General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Political democracy.

Key Points

• The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution and aim to create a framework for establishing a welfare state by guiding the government in policy-making and legislation. These principles are not enforceable by law but are fundamental in governance.
• The primary objectives of the DPSP include achieving social justice, ensuring economic democracy, and fostering social democracy. These are necessary for reducing inequalities in wealth, income, and opportunities.
• Political democracy, while an essential aspect of a democratic state, is not specifically addressed as an aim of the Directive Principles. Political democracy primarily concerns free and fair elections, individual rights, and political freedoms, which are guaranteed by other parts of the Constitution, notably the Fundamental Rights in Part III.
• The DPSP focuses on promoting an equitable society through measures like equal pay for equal work, protection of workers, promotion of education, public health, and living standards, and reducing the concentration of wealth (Articles 38–51).
• Thus, the goal of political democracy is distinct from the aims of the Directive Principles, which are more oriented towards creating a welfare state and ensuring economic and social justice. Hence, the correct answer is Political democracy.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy:
• The DPSP are inspired by the Irish Constitution, which in turn drew from the directive principles of social policy in the Spanish Constitution.
• These principles aim at ensuring socio-economic justice and serve as a guide for the state to establish policies that reduce disparities and ensure overall development.
• Examples include provisions for free and compulsory education for children (Article 45) and the promotion of the welfare of people through economic justice (Article 38).
• Fundamental Rights and Political Democracy:
• Political democracy is primarily upheld through Fundamental Rights (Part III) like the right to equality (Article 14–18), the right to freedom (Article 19–22), and the right to constitutional remedies (Article 32).
• These rights ensure that citizens can freely participate in the political process, express opinions, and seek protection against state excesses.
• Political democracy also involves periodic free and fair elections, which are conducted under the supervision of the Election Commission of India.
• Key Articles of DPSP:
• Article 38: Directs the state to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order marked by justice – social, economic, and political.
• Article 39: Calls for ensuring that the ownership and control of resources are distributed to serve the common good.
• Article 41: Directs the state to make effective provisions for securing the right to work, education, and public assistance.
• Comparison of DPSP and Fundamental Rights:
• Fundamental Rights are justiciable, meaning they are enforceable by courts, whereas DPSP are non-justiciable but act as guiding principles for governance.
• Fundamental Rights focus more on individual freedoms, while DPSP aims to achieve collective welfare.

Important Points

• Implementation of DPSP:
• Many laws and policies in India, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and the Right to Education Act, derive inspiration from the DPSP.
• The 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendments for local self-governance also reflect the spirit of the DPSP.
• Challenges in Implementing DPSP:
• Lack of adequate resources and political will often hampers the realization of these principles.
• Balancing DPSP with Fundamental Rights can sometimes lead to conflicts, as seen in cases like the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).

The correct answer is Jaya Kishori.

Key Points

• Jaya Kishori was awarded the title of "Best Creator for Social Change" at India's first National Creators Awards in March 2024.
• She is a renowned spiritual speaker, motivational leader, and social influencer known for her efforts in creating positive societal changes through her philosophical teachings and active charity work.
• Jaya Kishori has been instrumental in promoting mental wellness, spiritual growth, and philanthropy, inspiring millions through her speeches and social media content.
• Her initiatives often focus on addressing mental health issues, spiritual guidance, and moral education, which have been impactful in bringing awareness to societal issues.
• The National Creators Awards was established to honor influential creators across diverse fields who have made significant contributions to society through their work.

Additional Information

• About Jaya Kishori:
• She is a motivational speaker and spiritual storyteller who delivers lectures on self-improvement, spirituality, and mindfulness.
• Jaya Kishori is widely recognized for her Bhajan and Katha sessions, which emphasize moral values and inner peace.
• She has also been associated with various charitable causes like education for underprivileged children and healthcare for the needy.
• Her teachings often blend traditional wisdom with modern-day relevance, making her a favorite among youth and adults alike.
• National Creators Awards:
• India's first National Creators Awards were introduced to honor individuals excelling in content creation and social impact.
• The awards aim to recognize creators who bring about positive societal changes through their platforms, including digital media, arts, and activism.
• Categories include areas such as social change, innovation, education, and entertainment.
• Other Nominees:
• Kamiya Jani: Known for her contributions to travel journalism and influencing a generation of wanderlust enthusiasts through her platform "Curly Tales."
• RJ Raunac: A popular radio jockey and digital creator, famous for his humorous takes on social and political issues under his persona "Baua."
• Pankti Pandey: A rising social media influencer focusing on environmental awareness and sustainable living practices.
• Impact of Social Influencers:
• Social influencers like Jaya Kishori use their platforms to educate, inspire, and mobilize people towards addressing societal issues.
• They often collaborate with NGOs and government initiatives to amplify their impact on healthcare, education, and environmental challenges.

Important Points

• Role of Spiritual Leaders in Social Change:
• Spiritual leaders like Jaya Kishori play a significant role in motivating communities through their teachings and charitable work.
• They often focus on mental health, ethical behavior, and community service, which are critical for societal harmony.
• Recognition of Influential Creators:
• Awards like the National Creators Awards highlight the importance of content creators in shaping public opinion and inspiring societal improvements.
• Such recognition encourages more individuals to leverage their platforms for social good.

The correct answer is Paramesh Sivamani.

Key Points

• Paramesh Sivamani was appointed as the Chief of the Indian Coast Guard in October 2024.
• The Indian Coast Guard is one of the country's critical maritime security agencies responsible for safeguarding India's vast coastline and enforcing maritime laws.
• Paramesh Sivamani is a highly experienced officer who has held various important positions within the Indian Coast Guard prior to his appointment as Chief.
• As Chief, he is tasked with overseeing operations such as search and rescue missions, anti-smuggling operations, and maritime environmental protection.
• The appointment of Paramesh Sivamani reflects the government's focus on ensuring robust maritime security and efficient management of India's coastal regions.

