SSC Steno 2022 Official Paper (Held On: 18 Nov 2022 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

Given Statements:

No file is a folder.

Some files are PDFs.

All files are Excel sheets.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusions:

I. Some PDFs are folders - False (Because, No definite relation given between PDFs and Folders, so it can be possible only).

II. Some Excel sheets are folders - False (Because, No definite relation given between Excel and Folders, so it can be possible only).

III. Some PDFs are Excel sheets - True (Because, those part of PDFs which is File is also Excel).

So, Only conclusion III follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Rahul starts walking towards the east and covers a distance of 80 m.

He turns to his right and walks 30 m.

Again, he turns right and walks 30 m.

Finally, he turns towards the north and covers a distance of 30 m.

So, Rahul is 80 - 30 = 50m far from his original position.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

So, '56' will complete the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 2nd number) ÷ 2 = 3rd number.

Now,

For (52, 34, 43)

→ (52 + 34) ÷ 2

→ 86 ÷ 2 = 43.

For (61, 33, 47)

→ (61 + 33) ÷ 2

→ 94 ÷ 2 = 47.

Similarly, for (58, 26, 42) 

→ (58 + 26) ÷ 2

→ 84 ÷ 2 = 42.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Given date: 02 February 3015.

Now,

Till 3014 → 2800 + 200 + 14(11 Ordinary and 3 Leap Year)

 

⇒ 0 + 3 + 17

⇒ 20 odd days.

And, till 02 February

⇒ 31(Jan) + 01(Feb) = 33 odd days.

Total odd days → 20 + 33 = 53 days = 53/7 = 7 week and 4 odd days.

→ 4 represents Thursday.

So, 02 February 3015 will be Thursday.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Sum of the opposite place value of all numbers = Code of the word.

'MOUSE’ is written as ‘62'

→ Opposite of MOUSE ⇒ NLFHV

⇒ 14 + 12 + 6 + 8 + 22 = 62.

'SHEEP’ is written as ‘82'

→ Opposite of SHEEP ⇒ HSVVK

⇒ 8 + 19 + 22 + 22 + 11 = 82.

Similarly, for 'PIG'

→ Opposite of PIG ⇒ KRT

⇒ 11 + 18 + 20 = 49.

So, 'PIG' will be written as '49'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: The second word is where the first word is often stored.

Here,

Wine : Cellar → Wine is often stored in a cellar.

Similarly,

Goods : Warehouse → Goods are often stored in a warehouse.

Hence, the correct answer is "Warehouse".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 2nd number) ÷ 5 = 3rd number.

Now,

For (221, 144, 73)

→ (221 + 144) ÷ 5

→ 365 ÷ 5 = 73.

For (222, 153, 75)

→ (222 + 153) ÷ 5

→ 375 ÷ 5 = 75.

Similarly, for (223, 137, 72) 

→ (223 + 137) ÷ 5

→ 360 ÷ 5 = 72.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 3rd number) ÷ 2 = 2nd number.

Now,

For (13, 52, 91)

→ (13 + 91) ÷ 2

→ 104 ÷ 2 = 52.

For (19, 76, 133)

→ (19 + 133) ÷ 2

→ 152 ÷ 2 = 76.

Similarly, for (17, 68, 119)

→ (17 + 119) ÷ 2

→ 136 ÷ 2 = 68.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The image that completes the pattern is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Given Statements:

All photocopiers are computers.

Some computers are laptops.

No laptop is a mobile.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusions:

I. No computer is a mobile - False (Because, No definite relation given between Computer and Mobile, so it can be possible only).

II. Some computers are photocopiers - True (Because, All photocopiers are computer, it also gives Some computers are photocopiers).

III. All mobiles are photocopiers - False (Because, No definite relation given between Mobiles and Photocopiers, so it can be possible only).

So, Only conclusion II follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Given equation: 10 ÷ 5 × 5 – 30 + 3 = ?

Decoding the given information :

Now, replacing the sign from left to right and using BODMAS rule, we get :

New equation : 10 + 5 ÷ 5 × 30 - 3 = ?

Calculation :

⇒ 10 + 5 ÷ 5 × 30 - 3 = ?

⇒ 10 + 1 × 30 - 3 = ?

⇒ 10 + 30 - 3 = ?

⇒ 40 - 3 = 37.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The triangles are:

So, there are '24' triangles in the given figure.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 3rd number) ÷ 2 = 2nd number.

Now,

For (111, 117, 123)

→ (111 + 123) ÷ 2

→ 234 ÷ 2 = 117.

For (169, 200, 231)

→ (169 + 231) ÷ 2

→ 400 ÷ 2 = 200.

Similarly, for (125, 135, 145) 

→ (125 + 145) ÷ 2

→ 270 ÷ 2 = 135.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'TXEF' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given Statements:

All paintings are calligraphies.

All sketching are calligraphies.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusions:

I. At least some calligraphies are paintings - True (Because, All paintings are calligraphies, so some calligraphies are paintings).

II. No sketching is a painting - False (Because, No definite relation given between Sketching and Painting, so it can be possible only).

So, Only conclusion I follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 2nd number)² + 1 = 3rd number.

Now,

For (7, 9, 257)

→ (7 + 9)² + 1

→ 256 + 1 = 257.

For (10, 3, 170)

→ (10 + 3)2 + 1

→ 169 + 1 = 170.

Similarly, for (6, 9, 226) 

→ (6 + 9)2 + 1

→ 225 + 1 = 226.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

For, KITE : IFQA

For, TIRE : RFOA

Similarly, for DIRE : ?

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct mirror image of the given combination when the mirror is placed at MN is as shown below:-

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 3rd number) ÷ 2 - 7 = 2nd number.

Now,

For (137, 95, 67)

→ (137 + 67) ÷ 2 - 7

→ 204 ÷ 2 - 7

→ 102 - 7 = 95.

For (246, 204, 176)

→ (246 + 176) ÷ 2 - 7

→ 422 ÷ 2 - 7

→ 211 - 7 = 207.

Similarly, for (199, 157, 129)

→ (199 + 129) ÷ 2 - 7

→ 328 ÷ 2 - 7

→ 164 - 7 = 157.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Option 1) QOR

Option 2) TQU

Option 3) JGK

Option 4) YVZ

Here, 'QOR' is odd among the given options.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1st number + 2nd number) = 3rd number.

Now,

For (17, 87, 104)

→ 17 + 87 = 104.

For (20, 102, 122)

→ 20 + 102 = 122.

Similarly, for (13, 67, 80)

→ 13 + 67 = 80.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given Statement: B = T < E ≤ G > F = H > Q

Now,

Conclusions:

(i) G > Q → True (G > F = H > Q It gives G > Q)

(ii) G > B → True (B = T < E ≤ G It gives B < G)

Here, Both conclusions I and II are true.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

So, '53' will complete the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

So, 'UDN' will replace the question mark in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Step I: The Symbol 'Arrow' has shifted alternatively.

Step II: The Symbol 'Triangle' are getting rotated in 90 degree in anti-clockwise direction, and shaded alternatively

Step III: The Symbol 'Arrow' has shifted one place in clockwise direction.

So, the complete series will be:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Given: Six people M, N, O, P, Q and R are sitting around a circular table facing the centre.

