UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 3rd Dec 2021 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Given:

There is given the unit sales of the ZZ999 Motorcycle in six European Countries over a six-month period from January - 2020 to June 2020.

Calculation:

After calculating all the numbers, the table will be,

 

From the total number of imports by six different countries, 89 < 144 < 177 < 200 < 260 < 296

Therefore, the three smallest importers are Belgium, Italy, and Spain.

Total imports by Belgium, Italy, and Spain = 89 + 144 + 177 = 410

Total number of ZZ999 Motorcycle that are imported by the six countries = 296 + 260 + 200 + 89 + 177 + 144 = 1166

The percentage = 410/1166 × 100 = 35.1629...% ≈ 35.20%

∴ 35.20% of the total imports is accounted for by the three smallest importers.

Given:

There is given the unit sales of the ZZ999 Motorcycle in six European Countries over a six-month period from January - 2020 to June 2020.

Calculation:

After calculating all the numbers, the table will be,

 

The total number of ZZ999 Motorcycle was sold to the German importer = 296

Total number of ZZ999 Motorcycle that is imported by the six countries = 1166

The percentage = 296/1166 × 100 = 25.3859...% ≈ 25.4%

∴ 25.4% of the overall total was sold to the German importer.

Given:

There is given the unit sales of the ZZ999 Motorcycle in six European Countries over a six-month period from January - 2020 to June 2020.

Calculation:

After calculating all the numbers, the table will be,

 

The difference between January and February = 190 - 176 = 14

The difference between February and March = 190 - 179 = 11 (Here, the sales were decreased from the previous month)

The difference between March and April = 206 - 179 = 27

The difference between April and May = 208 - 206 = 2

The difference between May and June = 208 - 207 = 1 (Here, the sales were decreased from the previous month)

Therefore, the difference between March and April is greater than all.

∴ The month of April showed the biggest increase in total sales from the previous month.

Given:

There is given the unit sales of the ZZ999 Motorcycle in six European Countries over a six-month period from January - 2020 to June 2020.

Calculation:

After calculating all the numbers, the table will be,

 

The total motorcycles were sold in May = 208

The overall total sales = 1166

The percentage = 208/1166 × 100 = 17.83...% ≈ 17.8%

∴ 17.8% of the overall total of motorcycles was sold in May.

Given:

There is given the unit sales of the ZZ999 Motorcycle in six European Countries over a six-month period from January - 2020 to June 2020.

Calculation:

After calculating all the numbers, the table will be,

 

Total number of sales in February = 190

The biggest importer is Germany.

The number of motorcycles was sold to Germany in February = 47

The percentage = 47/190 × 100 = 24.73...% ≈ 24.7%

∴​ In the month of February, 24.7% of the monthly total was sold to the biggest importer.

Interdisciplinary is a synthesis of two or more disciplines establishing a new level of discourse and integration of knowledge.

Assertion (A):- Doing Interdisciplinary research is more challenging than that in any single discipline.

In interdisciplinary research, concepts, and methodologies are explicitly exchanged and intergraded resulting in a mutual enrichment. Interdisciplinarity, thus, involves interaction among two or more different disciplines and occurs at the interface between disciplines.

This may range from the sharing of ideas to the full integration of concepts, methodology, procedures, theory, terminology, data, organization of research, and training. 

An interdisciplinary project reflects the following characteristics.

• It involves two or more disciplines and joint work.
• Unified problem formulation and sharing of ideas.
• Exchange and integration of concepts and methodologies.
• It is interactive, integrative, and collaborative.
• It has an applied orientation.
• It leads to the emergence of new knowledge or perspectives, new disciplines e.g., Bioinformatics, Social and Preventive Medicine, Eco philosophy.
• Doing Interdisciplinary research is more challenging than that in any single discipline also the outcome is more than the sum of the individual parts.

Hence assertion is true.

Reasons (R):- It is not possible to combine knowledge from two disciplines.

• Practical barriers to interdisciplinary research include the difficulties of organizing meetings, developing a common language and knowledge, and understanding the task at hand. The causes of critical health problems are many and varied complicating the essential task of deciding on the focus of the group.
• The main disadvantage of interdisciplinary research is that sometimes there's difficulty in establishing lines of connection between multiple disciplines. Also, at times, interdisciplinary research can lack coherence and a sense of purpose but it is possible to combine knowledge from two disciplines.

Hence reason is incorrect.

Thus in the above scenario it can be concluded that (A) is true but (R) is false.

A case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences.

Key Points

• A case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people, or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units.
• A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community, or some other unit in which the researcher examines in-depth data relating to several variables.
• Normally Selects one case for analysis at a time.
• Researchers describe how case studies examine complex phenomena in the natural setting to increase understanding of them.
• By collecting qualitative or quantitative datasets about the phenomenon, the researcher gains more in-depth insight into the phenomenon than would be obtained using only one type of data.
• True case study often integrates different perspectives and adopts the most consequent approach to the particular.

Hence it can be concluded that the true case studies often integrate different perspectives, adopts the most consequent approach to the particular, and normally Selects one case for analysis at a time. Therefore statements B, D, and E are correct.

Additional Information

• The steps when using case study methodology are the same as for other types of research. The first step is defining the single case or identifying a group of similar cases that can then be incorporated into a multiple-case study.
• A search to determine what is known about the cases is typically conducted. This may include a review of the literature, grey literature, media, reports, and more, which serves to establish a basic understanding of the cases and informs the development of research questions.
• Data in case studies are often, but not exclusively, qualitative in nature.
• In multiple-case studies, analysis within cases and across cases is conducted.​

Checklists, rating scales, and rubrics are tools that state-specific criteria and allow teachers and students to gather information and make judgments about what students know and can do in relation to the outcomes.