Additional Information

• Indian Coast Guard:
• Established in 1978, the Indian Coast Guard operates under the Ministry of Defence.
• It is tasked with protecting India's maritime interests and enforcing maritime law within the territorial waters.
• Its responsibilities include search and rescue operations, preventing smuggling, and protecting marine biodiversity.
• The Coast Guard collaborates closely with other organizations such as the Indian Navy, fisheries department, and state police.
• Role of the Chief of Indian Coast Guard:
• The Chief is the highest-ranking officer of the Indian Coast Guard, responsible for strategic planning and operational oversight.
• Key duties include managing coastal security, coordinating inter-agency operations, and ensuring preparedness for maritime emergencies.
• The Chief also represents India in international maritime forums, promoting global cooperation in maritime security.
• Maritime Security in India:
• India’s coastline spans 7,516 kilometers, making maritime security a crucial aspect of national defense.
• The Indian Coast Guard plays a pivotal role in maintaining surveillance along this vast coastline to prevent illegal activities and threats.
• Key challenges include piracy, illegal fishing, and environmental hazards.
• Training and Modernization:
• The Indian Coast Guard continually invests in the modernization of its fleet, including advanced ships, aircraft, and surveillance equipment.
• Specialized training programs focus on equipping personnel to handle complex maritime challenges effectively.

Important Points

• Indian Coast Guard Fleet:
• The Indian Coast Guard operates a fleet of over 150 ships and 60 aircraft.
• These include offshore patrol vessels, interceptor boats, and reconnaissance aircraft.
• International Collaboration:
• The Indian Coast Guard frequently participates in joint exercises with other nations to enhance maritime security capabilities.
• It has signed memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with countries like Japan, South Korea, and Australia for cooperation in maritime law enforcement.
• Notable Operations:
• Successful operations include the prevention of drug smuggling and interception of vessels involved in illegal activities.
• During cyclones and other natural disasters, the Coast Guard plays a vital role in evacuation and relief efforts.

The correct answer is Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana.

Key Points

• Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY) is a government scheme aimed at the development and empowerment of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India.
• The scheme focuses on providing financial assistance, skill development programs, and infrastructure support to uplift the socio-economic status of SC communities.
• PM-AJAY was introduced to ensure inclusive growth and equitable access to resources for marginalized sections of society.
• The scheme emphasizes areas such as education, livelihood generation, housing, and healthcare to address the challenges faced by the SC population.
• PM-AJAY also includes provisions for residential education and scholarships to promote higher education among SC students and reduce dropout rates.

Additional Information

• Key Objectives of PM-AJAY:
• The scheme aims to bridge the gap between the SC population and other communities in terms of access to basic amenities and opportunities.
• It seeks to promote self-reliance among Scheduled Castes through vocational training and skill development programs.
• PM-AJAY strives to reduce poverty and unemployment by enabling SC individuals to engage in sustainable livelihood activities.
• Scheduled Castes in India:
• Scheduled Castes (SCs) are historically marginalized communities listed under Schedule I of the Indian Constitution.
• The Constitution provides special provisions for the upliftment and protection of SCs under Articles 341, 46, and 17.
• SCs constitute about 16.6% of India’s population according to the 2011 Census.
• Government Initiatives for SC Development:
• Several schemes such as Post-Matric Scholarships, National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC), and Stand-Up India are implemented for SC empowerment.
• Programs like Dr. Ambedkar Foundation promote awareness about social justice and the contributions of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• Comparison of Other Options:
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Jan Aadhar Yojna: This scheme does not exist as per authentic records and is not related to SC development.
• Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Jan Abhiyan Yojna: Although this sounds similar, it does not align with the objectives of PM-AJAY.
• PM Ann-Jal Aarthik Yojna: This is not a recognized scheme and does not pertain to Scheduled Castes.

Important Points

• Funding: PM-AJAY is funded by the central government with provisions for state governments to contribute to the implementation of specific projects.
• Target Beneficiaries: SC communities across India, with special focus on regions with a high concentration of Scheduled Castes.
• Monitoring: The scheme is monitored by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to ensure effective implementation and transparency.
• Impact Assessment: Regular surveys and reports are conducted to evaluate the progress and impact of PM-AJAY on SC beneficiaries.

The correct answer is 0.27.

Key Points

• As of July 2025, women in India represent 27% (or 0.27) of the STEM workforce. This indicates a significant gender disparity in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) sector.
• The underrepresentation of women in STEM fields limits their access to career opportunities in these high-growth and lucrative areas.
• Globally, the percentage of women in STEM varies widely, but India’s 27% participation rate highlights the need for focused measures to promote gender equity in these fields.
• One of the contributing factors is the lack of inclusive policies and support systems for women, including workplace flexibility, mentoring, and initiatives to reduce gender bias.
• The government and organizations are working towards increasing women's participation in STEM through scholarships, awareness campaigns, and educational programs to encourage girls to pursue careers in science and technology.

Additional Information

• Global Comparison:
• Globally, women make up around 28-30% of the STEM workforce on average, according to various reports such as UNESCO’s Cracking the Code: Girls’ and Women’s Education in STEM.
• Countries like the United States report a slightly higher percentage of women in STEM fields (around 35%), while the numbers are lower in developing economies.
• Factors Affecting Women in STEM:
• Socio-cultural norms: Gender stereotypes and societal expectations often discourage women from pursuing STEM careers.
• Lack of role models: The absence of visible female leaders in STEM fields reduces inspiration for young girls to enter these areas.
• Workplace challenges: Gender biases, unequal pay, and limited opportunities for growth create barriers for women in STEM professions.
• Government Initiatives in India:
• The Government of India has launched several programs like the Vigyan Jyoti Program by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) to increase women's participation in STEM.
• Under the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, emphasis is laid on promoting gender equality in education, including STEM disciplines.
• Efforts such as scholarships for girls in STEM fields and campaigns like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao aim to bridge the gender gap.
• Benefits of Women in STEM:
• Studies show that increasing women’s participation in STEM can drive innovation, improve economic outcomes, and create more inclusive work environments.
• Diversity in STEM teams leads to better problem-solving and enhanced creativity, which benefits organizations and industries.

Important Points

• Key Statistics:
• A report by UNESCO highlights that globally, only 30% of female students choose STEM-related fields in higher education.
• Fields like engineering and computer science have particularly low representation of women (10-15% in some countries).
• Examples of STEM Role Models:
• Prominent women in STEM include Kalpana Chawla (Astronaut), Maryam Mirzakhani (Mathematician), and Dr. Tessy Thomas (Indian Missile Scientist).
• Such role models inspire young girls to pursue careers in science and technology.

