researched.

​Thus, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Due to the presence of certain cues in the experimental setting, the participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and subconsciously change their behaviour to fit that interpretation.

• Demand features are signs that may communicate the study's goals to participants in research.
• Demand characteristics are a problem since they can skew the results of your research.
• Demand characteristics are uncontrollable variables that can influence the study's results.
• Participants may be nudged to adjust their responses consciously or unintentionally as a result of these cues.

So, statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Additional Information

• The following are some common demand characteristics:
• Rumours about the study
• Explicit or implicit communication
• The please-your effect is in which the participant tries to deduce and validate the experimenter's hypotheses.
• The screw-your effect is a negative-participant role in which the participant tries to figure out the experimenter's hypotheses solely to undermine the study's credibility.

​Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.

Key PointsConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or Biodiversity Convention:

• The convention has three main goals:
• the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
• the sustainable use of its components;
• and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resource
• The convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.
• The United States is the only UN member state which has not ratified the convention.
• It has two supplementary agreements, the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol.

Hence the convention on Biodiversity was signed during Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992.

Additional Information

• Human Environment Conference, Stockholm 1972:
• The major result of the Stockholm Conference was the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• The United Nations Environment Programme is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.
• The Kyoto Protocol
• It was an international treaty that extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO₂ emissions are driving it.
• Montreal Protocol
• It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed upon on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989.

Spyware is software that secretly records information about user activities on their system. It could capture credit card details that can be used by cybercriminals for unauthorized shopping, money withdrawing, etc.

Key PointsAnti-spyware

• It is a type of software that is designed to detect and remove unwanted spyware programs
• Spyware is software that continuously gathers user information and important data through the user’s Internet connection without his or her knowledge where this anti-spyware blocks this.
• ​This software basically uses behavioral scanning techniques/methods to detect and remove spyware.
• This software scans your hard disk and registry for traces of spyware and adware and then either removes them or prompts the user to remove them.
• These programs monitor incoming data from e-mail, websites, and downloads of files and stop spyware programs from getting a foothold in the computer operating system.

Hence anti-spyware software detects and removes programs installed illegally on a user's computer system.

Additional Information

• The system file checker (SFC) scans the system files and confirms they have not been compromised or replaced with unofficial versions. If an unexpected version is found, SFC attempts to restore it from copies or original installation media.
• A read-only file is any file with the read-only file attribute turned on. It can be opened and viewed like any other file, but writing to it (saving changes) won't be possible. In other words, the file can only be read from, not written to.
• Network traffic is the amount of data moving across a computer network at any given time. Network traffic, also called data traffic, is broken down into data packets and sent over a network before being reassembled by the receiving device or computer.

Key PointsAssertion A: Ground level concentration of ozone decreases at night.

Ozone:

• The ozone layer is a region of high ozone concentration in the stratosphere, 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth's surface.
• Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun.
• When an ozone molecule absorbs UV-B, it comes apart into an oxygen molecule (O₂) and a separate oxygen atom (O).
• Later, the two components can reform the ozone molecule (O₃).
• By absorbing UV-B in the stratosphere, the ozone layer prevents harmful levels of this radiation from reaching Earth’s surface.
• The highest ozone concentrations of the year generally occur during summer, when sunlight is most intense.
• Downwind from urban areas, ozone may peak later in the afternoon or even after dark. After sunset, when no more sunlight initiates ozone formation, ozone concentrations fall as ozone reacts with other chemicals and rapidly settles onto various surfaces.

Hence Assertion A is correct.

Reason R: Ultraviolet radiation photolyzes the ozone into other components.

Role of Ultraviolet radiation on Ozone:

• UV light in the range of 160 – 240 nm will create ozone from oxygen.
• Ozone is created by the photolysis of the oxygen molecule (O2).
• This will disrupt the molecule and create valent oxygen atoms (O) that will then attach to any individual oxygen molecules (O2) to create ozone (O3)

Hence Reason R is correct.

Therefore we can conclude that both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

In logic, an argument is a set of arguments that support a conclusion, which is sometimes stated in such a way that the conclusion is deduced from the premises.

Key Points

• An argument is valid if and only if it is required that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.
• An invalid argument is one that is not true. We can check for invalidity by assuming that all of the premises are true and examining if the conclusion can still be untrue.
• Arguments are subject to validity and invalidity.
• The phrase statement can be used to refer to either a coherent declarative utterance that is true or false or a proposition in logic.
• the claim that a true or false declarative sentence.
• Statements can be true or false.