1. R sits second to the left of N.

2. P is an immediate neighbour of O and R.

3. M sits second to the left of Q.

So. 'R' sits to the immediate right of P.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given: P, Q, R, S, T, U and V.

1. R is elder than 4 persons.

__ > __ > R > __ > __ > __ > __

2. Q is elder than R but younger than P.

P > Q > R > __ > __ > __ > __

3. T is elder than U but younger than S.

4) U is not the youngest.

P > Q > R > S > T > U > V

Here, 'V' is the youngest among all.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given: 

One morning, Swapnil started walking from his home and walked 40 km towards North.

Then, he turned to the right and walked 60 km.

Again, he turned right and walked 40 km.

Lastly, he took a left turn and walked 30 km.

So, Swapnil is at the 'East' direction is he now from his home.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Family Chart:

Decoding the Symbols:

 

Given: B % C ^ D & E

It means: B is the Father of C, C is the Husband of D, D is the Daughter of E.

Here, B is the 'Father of son-in-law' of E.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

So, '164' will complete the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Family Chart:

Given: Pointing at a man, Sunanda said, “He is my daughter’s father’s mother’s husband’s only son.

So, the man is the Husband of Sunanda.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Option 1) PSUV

Option 2) MPRS

Option 3) BEGI

Option 4) KNPQ

Here, 'BEGI' is odd among the given options.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given: P, Q, R, S, T, U,V and X are sitting around a square table facing the centre of the table.

Some of them are sitting at the corners, while some are sitting at the exact middle of the sides.

1. P and R sit at diagonally opposite corners.

2. P sits second to the left of S.

3. V sits between R and S.

4. X sits second to the right of V.

5. Q does not sit at any of the middle of the sides.

6. S is not an immediate neighbour of T.

Here, 'Q' sits third to the right of V.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Statements:

Some vehicles are helicopters.

All helicopters are cars.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusion:

I. All vehicles are cars - False (Because, Some vehicles are cars, so All vehicles are cars is possible only).

II. Some vehicles are cars - True (Because, Some vehicles are helicopters and All helicopters are Cars so Some Vehicles are Cars is true).

So, Only conclusion II follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4"

Given equation: 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ ( 5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1.

BODMAS Table: 

Let's check each option one by one.

Option 1) 4 and 6

Given: 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ ( 5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ (5 × 6 – 4) + 6 = 1

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ (30 – 4) + 6 = 1

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ 26 + 6 = 1

⇒ 5.48 – 5.30 + 6 = 1

⇒ 11.48 - 5.30 = 1

⇒ 6.18 ≠ 1

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 2) 138 and 126

Given: 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ ( 5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ 138 ÷ 23 – 126 ÷ (5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

⇒ 138 ÷ 23 – 126 ÷ (20 – 6) + 4 = 1

⇒ 138 ÷ 23 – 126 ÷ 14 + 4 = 1

⇒ 6 – 9 + 4 = 1

⇒ 10 - 9 = 1

⇒ 1 = 1

⇒ LHS = RHS

Option 3) 4 and 1

Given: 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ (5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ (5 × 1 – 6) + 4 = 4

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ (5 – 6) + 4 = 4

⇒ 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ -1 + 4 = 4

⇒ 5.48 – (-138) + 4 = 4

⇒ 9.48 – (-138) = 4

⇒ -147.48 ≠ 4

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 4) 23 and 138 

Given: 126 ÷ 23 – 138 ÷ ( 5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ 126 ÷ 138 – 23 ÷ (5 × 4 – 6) + 4 = 1

⇒ 126 ÷ 138 – 23 ÷ (20 – 6) + 4 = 1

⇒ 126 ÷ 138 – 23 ÷ 14 + 4 = 1

⇒  0.91 - 1.64 + 4 = 1

⇒ 4.91 - 1.64 = 1

⇒ 3.27 ≠ 1

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

For, 'MODERATE’ is written as 'FVDVJJVU',

For, 'NINETEEN' is written as 'OGHXJTPV',

Similarly, for 'OCCASION'

So, 'OCCASION' is written as 'OQLWFIJW'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Step I: The symbol 'Pentagon' is getting shaded and rotated one step in clockwise direction.

Step II: The symbol 'Triangle' is getting rotated one step in anti-clockwise direction.

Step III: The symbol 'Circle' is getting shifted alternatively.

So, the complete series will be:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

'SUM’ is coded as '212519',

'NET' is coded as '16926',

Similarly, for 'MOP'

So, 'MOP' will be coded as '151922'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Sum of the place value of all numbers = Code of the word.

'PLAY' is coded as ‘54'

⇒ 16 + 12 + 1 + 25 = 54.

'HAPPY’ is coded as ‘66'

⇒ 8 + 1 + 16 + 16 + 25 = 66.

Similarly, for 'SMILE'

⇒ 19 + 13 + 9 + 12 + 5 = 58.

So, 'SMILE' will be coded as '58'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Given equation: 124 C 5 B 23 A 56 D 8 = ?

Decoding the given information :

Now, replacing the sign from left to right and using BODMAS rule, we get :

New equation : 124 - 5 × 23 + 56 ÷ 8 = ?

Calculation :

⇒ 124 - 5 × 23 + 56 ÷ 8 = ?

⇒ 124 - 5 × 23 + 7 = ?

⇒ 124 - 115 + 7 = ?

⇒ 131 - 115 = 16.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

The order for the given words are based on the hierarchy from the larger to smaller:

3. Earth → The Earth is the biggest entity.
4. Asia → Different continents are located, One of these is Asia.
5. India → In Asia, there's a country named India. 
6. West Bengal → Within India, there is a state called West Bengal.
7. Kolkata → Within West Bengal, there is a city called Kolkata.

Hence, the correct answer is "3, 4, 1, 2, 5".

Given equation: (150 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 135.

BODMAS Table: 

Let's check each option one by one.

Option 1) 15 and 6

Given: (150 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 135.

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ (150 ÷ 3 + 6) ÷ 3 × 15 + 30 = 135

⇒ (50 + 6) ÷ 3 × 15 + 30 = 135

⇒ (50 + 6) ÷ 3 × 15 + 30 = 135

⇒ 56 ÷ 3 × 15 + 30 = 135

⇒ 280 + 30 = 135

⇒ 310 ≠ 135

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 2) 150 and 135 

Given: (150 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 135

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ (135 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 150

⇒ (45 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 150

⇒ 60 ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 150

⇒ 20 × 6 + 30 = 150

⇒ 120 + 30 = 150

⇒ 150 = 150

⇒ LHS = RHS

Option 3) 3 and 6 

Given: (150 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 135

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ (150 ÷ 6 + 15) ÷ 6 × 3 + 30 = 135

⇒ (25 + 15) ÷ 6 × 3 + 30 = 135

⇒  40 ÷ 6 × 3 + 30 = 135

⇒  20 + 30 = 135

⇒ 50 ≠ 135

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 4) 30 and 15

Given: (150 ÷ 3 + 15) ÷ 3 × 6 + 30 = 135

After interchanging the numbers we get;

⇒ (150 ÷ 3 + 30) ÷ 3 × 6 + 15 = 135

⇒ (50 + 30) ÷ 3 × 6 + 15 = 135

⇒ 80 ÷ 3 × 6 + 15 = 135

⇒ 160 + 15 = 135

⇒ 175 ≠ 135

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given equation: 320 × 4 − 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18.

