General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is 1951.

Key Points

• The Gymnastics Federation of India was established in the year 1951.
• The federation operates as the national governing body for gymnastics in India and is responsible for the development and promotion of the sport across the country.
• It organizes various national-level gymnastics championships, training programs, and workshops to enhance the skills of gymnasts and coaches.
• India has been actively participating in international gymnastics events under the aegis of the Gymnastics Federation of India, which works in collaboration with the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG).
• Over the years, the federation has contributed to the growth of gymnastics as a competitive sport and has helped Indian gymnasts gain recognition on the global stage.

Additional Information

• International Gymnastics Federation (FIG):
• The International Gymnastics Federation, established in 1881, is the world governing body for gymnastics.
• It oversees various forms of gymnastics, including Artistic Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Trampoline, Aerobic Gymnastics, and Acrobatic Gymnastics.
• FIG organizes international gymnastics competitions, including the Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cups.
• Key Gymnastics Events:
• Major international events include the Olympic Games, World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, and Asian Gymnastics Championships.
• India has been participating in these events, showcasing the talent of Indian gymnasts on the global stage.
• Role of Gymnastics Federation of India:
• The Gymnastics Federation of India is responsible for selecting gymnasts to represent India in international competitions.
• It manages the training and development of gymnasts, providing them with access to facilities, coaches, and resources.
• It also works on strategies to promote gymnastics at the grassroots level in India.
• Notable Indian Gymnasts:
• Dipa Karmakar: First Indian female gymnast to qualify for the Olympics (2016 Rio Games).
• Her performance in the Produnova Vault brought international attention to Indian gymnastics.
• Other gymnasts include Rakesh Patra and Aruna Reddy, who have performed in international championships.

Important Points

• Gymnastics in India:
• Gymnastics is still in its developmental stage in India, compared to other sports.
• The Gymnastics Federation of India plays a crucial role in promoting the sport and ensuring India’s participation in international gymnastics events.
• Challenges in Gymnastics Development:
• Lack of adequate facilities and funding for gymnasts.
• The need for experienced coaches and international exposure to improve the performance of Indian gymnasts.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• Salkhan Fossil Park is located in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
• It is one of the most prominent fossil parks in the country, famous for its marine fossils that date back approximately 1.4 billion years.
• The fossil park showcases specimens from the Proterozoic Eon, making it a significant site for studying early life on Earth.
• The fossils primarily include stromatolites, which are layered sedimentary formations created by the activity of ancient cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
• Salkhan Fossil Park is a major site of interest for geologists, paleontologists, and tourists due to its unique and ancient fossilized formations.

Additional Information

• Proterozoic Eon:
• The Proterozoic Eon spans from approximately 2.5 billion years ago to 541 million years ago.
• It is characterized by the accumulation of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere, known as the Great Oxidation Event.
• Stromatolites, found in Salkhan Fossil Park, are among the most significant fossils from this era, providing evidence of early microbial life.
• Stromatolites:
• Stromatolites are layered structures formed by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria.
• They are considered one of the earliest records of life on Earth, dating back over 3.5 billion years.
• These formations are crucial for understanding the evolution of life and the Earth’s biosphere.
• Sonbhadra District:
• Sonbhadra is located in the southeastern part of Uttar Pradesh and is known as the “Energy Capital of India” due to its abundance of coal and thermal power plants.
• The district is rich in natural resources and has significant geological and archaeological importance.
• Importance of Fossil Parks:
• Fossil parks like Salkhan play a vital role in educating the public about Earth’s history and the evolution of life.
• They are also important for scientific research, helping to uncover details about ancient ecosystems and climatic conditions.
• Fossil parks contribute to geotourism, attracting tourists and boosting the local economy.

Important Points

• Geotourism:
• Geotourism is a form of tourism that focuses on a destination’s geology and landscape as the primary attractions.
• It promotes conservation and awareness of geological heritage while supporting sustainable economic development in local communities.
• Other Fossil Parks in India:
• Ghughua Fossil Park in Madhya Pradesh – Known for its plant fossils, including palm, neem, and date trees, dating back to the Eocene epoch.
• Akal Wood Fossil Park in Rajasthan – Contains fossilized tree trunks from approximately 180 million years ago.
• Significance of Fossils:
• Fossils provide crucial information about past life forms, environmental conditions, and evolutionary processes.
• They are used in biostratigraphy to date rock layers and understand the chronological sequence of Earth’s history.

The correct answer is January.

Key Points

• The World Athletics Cross Country Championships is a biennial event organized by World Athletics, aimed at promoting long-distance running.
• The upcoming 2026 World Athletics Cross Country Championships is scheduled to be held in the United States, marking a significant event for athletics in the country.
• The event will take place in the month of January 2026, aligning with the traditional timing of the championships, which usually occur in the early months of the year.
• This will be a historic occasion as it highlights USA’s growing influence in hosting international athletics events.
• The championships will feature multiple races, including individual and team competitions, for senior and junior categories.