The correct answer is Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority.

Key Points

• Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is the statutory authority responsible for regulating and overseeing pension schemes in India, including the NPS Vatsalya scheme.
• The NPS Vatsalya scheme was launched to provide social security benefits for specific groups, such as women, children, and economically weaker sections.
• PFRDA was established under the PFRDA Act, 2013, and its primary function is to regulate the National Pension System (NPS) and other pension-related schemes.
• The authority ensures transparency, fairness, and efficiency in the management of pension funds and promotes retirement planning among citizens.
• NPS Vatsalya scheme is a specialized initiative under the umbrella of the National Pension System (NPS), aimed at providing financial stability and security to beneficiaries.

Additional Information

• Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA):
• PFRDA regulates pension funds and ensures the safe and efficient management of savings for retirement.
• It supervises schemes like the NPS and the Atal Pension Yojana (APY), aimed at providing retirement income.
• PFRDA allows both individuals and organizations to subscribe to pension schemes and ensures compliance with regulatory standards.
• National Pension System (NPS):
• NPS is a government-backed pension scheme launched in 2004 for government employees and later extended to all citizens in 2009.
• It is a voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings scheme regulated by PFRDA.
• NPS allows subscribers to systematically save for their retirement and provides options for investing in equity, corporate bonds, and government securities.
• Atal Pension Yojana (APY):
• APY is another pension scheme regulated by PFRDA, primarily aimed at unorganized sector workers.
• Under this scheme, subscribers receive a guaranteed minimum pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 per month after the age of 60.
• The government provides co-contribution for eligible individuals who are not members of any other social security schemes.
• Features of NPS Vatsalya Scheme:
• The scheme targets vulnerable groups like orphans, women, and economically weaker sections to provide them with a secure financial future.
• It integrates with the National Pension System to offer long-term benefits and financial stability to its beneficiaries.
• The scheme is managed by PFRDA and implemented through designated financial institutions.

Important Points

• Reserve Bank of India:
• The RBI is the central banking institution of India, responsible for monetary policy and regulation of banking institutions.
• It does not regulate pension schemes like the NPS Vatsalya scheme.
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI):
• SEBI regulates the securities market and ensures protection for investors.
• While SEBI oversees mutual funds and stock market operations, it does not administer pension schemes.
• Ministry of Education:
• The Ministry of Education oversees policies related to education and skill development in India.
• It is not responsible for pension schemes or their regulation.

The correct answer is IIT Delhi.

Key Points

• Global University Employability Ranking: This ranking evaluates universities worldwide based on their ability to prepare students for employment, often factoring in employer feedback and graduate outcomes.
• IIT Delhi: In the 2025 edition of the Global University Employability Ranking, IIT Delhi secured the highest rank among Indian universities, showcasing its excellence in fostering employability and industry readiness among graduates.
• Factors contributing to IIT Delhi's ranking: The institute's strong emphasis on research, innovation, industry collaboration, and practical learning are key contributors to its high employability score.
• Global Position: IIT Delhi often ranks among the top institutions globally in terms of employability, highlighting its reputation and quality education standards.
• Other Indian Institutes: While several IITs and Indian Institute of Science are consistently ranked in global employability indices, IIT Delhi outperformed them in this specific ranking, affirming its leadership in the field.

Additional Information

• IIT Delhi Overview:
• Established: IIT Delhi was founded in 1961 and designated as an Institute of National Importance in 1963.
• Location: It is located in New Delhi, India, and serves as one of the premier engineering institutions in the country.
• Programs: IIT Delhi offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various engineering, technology, and applied sciences disciplines.
• Industry Collaboration: The institute is known for its strong industry linkages, internships, and placement opportunities for students, contributing to high employability.
• Other Top Indian Universities in Employability Rankings:
• Indian Institute of Science (IISc): Located in Bangalore, IISc excels in research-oriented programs and often ranks highly in global indices.
• IIT Bombay: Established in 1958, it is situated in Mumbai and is recognized for its industry-centric education and strong alumni network.
• IIT Kharagpur: Known as the oldest IIT, established in 1951, it is located in West Bengal and emphasizes interdisciplinary and innovative learning approaches.
• Global University Employability Ranking Methodology:
• The ranking is based on surveys conducted among employers worldwide, focusing on aspects like graduate skills, industry readiness, and academic excellence.
• Indian universities, particularly IITs, have consistently improved their rankings due to their focus on quality education, internships, and industry collaboration.
• This ranking serves as a benchmark for students and employers to assess institutions' capabilities in preparing graduates for the workforce.
• Importance of Employability Rankings:
• Global Recognition: Rankings help universities gain international recognition and attract students from around the world.
• Policy Development: They provide valuable insights for governments and institutions to improve educational frameworks and employability skills.
• Student Decision-Making: Rankings assist students in making informed choices about their higher education pathways.

Important Points

• Role of IITs in India's Education System:
• Flagship Institutions: IITs are considered the backbone of India's technical education, fostering innovation and research.
• Global Alumni Network: Graduates from IITs have excelled globally, contributing to their high employability rankings.
• Government Support: Indian government initiatives and funding have enabled IITs to maintain their status as world-class institutions.
• Impact of Rankings on Higher Education:
• Increased Competition: Universities strive to improve their standards to rank higher, ensuring better opportunities for students.
• Collaboration Opportunities: High-ranking universities attract partnerships with global institutions and industries.
• Student Mobility: Rankings influence the flow of international students to top-ranking institutions.

The correct answer is Judo.

Key Points

• Tulika Maan is an accomplished Indian judoka who competes in international Judo tournaments.
• She has represented India in several prestigious competitions and has gained recognition for her consistent performance in the sport of Judo.
• Judo, which originated in Japan, is a martial art and combat sport where opponents try to throw or take down their opponent to the ground.
• Tulika Maan achieved significant success in the Commonwealth Games 2022, where she won a silver medal in the women's 78 kg category.
• Her performance has brought attention to Judo in India and has inspired many young athletes to pursue this sport.