BODMAS Table: 

Let's check each option one by one.

Option 1) + and −

Given: 320 × 4 − 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18

After interchanging the symbols, we get;

⇒ 320 × 4 + 16 ÷ 4 - 2 = 18

⇒ 320 × 4 + 4 - 2 = 18

⇒ 2480 + 4 - 2 = 18

⇒ 2484 - 2 = 18

⇒ 2482 ≠ 18

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 2) ÷ and ×

Given: 320 × 4 − 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18

After interchanging the symbols we get;

⇒ 320 ÷ 4 − 16 × 4 + 2 = 18

⇒ 80 − 16 × 4 + 2 = 18

⇒ 80 − 64 + 2 = 18

⇒ 82 - 64 = 18

⇒ 18 = 18

⇒ LHS = RHS

Option 3) × and −

Given: 320 × 4 − 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18

After interchanging the symbols we get;

⇒ 320 - 4 × 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18

⇒ 320 - 4 × 64 + 2 = 18

⇒ 320 - 256 + 2 = 18

⇒ 322 - 256 = 18

⇒ 66 ≠ 18

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Option 4) × and +

Given: 320 × 4 − 16 ÷ 4 + 2 = 18

After interchanging the symbols we get;

⇒ 320 + 4 − 16 ÷ 4 × 2 = 18

⇒ 320 + 4 − 4 × 2 = 18

⇒ 320 + 4 − 8 = 18

⇒ 324 − 8 = 18

⇒ 316 ≠ 18

⇒ LHS ≠ RHS

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The option that represents the correct order of the given words as they would appear in an English dictionary is:

2. Giraffe
3. Girasoles
4. Girders
5. Girdingly
6. Girlish
7. Girning

Hence, ‘2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5’ is the correct answer.

Given equation: (90 C 9) D 9 B 9 A 9 = ? 

Decoding the given information :

Now, replacing the sign from left to right and using BODMAS rule, we get :

New equation : (90 - 9) ÷ 9 × 9 + 9 = ? 

Calculation :

⇒ (90 - 9) ÷ 9 × 9 + 9 = ? 

⇒ 81 ÷ 9 × 9 + 9 = ? 

⇒ 9 × 9 + 9 = ? 

⇒ 81 + 9 = 90.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Given Sequence: T S _ _ M T S _ P _ T _ O P _ _ S O _ M

Now, putting the letters in the blank spaces given in the option one by one:

Option 1) O P O M S M T P → T S O P M / T S O P M / T S O P M / T S O P M

Here, 'Option 1' followed a pattern.

Option 2) P M S T M O S T → T S P M M / T S S P T / T M O P O / S S O T M

Option 3) O P M M S T O P → T S O P M / T S M P M / T S O P T / O S O P M

Option 4) M S T O P T S O → T S M S M / T S T P O / T P O P T / S S O O M

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct mirror image of the given combination when the mirror is placed at MN is as shown below:-

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

7, 8, 8, 51, 140, ?

7 × 1 + 1³

8 × 2 - 2³

8 × 3 + 3³

51 × 4 - 4³

140 × 5 + 5³ = 825

Here, '825' will complete the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given Statements:

All eyes are noses.

Some noses are lips.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statement is:

Conclusions:

I. Some noses are eyes - True (Because, All eyes are noses, it also gives Some noses are eyes).

II. All lips are noses - False (Because, Some noses are lips, so All lips are noses can be possible only).

So, Only conclusion I follows.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Key Points

• During the 72nd FIFA Congress held at Doha, Qatar, Gianni Infantino said that the new FIFA Forward 3.0 programme will see an increase of 25%

​

Important Points

• Gianni Infantino has been elected as the  President of FIFA.
• He was declared winner after winning majority votes in the 2016 FIFA Extraordinary Congress held in Zurich, Switzerland.
• FIFA in English International Federation of Association Football is the governing body of association for football, futsal and beach football.

Key Points

• Vitamin D helps the human body absorb calcium, one of the main building blocks for strong bones and teeth.
• Vitamin D thus helps prevent Osteoporosis, a disease that thins and weakens the bones and makes them brittle and more likely to break.
• Source - oily fish, egg yolks, red meat, etc.

Additional Information

• Vitamin A is retinol or retinoic acid.
• It helps with
• vision
• growth
• cell division
• reproduction
• immunity.
• It also has some antioxidant properties.
• SourceB - Leafy vegetables, milk, eggs, etc.
• Vitamin C is ascorbic acid.
• It helps the body form
• blood vessels
• cartilage
• muscle
• collagen in bones.
• It is also vital to your body's healing process.
• Sources - citrus fruit, peppers, broccoli, etc.
• There are many different types of vitamin B, such as B1, B2, etc.
• They help in metabolism.
• They help form red blood cells.
• Sources - poultry, soya beans, bananas, etc.

Key Points

• ICC Women's Cricket World Cup Last match of Australia and Britain was played at Hagley Oval on April 03, 2022 in Christchurch, New Zealand.​

Important Points

• The 2022 ICC Ladies' Reality Cup Last was a Ladies' One Day Global (WODI) cricket match played among Australia and Britain to choose the champ of the 2022 Ladies' Reality Cup.
• Australia won by 71 runs to get their seventh World Cup title, with Alyssa Healy named player of the match.

Additional Information

• England & Wales to have 2026 Ladies' T20 World Cup uncovers Global Cricket Gathering.
• Harmanpreet Kaur is an Indian cricketer who fills in as the skipper of the India Ladies' Public Cricket Crew in all arrangements.
• Mithali Raj turned into the primary WT20I commander in 2006 against Britain at Derby.
• Betty Wilson was the primary player, male or female, to keep a really long period and ten wickets in a Test match, against Britain at the MCG in 1958.​

Key Points

• American author Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926) is well known for her 1960 book 'To Kill a Mockingbird.'

Important Points

• The novel became a modern American literature classic after winning the 1961 Pulitzer Prize.
• In 2007, Lee was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contributions to writing, among other honours and honorary degrees.
• To Kill a Mockingbird's plot and characters are partially based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbours as well as an incident that happened in 1936, when she was 10 years old, close to her hometown.
• The book discusses how two young children in the Deep South of the 1930s see the irrationality of adult attitudes on race and class.

Key Points

 Varnam is the Nritya component of Bharatanatyam. It is a combination of dance and emotions and is the most important part of the whole performance which is synchronized with tala and Raag, to express the story.

Important Points In the early nineteenth century, four dance teachers of Thanjavur defined the elements of a Bharatnatyam recital.

They are:

• Alarippu – It is an invocatory piece of performance that includes basic dance postures and is accompanied by rhythmic syllables. It is meant to seek the blessings of God.
• Jatiswaram – It is the Nritta component and is devoid of expressions, it includes the different poses and movements.
• Shabdam – It is the dramatic element with expressed words, which includes the abhinaya in the song. It is generally in praise of the glory of God.
• Varnam – It is the Nritya component. It is a combination of dance and emotions and is the most important part of the whole performance. It is synchronized with tala and Raag, to express the story. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Padam – It refers to a mastery over the abhinaya (expression) of the spiritual message, by the artist. Music becomes light, dance becomes emotional.
• Jawali – These are short love-lyrics performed at a faster tempo.
• Thillana – It is the concluding stage of the performance, and comprises pure dance (Nritta) with exuberant movement and intricate rhythmic variations.