 Key Points

The quality of information acquired through the use of checklists, rating scales, and rubrics is highly dependent on the quality of the descriptors chosen for assessment or deduction. Their benefit is also dependent on students’ direct involvement in the assessment and understanding of the feedback provided.

The purpose of checklists, rating scales, and rubrics is to:

• provide tools for systematic recording of observations
• provide tools for self-assessment
• provide samples of criteria for students prior to collecting and evaluating data on their work records for the development of specific skills, strategies, attitudes, and behaviors necessary for demonstrating learning
• clarify students' instructional needs by presenting a record of current accomplishments.

​Hence Rubrics is the name for the type of checklist or rating scale that expresses criteria on some point-scale to determine the quality of the performance of a student.

Additional Information

• Rubrics use a set of criteria to evaluate a student's performance.
• They consist of a fixed measurement scale and a detailed description of the characteristics for each level of performance.
• These descriptions focus on the quality of the product or performance and not the quantity; e.g., not the number of paragraphs, examples to support an idea or spelling errors. Rubrics are commonly used to evaluate student performance with the intention of including the result in a grade for reporting purposes. Rubrics can increase the consistency and reliability of scoring.

Global Citizenship Education (GCED) is a strategic area of UNESCO’s Education Sector program and builds on the work of Peace and Human Rights Education.

Key PointsGlobal Citizenship Education (GCED) aims to empower learners of all ages to assume active roles, both locally and globally, in building more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, and secure societies.

GCED is based on the three domains of learning - cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral.

• Cognitive: knowledge and thinking skills necessary to better understand the world and its complexities.
• Socio-emotional: values, attitudes, and social skills that enable learners to develop affectively, psychosocially, and physically and to enable them to live together with others respectfully and peacefully.
• Behavioral: conduct, performance, practical application, and engagement.

The key learning outcomes, key learner attributes, topics, and learning objectives suggested in GCED are based on the three domains of learning mentioned above. They are interlinked and integrated into the learning process.  

Hence Global Citizenship Education (GCED) aims at helping students to understand contemporary global challenges and making students become promoters of peaceful societies. Therefore statements B and C are correct options.

STEM education is a teaching approach that combines science, technology, engineering, and math. Its recent successor, STEAM, also incorporates the arts, which have the ability to expand the limits of STEM education and application.

Key Points

After reviewing research from the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, and education over the past 30 years, the researchers have summarized six explanations for women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive STEM fields:

1. cognitive ability,
2. relative cognitive strengths,
3. occupational interests or preferences,
4. lifestyle values or work-family balance preferences,
5. field-specific ability beliefs, and
6. gender-related stereotypes and biases.

The researchers also described the potential biological, psychological and sociocultural explanations for observed gender differences on cognitive and motivational factors and demonstrate the developmental periods during which each factor becomes most relevant. 

• Sociological factors indicate that a patriarchal system and male dominance perpetuate gender inequality in STEM.
• Findings also indicate that cultural myths and beliefs that the science field is hard and that women are incapable of handling masculine activities hinder women from participating in science-related fields.
• The findings indicate further that a lack of laboratories in secondary schools forces teachers to teach science subjects by using theories as an alternative to practical instruction.
• From a psychological point of view, evidence suggests that a lack of confidence among female students themselves regarding performance in science subjects hinders them from participating in STEM fields.

Hence, the possible reasons for Empirical studies have shown that the women students are underrepresented in the disciplines such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) could be Women students face threats due to negative stereotypes, and Women students are not encouraged by their parents to join STEM disciplines.

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.

Key Points

• The ISA strives to develop and deploy cost-effective and transformational energy solutions powered by the sun to help member countries develop low-carbon growth trajectories, with particular focus on delivering impact in countries categorized as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
• ISA’s partnerships with multilateral development banks (MDBs), development financial institutions (DFIs), private and public sector organizations, civil society, and other international institutions are key to delivering the change it seeks to see in the world going ahead.
• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of 102 signatory countries (81 of whom are members), most being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
• The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
• The initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Africa Summit and a meeting of member countries ahead of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in November 2015.
• The framework agreement of the International Solar Alliance opened for signatures in Marrakesh, Morocco, in November 2016, and 102 countries have joined.
• On receipt of 15 ratifications, the ISA Framework Agreement entered into force on the 6^th of December, 2017 thereby making ISA a de jure treaty-based international intergovernmental organisation.

Thus International Solar Alliance Framework Agreement entered into force in the year 2017.

The ability to understand how a situation appears to another person and how that person is reacting cognitively and emotionally to the situation is called perspective-taking in communication.

Key Points 

• Research on perspective-taking tends to emphasize generalized inferential strategies and cognitive processing.
• Another aspect of perspective-taking investigated by researchers interested in participants' ability to decode a target's emotional response either in terms of feeling or displaying the same emotion that the target is depicting or in terms of supplying the appropriate emotion label for the target's emotion expression.

Thus, perspective-taking has been conceptualized as both 

• The process of making inferences about how a generic person would feel in a certain hypothetical situation.
• The cognitive capacity to infer what a specific person is feeling by decoding (or feeling) the other's displayed emotion as a consequence of the other's situation.

It has also been treated as a consequence of the discrepancy between the other's displayed emotion and the emotion that would be expected, given the other's situation (e.g., if someone is sad at his or her birthday party).

To solve problems and resolve conflicts constructively participants need to understand each other’s perspectives.