Additional Information

• Judo as a Sport:
• Judo was founded by Jigoro Kano in Japan in 1882 as a modern martial art derived from jujutsu.
• It is practiced worldwide and became an Olympic sport in 1964.
• The objective is to score points through techniques like throws, holds, and submissions.
• The sport emphasizes discipline, respect, and physical fitness, making it a popular choice for individuals of all ages.
• Tulika Maan’s Achievements:
• She has participated in various international events, including the Asian Judo Championships and the Commonwealth Games.
• Her silver medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games was a remarkable achievement that showcased her talent and dedication.
• She is among the growing pool of Indian judokas bringing recognition to the sport.
• Other Popular Sports in India:
• Athletics: Includes track and field events like sprints, long-distance running, and javelin throw. Athletes like Neeraj Chopra have brought fame to India by winning international medals.
• Weightlifting: India has seen success in weightlifting events at the Commonwealth Games, with athletes like Mirabai Chanu earning accolades.
• Badminton: A highly popular sport in India, with stars like P.V. Sindhu and Kidambi Srikanth making the country proud on global platforms.

Important Points

• Government Initiatives for Judo in India:
• The Sports Authority of India (SAI) provides training facilities, coaching, and funding to support athletes in Judo.
• Judo is also a part of the Khelo India program, which aims to develop sports talent at the grassroots level.
• Indian judokas receive support for participating in international events through programs like the Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS).
• Notable Indian Judokas:
• Avtar Singh: Represented India in the 2016 Rio Olympics.
• Shushila Likmabam: Won a silver medal in Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
• Garima Chaudhary: Competed in the 2012 London Olympics.

The correct answer is बेंगलुरु.

Key Points

• बेंगलुरु has surpassed Mumbai to become India's leopard capital as of June 2025.
• The city has recorded the highest number of leopards in its vicinity, particularly in regions like Bannerghatta National Park and surrounding forest areas.
• This change in leopard population density is attributed to better conservation efforts, improved wildlife corridors, and stricter anti-poaching measures in Karnataka.
• Leopards are highly adaptive animals, often thriving in urban fringes where they find abundant food and shelter.
• Studies and surveys by wildlife organizations such as the Wildlife Institute of India and the Karnataka Forest Department have confirmed this significant shift in leopard demographics.

Additional Information

• Leopards in India:
• The leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is one of the five big cats found in India, alongside the tiger, lion, snow leopard, and clouded leopard.
• Leopards are listed as Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
• They are widely distributed across India, from the Himalayas to the southernmost parts of the country.
• Bannerghatta National Park:
• Located near Bengaluru, this park is a significant habitat for leopards and other wildlife species.
• It acts as a critical wildlife corridor connecting various forest areas in Karnataka.
• Efforts to mitigate human-wildlife conflict in this region have contributed to the thriving leopard population.
• Conservation Challenges:
• Leopards often come into conflict with humans due to habitat encroachment and urbanization.
• Poaching and illegal wildlife trade remain significant threats to their survival.
• State governments and wildlife organizations are working on creating awareness and implementing conservation measures.
• Leopard Census in India:
• The All India Leopard Census 2018 estimated the leopard population in India to be around 12,852.
• The census highlighted a positive growth in leopard numbers in states like Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand due to focused conservation efforts.

Important Points

• Human-Wildlife Coexistence:
• In regions like Bengaluru, initiatives to manage leopard-human interactions have been crucial in minimizing conflicts.
• Measures include setting up camera traps, creating awareness among local communities, and establishing rapid response teams.
• State’s Role in Wildlife Conservation:
• The Karnataka Forest Department has been proactive in implementing wildlife conservation policies.
• Programs such as the Project Leopard aim to ensure the long-term survival of leopards in the state.

The correct answer is Bihar.

Key Points

• The Darbhanga Gharana is one of the prominent styles of Dhrupad singing, a classical form of Indian music.
• Dhrupad is considered one of the oldest genres of Hindustani classical music, dating back to the 16^th century.
• The Darbhanga style is named after Darbhanga, a city in the state of Bihar, where this tradition flourished under royal patronage.
• The style is known for its emphasis on rhythmic variations and intricate compositions, performed in a slow and meditative manner.
• Prominent musicians from the Darbhanga Gharana include Padma Shri Ram Chatur Mallik and Prem Kumar Mallik, who have contributed significantly to preserving this tradition.

Additional Information

• Historical Significance of Dhrupad:
• Dhrupad originated in the temples of India as devotional music dedicated to deities like Lord Shiva.
• It was later adapted for court performances during the reign of Akbar, who was a patron of Dhrupad and employed musicians like Tansen.
• Characteristics of Dhrupad:
• Dhrupad compositions typically consist of a slow and deliberate alaap (introduction), followed by rhythmic sections called jor and jhala.
• It is performed in Sanskrit or Braj Bhasha and emphasizes purity of raga and tonal quality.
• Other Dhrupad Gharanas:
• In addition to the Darbhanga Gharana, notable styles include the Bettiah Gharana (also from Bihar), the Dagur Gharana, and the Khandar Gharana.
• Each gharana has distinct features in terms of vocal presentation and composition structure.
• Present-Day Scenario:
• Efforts are being made to revive Dhrupad through institutions like the Dhrupad Sansthan in Madhya Pradesh and the ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Kolkata.
• Contemporary musicians continue to perform Dhrupad on global platforms, showcasing the rich heritage of Indian classical music.

Important Points

• Bihar’s Contribution to Music:
• Bihar has been home to several classical music traditions, including Dhrupad and folk music like Bhojpuri songs.
• Darbhanga and Bettiah have historically been centers of musical excellence in the state.
• Preservation of Dhrupad:
• Institutions and government bodies are working toward documenting and promoting Dhrupad to prevent its decline.
• Scholarships and grants are provided to aspiring musicians to learn and practice this art form.

The correct answer is Swami and Friends.