The four Thanjavur teachers:

• Known as the ‘Tanjore quartet’, are Chiniah, Ponniah, Vadivelu, and Shivanandam. Under them, Bharatnatyam also came to be known as Tanjore Natyam.

Additional Information

• Oldest among all classical dance forms, Bharatnatyam derives its name from Bharata Muni and ‘Natyam which means dance in Tamil.
• However, other scholars have ascribed the name ‘Bharata’ to ‘Bhava’, ‘Raga’ and ‘Taal’.
• The origins of this dance form can be traced back to ‘Sadir’ – the solo dance performance of the temple dancers or ‘devadasis’ in Tamil Nadu, hence it was also referred to as ‘Dashiattam’.
• With the decline of the Devadasi system, art too became nearly extinct. However, the efforts of E. Krishna Iyer, a prominent freedom fighter, revived this dance form.
• Previously, this dance form was performed by solo female dancers; it has since become increasingly popular among male and group artists as well.
• Bharatnatyam is often referred to as the fire dance, as it is the manifestation of fire in the human body. Most of the movements in Bharatnatyam resemble that of a dancing flame.
• In this dance form, equal emphasis is given on both the Tandava and Lasya aspects of dance, with major emphasis on ‘mudras’.

Key Points

• The most important of all Jain festivals, "Gyan Panchami" is also known as Laabh paacham and Jnan Panchami.

 Important Points

• This day is also celebrated as Jaya Panchami, Pandava Panchami and Birth day of Sri Guru Gobind Singh, Saubhagya Panchami and as the Labha Panchami.
• Celebrated on the fifth day after Diwali, the festival is purely for the purpose of gaining more wisdom.

Additional Information

• "Gyan" is the natural light of inner soul. It is this light that is believed to help us differentiate between good and bad.
• Hence, Gyan is also known as 'the third eye' or 'the second sun'.
• It is this natural inner light that is prayed to ward off ignorance and reveal the knowledge of karma, thus, wisdom replaces ignorance or foolishness.

Key Points Pandit Kishan Maharaj (3 September 1923 – 4 May 2008) was an Indian tabla player who belonged to the Benares Gharana of Hindustani classical music.

Additional Information

• The person who can be regarded as the 'doyen' of the table in the modern era, is  Pt. Kishan Maharaj.
• He was a close friend of Pt. Ravi Shankar, who he accompanied many times.
• He also shared the stage with many stalwarts of his time including Ustaad Ali Akbar Khan, Pandit Omkarnath Thakur, Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustaad Vilayat Khan, Amjad Ali Khan, Girija Devi. Birju Maharaj to name a few.
• In most of his performances, he used to put the big red 'Tika', on the center of his forehead, a trademark style of the Benares Gharana.
• Kishanji was a very versatile musician, he could play all sorts of percussion instruments like pakhawaj, mridangam, dhol, etc.
• He was able to play the sitar and sarod also and could sing as well as dance

Key Points

• Humayun divided his inheritance according to the will of his father

Important Points

• Humayun was born on 6th March 1508 in Kabul (Afghanistan). His real name was Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad popularly known as Humayun.
• He was the second Emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Pakistan, Northern India, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh from 1530–1540, and again he ruled in the 2nd term from 1555–1556.
• In the year 1530, he succeeded his father Babur founder of the Mughal Empire to the throne of Delhi as second (2nd) ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent.
• Humayun lost the Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri but regained them after 15 years 1555-56 with the help of the Safavid dynasty of Persia.
• On 24 January 1556, Humayun, who died in the Library with his arms full of books, was descending the staircase from his library and he lost the balance fallen down from the staircase, and died.
• In his memoir, his (sister Gulbadan begum) wrote his autobiography named ";Humayunama" which was written in the Persian language.
• Humayun the eldest son of Babar, succeeded his father and became the second emperor of the Mughal Empire.Humayun's heir, Akbar, was born in exile and was only 13 years old when his father died.

Key Points

• The Dept of Social Justice and Empowerment launched the scheme SMILE: Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise” on 12 February 2022.
• There are 2 sub-schemes under this - ‘Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons’ and ‘Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of persons engaged in the act of Begging’.

 

 Important Points

• This umbrella scheme is designed to provide welfare measures to the Transgender community and the people engaged in the act of begging.
• The Ministry has allocated Rs. 365 Crore for the scheme from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• The Scheme includes the following components:
• Scholarships for Transgender Students.
• Skill Development and Livelihood.
• Composite Medical Health.
• Housing in the form of ‘GarimaGreh’.
• Provision of Transgender Protection Cell.
• E-Services (National Portal & Helpline and Advertisement) and other Welfare Measures.

Key Points

 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is located in Bangalore-Chennai industrial regions of India

 Important Points

• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an Indian state-owned aerospace and Defence company based in Bangalore, Karnataka.
• It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence.
• HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore on 23 Dec 1940 and later renamed in 1964.
• HAL built the first military aircraft in South Asia.
• It is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and their spare parts.
• It has several facilities spread across India.

The correct answer is tribes.

Key Points

Warli Revolt in the 1940s

• Warli Tribe:
• They are spread across Thane, Nashik, and Dhule districts of Maharashtra, Valsad district of Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, and the Union Territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Daman & Diu.
• In 1945, it began in Zari village of Maharashtra.
• They were affected by the exploitation from the landlords and money-lenders, nearly 5,000 indentured tribals gathered and refused to work on landlords’ fields until they received 12 annas a day in wages.

Additional InformationOther Tribal revolts:

• The Kols Rebellion of 1831-32
• The Kols were one of the tribes inhabiting the Chhotanagpur area.
• Along with the British came the moneylenders and the merchants and people lost their autonomy.
• The Kols then lost their lands to farmers from outside and also had to pay huge amounts of money in taxes. This led to many becoming bonded labourers.
• The British judicial policies also caused resentment among the Kols.
• There was an insurrection in 1831-32 which saw the Kols organise themselves and revolt against the British and the moneylenders.
• They killed many outsiders and burned houses. This armed resistance went on for two years after which it was brutally suppressed by the British with their superior weaponry.
• The Kol Rebellion was so intense that troops had to be called in from Calcutta and Benares to crush it.
• The Santhal Rebellion of 1855
• The Santhal revolt occurred in the regions of present-day Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal against the British as well the Zamindari system from 1855 until 1856 when the movement was crushed by the British.
• The Santhals were exploited mercilessly by the landlords who charged exorbitant rates of interest which ensured that the tribals were never able to repay their loan.
• They lost their land and also were turned into bonded labourers.
• They had to suffer extortions, forceful deprivation of property, abuse and violence, cheating in business deals, wilful trampling of their crops, etc.
• The government supported the landlords instead of helping the tribals whose grievances were genuine.
• The rebellion started in June 1855 when two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu organised 10000 Santhals and began an armed uprising.
• They killed many moneylenders and Company agents. The revolt was very intense and massive in scale.
• The revolt was violently suppressed by the British with about 20000 Santhals being killed including the two leaders.
• Bastar Rebellion of 1910
• In February 1910 the rebellion started under the leadership of Gunda Dhur, a tribal leader.
• It is also called as Bhumkaal Rebellion
• It faced initial success by eliminating the British from the region but was soon suppressed by additional troops sent by the British
• The reason was the Forest Act which alienated the tribes who were harmonious with nature until then
• It deprived them of their rights in their land.
• If they wanted to continue living in the forest they were asked to Begar-Unpaid Labour
• Tribes were required to work in railway lines as labourers for sleeper works
• Hunting and cultivation were also restricted making the natives rise in revolt

The correct answer is Arthashastra.