Hence Perspective-taking in communication supports openness, sharing of information, and trust. Therefore correct options are B, C, and D.

The interest, typically expressed as a percentage, can be either simple or compounded. Simple interest is based on the principal amount of a loan or deposit. In contrast, compound interest is based on the principal amount and the interest that accumulates on it in every period.

Key Points

Interest is the cost of borrowing money. Typically expressed as a percentage, it amounts to a fee or extra charge the borrower pays the lender for the financed sum.

Statement I:- If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called compound interest.

• Compound interest (or compounding interest) is interest calculated on the initial principal, which also includes all of the accumulated interest from previous periods on a deposit or loan.
• Compound interest is calculated by multiplying the initial principal amount by one plus the annual interest rate raised to the number of compound periods minus one.
• Interest can be compounded on any given frequency schedule, from continuous to daily to annually.
• When calculating compound interest, the number of compounding periods makes a significant difference.

Thus statement I is false.

Statement II:- The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called simple interest.

• Simple interest is calculated by multiplying the daily interest rate by the principal, by the number of days that elapse between payments.
• Simple interest benefits consumers who pay their loans on time or early each month.
• Auto loans and short-term personal loans are usually simple interest loans.

Thus Statement II is false.

Hence it can be concluded that both Statements I and Statement II are false.

Given:

The cost price of the smartphone = 9/10^th of its selling price

Required profit = 8%

Formula used:

Profit = S.P. - C.P

S.P. = (100 + Profit%)/100 × C.P.

Profit% = Profit/C.P. × 100

Where, S.P. = Selling price; C.P. = Cost price

Calculation:

Suppose, the selling price of the smartphone = x

The cost price of the smartphone = 9/10 × x = 9x/10

Required profit = 8%

According to the question, Sagun sold it at 8% more than its selling price.

Therefore, selling price = (100 + 8)/100 × x

= 108/100 × x

= 27x/25

Her gain = 27x/25 - 9x/10 = (54x - 45x)/50 = 9x/50

Her gain percentage = \(\frac{9x/50}{9x/10}× 100\)

= 9x/50 × 10/9x × 100

= 20%

∴ Sagun's gain for the smartphone is 20%.

The process of communication refers to the transmission or passage of information or message from the sender through a selected channel to the receiver overcoming barriers that affect its pace.

Key Points 

• Sender: The process of communication starts with a sender, the person who has an idea and wants to convey it to the receiver. The formation of ideas is the first step of communication. The Sender is known as Txt.
• Encoding: The conversion of the idea into a message by the verbal or nonverbal method is called encoding. While encoding a message, one needs to consider what will be the interpretation of the message. This process of converting the thought of the sender into a message is encoding.
• Message: The thought, idea, emotion, or anything that the sender wants to convey is called a message. A message could be verbal or non-verbal.
• Channel: The way or the medium of sending the message is called a channel. Medium or channel can be oral, written or it can be non-verbal.
• Receiver: The receiver is the person who receives an encoded message. In the best way, if it reaches the receiver then there is no problem for the receiver to understand the message properly. The Receiver is known as Rx
• Decoding: It is a process where the received message is understood. It is not necessary that the message reached to the receiver will be understood by the receiver but decoding is a process that converts the message into understanding. There are chances of misinterpretation of the massage.
• Feedback: This is the last part of the communication process. After receiving the message, the receiver reacts or responds to the sender. The response can be based on the perfect understanding of the message or it can be based on the misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the message. This reply from the receiver to the sender is called feedback.

According to the above definitions, In a classroom, transforming verbal and non-verbal signs back into messages is known as decoding.

Additional Information

Reverse communication is a means of avoiding procedure arguments in the parameter list of a procedure.

​Preparing the family tree using the following symbols:

A possible tree diagram will be:

• Since Ravi has no brother or sister, so he is his father's only son.
• So, the wife of Ravi's father's son is Ravi's wife.
• Thus, Ravi's wife is the mother of the man in the portrait.

Hence, He is the son of Ravi.

Statement I: - USB drives are also known as flash drives.

• A USB flash drive is a device used for data storage that includes a flash memory and an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.
• Most USB flash drives are removable and rewritable.
• Physically, they are small, durable, and reliable.
• The larger their storage space, the faster they tend to operate.
• USB flash drives are mechanically very robust because there are no moving parts.
• They derive the power to operate from the device to which they are connected (typically a computer) via the USB port.
• A USB flash drive may also be known as a flash drive, USB drive, USB stick, USB thumb drive, or pen drive.

​Hence statement 1 is correct.

Statement II:- Device used by banks to automatically read those unusual numbers on the bottom of cheques and deposit slips is known as MICR.

• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is the string of characters at the bottom left of a personal cheque that includes the account, routing, and check numbers.
• MICR numbers are designed to be readable by both individuals and sorting equipment.
• They can't be faked or copied, due to the use of magnetic ink and unique fonts.
• The benefits of the technology include enhanced security against fraud and mechanization of check processing.
• MICR was developed in the late 1950s and is now in use globally.

​Hence statement II is correct.

Thus both Statement I and Statement II are true.

The earliest attempt to define art has been found in some parts of the Brahmana literature which says that art is an activity of making something with a skill and rhythm.