​Therefore, The terms 'valid' and 'invalid' apply to arguments and the terms 'true' and 'false' apply to statements that are true. 

Additional Information

• valid arguments preserve truth.
• If all your premises are true and you make a valid argument from them, it must be the case that whatever conclusion you obtain is true.

Since 1961, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has worked to improve the quality of school education through its six parts.

Key Points

• The constituents of NCERT are:
• the National Institute of Education (NIE)
• Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET)
• Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education at Bhopal.
• Educational Research and Innovation Committee (ERIC)
• Four Regional Institutes of Education at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, and Mysore
• Educational Research and Innovations Committee (ERIC) is a standing committee of NCERT that serves as a catalyst for promoting and supporting research in key areas of school and teacher education.​
• The NCERT's Educational Research and Innovations Committee (ERIC) funds research projects undertaken by researchers both inside and outside the organization.
• The ERIC also hosts educational research conferences on a regular basis.

​Thus, ERIC is a unit of NCERT. 

Additional Information

• The Ministry of Education and Social Welfare (now Ministry of Human Resource Development) founded the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in 1961 as an autonomous institution wholly supported by the Government of India.
• NCERT's core responsibilities are
• research and development
• in-service and pre-service training
• extension and dissemination work, all of which are geared toward the principal goal of increasing school education quality.

Information and Communication Technology is all technologies related to broadcast media, telecommunications, intelligent building management systems, network-based control and monitoring functions, audiovisual processing and transmission systems. 

Key Points

Therefore, A-II, B - III, C - I, D - IV is the correct option.

Given:

The given series: 2, 9, 37, 149, ? 

Calculation:

The logic follows,

The missing term in the following series is 597.

The correct answer is 'Price competition and branded products'.

Key Points

• The passage describes how brand advertising is used to create a loyal consumer base and the developing price competition in the product market.​
• Let's refer to the opening and concluding lines of the passage: 
• There is a question whether advertising induces demand for an individual company's product more or less elastic.
• In the fields of proprietary remedies, the highly individualised nature of the branded products and the tendency of consumers to build strong attachments to brands has given these brands an inelastic demand over relatively long periods of time. Even in these instances, however, price competition has eventually developed.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the passage focuses on price competition and branded products.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Lasting demand inelasticity'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage : 
• the highly individualised nature of the branded products and the tendency of consumers to build strong attachments to brands has given these brands an inelastic demand over relatively long periods of time.  ( Taken from the line 'In the fields.....time.')
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that strong consumer attachment for branded products eventually led to lasting demand inelasticity.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Strong consumer preference'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Some consumers will stick by a brand even though its price relationship with competing brands are disturbed.
• Clearly, the establishment of strong brand preference has led some manufacturers to act as though these preferences made the demand for their brands relatively inelastic.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that some manufacturers make the demand for their brand inelastic because of strong consumer preference.

​Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Price competition, resulting in reduction'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• manufacturers in periods of depression held their prices rigid while prices generally and the prices of some competitors were being lowered. (Taken from the line 'Yet, numerous examples.....lowered')​
• In all such instances price competition was found to come into play sooner or later, and either demand shifted to sellers with lower prices or a reduction in price was forced.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the post-depression led to price competition, resulting in reduction as regards to product pricing.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Advertising of branded products'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• There is a question whether advertising induces demand for an individual company's product more or less elastic.
• The evidence indicates that the advertising of brands tends to make their demands relatively inelastic for varying periods of time.
• The data which support this condition are found in the relatively rigid prices of many advertised articles.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the demand inelasticity of articles in terms of non-varying prices is due to advertising of branded products.​

 Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information Inelastic demand occurs when the consumer's demand for the product remains the same despite the change in price.

Sun water distillers, also known as solar stills are commonly utilised in isolated places where fresh water is scarce.

Key Points

• Solar water distillation is the technique of separating freshwater from salts or other impurities using solar energy.
• The untreated water absorbs heat and gradually rises to dangerously high temperatures.
• Water evaporates, cools, and condenses into vapour as a result of the heat, leaving the impurities behind.
• Solar stills can be used to power low-capacity, self-sufficient water systems.
• Evaporation and condensation are the two scientific principles that a solar still operates on.
• Water does not evaporate the salts and minerals.