Key Points

• Swami and Friends is the first novel in the trilogy written by R.K. Narayan. It was published in 1935, marking his debut as a novelist.
• The trilogy, also known as the Malgudi series, includes three novels: Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Arts, and The English Teacher.
• The novel is set in the fictional town of Malgudi, which R.K. Narayan created as the backdrop for many of his literary works.
• Swami and Friends captures the life of a young boy named Swaminathan and his adventures, friendships, and challenges during his childhood in pre-independence India.
• The story is known for its relatable depiction of childhood, humor, and the cultural essence of India. It reflects R.K. Narayan's gift for portraying universal themes through simple narratives.
• The novel played a significant role in establishing R.K. Narayan as a prominent figure in Indian-English literature.

Additional Information

• About R.K. Narayan:
• R.K. Narayan was born in 1906 in Madras (now Chennai), India, and is regarded as one of the pioneers of Indian writing in English.
• He is known for creating the fictional town of Malgudi, which became the setting for many of his novels and short stories.
• R.K. Narayan's writing style is characterized by simplicity, humor, and deep insight into human nature.
• His works often depict the everyday lives of ordinary people, highlighting their struggles, joys, and moral dilemmas.
• He received numerous accolades, including the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel The Guide and the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor.
• About the Malgudi Series:
• The Malgudi series is renowned for its portrayal of life in a small Indian town, offering readers a glimpse into the country's cultural and social landscape during the early and mid-20^th century.
• Some of the notable works in the series include Swami and Friends, The Vendor of Sweets, and The Man-Eater of Malgudi.
• These stories are celebrated for their relatable characters, timeless themes, and vivid descriptions of Malgudi's streets, schools, and homes.
• R.K. Narayan's ability to blend humor and pathos in his narratives has made the Malgudi series a classic in Indian literature.
• Characteristics of Other Options:
• The Scream: This is not related to R.K. Narayan and is a term commonly associated with Edvard Munch's famous painting.
• The Namesake: Written by Jhumpa Lahiri, this novel explores the immigrant experience and generational conflicts in America. It is unrelated to the works of R.K. Narayan.
• The Hungry Tide: Authored by Amitav Ghosh, this novel is set in the Sundarbans and deals with ecological and social themes. It is not part of R.K. Narayan's trilogy.
• Significance of Swami and Friends:
• The novel is a reflection of childhood innocence, exploring themes like friendship, education, and societal expectations.
• It provides a window into life in colonial India, capturing the essence of traditional Indian values and the challenges posed by modernization.
• Its relatable characters and universal themes have made it a favorite among readers across generations.
• The book's success encouraged R.K. Narayan to continue writing and eventually establish himself as one of India's greatest storytellers.

Important Points

• Malgudi: A fictional town created by R.K. Narayan, it symbolizes the microcosm of Indian society, combining traditional and modern elements.
• Literary Style: R.K. Narayan's language is marked by simplicity and humor, making his works accessible to readers worldwide.
• Influence: Narayan's writings have influenced generations of authors and continue to be studied in Indian and global literary circles.
• Adaptations: Several works by R.K. Narayan, including Swami and Friends, have been adapted into television series, further popularizing Malgudi and its inhabitants.

The correct answer is It is celebrated in honour of Hidimba Devi [wife of Bhima].

Key Points

• Doongri Festival is a famous festival celebrated in the state of Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the Kullu Valley.
• The festival is held to honor Hidimba Devi, who is regarded as a local deity and the wife of Bhima, one of the Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata.
• The Hidimba Devi Temple, also known as the Doongri Temple, serves as the focal point of this festival. It is an ancient wooden temple located in Manali.
• The festival usually occurs in the spring season and is marked by traditional dances, music, and rituals performed by the local communities.
• The festival signifies the strong cultural and religious traditions of Himachal Pradesh, where worship of local deities plays a significant role in the lives of the people.

Additional Information

• Hidimba Devi:
• Hidimba Devi is a prominent character in the Mahabharata. She was a demoness who married Bhima, one of the Pandavas, after he defeated her brother, Hidimb.
• She is revered as a deity in Himachal Pradesh and is believed to have meditated in the region, leading to her worship in the area.
• Hidimba Devi Temple:
• The Hidimba Devi Temple in Manali is an architectural marvel built in 1553 by Maharaja Bahadur Singh.
• The temple is made of wood and stone and is surrounded by dense cedar forests, enhancing its serene and spiritual atmosphere.
• It is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Manali.
• Significance of Doongri Festival:
• The festival is an example of how ancient epics like the Mahabharata continue to influence the cultural and religious practices of Indian communities.
• It showcases the rich heritage of Himachal Pradesh through its vibrant folk music, dance, and costumes.
• Other Festivals of Himachal Pradesh:
• Kullu Dussehra: Celebrated in the Kullu Valley, this week-long festival showcases the culture and traditions of the region.
• Lohri: Celebrated in January to mark the end of winter and the harvest season.
• Losar: The Tibetan New Year celebrated by the Buddhist community in Himachal Pradesh.

Important Points

• Option 2: The festival is not dedicated to the Goddess of wealth. This statement is incorrect as the festival is in honor of Hidimba Devi, not Lakshmi.
• Option 3: The Doongri Festival does not mark the beginning of the Tibetan year. This statement is incorrect as it is not related to the Tibetan calendar or traditions.
• Option 4: The festival is not celebrated in honor of Lord Shiva. This statement is incorrect as it is specifically dedicated to Hidimba Devi.

The correct answer is Kolkata.

Key Points

• The Victoria Memorial is located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is one of the most iconic landmarks and serves as a museum and tourist attraction.
• The construction of the memorial began in 1906 and was completed in 1921. It was built to commemorate Queen Victoria, Empress of India.
• The architectural style of the memorial is a blend of British and Mughal elements. It is made of white Makrana marble, giving it a majestic and grand appearance.
• The memorial was designed by the architect William Emerson, who incorporated influences from European Renaissance and Indo-Islamic architecture.
• The Victoria Memorial houses a museum that contains paintings, sculptures, artifacts, and historical documents related to British India and Queen Victoria.

Additional Information

• Location and Accessibility:
• The Victoria Memorial is situated in the heart of Kolkata, near the Maidan, a large urban park.
• It is easily accessible by various means of transportation, including local buses, taxis, and the Kolkata Metro.
• Historical Background:
• The memorial was commissioned by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, as a tribute to Queen Victoria.
• It symbolizes the British imperial legacy in India and serves as a reminder of the colonial era.
• Architectural Features:
• The central dome is surmounted by a bronze statue of Victory, which is approximately 16 feet tall.
• The memorial is surrounded by lush gardens designed by Lord Redesdale and David Prain.
• Significance:
• The Victoria Memorial is not just a historical monument but also a cultural and artistic hub, hosting exhibitions and events.
• It attracts millions of visitors every year, making it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India.