Key Points

• India has a long tradition of holistic and multidisciplinary learning, from universities such as Takshashila and Nalanda, to the extensive literatures of India combining subjects across fields.
• Ancient Indian literary works such as Banabhatta’s Kadambari described a good education as knowledge of the 64 Kalaas or arts; and among these 64 ‘arts’ were not only subjects, such as singing and painting, but also ‘scientific ’fields, such as chemistry and mathematics, ‘vocational ’ fields such as carpentry and clothes-making, ‘professional ’fields, such as medicine and engineering, as well as ‘soft skills’ such as communication, discussion, and debate.
• The very idea that all branches of creative human endeavor, including mathematics, science, vocational subjects, professional subjects, and soft skills should be considered ‘arts’, has distinctly Indian origins.
• This notion of a ‘knowledge of many arts’ or what in modern times is often called the ‘liberal arts’ (i.e., a liberal notion of the arts) must be brought back to Indian education, as it is exactly the kind of education that will be required for the 21^st century.

 

Therefore In Banabhatta's Kadambri, a good education has been described as having knowledge of 64 Kalaa or arts. Among these 64 Kalaa, which among the following subjects were included Arts, vocational courses, Engineering, Medicine, Mathematics, Science, and Many other subjects.

The aim of communication is to transmit information from one person to another so that the sender and receiver understand the message in the same way. 

 Key Points

The communication process has five steps: idea formation, encoding, channel selection, decoding, and feedback.

• Sender: The process of communication starts with a sender, the person who has an idea and wants to convey it to the receiver. The formation of idea is the first step of communication. The Sender is known as Txt.
• Encoding: The conversion of the idea into a message by the verbal or nonverbal method is called encoding. While encoding a message, one needs to consider what will be the interpretation of the message. This process of converting the thought of the sender into a message is encoding.
• Message: The thought, idea, emotion, or anything that the sender wants to convey is called a message. A message could be verbal or non-verbal.
• Channel: The way or the medium of sending the message is called a channel. Medium or channel can be oral, written or it can be non-verbal.
• Receiver: The receiver is the person who receives an encoded message. In the best way, if it reaches the receiver then there is no problem for the receiver to understand the message properly. The Receiver is known as Rx
• Decoding: It is a process where the received message is being understood. It is not necessary that the message reached to the receiver will be understood by the receiver but decoding is a process that converts the message into understanding. There are chances of misinterpretation of the massage.
• Feedback: This is the last part of the communication process. After receiving the message, the receiver reacts or responds to the sender. The response can be based on the perfect understanding of the message or it can be based on the misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the message. This reply from the receiver to the sender is called feedback.

Hence, the correct sequence of the one-way process of communication is Transmission of cognitive data, Message reception, Understanding, Level of acceptance, and Reaction. Thus the correct option is (B), (C), (D), (A), (E)

Teachers’ feedback has been found to influence their relationships with students and students’ outcomes, including their academic engagement and aspects of their self-perceptions

Assertion (A):- Positive feedback from the teacher is necessary to motivate students.

Teachers use more positive feedback to develop supportive relationships with their students.

• Teachers should provide positive feedback—verbal or non-verbal (e.g., smile, thumbs-up) affirmations—to children when they follow the rules. The purpose of positive feedback is to increase the likelihood that children will engage in appropriate behavior.
• Through feedback, teachers can provide the students with suggestions for development, learning strategies, and corrections for errors. The importance of constructive feedback allows for many positive opportunities.
• Feedback can improve a student's confidence, self-awareness, and enthusiasm for learning.

Thus assertion is correct.

Reasons (R):- Continuous criticism of students is the best method to make them realize positive outcomes in their pursuit of knowledge.

• Teachers who use more negative feedback tend to develop conflictual relationships with students.
• Negative feedback also affects students' behaviors indirectly by decreasing students' self-concepts and feelings of self-worth.

Thus reason is correct.

Hence (A) is true but (R) is false

The correct answer is - Nitric Oxide

Key Points

• Nitric Oxide
• It has a very short atmospheric residence time of only a few hours.
• It rapidly converts to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) through oxidation in the presence of oxygen.
• Due to this quick transformation, its persistence is far lower than Methane, Nitrous Oxide, or CFCs, which remain for years to decades.

Additional Information

• Methane (CH₄)
• Has an atmospheric residence time of around 10–12 years.
• A major greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.
• Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)
• Remains in the atmosphere for approximately 120 years.
• Major contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Highly stable compounds with residence times of 50–150 years.
• Responsible for ozone layer depletion through release of chlorine radicals.

Important Points

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

The correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Key Points

Hence the correct matching code is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Given:

CHARCOAL is coded as 45164913

Calculation:

The logic is:

 

Similarly,

 

Here, all the letters follow according to the given numbers.

Hence, "COALCAR" will be coded as "4913416".

The correct answer is 2 μgL-1

There are more than 1000 pesticides used around the world to ensure food is not damaged or destroyed by pests. Each pesticide has different properties and toxicological effects. Many of the older, cheaper (off-patent) pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and lindane, can remain for years in soil and water. 

 

Key Points

• DDT:
• It refers to p,p'-DDT, or p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
• It is a non-systemic contact insecticide with a broad spectrum of activity
• DDT and its metabolites are readily adsorbed onto sediments and soils, which can act both as sinks and as long-term sources of exposure.
• Because of its strong tendency to be adsorbed onto surfaces, most DDT that enters the water is and remains firmly attached to soil particles
• According to WHO standards, the pesticide content (Lindane or DDT) in drinking water should not exceed 2 μgL-1
• DDT exposure effects:
• DDT is known to act as an endocrine disruptor.
• Therefore, exposure to this compound can result in interference with the endocrine system. This compound is also suspected to be a carcinogen to human beings.
• The bioaccumulation of DDT has caused eggshell thinning and population declines in multiple North American and European bird of prey species.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Google Meet is a video conferencing tool provided by Google that allows users to communicate face-to-face even if they are working remotely

 Key PointsStatement I: In the free version of google meet (through your personal Gmail / Google account you can record your session/class.