Thus, Solar water still is a device to convert saline water to potable water using solar energy. 

Additional InformationThe Advantages of solar stills:

• It is a low-cost and easy-to-maintain system.
• It may be utilised in households and scaled up using programmable ways.
• There are advantages to climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The disadvantage of solar stills: 

• Distillation is normally done at a slow pace
• It is not ideal for those with higher consumption requirements.
• Solar power is only available during daylight hours.

The term mass media refers to media technologies that are used to transmit information to a large number of people.

Key Points

• Characteristics of Modern Mass communication: 
• modern mass media has grown centralised and capital-intensive in the hands of the elite to become dominant.
• The modern mass media has grown increasingly global, expanding its reach beyond a single country to reach people all over the world.
• modern mass communication occurs continuously where messages are sent on a schedule.
• Modern mass media is capital-intensive since it necessitates a large sum of money and investment.
• Newspapers are published daily, periodicals are published weekly or monthly, and publishers and film companies give a steady supply of books and films to the public on a predetermined schedule.
• modern media depend on the use of media broadcast across a variety of platforms, including television, the internet, radio, newspapers etc.

​​Thus, Modern mass communication has the characteristics of being continuous, based on a schedule and dependent on the use of media. 

Additional Information

• People have become so reliant on modern mass media in today's world, from the educational industry to the service business.
• The many mediums of mass media include books, newspapers, radio, social media platforms, publications, and streaming services. However, there are four distinct sorts of mass media.
• Print media
• Outdoor media
• Broadcasting Media
• Digital media

Key PointsAssertion A: The major deficiency of pre-experimental design is that they fail to provide comparison groups.

Pre-experiments

• These are the simplest form of research design.
• In a pre-experiment, either a single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change.
• This is done to determine the researchers’ intervention on a group of people.
• The pre-experimental approach helps give some sort of guarantee that the experiment can be a full-scale successful study.
• As pre-experimental design generally does not have any comparison groups to compete for the results with, that makes it pretty obvious for the researchers to go through the trouble of believing its results.
• Without comparison, it is hard to tell how significant or valid the result is.
• Comparison groups are important because they help us “control” any factors that may be influencing the relationship.

Hence Assertion A is correct

Reason R: Equivalence can be achieved through matching and random assignment.

Equivalence in Experiments:

• The approach used in experimental design is to assign people randomly from a common pool of people into the two groups.
• The experiment relies on this idea of random assignment to groups as the basis for obtaining two groups that are similar.
• Then, we give one the program or treatment and we don’t give it to the other.
• We observe the same outcomes in both groups.
• The key to the success of the experiment is in the random assignment.
• The pre-experimental design deals with the treatment's effect on the experiment and is carried out even before the true experiment takes place.
• While a true experiment is an actual experiment, it is important to conduct its pre-experiment first to see how the intervention is going to affect the experiment.
• The basic components of a true experiment include a pretest, posttest, control group, and experimental group
• Pre-experimental designs do not have a random assignment of participants and are missing a comparison group, a pretest, or both.
• Hence equivalence can be achieved through matching and random assignment.

Therefore Reason R is correct.

Thus we conclude that the correct answer is Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

Given:

The average of the first twenty multiples of 9 = 92.5

The average of the first ten multiples of 11 = 60.5

Formula used:

The sum of n terms of an Arithmetic Progression = n/2 × {2a + (n - 1)d}

Where, n = Number of terms

a = First terms of the series

d = Common difference between terms

Calculation:

The first multiples of 9 = 9

The common difference of the first twenty multiples of 9 = 9

The sum of the first twenty multiples of 9 = 20/2 × {2 × 9 + (20 - 1) × 9}

= 10 (18 + 19 × 9)

= 10 (18 + 171)

= 10 × 189 = 1890

The average of the first twenty multiples of 9 = 1890/20 = 94.5

Hence, the statement I is incorrect.

The first multiples of 11 = 11

The common difference of the first ten multiples of 11 = 11

The sum of the first ten multiples of 11 = 10/2 × {2 × 11 + (10 - 1) × 11}

= 5 (22 + 9 × 11)

= 5 (22 + 99)

= 5 × 121 = 605

The average of the first ten multiples of 11 = 605/10 = 60.5

Hence, the statement II is correct.

Therefore, Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

A teaching model described the learning environment. 