Additional Information

• World Athletics Cross Country Championships:
• This championship was first held in 1973 and is one of the most prestigious events in the athletics calendar.
• It focuses on cross country running, which involves racing on natural terrains such as grass and dirt trails.
• The event includes races for both men and women, as well as junior-level competitions.
• Cross Country Running:
• Cross country running is a sport in which individuals or teams race on open-air courses over natural terrain.
• Races vary in length but typically range between 4 km and 12 km.
• It is known for its challenging routes, which may include obstacles such as hills, mud, and uneven surfaces.
• USA’s Role in Athletics:
• The USA has been a key player in global athletics, hosting major events such as the World Athletics Championships 2022 in Eugene, Oregon.
• Hosting the 2026 World Cross Country Championships further emphasizes the country’s commitment to promoting the sport.
• Significance of January Timing:
• January is a favorable month for cross country running as it avoids extreme weather conditions in most regions.
• The timing also aligns with the global athletics calendar, ensuring maximum participation from athletes worldwide.

Important Points

• Previous Hosts: The last World Athletics Cross Country Championships were held in Bathurst, Australia, in 2023.
• Notable Athletes: The event has seen participation from legendary runners like Kenenisa Bekele and Haile Gebrselassie, who have achieved remarkable victories in cross country running.
• Team Competitions: In addition to individual races, team scoring adds another layer of competition, with countries vying for top honors.
• Global Participation: Athletes from over 60 countries participate in this event, showcasing its global appeal and significance.

The correct answer is Founding of Khalsa Panth.

Key Points

• Baisakhi is one of the most significant festivals celebrated in Punjab and particularly in Chandigarh, marking the formation of the Khalsa Panth by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on April 13, 1699.
• The Khalsa Panth was founded to instill unity and courage among the Sikh community and to uphold the principles of righteousness and justice.
• On this day, Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated the Panj Pyare (The Five Beloved Ones), who symbolized the spirit of sacrifice and devotion to the Sikh faith.
• The festival also coincides with the traditional harvest festival in Punjab, marking the beginning of the harvesting season for crops like wheat.
• Sikhs visit Gurdwaras, participate in religious processions, and perform Kirtans and prayers, followed by community meals or langars.

Additional Information

• Significance of Khalsa Panth:
• The Khalsa represents purity and dedication to the Sikh faith. Members of the Khalsa Panth are expected to follow the Five Ks: Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (iron bracelet), Kanga (wooden comb), Kachera (cotton undergarments), and Kirpan (ceremonial sword).
• The initiation into Khalsa Panth is marked by the Amrit Sanchar ceremony, where individuals commit to the principles of Sikhism.
• Harvest Festival:
• Baisakhi is celebrated as a harvest festival in Punjab, marking the end of the Rabi crop season and the start of the new agricultural year.
• Farmers express gratitude to God for a good harvest and pray for prosperity in the coming year.
• Historical Context:
• The founding of the Khalsa Panth was a response to the persecution faced by Sikhs and other communities under oppressive regimes, particularly during the Mughal era.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji aimed to create a community of warriors and saints who would stand against injustice and protect the oppressed.
• Other Celebrations:
• Besides its religious significance, Baisakhi is celebrated with cultural activities like Bhangra and Gidda (traditional Punjabi dances).
• Fairs and processions are organized in various parts of Punjab and Chandigarh, attracting people from different communities.

Important Points

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The 10^th Sikh Guru, who played a pivotal role in shaping Sikhism and introduced the Khalsa tradition.
• Panj Pyare: The first five members of the Khalsa, representing the collective strength, unity, and commitment of the Sikh community.
• Harvest Connection: The festival aligns with the agricultural calendar, highlighting its importance in the agrarian society of Punjab.
• Global Observance: While primarily celebrated in India, Baisakhi is also observed by the Sikh diaspora worldwide, emphasizing its universal appeal within the Sikh faith.

The correct answer is To open various sectors of the economy.

Key Points

• Liberalisation under the New Economic Policy (1991) aimed to reduce government control over the economy and encourage private sector participation. The goal was to make the economy more globally competitive.
• The policy involved removing excessive restrictions, licenses, and quotas, enabling businesses to function more freely without extensive bureaucratic interference.
• The liberalisation measures focused on opening various sectors to foreign investment, encouraging private companies, and eliminating trade barriers such as excessive tariffs and import restrictions.
• The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1991 reduced the number of industries requiring compulsory licensing and allowed private participation in sectors previously reserved for the public sector.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was encouraged by easing regulations, enabling foreign companies to invest in industries like telecom, IT, and manufacturing, contributing to rapid economic growth.
• Liberalisation helped integrate India’s economy with the global economy, allowing Indian industries to compete on an international scale and attract foreign businesses and technologies.