• The paid version of google meet has the following features:
• Breakout rooms- Moderators can use breakout rooms to divide participants into smaller groups during video calls.
• Hand raise -
• Participants can raise their hand to let moderators know they want to speak.
• Noise cancellation -
• Participants can filter out background noise to help limit distractions during a call.
• Attendance tracking -
• Moderators can get a report on who attended their video calls and live streams.
• Record a meeting -
• Moderators can record video calls for others to watch later.

Hence we can say Statement I is incorrect

Statement II : To join an online class/session conducted via Google Meet you need to login to your Google account.

• How to Join google meet:
• Google has integrated its Google Meet service directly onto users’ Gmail accounts.
• This means you’ll be able to create a meeting or join an already created meeting on Google Meet directly through Gmail without needing to open Google Meet on your web browser.
• To start a Google Meet meeting using Gmail
• Step 1: Open your Gmail account.
• If the new Google Meet integration is live for your Google account, you will see a new Meet section on the left sidebar.
• Step 2: Under the Meet section, click on Start a meeting.
• Step 3: You can join the meeting that you created by clicking the Join now button on the right side of the meeting window.

Hence we can say Statement II is correct

Thus we can conclude that Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

The correct answer is (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

Key Points Assertion (A):-For Naiyayikas, logic is not formalized and divorced from existence.

• Nyāya school:
• ​The Nyāya school is founded by the sage Gotama
• Nyāya means correct thinking with proper arguments and valid reasoning.
• The Nyāya philosophy as a practitioner and believer of realism seeks for acquiring knowledge of reality

Hence  Assertion (A) is incorrect

Reasons (R) :-Naiyayika's interest in logic is for finding out the truth about the existent world, but not merely for finding out the instrument of thought for their own sake.

• Nyāya school states that:
• Knowledge may be valid or invalid. Valid knowledge is called pramā and invalid knowledge is called apramā.
• The Nyāya school advocates that valid knowledge is the true and right apprehension of an object. It is the manifestation of an object as it is.
• The characterization of valid knowledge is a consequence of the correspondence theory of truth which states that truth is the correspondence between a proposition and reality.
• Thus, valid knowledge is treated as presentative knowledge
• Valid knowledge is produced by the four valid sources of knowledge perception, inference comparison, and sabda.
• Invalid knowledge is defined as the wrong apprehension of an object.
• It includes a memory (smṛuti), doubt (samsaya), error (viparyāya), and hypothetical reasoning (tarka).

Hence Reasons (R) is correct

Thus we can conclude (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

A decision trap can be described as a thought process that can lead to a situation going wrong and include biases.

Important Points

• A decision trap is a mental process that includes biases and can lead to a scenario going awry. There are a variety of choice traps that might make operational decisions less effective. Decision-makers should consider these and should use decision controls to avoid unexpected outcomes.
• Personal qualities are the traits and features that describe the personality.
• They are the characteristics of the personality, temperament, and nature that define a person.
• Personal traits, unlike personal skills, are intangible and tied to your mental and emotional condition.

Key Points

• Overconfidence- The overconfidence trap causes us to exaggerate the precision of our predictions. When making estimations regarding uncertain events, the prudence trap causes us to be overly cautious. Furthermore, the recall ability trap causes us to place disproportionate emphasis on recent, dramatic occurrences.
• Taking shortcuts-a quicker way than usual to do or achieve something, often a method that produces a result that is not good enough.
• Being unsystematic-  Not being systematic is one of the major decision traps that pertains to personal qualities as it makes an individual clumsy and inaccurate.

Hence the correct options are (B), (C), and (D) only

Additional Information Following are the common barriers that are often encountered in making good decisions.

• Frame blindness - Setting out to solve the wrong problem.
• Lack of Frame control - Failing to consciously define the problem in more ways than one or being unduly influenced by others.
• Shortsighted shortcuts - Relying inappropriately on “rules of thumb” such as implicitly trusting the most readily available information or anchoring too much on convenient facts.
• Group failure - Assuming that with many smart people involved, good choices will follow automatically and therefore failing to manage the group decision-making process.
• Fooling ourselves about feedback  - Failing to interpret the evidence from past outcomes for what it says, either because we are protecting our ego or because we are tricked by hindsight.
• Not keeping track  - Assuming that experience will make its lessons available automatically, and therefore failing to keep systematic records to track the results of your decisions and failing to analyze these results in ways that reveal their key lessons.
• Failure to audit our decision process - Failing to create an organized approach to understanding our own decision making, so we remain constantly exposed to all the above mistakes.

Therefore, the correct answer is (B), (C), and (D) only.

The correct answer is Laws of generalization

Important Points

• Laws of generalization:
• ​it is a theory of cognition originally posited by Roger Shepard.
• it states that the probability of a response to one stimulus being generalized to another is a function of the “distance” between the two stimuli in a psychological space
• Using experimental evidence from both human and non-human subjects, Shepard hypothesizes, more specifically, that probability of generalization will fall off exponentially with the distance measured by one of two particular metrics.
• His analysis goes on to argue for the universality of this rule for all sentient organisms due to the evolutionary internalization phenomenon.
• Bird with earthworm: Shepard gives an example of a bird using "generalization," based on experience with one previous worm, to decide if another worm is edible.

​ 

Additional Information

• Law of Intuition
• it is based on facts plus instinct plus other intangible factors, such as employee morale, organizational momentum, and relational dynamics.” Your intuition is the gut feeling you get when you know something is right or wrong
• Conditional laws:
• Condition, in logic, a stipulation, or provision, that needs to be satisfied; also, something that must exist or be the case or happen in order for something else to do so
• It finds co-relation of events.