Key Points

• The Jurisprudential Inquiry Model is based on a model of society in which people have different perspectives and objectives.
• The Jurisprudential Inquiry Paradigm is based on a societal model in which people have different viewpoints and goals, and societal ideals legally clash.
• This strategy aims to help students relearn/unlearn their viewpoints on significant legal, ethical, social, and educational issues.
• Jurisprudential Inquiry Model is primarily intended to improve jurisprudential skills.
• The Jurisprudential Inquiry Model is primarily intended to improve jurisprudential skills.

Thus, As students mature, the study of social issues at the community, state, national and international levels can be made available to them, model is designed for this purpose is Jurisprudential inquiry.

Additional Information

• Group Investigation is a cooperative learning technique that combines classroom engagement and communication with the academic inquiry process.
• Role-playing is a learning structure that allows students to apply material right away by putting them in the shoes of a decision-maker who must make a decision about a policy, resource allocation, or another result.
• In structured inquiry, students follow a prescribed approach to investigate a teacher-posed question, receiving explicit step-by-step instructions at each level, resulting to a predetermined outcome, comparable to following a recipe.

As per NEP 2020, adult education curriculum framework will be developed by a new and well-supported constituent body of the NCERT that is dedicated to adult education, so as to develop synergy with and build upon NCERT’s existing expertise in establishing outstanding curricula for literacy, numeracy, basic education, vocational skills, and beyond.

Key PointsThe curriculum framework for adult education will include at least five types of programmes:-

• foundational literacy and numeracy
• critical life skills (including financial literacy, digital literacy, commercial skills, health care and awareness, child care and education, and family welfare)
• vocational skills development (with a view towards obtaining local employment)
• basic education (including preparatory, middle, and secondary stage equivalency)
• continuing education (including engaging holistic adult education courses in arts, sciences, technology, culture, sports, and recreation, as well as other topics of interest or use to local learners, such as more advanced material on critical life skills).

Thus, it is concluded that As per NEP-2020, the responsibility to develop the Adult Education Framework has been given to NCERT.

Given:

Total required time to double a sum of money itself = 10 years

Formula used:

S.I. = (p × r × t)/100

Where, S.I. = Simple Interest

p = The sum of money

r = Rate of interest

t = Total time

Calculation:

Suppose, the sum of money = X

The sum of the money becomes double itself in ten years. Then, the simple interest = 2X - X = X

Let, rate of interest = r

Therefore, X = (X × r × 10)/100

⇒ X = (X × r)/10

⇒ r = 10%

The rate of interest = 10%

Now, the sum of money triple itself. Then, the total amount = 3X

Total simple interest = 3X - X = 2X

Suppose, the required time = T

Therefore, 2X = (X × 10 × T)/100

⇒ 2X = (X × T)/10

⇒ 2 = T/10

⇒ T = 2 × 10 = 20

∴ The sum of money will triple itself in 20 years.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was originated by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it.

Key Points

• Piaget's cognitive stages refer to four (4) different stages – sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.
• Each stage is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities.

Thus we conclude that the correct matching code is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

In the last 30 years, historical discourse analysis has matured as a result of improved data sources and access, as well as enlarged ideas of discourse analysis.

Key Points

• ​Discourse analysis is a form of inquiry that examines written or spoken language in relation to its social context.
• Discourse analysis is used to analyse bigger chunks of language, such as full conversations, texts, or collections of texts, rather than focusing on smaller units of language, such as sounds, words, or phrases.
• It concentrates on the social aspects of communication and how people use language to attain specific outcomes.
• Through this Multiple degrees of analysis is possible with the sources chosen.
• Foucault in his book In the History of Sexuality argued that a new discourse of "sexuality" had fundamentally changed the way we think about desire, pleasure, and our innermost selves.

Thus, Discourse analysis in historical research is associated with Foucault.

Additional Information

• Foucault defines discourse as a "means of constituting knowledge, coupled with the social practices, forms of subjectivity, and power relations that inhere in such knowledge and their relations."
• Discourses are more than just a way of thinking and making sense.
• Discourse analysis, in contrast to linguistic approaches that focus solely on the rules of language use, stresses the contextual meaning of words.

The goal of the National Education Policy 2020 is to make India a global knowledge superpower.

Key Points

Assertion A: To make it easier for the government, as well as non-government philanthropic organisations to build school regulations on inputs, should be limited to certain areas only.