Important Points

• Other Locations Mentioned:
• Delhi: Known for historical landmarks like the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and India Gate, but it does not house the Victoria Memorial.
• Chennai: Famous for its colonial architecture and cultural landmarks like Fort St. George, but not associated with the Victoria Memorial.
• Shimla: Known for being a former summer capital during British India, it features colonial buildings like Viceregal Lodge, but the Victoria Memorial is not located here.
• Tourism Impact:
• The Victoria Memorial is a major contributor to tourism revenue in Kolkata and West Bengal.
• It is part of India's effort to preserve and promote its colonial heritage.

The correct answer is Assam.

Key Points

• Sattriya Nritya is one of the eight classical dance forms of India, recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.
• It originates from the northeastern state of Assam and was introduced by the great Vaishnavite saint and reformer, Srimanta Sankardeva, in the 15^th century.
• This dance form was initially performed by male monks known as ‘Bhakats’ in Satras (Vaishnavite monasteries) as a form of storytelling and devotion.
• Sattriya Nritya combines elements of music, drama, and dance, and its performances are deeply rooted in the Vaishnavite tradition.
• It was formally recognized as a classical dance form by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2000, highlighting its cultural and historical significance.
• The dance is characterized by intricate hand movements (mudras), rhythmic footwork, and facial expressions that convey stories from the Bhagavad Purana and other scriptures.

Additional Information

• Srimanta Sankardeva:
• Sankardeva was a 15^th-century saint, scholar, poet, and reformer who played a crucial role in spreading Vaishnavism in Assam.
• He established Satras, which are Vaishnavite monasteries, as centers of religious learning, cultural activities, and spiritual discourse.
• He is credited with creating Sattriya Nritya as a medium to convey religious teachings and stories from sacred texts.
• Features of Sattriya Nritya:
• It is performed with costumes made of traditional Assamese silk, such as Muga and Pat.
• The dance incorporates ankle bells (ghungroos) and musical instruments like Khol (drum), cymbals, and flute.
• It is highly disciplined and follows strict guidelines in terms of movements, expressions, and music.
• It has two distinct styles: Paurashik Bhangi (masculine style) and Stri Bhangi (feminine style).
• Recognition and Preservation:
• Sattriya Nritya was recognized as a classical dance form by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2000, giving it national and global recognition.
• Efforts are being made to preserve and promote this dance form through performances, workshops, and festivals.
• It is performed both as a devotional act and as a cultural representation of Assam in various international forums.
• Comparison with Other Classical Dance Forms:
• Unlike other classical dances, Sattriya Nritya is unique in its origins as part of monastic practices and devotion.
• It shares similarities with dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak in terms of storytelling but retains its distinctive Assamese cultural identity.
• Important Points:
• The dance form is deeply intertwined with Assamese culture and the Vaishnavite religious tradition.
• It is now performed by male and female artists, breaking away from its traditional monastic roots.
• Sattriya Nritya serves as a medium for preserving Assamese heritage and spreading awareness about the state's rich cultural history.

The correct answer is A docking experiment.

Key Points

• Spadex (Space Docking Experiment) is an experimental mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), planned for launch in December 2024.
• The primary objective of Spadex is to demonstrate docking technology, a critical capability required for future missions involving on-orbit satellite servicing, refueling, and human spaceflight.
• Docking technology involves the precise maneuvering and coupling of two spacecraft in orbit, enabling them to connect physically and function together.
• It is a significant milestone for ISRO as it paves the way for advanced operations like space station creation, autonomous spacecraft operations, and collaborative missions with other space agencies.
• The Spadex mission will likely involve two small spacecraft equipped with docking mechanisms to test and validate this technology under real-space conditions.

Additional Information

• ISRO's Advancements:
• ISRO has been consistently working on cutting-edge technologies, including space docking, to enhance India's capabilities in space exploration.
• The development of Spadex aligns with future plans for manned space missions like Gaganyaan and potential collaborations for international space stations.
• Docking Technology Applications:
• Docking technology is essential for on-orbit servicing, such as repairing or upgrading satellites.
• It enables refueling operations for extended satellite missions and reduces the risk of space debris.
• This technology is vital for crew transfer missions to space stations and interplanetary spacecraft assembly in orbit.
• Global Context:
• Docking technology has been successfully demonstrated by agencies like NASA, Roscosmos, and ESA during missions involving the International Space Station (ISS).
• SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft and Boeing's Starliner utilize advanced docking systems for ISS missions.
• ISRO's Future Missions:
• Post-Spadex, ISRO plans to integrate docking capabilities into missions like Gaganyaan for crew module docking and space station assembly.
• These technologies will enhance India's ability to collaborate with global space agencies on complex missions.

Important Points

• ISRO's Technical Innovations:
• Spadex demonstrates autonomous docking capabilities, reducing dependency on manual interventions.
• It involves technologies like onboard sensors, guidance systems, and advanced software algorithms for precise alignment and connection.
• Strategic Importance:
• Mastering docking technology positions India as a key player in international space collaborations.
• It enhances India's ability to contribute to global space missions and strengthens its technological independence.

The correct answer is Matsya-6000.

Key Points

• Matsya-6000 is the fourth-generation deep-ocean human scientific submersible designed under the Samudrayaan Project, spearheaded by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
• The project aims to facilitate scientific exploration and resource assessment in the deep-sea regions of the Indian Ocean.
• Developed with advanced technology, Matsya-6000 is capable of diving to depths up to 6000 meters under the ocean surface, making it one of the most advanced submersibles.
• The submersible is equipped with cutting-edge features such as a titanium sphere for housing scientists, life-support systems, and high-definition imaging technologies for deep-sea research.
• It is part of India's ambitious initiatives to explore marine biodiversity, mineral resources, and ecosystems in line with the Deep Ocean Mission launched by the government.
• The Samudrayaan project is expected to contribute to India's blue economy and foster innovation in marine technology.