Key Points

• The Arthashastra is an Indian treatise on politics, economics, military strategy, the function of the state, and social organization attributed to the philosopher and Prime Minister Kautilya (also known as Chanakya).

Important Points

• Chanakya also known as Vishnugupta, l. c. 350-275 BCE) was instrumental in establishing the reign of the great king Chandragupta Maurya (r. c. 321-c.297 BCE), founder of the Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE). Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.
• The name of the work comes from the Sanskrit words Artha (“aim” or “goal”) and Shastra (“treatise” or “book”) and the goal of the work is a comprehensive understanding of statecraft which will enable a monarch to rule effectively.
• The title has therefore been translated as The Science of Politics, The Science of Political Economy, and The Science of Material Gain; this last because Artha is understood in Hinduism as one of the fundamental aims of human beings in pursuing wealth and social status.
• The Arthashastra is thought to have been written by Kautilya as a kind of handbook for Chandragupta instructing him on how to reign over a kingdom and encouraging direct action in addressing political concerns without regard for ethical considerations.

Additional Information 

• The Arthashastra is informed both by Hinduism and the practicality of the philosophical school of Charvaka which rejected the supernatural elements of the faith in favor of a completely materialistic view of the universe and human existence.
• The Arthashastra has since enjoyed international fame as one of the greatest political treatises ever written and is frequently compared to The Prince (published 1532 CE) by the Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli (l. 1469-1527 CE) of Renaissance fame.

The correct answer is 1 April 2021.

Key Points

• The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme aims to provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry and commercialization.
• It has been approved for a period of Four years and was implemented with effect from April 1, 2021.

Additional Information

• Minister of Railways, Commerce & Industry, Consumer Affairs and Food & Public Distribution Shri Piyush Goyal launched the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS).
• The Fund aims to provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.
• The Scheme aims to provide financial assistance to startups at the very initial stage of their project.
• Rs. 945 Crore corpus will be divided over the next 4 years for providing seed funding to eligible startups through eligible incubators across India
• It is expected that the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme shall help over 3600 startups in the country
• This scheme is in line with the Atmanirbhar Bharat Campaign launched in May 2020
• Seed Fund to an eligible startup by the incubator shall be disbursed as follows:
• Up to Rs. 20 Lakhs as a grant for validation of Proof of Concept, or prototype development, or product trials
• Up to Rs. 50 Lakhs of investment for market entry, commercialisation, or scaling up through convertible debentures or debt or debt-linked instruments.

The correct answer is January.

Key Points

• Makara/Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan or Maghi or simply Sankranti, also known in West Bengal as Mokor Sonkranti, in Mithila as Til Sakraait and in Nepal as Maghe Sankranti, 'Sankranti' here means ‘transfer’, this day is considered as the transition day of Sun into Capricorn​
• Every year Makar Sankranti is celebrated in the month of January. This festival is dedicated to the Hindu religious sun god Surya.​​

Additional Information

• This festival is known all around the northern states and is celebrated with full of enthusiasm.
• This significance of Surya is traceable to the Vedic texts, particularly the Gayatri Mantra, a sacred hymn of Hinduism found in its scripture named the Rigveda.

The correct answer is Rabindranath Tagore.

Key PointsChokher Bali

• ​Chokher Bali is a Bengali Novel authored by Ravindra Nath Tagore in the 20th century.
• The novel highlights issues like Women's Education, Child marriage, Deplorable Position of women in Indian society before independence.
• The novel also reflects the pitiful Plight of Widows.

Additional Information Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (27 June 1838–8 April 1894) was an Indian novelist, poet, and journalist.
• Durgeshnandini is a Bengali historical romance novel written by Indian writer Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1865.
• He was the composer of Vande Mataram, originally in Sanskrit, personifying India as a mother goddess and inspiring activists during the Indian Independence Movement.
• He wrote fourteen novels and many serious, seriocomic, satirical, scientific, and critical treatises in Bengali.
• He is known as Sahitya Samrat (Emperor of Literature) in Bengali.

Munshi Premchand

• He was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindustani literature.
• Munshi Premchand is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindi writers of the early twentieth century.
• He published his first collection of five short stories in 1907 in a book called Soz-e Watan.
• He began writing under the pen name "Nawab Rai", but subsequently switched to "Premchand", Munshi being an honorary prefix.

The correct answer is Megasthenes.

Key Points

• Megasthenes was a Greek Diplomat, Historian, and ethnographer whose extensive writings about the cultures of India gave an insight into the lives of ancient Indians during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Seleucid-Mauryan War around 305 BC, Megasthenes became an ambassador for Seleucus I to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra.
• The compilation of Megasthenes’ work is known as Indica.
• According to the writings of the Greek diplomat Megasthenes, Pataliputra, is the capital surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers that rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Susa and Ecbatana.

Additional Information

• The capital of the Maurya empire was Patliputra.
• The founder of the Maurya empire was Chandragupta Maurya.
• Chandragupta, with the help of an intelligent and politically astute Brahmin, Kautilya usurped the throne by defeating Dhana Nanda in 321 BC.
• His reign lasted from 321 BC to 297 BC.
• He abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Bindusara, and went to Karnataka with Jain monk Bhadrabahu. He had embraced Jainism and is said to have starved himself to death according to the Jain tradition at Shravanabelagola.

The correct answer is Bangladesh.

Key Points

• The Brahmaputra river is known as river Jamuna in its lower course after it enters Bangladesh.
• Jamuna is the downstream course of the Brahmaputra which took place after the earthquake and catastrophic flood between 1782-1787.

Additional Information

• The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills below Dhuburi, India.
• After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a 240 km (150-mi) course due south as the Jamuna River.
• The Brahmaputra-Jamuna is the second largest river in Bangladesh and one of the largest rivers in the world, flowing through Tibet, China, India and Bangladesh.

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Important Points

• The Yamuna also spelt Jamuna, is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India.
• After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges river is known as the Padma.

The correct answer is 3, 4, 1, 2.

Key Points

• The correct sequence of given Himalayan ranges from North to South are as follows-
• Karakoram Range- The Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders of China, India, and Pakistan, with the northwest extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan; its highest 15 mountains are all based in Pakistan.
• Ladakh Range- The Ladakh Range is a mountain range in central Ladakh in the Indian Union territory of Ladakh with its northern tip extending into Ladakh in India. It lies between the Indus and Shyok river valleys, stretching to 230 miles (370 km). Leh, the capital city of Ladakh, is on the foot of Ladakh Range in the Indus river valley.
• Zaskar Range- The Zaskar Range or Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the Indian regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, that separates Zanskar from Ladakh. The Zanskar range is part of the Tethys Himalaya. The average height of the Zanskar Range is about 6,000 m. Its eastern part is known as Rupshu.
• Pir Panjal Range- The Pir Panjal Range is also known as Panchaladeva in Hindu scriptures. It is a group of mountains in the Lesser Himalayan region in Himachal Pradesh. Pir Panjal is the largest range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the Himalayas and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other.