The correct answer is 1/2 (Half)

Key Points

• Sustainable Development Goals:
• ​United Nations (UN) launched the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDGs in 2015.
• There are 17 goals and 169 targets specific targets to be achieved by 2030.
• Sustainable Development Goal 12:
• it aims to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns"
• It encourages more sustainable consumption and production patterns through various measures, including specific policies and international agreements on the management of materials that are toxic to the environment.
• SDG 12 has 11 targets to be achieved by at least 2030
• SDG Target 12.3 seeks to halve global food waste at retail and consumer levels, as well as to reduce food loss during production and supply.

Sound is measured in units called decibels (dB). The higher the decibel level, the louder the noise. On the decibel scale, the level increase of 10 means that a sound is actually 10 times more intense, or powerful.

Important Points

• Human hearing can be modified using decibels. As a result, noise levels are measured in decibels A. (dBA).
• Noise has different effects depending on how much noise a person is exposed to.
• Long-term loud noise exposure (75 dBA for eight hours a day for years) can cause hearing damage.
• The body can also adapt to lower noise levels: 40 dBA external noise can disrupt sleep.
• The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average human ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present.
• The absolute threshold relates to the sound that can just be heard by the organism.
• The absolute threshold is not a discrete point and is therefore classed as the point at which a sound elicits a response a specified percentage of the time.
• This is also known as the auditory threshold.
• At 1,000 Hz, it's about the quietest sound a young human with normal hearing can perceive.
• Hearing thresholds are frequency dependent, and it has been demonstrated that the ear's sensitivity is best between 2kHz and 5 kHz.

Therefore the Noise levels (db) are referenced to the human hearing threshold at a frequency of 1kHz.

Additional Information

• Examples of Noise Sources and Human Responses by Noise Level
• 0 dBa-  Example of noise: No sound is perceptible. Human reaction: The threshold of hearing.
• 20 dBA - Example of noise: whispers heard a meter away; light wind in trees. Human reaction: a sense of deep calmness.
• 30 dBA- Example of noise: a low-voice conversation  Human reaction: a sense of calmness.
• 40 dBA- Example of noise: library, refrigerator, a quiet street at night. Human reaction: a peaceful area.
• 50 dBA- Example of noise: moderate rain, washing machine. Human reaction: the beginning of disturbance.

 

Hence the correct match is (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)

The correct answer is (B), (C) and (D) only

Software is a set of programs (sequence of instructions) that allows the users to perform a well-defined function or some specified task.

These are of two types, i.e., System Software and Application Software.

Important Points

• Web browser: 
• This is a type of software that is globally used to browse the Internet.
• Web browsers help the users in positioning as well as fetching data across the web
• Example -Chrome, Mozilla
• A web browser is a type of Application software
• Compiler:
• A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses.
• It is a type of System software
• Device Driver:
• It is a type of software that operates or controls some specific hardware devices linked to your system.
• They provide a software interface to hardware devices allowing computer operating systems and other applications to fetch hardware functions without knowing the exact specifications of the hardware.
• Example BIOS, ROM
• These are types of System software

Additional Information

• Adobe:
• Adobe Inc. is a technology company that creates software applications with a creative design edge
• Adobe was founded in 1982 in California.
• Its first product was PostScript, a page description language for creating print-friendly documents
• It Makes various software like  Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Animate, Adobe acrobat

​Hence the correct answer is (B), (C) and (D) only

The correct answer is (C), (A), (D), (E), (B)

A focus group is best defined as a small group of carefully selected participants who contribute to open discussions for research

Key Points

Steps involved In focus group research :

• Step 1: Define the Purpose or Problem for which the Focus group interview is being conducted.
• Clarify the purpose of the focus group.
• Why the focus group is being conducted or the
• Define the expected outcomes.
• Step 2: Select a sample
• Step 3: ​Select the Participants and Leader from the appropriate sample size.
• Select no less than four people but no more than 12 people. The ideal group size is 6-8 per focus group.
• Step 3: Prepare the mechanics of the study
• ​Manage the Atmospherics.
• Select a meeting location appropriate for discussion to avoid outside interruptions.
• Develop and produce the required materials for the meeting, including training pamphlets, project one-pager, etc
• Step 4: Develop the Questions.
• Determine the number of questions necessary to Design a session agenda
• Ensure the questions are open-ended and do not lead participants to certain answers.
• Assign a note taker for the focus group.
• Step 5: Conduct the Session.
• Clearly state the scope, purpose and desired outcome of the focus group.
• Step 6: Analyze the Results

Hence we conclude that correct sequence is (C), (A), (D), (E), (B)

Hence the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Key Points

• Holistic and multidisciplinary education:
• As per UGC, A holistic and multidisciplinary education would aim to develop all capacities of human beings -intellectual, aesthetic, social, physical, emotional, and moral in an integrated manner.
• It is an integral education model that will relax the discipline boundaries for learning and make the system flexible enough for students to learn sciences, mathematics with humanities, languages, social sciences, professional skills, soft skills, ethics, morality, human values. (Hence Statement I is true)
• Such an education will help develop well-rounded individuals that possess critical 21^st-century capacities in fields across the arts, humanities, languages, sciences, social sciences, and professional, technical, and vocational fields; an ethic of social engagement; soft skills, such as communication, discussion, and debate; and rigorous specialization in a chosen field or fields. (Hence Statement II is False)
• Such a holistic education shall be, in the long term, the approach of all undergraduate programs, including those in professional, technical, and vocational disciplines.