• The NEP is just the third major overhaul of India's educational structure since independence.
• it recommends that the regulations for schools will be made less restrictive to make it simpler for both governments and non-governmental philanthropic organisations to create schools.
• It encourages local variances based on culture, geography, and demographics, and allows different forms of education.

​So, Statement I is correct. 

Reason R: Government should provide effective, enabling and sufficient infrastructure so that all schools have access to safe and engaging school education.

• Universal education from preschool to secondary school, with a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 100 per cent in school education by 2030.
• National Education Policy raises the concern over the dropout issue in the schools due to infrastructure.
• It is recommended to establish an effective and sufficient infrastructure so that all kids, from pre-primary to Grade 12, have access to safe and engaging school education at all levels.

Thus, Reason R is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Therefore, Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• it recommends a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure, which will correspond to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years.
• Through an open schooling system to bring 2 crores, out-of-school youngsters, back into the mainstream.
• Exams for students in grades 10 and 12 will be simplified to focus on fundamental competencies rather than memorised facts, and all students will be able to take the exam again.

Operating System takes help from device drivers to handle all I/O devices.

 Key Points

Device driver:

• It is a computer program that operates or controls a particular device attached to a computer or automaton.
• It provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without knowing precise details about the hardware being used.
• A device driver is generally written by the device's manufacturer and delivered along with the device on a CD-ROM.
• The main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end-user is using.
• For example, a high-level application interacting with a serial port may have "send data" and "receive data" functions.
• A device driver implementing these functions would communicate to the particular serial port controller installed at a lower level on a user's computer.

Additional Information

• A disk compression software utility increases the amount of information that can be stored on a hard disk drive of a given size.
• Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disks, printers, scanners, mouse, keyboards, etc. It was introduced in 1997. Most computers provide two USB ports as a minimum.
• Disk defragmentation helps rearrange the files on the disk to contiguous spaces and thus improve disk performance.

False premises are a feature of informal logical fallacies which are logical fallacies that occur when an argument's premises have a fault that causes the argument to be logically unsound.

Key Points

• The exclusive premises fallacy is a formal error that occurs in a categorical syllogism and is fallacious since both premises are negative.
• the fallacy of Exclusive Premisses merely by inspecting the first two statement-names of the mood of the syllogism.
• For Example,
• No tragic actors are happy men.
• Some comedians are not happy men.
• Therefore, some comedians are not tragic actors.
• This may seem like a logical conclusion, as it appears to be logically derived that if, Some comedians are not happy men, then surely some are happy men, otherwise, the premise would be No comedians are happy.
• if Some happy men are comedians, then not all happy men can be tragic actors, thus, some happy men are not tragic actors.
• But if this assumption is applied to the final statement then we have drawn the conclusion: some happy men are tragic actors.
• Two negative premises cannot give a logical foundation for a conclusion.

Therefore, the Fallacy of Exclusive Premises is committed in the argument.

Additional Information

• Illicit major is a categorical syllogism fallacy that is faulty because the major word is not distributed in the major premise but is distributed in the conclusion.
• The undistributed middle fallacy is a formal error that occurs when a categorical syllogism's middle term is not distributed in either the minor or major premise.
• The existential fallacy occurs when assertions about classes or groups may be true even if no members of the class or group exist.

recent advances in education is the development of teaching models. 

Key Points

Statement I: The core of the teaching process is the arrangement of environments within which students can interact and study how to learn.

• Teaching models have a long history and have been improved through experience so that they can be utilised in the classroom comfortably and efficiently.
• There are numerous models that they might use to design an effective long-term and short-term course curriculum.
• The arrangement of environments in which students can interact and study how to learn is at the heart of the teaching process.

​Thus, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: A model of teaching is not a description of a learning environment.

• A teaching model is a strategy or pattern that can be used to develop the curriculum, create instructional materials, and direct instruction in the classroom.
• Essentially, teaching models are prescriptive teaching practises aimed at achieving specific educational objectives.
• They are prescriptive in the sense that the teacher's instructions must be followed.
• A teaching model is a description of various learning contexts.

So, Statement II is Incorrect. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Additional Information

• One of the main goals of teaching models is to help teachers come up with a variety of techniques for creating a good learning environment.
• the fundamental elements of a model of teaching are,
• The focus of the model
• Syntax
• The social system
• Principles of reaction
• The support system
• Applications of the model
• Instructional and nurturant effect