The correct answer is Box fold.

Key Points

• The fold is a structure of a wave-like pattern which is formed by bending the rocks instead of breaking under any compression.
• These waves can be seen in stratified rocks which were formed because of sedimentary deposits on the flat horizontal sheets
• Box folds are described as special types of the fold with exceptionally flattened top steep inclined limbs almost forming three sides of a rectangle.

Additional Information

• The three main types of folds are anticlines, synclines, and monoclines.
• Anticlines are arch-like folds where the oldest rock layers are found in the centre.
• Synclines are the opposite of anticlines and are concave up, with the youngest rock layers found in the centre.
• Monoclines are folds where one limb of the fold is practically horizontal, while the other limb is steeply dipping.

The correct answer is Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary.

Key Points

• Jaldapara National Park is situated in Ali Purduar of West Bengal, India, nearby the Indo-Bhutan International Border.
• Jaldapara Forests were constituted as Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 1941 for the protection of wildlife, particularly one-horned Rhinoceros and it was declared as Jaldapara National park in May 2012.
• The total area covers 216.51 square kilometres.
• It belongs in the heavy rainfall zone, so the forest is mainly Savannah covered with tall elephant Grasses.
• River Torsha runs through the national park.

Additional InformationBandipur National Park

• Established in the year 1974 as a forest tiger reserve under the Project Tiger, Bandipur is the most prominent national park located in the south Indian state of Karnataka.
• This park is famous for its wildlife riches. The park covers 874 square km, which covers many endangered species of animals and flora.

Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

• The Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary located in Thekkady, Kerala is the perfect example of nature's bounty with great scenic beauty and rich biodiversity.
• The wildlife sanctuary which was established in 1982 is home to many exotic Indian animal species such as:
• Indian tigers
• Indian elephants
• Sambar
• Lion tailed Macaque
• Nilgiri Langur
• The park is located in the Western Ghats passing through Kerala.
• The protected area of the park spans for 925 square kilometers.

Barda Wildlife Sanctuary

• Barda Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Gujarat.
• Previous to its 1979 establishment as a wildlife sanctuary, Barda was a private reserve for Porbandar and Jamnagar.

The correct answer is Eighth

Key Points

• The eighth five-year plan was initiated in 1992 in a typically new economic environment.
• New Economic Policy in India was **Launched in July 1991.**​

Important Points

• New economic policy
• India was trapped with various Macroeconomics problems like inflation, Fiscal deficit, Inflation and Inverse BOP in the 90s..
• It was the policy consisting of Liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation to reform the various sector of the economy.
• This Policy Opened the Economy and did some iconic reforms to free economic activities.

Additional Information

• Five Five-year in India
• India chose to use the concept of planning to develop the Indian economy.
• This was taken from Soviet Russia.
• Planning commission was established in march 1950.
• The first Five-year plan was launched in  April 1951 targeting the agriculture sector and to re-establishment of the Indian economy.
• 2012-2017 was the last five-year plan India.
• After this plan The Planning commission was dissolved in 2014.
• NITI AYOG was established in January 2015 As the Think Tank for Indian Economic planning.

The correct answer Carnatic music

Key Points​

• ML Vasantha Kumari Had been a Carnatic musician and playback singer.
• Her father, Kuthanur Ayya Swamy Iyer, was a noted musician.
• Her mother, Lalithangi, was also a great musician.
• She was the youngest female awardee of the Sangita Kalanidhi award
• She also awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1977.

Additional Information

• Folk music
• Generally, rural music that originally was passed down through families and other small social groups
• The tradition of folk music is transferred orally than through reading.
• Hindustani music
• ​Hindustani music consists of two classical music**, practiced in north India and Carnatic music in south India.**
• Both diverged from Bharat's Natya shastra in the 14^th century.
• Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, violin., Santoor and Flute  are used in Hindustani music
• Dhrupad, Khayal, Tarana Style, Thumri, Tappa, and Ghazal are the major style of Hindustani music.
• Gwalior, Agra, Jaipur Atrauli, Rangeela(Jaipur), and Kirana(Awadh) are the main music Gharanas.
• Sufi music-
• Sufi music originated from Islamic culture
• Entered in India during the rule of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Poetry and Ghazal are performed in Sufi music.

The correct answer is Sodium

Key Points Metalloid:- It is a chemical element that consists of properties of metal and non-metals.

• There are 6 metalloids in the modern periodic table.
• These 6 metalloids are:-Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), and Tellurium (Te).
• Their other physical properties and chemical properties are intermediate in nature mostly.
• They look like metal but they can behave like non-metal chemically.
• They can form alloys with metals
• Generally, they are fair conductors of electricity.
• They are lustrous in appearance.

Additional Information

• Sodium is a soft metal having a silvery white color.
• It is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
• Its atomic number is 11
• It is used in the purification of hydrocarbons, perfume and detergents.

The correct answer is Wealth tax.

Key Points

• Direct tax is a tax that is paid by individuals directly to the Government.
• An example of Direct tax is:-
• Corporation tax
• Income tax
• Interest tax
• Expenditure tax
• Wealth tax

Important Points 

• An Indirect tax is a tax when a seller collects the tax from the buyer first and then pays the same to the government.
• An example of Indirect tax is:-
• Customs duties
• Service tax
• Sales tax
• State excise duty
• Stamp & Registration fees
• Entertainment tax

The correct answer is ​Laxmibai Kolhapurkar. 

 Key Points

• National Film Award for Best Choreography was started in 1991 by the Directorate of Film Festivals.
• In the 40th National Film Award, the first Award in the Best Choreography category goes to a Marathi Choreographer Laxmi Kolhapurkar for Ek Hota vidushak Film
• In the 68th National film award, the Award in the Best Choreography category goes to a Telugu Choreographer Sandhya Raju for the Kadambari film

Additional Information National Film Awards

• They were started in 1954.
• The awards are given in three sections – Feature Films, Non-Feature Films, and Best Writing on Cinema.
• The National Awards aim to encourage good films in all languages.
• They are given by the Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF).

The correct answer is 84.55.

Key Points

• In 2020, male to female ratio for Nepal was 84.55 males per 100 females.
• The Population of Nepal is 2.9 crores**.**
• The Male population is 1.36 crores and the Female population is 1.59 crores.
• In the 1950s Nepal male to female sex ratio is 98.2 that means out of 100 females in Nepal there are 98.2 males.
• In Nepal male to female sex ratio is declining.

Important Points

• The Population density of Nepal is 203person per square kilometer.

The correct answer is  Ricinoleic acid.

Key Points

• Castor seed is the main source of castor oil.
• Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxy monounsaturated fatty acid, constitutes the majority of the fatty acid content in castor oil.
• Castor oil is the only commercially available vegetable oil that has the hydroxy functionality of a fatty acid that is abundantly present. Castor oil is sometimes referred to as ricinoleic acid triglyceride.
• Castor-oil plant, (Ricinus communis), also called castor bean, large plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
• It contains 40% to 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, but mainly ricinolein.
• The seed also **contains a water-soluble toxin known as Ricin.**​
• Castor seed is grown both as Rabi and Kharif crop.
• Castor oil also known as ‘Arandi ka tel’ in Hindi and ‘Amudham’ in Telugu.