Additional Information

• Samudrayaan Project:
• The Samudrayaan Project is a flagship initiative under the Deep Ocean Mission launched by the Government of India.
• The goal is to enable scientists to explore the deep sea by developing human submersibles capable of reaching depths of up to 6000 meters.
• The project focuses on studying deep-sea biodiversity, mapping resources, and understanding the marine ecosystem.
• This initiative is part of India's broader strategy to develop its blue economy and advance marine technology.
• National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT):
• NIOT was established in 1993 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.
• It specializes in developing technologies for exploiting marine resources and supporting oceanographic research.
• NIOT plays a pivotal role in India's Deep Ocean Mission and the Samudrayaan Project.
• Its research focuses on areas like underwater robotics, energy, coastal protection, and deep-sea mining.
• Deep Ocean Mission:
• Launched in 2021, this mission aims to explore and harness resources from the deep ocean for sustainable development.
• It includes components like deep-sea mining, biodiversity studies, and development of underwater vehicles.
• The mission aligns with India's efforts to boost its blue economy and secure marine resources for future generations.
• It is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and involves collaboration with various research institutions.
• Other Deep-Sea Technologies:
• Submersibles: These are specialized vehicles used for deep-sea exploration, typically equipped with advanced navigation and imaging systems.
• Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): These are unmanned underwater vehicles used for deep-sea surveys and research.
• Underwater Sensors: Tools for monitoring marine conditions like temperature, salinity, and pressure.
• Ocean Drilling: Methods used for studying sub-seafloor structures and extracting samples.

Important Points

• Global Examples of Deep-Sea Exploration:
• The DSV Alvin, operated by the United States, is one of the most advanced deep-sea submersibles.
• The Challenger Deep, part of the Mariana Trench, is the deepest known point in the ocean.
• China's Fendouzhe submersible reached depths of over 10,000 meters, setting a global benchmark.
• Japan's Shinkai 6500 is capable of exploring depths up to 6500 meters.
• Significance of Deep-Sea Exploration:
• Provides insights into marine biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics.
• Helps in identifying potential mineral and energy resources.
• Supports climate research and understanding oceanic processes.
• Promotes innovation in marine technology and underwater robotics.
• Challenges in Deep-Sea Exploration:
• Extreme pressure and temperature conditions require advanced engineering solutions.
• High costs associated with developing deep-sea technologies.
• Limited access to areas in international waters due to geopolitical concerns.
• Environmental concerns related to deep-sea mining and resource extraction.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• Wealth tax was a direct tax levied on the net wealth of individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and companies in India. It was abolished in the Union Budget 2015-16 due to its low revenue collection and high administrative costs.
• The term "Paper tax" refers to Wealth tax as it requires detailed documentation and paperwork related to the assets owned by the taxpayer. Hence, statement I is correct.
• Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduced in July 2017, is an indirect tax system that subsumes multiple indirect taxes. It is not referred to as "Paper tax" as it is based on consumption rather than wealth documentation. Hence, statement II is not correct.
• The Wealth tax was applicable only to individuals whose net assets exceeded a prescribed threshold. It was primarily aimed at taxing the wealthy and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
• GST, on the other hand, is designed to simplify the taxation system and ensure uniformity across the country, but it does not relate to wealth documentation.

Additional Information

• Wealth Tax:
• Introduced in 1957 under the Wealth Tax Act, 1957.
• It was levied on the net wealth exceeding Rs. 30 lakhs, and the tax rate was 1% of the amount exceeding the threshold.
• Assets considered for wealth tax included real estate, cars, yachts, cash exceeding Rs. 50,000, jewelry, and more.
• It was abolished in 2015 due to its inefficiency, and the government replaced it with a surcharge on income tax for super-rich individuals.
• Taxpayers had to submit detailed documentation of their wealth, making it a "Paper tax."
• Goods and Services Tax (GST):
• GST is an indirect tax that replaced multiple indirect taxes like VAT, excise duty, and service tax.
• It was implemented in July 2017 under the GST Act, aimed at creating a unified taxation system in India.
• GST is categorized into CGST, SGST, IGST, and UTGST depending on the transaction type.
• It is applicable to goods and services at various rates, ranging from 0% to 28%.
• GST has simplified the taxation process but does not involve wealth documentation like the Wealth Tax.
• Differences between Wealth Tax and GST:
• Wealth Tax: Direct tax on net wealth exceeding a threshold; abolished in 2015.
• GST: Indirect tax on consumption of goods and services; introduced in 2017.
• Wealth Tax: Required extensive documentation of assets; hence known as "Paper tax."
• GST: Focuses on simplifying tax compliance without wealth documentation.
• Important Points:
• The Wealth Tax Act, 1957 was a significant legislation for taxing the wealthy but was later deemed inefficient in terms of revenue collection.
• The abolition of Wealth Tax and introduction of GST marked a shift in India's taxation policy towards efficiency and simplification.
• GST, though revolutionary, does not target wealth but consumption, making it distinct from Wealth Tax.
• Understanding the differences between these taxes highlights India's evolving tax framework aimed at balancing equity and efficiency.

The correct answer is Revenue expenditure.

Key Points

• Revenue expenditure refers to the expenses incurred for the day-to-day functioning of government departments and services. These are recurring expenses and do not create assets.
• It includes spending on salaries, pensions, subsidies, interest payments on loans, and other administrative costs required for running government operations.
• Such expenditures are essential for maintaining the normal functioning of the government and ensuring the provision of public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure maintenance.
• Revenue expenditure is financed through revenue receipts, such as tax revenues (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenues (fees, fines, and dividends from public sector enterprises).
• Unlike capital expenditure, revenue expenditure does not result in the creation of long-term assets and is entirely consumed during the fiscal year.