Thus we conclude that Statement I is true but Statement II is false

The correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)

Key Points 

 

Hence correct matching code is  (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)

A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener.

Key PointsSocialized medicine is not recommended because it would result in a reduction in the overall quality of medical care. In addition, it might well bankrupt the federal treasury. This is the whole case against socialized medicine.

• Socialized medicine is a phrase used in the United States to define and debate systems of universal health care that provide medical and hospital care to all citizens through government control and tax subsidies.
• Because of the term's historically negative connotations in American society, it is frequently used in a derogatory manner in American political discourse.
• The word was initially popularised in the United States by opponents of President Harry S. Truman's 1947 health-care proposal, the American Medical Association. It was eventually used as a weapon against Medicare. The Affordable Care Act has been referred to as socialist medicine, but its goal is socialized insurance rather than government control of hospitals and other institutions, as is usual in the United States.
• The main advantage of socialised medicine is that it ensures that everyone can get medical help if they need it without jeopardising their personal resources.
• The cost of socialised medicine is the most significant disadvantage that it might bankrupt the federal treasury.

Hence the conclusion that is drawn from the above statement is Socialized medicine is not recommended as it would lead to a reduction in the overall quality of medical care.

the correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true

• There are five characteristics of a middle term
• It must be present in the minor term (paksadharmata); e.g., smoke must be present in the hill.
• It must be present in all positive instances in which the major terms is present; e.g., smoke must be present in the kitchen where fire exists.(sapaksasattva).
• It must be absent in all negative instances in which the major terms is absent; e.g., smoke must be absent in the lake in which fire does not exist.(vipaksasattva).
• It must be non-incompatible with the minor term; e.g., it must not prove the coolness of fire (abadhita).
• It must be qualified by the absence of counteracting reasons which lead to a contradictory conclusion; e.g., ‘the fact of being caused’ should not be used to prove the ‘eternality’ of sound (aviruddha)

 Key Points

Statement I: The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) occurs in an argument when the middle term is found both where the major is found and where it is not found

• Viruddha Fallacy:
• According to Jain school, contradictory (Viruddha) hetvabhasa is a concomitance with the opposite of the major term.
• It proves not the existence but the non-existence of the major in the minor.
• For instance, the sound is not perishable because it is caused.
• In this statement the hetu caused is not concomitantly related with not perishability but to its opposite.
• Therefore it is viruddha hetvabhasa.

Hence statement I is false

Statement II: The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) is committed in an argument when the middle term is found only where the major term is absent.

• Viruddha Fallacy:
• It is the contradictory middle
• The middle term, instead of being pervaded by the presence of the major term is pervaded by the absence of the major term.
• Instead of proving the existence of the major term in the minor term, it proves its non-existence therein;
• e.g., ‘sound is eternal because it is produced’.
• Here ‘Produced’, instead of proving the eternity of sound, proves its non-eternity.
• Here it is not an inferential fallacy instead it is fallacy of self-contradiction.

Hence statement II is correct

thus we conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The correct answer is 'Concerned authorities did not make an attempt to prevent it'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• And yet a calamity would be a case of injustice only if it could have been prevented, and particularly if those who could have undertaken preventive action had failed to try.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that in the case of a calamity , it should lead to a feeling of injustice when concerned authorities did not make an attempt to prevent it.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Reasoning on a subject'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the first line of the passage: 
• The need for a theory of justice relates to the discipline of engagement in reasoning about a subject on which it is as eminent author Burke noted, very difficult to speak.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident reasoning on a subject is central to the theory of justice.

​Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is  'Intellectual evaluation'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage
• Over hundreds of years, writers on justice in different parts of the world have attempted to provide the intellectual basis for moving from a general sense of injustice to particular reasoned diagnosis of injustice.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that a particular diagnosis of injustice will lead to a theory of justice based on intellectual evaluation.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is ' Public Authority'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• The avoidance of reasoned justification often comes not from indignant protestors but from placid guardians of order and justice.
• Reticience (reticence)  has appealed throughout history to those with a governing role, endowed with public authority, who are unsure of the grounds for action, or unwilling to scrutinize the basis of their policies.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that avoidance of reasoned justification can be sourced to public authority.

​Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information  Reticence - Reluctance to do something.

The correct answer is 'It is being appropriately made aware of injustice'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• It is sometimes claimed that justice is not a matter of reasoning at all; it is one of being appropriately sensitive and having the right note for injustice.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that the simplistic view about justice is being appropriately made aware of injustice.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Learning skills talk about competencies or skills associated with acquiring, organizing, synthesizing, remembering, and using information and ideas read in books, observed, or listened to in different situations. 

Key Points

• Metacognition refers to the knowledge about cognitive processes and how they function, and the term metacognitive awareness refers to a person's conscious monitoring of his or her own cognitive strategies during the process of applying them.
• Metacognition describes the processes involved when learners plan, monitor, evaluate and make changes to their own learning behaviors.
• Rubrics serve as an alternative way of assessment of students’ performance.
• A rubric is a multi-purpose scoring guide for assessing student products and performances.
• Rubrics help improve teaching, contribute to sound assessment, and serve as a source of information for program improvement.
• Peer tutoring is a teaching strategy that uses students as tutors. The student pairs might work on academic, social, behavioral, functional, or even social skills.
• There are many different ways to pair students, such as by ability level, skills mastered, or age.
• Debriefing is the process of facilitated or guided reflection in the cycle of experiential learning.
• Analysis and discussion of scenarios and events after the simulation's conclusion allows participants to solidify clinical knowledge and improve future performance.