Castor bean plant useful in fighting a major problem of 'soil pollution':

• Castor seed plant is known to be one of the most sturdiest plants.
• It is growing in areas where the soil is highly polluted, including in areas where mining is carried out.
• Castor plants growing in these areas absorb toxic heavy metals from soil.
• Castor bean plants can be grown in such polluted lands and over a period of time the levels of heavy metals can be reduced in the soil.
• Castor plant has also been observed to accelerate the remediation of polluted soils due to presence of some chemicals in them known as chelators which enhances the capability of castor bean plant to accumulate heavy metals.

Additional Informationlinoleic acid:

• A polyunsaturated fatty acid is present as a triglyceride in linseed oil and other oils and is essential in the human diet.
• Double bonds are not conjugated.
• Occurs in misconfiguration.
• One of the two essential fatty acids required by the body.
• Occurs in nuts and fatty seeds.

linolenic acid: 

• It is also known as α-linolenic acid.
• α-linolenic acid (C18H30O2)could be a form of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants.
• It's found in flaxseed oil, and in canola, soy, perilla, and walnut oils.
• α-linolenic acid is comparable to the omega-3 fatty acids that are in fish oil, known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Oleic acid:

• Oleic acid(C18H34O2) could be a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild odor.
• It floats on water.
• It has a role as a substance, an E. coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a solvent, an antioxidant, and a mouse matter.

Important Points

• India is known as the world leader in castor seed and oil production and leads the international castor oil trade.
• Approximately 86% of castor seed production in India is concentrated in Gujarat, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Nuts.

Key PointsProtein Source:

• A protein is made up of 20 distinct kinds of amino acids, which are chemical substances bonded to one another. 11 different kinds of amino acids are naturally produced by our bodies.
• However, humans must obtain the remaining nine varieties of amino acids, known as "essential amino acids," from other sources, such the food we consume.
• The nine essential amino acids are valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, and phenylalanine.

Incomplete Protein:

• An "incomplete protein" is defined as protein that does not include all nine types of amino acids that must be obtained from diet.
• Examples of incomplete proteins include:
• Seeds and Nuts
• Complete grains (like brown rice or whole-wheat bread)
• ‌Vegetables
• legumes, such as beans, peas, and lentils.

Complete Protein:

• A protein is referred described as being "complete" if it contains all nine different types of amino acids that you must obtain from diet.
• Animal sources provide a complete source of protein (i.e. containing all essential amino acids), whereas vegetable sources generally lack one or more of the essential amino acids.
• Great sources of complete proteins are:
• ‌Fish
• ‌Poultry (chicken, duck, or turkey)
• ‌Eggs
• ‌Dairy products (milk, yogurt, or cheese, for example)
• ‌Beef or pork
• ‌Soy products, such as tofu and edamame

Additional InformationProteins:

• Proteins are the building blocks of life. Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of a protein is a chain of amino acids.
• Protein foods are broken down into parts called amino acids during digestion. The human body needs a number of amino acids in large enough amounts to maintain good health.
• Amino acids are found in animal sources such as meats, milk, fish, and eggs.
• They are also found in plant sources such as soy, beans, legumes, nut kinds of butter, and some grains (such as wheat germ and quinoa).
• You do not need to eat animal products to get all the protein you need in your diet.
• The rich sources of proteins are egg, milk, yoghurt, fish and seafood, soya, pistachio nuts, pork, chicken.
• They are also found in plant sources such as soy, beans, legumes, nut kinds of butter, and some grains (such as wheat germ and quinoa).
• Amino acids are classified into three groups:
• Essential
• Nonessential
• Conditional
• Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by food.
• They do not need to be eaten at one meal.
• The balance over the whole day is more important.
• Nonessential amino acids are made by the body from essential amino acids or in the normal breakdown of proteins.
• Conditional amino acids are needed in times of illness and stress.

The correct answer is Buddhist.

Key PointsSaga Dawa:

• Saga Dawa or the Triple Blessed Festival is an auspicious month for the Sikkimese Buddhists with prayers held throughout the month in various monasteries.
• On the full moon of this 4th month of the Tibetan calendar [celebrated as Buddha Purnima in the rest of India] is the main celebration.
• It is believed that on this day the Buddha was born, attained Enlightenment and achieved nirvana.
• A colourful procession of monks playing musical instruments and devotees carrying holy texts, portraits and statues of Lord Buddha is taken out in Gangtok as well as in other towns and villages of Sikkim.
• People gather in the streets to touch their heads with the Holy Scriptures in order to receive blessings.

The correct answer is i - b, ii - a, iii - d, iv - c.

Key Points

• About 98 per cent of the total crust of the earth is composed of eight elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
• The rest 2 per cent is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorous, manganese, sulphur, carbon, nickel and other elements.
• The Major elements of the Earth's crust

Important Points

• The Earth is made up of three layers: Crust, Mantle and Core.
• The Crust
• ​​The crust is the uppermost layer over the earth's surface.
• It is the thinnest layer.
• It is only about 5 km on the ocean floors, which mainly consists of silica and magnesium thus called sial, and 35 km on the continental masses, which mainly consist of silica and alumina​
• ​The Mantle
• ​The mantle extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust.
• It is bounded below by a core and above by a crust.
• The upper part of the mantle is known as the asthenosphere.
• ​The Core
• ​The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km and is divided into the Inner and Outer core.
• It is called nife as it is mainly made up of nickel and iron.
• The central core is called as the Inner Core and has a very high temperature and pressure.

The correct answer is Viharas.

Key Points

• Chaitya, Vihara and Stupa, all are parts of Buddhist architecture in India.
• Viharas were the dwelling places used by Buddhist monks. Viharas were built with the purpose of housing the monks.
• The plan of the Viharas consists of a veranda, a hall and cells around the walls of the hall. Some of the important vihara caves are Ajanta cave No. 12, Bedsa cave No. 11, Nashik cave Nos. 3,10 and 17.
• Chaitya was a place of worship. It was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center. Karle Chaitya and Nashik Chaitya are examples of famous Chaitya.
• The Stupa is a ceremonial burial mound used for the veneration of Buddhist saints. It is a hemispherical structure. Sanchi Stupa and Bharhut Stupa are examples of famous Stupas.
• A Jain temple or Derasar is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.

The correct answer is Kerela.

Key Points

• Ezhara Ponnana darshan, is one of the high points of the temple festival which is being held in the midnight of the eighth day of the ten day festival.
• This festival is related to Ettumanoor Mahadeva temple, which is an ancient Shiva temple in Kottayam district of Kerela.
• Its is believed that the Pandavas and the sage Vyasa had worshipped at this temple.
• Ezhara Ponnana refers to the seven-and-a-half golden elephants which are kept in the temple vault and taken out once in an year for darshan by the devotees.
• According to a legend, these statuettes were presented to the temple by Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Travancore kingdom.
• Other famous festivals of Kerela are Onam and Vishu.

Additional Information

• Some famous State Festivals

The correct answer is Lion.

Additional Information

• Tertiary Consumer:-
• It is the top consumer at the trophic level in an ecosystem.
• The tertiary consumers consume the secondary consumers like birds, fish.
• These are also called Top Carnivores which includes Man as well.