Additional Information

• New Economic Policy of 1991:
• The New Economic Policy was introduced by the Government of India under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• It marked a paradigm shift in India’s economic strategy, moving away from protectionism towards liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation (LPG).
• Impact of Liberalisation:
• Liberalisation fostered economic growth by increasing competition and efficiency in industries.
• Encouraged the entry of multinational companies and facilitated access to advanced technologies.
• Created opportunities for employment, particularly in sectors like IT, telecom, and services.
• Foreign Trade Policy:
• Liberalisation reduced import tariffs and allowed easier import/export of goods.
• Enabled businesses to access global markets, expanding their scope and reducing dependency on domestic demand.
• Comparison with Other Economic Policies:
• Privatisation: Focused on transferring ownership from public to private entities to enhance efficiency and profitability.
• Globalisation: Aimed at integrating India’s economy with the world economy through trade, investment, and cultural exchange.

Important Points

• Sectoral Changes:
• Telecom: Liberalisation allowed private companies to enter the telecom sector, boosting connectivity and innovation.
• IT Industry: Liberalisation led to the rise of the IT sector, making India a global hub for software development and services.
• Manufacturing: Encouraged the entry of foreign companies, leading to better technologies and higher productivity.
• Challenges:
• Liberalisation led to increased competition, which posed challenges for smaller and domestic industries.
• Concerns over the uneven distribution of benefits, with urban areas benefiting more than rural areas.
• Economic reforms required balancing growth with social equity and environmental sustainability.

The correct answer is Battle of Plassey.

Key Points

• The Battle of Plassey took place on 23 June 1757 between the forces of the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah.
• The battle was fought near Plassey, located in present-day West Bengal, along the banks of the Bhagirathi River.
• The British East India Company secured a decisive victory due to the betrayal by Mir Jafar, the commander of Siraj-ud-Daulah's army, who sided with the British.
• This victory marked the beginning of British political dominance in India, as it paved the way for the establishment of British control over Bengal and later other parts of India.
• The Battle of Plassey is widely regarded as the first major victory of the British East India Company in India, setting the foundation for their empire in the subcontinent.

Additional Information

• Battle of Ambur:
• The Battle of Ambur was fought in 1749 between Anwaruddin Khan, the Nawab of Arcot, and the combined forces of Chanda Sahib and the French.
• It marked the beginning of French involvement in Indian politics but was not a major victory for the British East India Company.
• Battle of Wandiwash:
• The Battle of Wandiwash took place in 1760 between the British and the French during the Third Carnatic War.
• It was a significant victory for the British, leading to the end of French ambitions in India. However, this occurred after the Battle of Plassey.
• First Anglo-Maratha War:
• The First Anglo-Maratha War occurred between 1775 and 1782.
• The war ended with the Treaty of Salbai, and it was not a major victory for the British East India Company.
• Significance of the Battle of Plassey:
• The Battle of Plassey allowed the British East India Company to gain control of Bengal's immense wealth and resources, strengthening their position in India.
• It led to the installation of Mir Jafar as the puppet Nawab of Bengal, ensuring British dominance in the region.
• The revenue from Bengal helped the British finance their wars and expand their presence in other parts of India.

Important Points

• Robert Clive:
• Robert Clive, often called "Clive of India," was the British commander who led the forces during the Battle of Plassey.
• He played a crucial role in establishing British supremacy in India.
• Mir Jafar:
• Mir Jafar's betrayal of Siraj-ud-Daulah was instrumental in the British victory at Plassey.
• He was later installed as the Nawab of Bengal but remained under British influence.
• Economic Impact:
• The victory at Plassey provided the British East India Company access to Bengal's resources, including its lucrative trade routes and wealth.
• The Company began collecting taxes directly from Bengal, significantly boosting its financial strength.
• Political Impact:
• The battle marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India.
• The Company's influence expanded from Bengal to other parts of India, eventually leading to the establishment of the British Empire in India.

The correct answer is Ilbert Bill of 1883.

Key Points

• The Ilbert Bill was introduced in 1883 by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, the Law Member of the Viceroy's Council during the tenure of Lord Ripon, the then Viceroy of India.
• This bill proposed to allow Indian judges to preside over cases involving British and other European subjects in India, ensuring judicial equality.
• The bill aimed to abolish racial discrimination in the Indian judicial system and was a major step toward legal equality between Indians and Europeans.
• However, the bill faced strong opposition from the European community in India, who saw it as a threat to their privileged position.
• Due to the backlash, the bill was amended, which led to a compromise. The amended version allowed European subjects to request a jury with at least half of its members being Europeans.