Hence metacognition is the name of the mental process that assists learners to reflect on their thinking by internalizing, understanding, and recalling the contact to be learned.

The correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Key Points

Statement I:-The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to arguments.

Argument: 

• The task of an argument is to provide statements (premises) that give evidence for the conclusion

There are two basic kinds of arguments.  

• Deductive argument:
• it involves the claim that the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion; the terms valid and invalid are used to characterize deductive arguments.
• A deductive argument succeeds when, if you accept the evidence as true (the premises), you must accept the conclusion.
• Inductive argument
• It involves the claim that the truth of its premises provides some grounds for its conclusion or makes the conclusion more probable; the terms valid and invalid cannot be applied.
• True and false apply only to statements, not arguments.
• A valid argument can have false premises, and it can have a false conclusion.
• But if a valid argument has all true premises, then it must have a true conclusion.

Hence we can say statement I is false

Statement II:-The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to statements.

Statements

• These are the kind of sentences that are either true or false.
• a statement is an assertion that something is or is not the case.
• A statement is true if what it asserts is the case, and it is false if what it asserts is not the case.
• For instance,
• The statement “The trains are always late” is only true if what it describes is the case, i.e., if it is actually the case that the trains are always late. This is false in Auckland.
• Sometimes trains are on time, and sometimes they are early. Someone may impatiently complain that the trains are always late to express their exasperation with the train system, but strictly speaking, what they say is false.
• True and false apply only to statements, not arguments

Hence we cans ay statement II is true

Thus we conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true

A fallacy is the use of flawed reasoning, or "wrong movements," in developing an argument that may appear stronger than it is if the fallacy is not recognized. Some fallacies are purposefully committed in order to deceive or persuade through deception. Others are accidentally committed due to human flaws including carelessness, cognitive or social biases, or plain ignorance.

Important Points

Assertion (A): The argument "Everything is nameable because it is knowledgeable" is fallacious.

• One widely accepted definition defines a fallacious argument is one that either is deductively invalid or is inductively very weak or contains an unjustified premise or that ignores relevant evidence that is available and that should be known by the arguer.
• " Everything is nameable because it is knowledgeable" this statement is fallacious as it is invalid and is not justifiable.

Hence assertion (A) is correct.

Reasons (R): There is nothing that is not nameable and I cannot find a place where the middle term is absent because of the absence of the major term.

• The major term is the predicate of the conclusion of a categorical syllogism.
• The minor term is the subject of the conclusion of a categorical syllogism.
• The middle term is the term that occurs only in the premises of a categorical syllogism.

In the assertion, both the major and middle term is absent hence this statement is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

The correct answer is (C), (D), (A), (B)

Speed of processor is measured by the clock speed.The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second, measured in GHz (gigahertz).A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator, but for our purposes, they're a basic unit that helps understand a CPU's speed

Key Points

Following is the list of intel processors with its clocks speed

Hence we can conclude that correct answer is (C), (D), (A), (B)

The correct answer is RAM and Cache

Computer memory is any physical device, used to store data, information, or instruction temporarily or permanently. It is the collection of storage units that stores binary information in the form of bits. It has two Types:

• Primary Memory
• Secondary memory

Important Points 

• RAM or Random Access Memory,
• This is a part of Primary or main memory
• It is the read and write memory of a computer, which means the information can be written to it as well as read from it.
• it is a volatile memory, which means it does not store data or instructions permanently.
• It means As soon as you shut down the computer, the RAM loses the data. So, the data remains in the RAM as long as the computer is on and is lost when the computer is turned off
• Cache memory:
• Cache memory is a high-speed memory, which is small in size but faster than the main memory (RAM).
• Cache memory can only be accessed by CPU
• So, it makes sure that the data is instantly available for the CPU whenever the CPU needs this data.
• The CPU can access it more quickly than the primary memory.
• Cache memory is volatile memories as they lose their contents when the power is turned off​

Additional Information

• ROM or Read-only memory,
• It is a memory device or storage medium that stores information permanently.
• It is also the primary memory unit of a computer.
• It is called read-only memory as we can only read the programs and data stored on it but cannot write on it.
• It is a non-volatile memory; it means that the stored information cannot be lost even when the power is turned off or the system is shut down.
• Secondary Memory:
• is a permanent storage space to hold a large amount of data.
• It Stores data that cannot be lost due to non-volatile nature.
• It is also known as external memory For example Hard Disk and Pendrive

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Social science research is the systematic understanding of social facts or phenomena

Key Points

Statement I:-Social scientists belonging to the verstehen tradition do not accept the idea of predicting human behavior in mechanistic terms.

• Verstehen 
• Verstehen is a German word meaning to 'understand in a deep way' that also refers to an approach within sociology. In this approach, when a researcher aims to understand another person's experience, he can try to put himself in the other person's shoes.
• Max Weber and Georg Simmel introduced interpretive understanding (Verstehen) into sociology,
• Weber believed that understanding why people do the things they do is the basic building block of sociology, a concept he termed Verstehen.
• He believed that sociologists should not just study a group of people but also try to gain an empathetic understanding for the individuals in that group.

Hence statement I is correct

Statement II:It is asserted that the main aim of social science research is to promote human understanding.

• Aim of social research:
• is to discover new facts or verify and test old social facts.
• to understand human behavior and its interaction with the environment and social institutions.
• to find out the causal connection between human activities and natural laws governing them.
• to develop new scientific tools, concepts, and theories, which would facilitate the reliable and valid study of human behavior and social life

Hence statement II is correct

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is that Both Statement I and Statement II are true