Additional Information

• Producers-
• They are at the first in the trophic level.
• Example includes Phytoplankton, grass, and trees.
• Primary Consumers-
• These are the consumers who depend on the plants.
• Example includes Grasshopper and cow.
• Secondary Consumers-
• This refers to when animals can eat other animals which in turn can eat the plants (or their produce).
• Example includes Birds, fishes, wolf.
• Trophic Levels in an Ecosystem:-

The correct answer is Rice, wheat.

Key Point

• Green Revolution:-
• It refers to the large increase in the production of food grains resulting from the use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, especially for wheat and rice.
• It enabled India to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains.
• It lasted from mid 60s to late 80s.
• Father of the Green Revolution is M. S. Swaminathan.

Additional Information Other major revolutions in India are:-

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh

Key Points

• Uttar Pradesh has 31 members in the Rajya Sabha.
• Rajya Sabha:-
• The actual strength of the Rajya Sabha is 245 of which 233 are elected and 12 are nominated.
• Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the Assemblies of States and Union Territories in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
• Fourth Schedule to the constitution provides for the allocation of seats.
• The term of a member is 6 years, but a member elected in a bye-election serves for the remainder of the term of the vacancy caused.
• Rajya Sabha is called a permanent body as it is not subject to dissolution which means one-third of its members retire every second year.

Additional Information

• Other States having members in the Rajya Sabha:-

The correct answer is if the victim is less than 14 years, then 55% more compensation is given.

Key Points

• Minimum compensation to minors who were physically abused is ₹2 lakh - True
• If the victim is less than 14 years, then 55% more compensation is given -False
• Acid attack victims get a minimum compensation of ₹3 lakh - True
• Rape victims get a minimum compensation of ₹3 lakh- True
• Victim compensation is a direct financial reimbursement to a victim for an expense that resulted from a crime, such as medical costs or lost wages.

Additional Information

• Key Objectives of the Central Victim Compensation Fund (CVCF) :
• To support and supplement the existing Victim Compensation Schemes notified by States/UT Administrations.
• To reduce disparity in the quantum of compensation amount notified by different States/ UTs for victims of similar crimes.
• To encourage States/UTs to effectively implement the Victim Compensation Schemes (VCS) notified by them under the provisions of section 357A of Cr.P.C. and continue financial support to victims of various crimes especially sexual offences including rape, acid attacks, crime against children, human trafficking, etc.

The correct answer is Sania Mirza.

Key Points 

• Indian Star Tennis Player  Sania Mirza Announce her retirement in January 2022.
• She has won 6 grand slams in his career.
• She is the highest-ranked female tennis player from India with a rank of 27 in mid of 2007.
• Awards and recognition of Sania Mirza.
• Arjuna Award- 2004
• WTA New commer of the year- 2005
• Padma Shri-2006
• Mejor Dyanchand Khel Ratna Award- 2015
• Padmabhusan-2016

Additional Information

The correct answer is It was used by the Indian armed force exclusively. 

Key Points

• Considering the importance of the availability of labour force data at more frequent time intervals, the NSO launched the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in April 2017.
• The First report of the PLFS was published in June 2019 for the period of 2017-18. It was India’s first computer-based survey.
• The second annual report is being brought out by NSO on the Basis of the periodic Labour force Survey conducted during 2018-19.
• The present Quarterly Bulletin is the fifteenth in the series for the quarter of April – June 2022.
• The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) was recommended by the Amitabh Kundu Committee.

Additional Information National Statistical Office (NSO)

• On 23rd May 2019, the Indian government passed the order to merge the NSSO with the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to form the National Statistical Office (NSO).
• NSO was first envisaged by Rangarajan Commission to implement and maintain statistical standards and coordinate statistical activities of Central and State agencies as laid down by the National Statistical Commission (NSC).
• NSSO is responsible for the conduct of large-scale sample surveys in diverse fields on an all-India basis.
• Parent Ministry: It is the statistical wing of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

The correct answer is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol

Key Points

• Picric acid, also called 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, pale yellow, odourless crystalline solid that has been used as a military explosive, as a yellow dye, and as an antiseptic.
• Picric acid can be described as an organic compound whose formula is (O₂N)₃C₆H₂OH and the IUPAC name of this acid is 3C₆ 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). Due to its bitter taste, the name "picric" comes from the Greek word (pikros), which means "bitter."
• In 1771, a British scientist named Peter Woulfe created picric acid by mixing indigo with nitric acid.
• Beginning in 1849, it was employed as a yellow dye, initially for silk.
• Picric acid was once highly valuable as an explosive and was first used as a bursting charge for shells by the French in 1886, under the name melinite.
• Picric acid was the most extensively utilized military explosive by the time of the Russo-Japanese War.
• Its very corrosive action on the metal surfaces of shells, on the other hand, was a drawback, and its use dropped after World War I.

Additional Information IUPAC-

• Full Name- The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• Founded: 1919
• Headquarters: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
• Work- The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the world authority on chemical nomenclature, terminology (including the naming of new elements in the periodic table), standardized methods for measurement, atomic weights, and many other critically-evaluated data.

The correct answer is 64 gates and 570 towers.

Key Points

• Megasthenes was a Greek Diplomat, Historian, and ethnographer whose extensive writings about the cultures of India gave an insight into the lives of ancient Indians during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Seleucid-Mauryan War around 305 BC, Megasthenes became an ambassador for Seleucus I to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra.
• The compilation of Megasthenes’ work is known as Indica.
• According to the writings of the Greek diplomat Megasthenes, Pataliputra, is the capital surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers that rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Susa and Ecbatana.

Additional Information

• The capital of the Maurya empire was Patliputra.
• The founder of the Maurya empire was Chandragupta Maurya.
• Chandragupta, with the help of an intelligent and politically astute Brahmin, Kautilya usurped the throne by defeating Dhana Nanda in 321 BC.
• His reign lasted from 321 BC to 297 BC.
• He abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Bindusara, and went to Karnataka with Jain monk Bhadrabahu. He had embraced Jainism and is said to have starved himself to death according to the Jain tradition at Shravanabelagola.

The correct answer is Rani ki vav.

Key Points

• The only real sign of Patan’s former glory is this astoundingly beautiful step-well. Located on the banks of the Saraswati River, this is one of the oldest and finest step-wells in Gujarat
• The stepwell was built in 1063 by Rani Udayamati of the Chaulukya Dynasty to commemorate her husband, Bhimdev I.
• A 1304 composition by Jain monk, Merutunga, mentions that Udayamati, the daughter of Naravaraha Khangara, built this stepwell at Patan. The same composition also mentions that the stepwell was commissioned in 1063 and was completed after 20 years.
• Archeologists Henry Cousens and James Burgess visited it in the 1890s when it was completely buried under silt and only the shaft and a few pillars were visible. The stepwell was rediscovered in the 1940s, and the Archeological Survey of India restored it in the 1980s

Important Points

• The stepwell has been listed as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites since 2014.
• The picture of "Rani ki Vav" has been shown on the new 100 rupee note issued by RBI.

Additional Information

• Agrasen ki baoli is situated in Delhi.
• Chand Baori (stepwell) is situated in the Abhaneri village in Rajasthan.
• Hampi stepped well is situated in Karnataka.