Additional Information

• Capital expenditure:
• Capital expenditure is used for acquiring or maintaining fixed assets, such as buildings, land, machinery, and infrastructure.
• It contributes to the creation of long-term assets that aid in economic growth and development.
• Examples include construction of highways, railways, airports, and purchase of equipment for public services.
• Unlike revenue expenditure, this type of spending has a lasting impact and enhances the productive capacity of the economy.
• Revenue receipt:
• Revenue receipts include all the income generated by the government through taxes and non-tax sources.
• Examples of tax revenue include income tax, corporate tax, GST, and customs duties.
• Non-tax revenue sources include fees, fines, dividends from public enterprises, and grants from foreign governments.
• Revenue receipts are used to finance revenue expenditure and do not create liabilities or reduce assets.
• Capital receipt:
• Capital receipts are funds raised by the government through loans, disinvestment, and recovery of loans.
• These receipts either create liabilities (such as borrowing) or result in a reduction of assets (such as selling public assets).
• Examples include issuing bonds, external loans, and proceeds from the sale of government-owned enterprises.
• Capital receipts are used to finance both capital and revenue expenditure.
• Key distinction:
• Revenue expenditure: Does not create assets and is recurring in nature.
• Capital expenditure: Creates assets and has long-term implications for economic growth.

Important Points

• Budget Classification:
• The government budget is divided into revenue budget (covering revenue receipts and revenue expenditure) and capital budget (covering capital receipts and capital expenditure).
• Both components are essential for ensuring economic stability and proper management of public finances.
• Examples of Revenue Expenditure:
• Payment of salaries and pensions to government employees.
• Subsidies on food, fertilizers, and petroleum products.
• Interest payments on government borrowings.
• Expenses on public administration, defense, and social welfare schemes.
• Fiscal Responsibility:
• The government aims to control revenue expenditure to avoid fiscal deficits and ensure efficient use of public funds.
• Excessive revenue expenditure can lead to inflation and debt accumulation, which may harm economic stability.

The correct answer is Prime Minister's Office.

Key Points

• The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was initially constituted under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) in 1991 as part of the economic liberalization reforms in India.
• The primary purpose of establishing the FIPB was to promote and facilitate foreign direct investment (FDI) in India by simplifying policies and procedures.
• The FIPB functioned as an inter-ministerial body and was responsible for processing FDI proposals that required government approval.
• It played a crucial role in reviewing and recommending FDI proposals to facilitate economic growth and attract foreign investment in key sectors.
• The FIPB was later abolished in 2017, and its functions were transferred to the concerned ministries and departments to streamline the approval process.

Additional Information

• Functions of the FIPB:
• The FIPB was responsible for processing FDI proposals requiring government approval and ensuring compliance with India's FDI policy.
• It acted as an advisory body to the government on matters relating to foreign investment, providing recommendations based on the economic and strategic importance of proposals.
• It aimed to ensure that foreign investments aligned with India's development goals and national interests.
• Abolition of the FIPB:
• The FIPB was abolished in May 2017 to promote the ease of doing business in India and to simplify the FDI approval process.
• After its abolition, the responsibility for granting FDI approvals was delegated to the respective ministries and departments of the Indian government.
• This move was part of the government's broader effort to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and attract more foreign investment.
• Prime Minister's Office (PMO):
• The PMO is the administrative office of the Prime Minister of India and serves as a central point for policy formulation and implementation.
• It oversees the functioning of key bodies, including those related to economic and investment matters, such as the FIPB.
• The PMO plays a vital role in coordinating between various ministries and departments to ensure smooth governance and implementation of policies.
• Impact of Economic Reforms in 1991:
• The economic reforms of 1991, also known as the Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms, marked a significant shift in India's economic policy.
• These reforms aimed to open up the Indian economy to foreign investment, reduce trade barriers, and promote industrial growth.
• The establishment of the FIPB was a key measure under these reforms to attract foreign investment and modernize India's economy.

Important Points

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
• Definition: FDI refers to investments made by a foreign entity into the business interests of another country, typically by acquiring ownership or controlling interest in a company.
• Importance: FDI brings in capital, technology, and expertise, contributing to economic development and job creation.
• FDI in India: India has emerged as a significant destination for FDI due to its large consumer market, skilled workforce, and favorable government policies.
• Economic Reforms of 1991:
• The reforms introduced measures such as removal of industrial licensing, reduction in import tariffs, and deregulation of industries.
• The reforms were initiated under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• The objective was to address the balance of payments crisis and to integrate the Indian economy with the global market.

The correct answer is 1995.

Key Points

• The Banking Ombudsman Scheme was first introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in the year 1995.
• This scheme was launched to provide an expeditious and inexpensive forum for addressing complaints by bank customers relating to deficiencies in banking services.
• The scheme aimed to enhance customer protection by resolving disputes between customers and banks in a structured manner.
• The Banking Ombudsman acts as an independent adjudicator to handle complaints regarding services provided by banks, such as delays, non-disbursement of loans, non-payment or delay in collection of cheques, and others.
• The scheme has undergone multiple revisions over the years to expand its coverage and include more services, the latest being the Integrated Ombudsman Scheme of 2021.

Additional Information

• Banking Ombudsman Scheme Evolution:
• The scheme was revised in 2002 to incorporate additional banking services and streamline the complaint redressal process.
• In 2006, the scheme was further simplified to make it more accessible to customers, including the introduction of an electronic complaint filing system.
• The Integrated Ombudsman Scheme launched in 2021 merged the Banking Ombudsman Scheme with other ombudsman schemes to create a unified structure for grievance redressal across financial institutions.
• Key Features of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme:
• The ombudsman handles complaints related to deficiency in banking services, such as non-payment or delay in issuing drafts, wrong debits, and misrepresentation of terms.
• The scheme covers both scheduled commercial banks and regional rural banks (RRBs).
• Complaints can be filed free of cost, and customers are not required to hire a lawyer or financial expert to represent them.
• Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021:
• This scheme integrates the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, NBFC Ombudsman Scheme, and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme into a single framework.
• The motto of this scheme is "One Nation, One Ombudsman", enabling customers to lodge complaints through a single portal regardless of the type of financial institution.
• It simplifies the grievance redressal process and ensures a more uniform and transparent mechanism.
• Important Points:
• The Banking Ombudsman is appointed by the Reserve Bank of India under Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• Customers can approach the ombudsman if their complaints are not resolved by the bank within 30 days of filing.
• The scheme ensures that disputes are resolved in a time-bound manner, typically within 30 days to 60 days.