Additional Information

• Background of the Ilbert Bill:
• Before the Ilbert Bill, the judicial system in India was highly biased, with British subjects being tried only by British judges.
• The bill was part of Lord Ripon’s broader vision of liberal reforms and efforts to grant Indians more authority in governance.
• Impact of Opposition:
• The opposition to the Ilbert Bill highlighted the deep-seated racial prejudices among the European settlers in India.
• The agitation against the bill reinforced the divide between Indians and Europeans, leading to a greater nationalistic awakening among Indians.
• Lord Ripon’s Legacy:
• Lord Ripon is remembered as the “Father of Local Self-Government in India” for his efforts to empower Indians in administrative roles.
• Other notable reforms during his tenure include the reduction of press restrictions and the introduction of local self-governance.
• Significance of the Ilbert Bill:
• The Ilbert Bill controversy was a pivotal moment in Indian history, as it exposed the discriminatory policies of the British and inspired early nationalist movements.
• It also encouraged Indians to fight for equality and self-governance through organized efforts.

Important Points

• Regulating Act of 1773:
• This act established the Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta and marked the beginning of the British judiciary in India.
• It did not address the issue of judicial equality between Indians and Europeans.
• Pitt’s India Act of 1784:
• This act primarily dealt with the administrative control of the East India Company and did not involve judicial reforms.
• Indian Councils Act of 1892:
• This act was aimed at expanding the legislative councils and increasing Indian participation in governance but had no relevance to judicial matters.

The correct answer is 18 percent.

Key Points

• In 1991, the Indian rupee was devalued in two stages to address the severe balance of payments (BoP) crisis.
• The cumulative devaluation of the rupee was approximately 18 percent in USD terms. This was undertaken to stabilize the economy.
• The devaluation was implemented under the leadership of then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• The move was part of a broader economic reform package aimed at liberalizing the Indian economy and moving towards a market-driven exchange rate system.
• This decision was crucial in restoring investor confidence and attracting foreign capital, thereby averting a financial crisis.

Additional Information

• Background of the 1991 Economic Crisis:
• India faced a severe BoP crisis in 1991 due to dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising imports, and falling exports.
• Foreign reserves were so low that they could barely cover three weeks of imports.
• The Gulf War of 1990–1991 aggravated the crisis by increasing oil prices and reducing remittances from Indian workers in the Gulf region.
• Steps Taken During the Crisis:
• India secured loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but these were conditional on implementing structural reforms.
• The government initiated the Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms to open up the economy.
• The devaluation of the rupee was a key measure to make Indian exports more competitive and reduce the trade deficit.
• Impact of the Rupee Devaluation:
• The devaluation boosted exports by making Indian goods cheaper in international markets.
• It helped in stabilizing foreign reserves and restoring macroeconomic stability.
• The move also paved the way for long-term economic reforms, transforming India into a market-driven economy.
• Key Figures Behind the Reforms:
• P.V. Narasimha Rao: As the Prime Minister, he spearheaded the economic reforms and provided political backing.
• Dr. Manmohan Singh: As the Finance Minister, he played a pivotal role in formulating and implementing the reforms.

Important Points

• Devaluation Process:
• The first stage of devaluation occurred on July 1, 1991, when the rupee was devalued by approximately 9 percent.
• The second stage followed on July 3, 1991, with an additional devaluation of around 9 percent.
• Exchange Rate Changes:
• Before devaluation, the exchange rate was approximately 17.90 INR/USD.
• After the devaluation, it increased to around 23 INR/USD, reflecting an 18 percent cumulative change.
• IMF Loan Conditions:
• The devaluation was a precondition for receiving financial assistance from the IMF.
• Other conditions included fiscal discipline, reduction in subsidies, and promotion of foreign investment.

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• Legislative Council is the upper house in states with a bicameral legislature, while the Legislative Assembly is the lower house.
• Currently, only six Indian states have a Legislative Council: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka.
• Rajasthan does not have a Legislative Council and follows a unicameral legislative system, with only a Legislative Assembly.
• The Legislative Councils in states are established under Article 169 of the Indian Constitution.
• Creating or abolishing a Legislative Council requires a resolution passed by the Legislative Assembly of the state, followed by a parliamentary approval.

Additional Information

• Legislative Council in India:
• The Legislative Council is also known as the Vidhan Parishad, and its members are called MLCs (Members of Legislative Council).
• The members of the Council are elected, nominated, or appointed through various methods such as elections by Legislative Assembly members, graduates, teachers, and local authorities.
• It serves as a revising chamber for bills passed by the Legislative Assembly and also provides expertise on policy matters.
• Unicameral and Bicameral Legislature:
• Unicameral legislature refers to states with only one legislative body, the Legislative Assembly.
• Bicameral legislature includes states with two houses: the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.
• Examples of bicameral states include Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra, while states like Rajasthan follow a unicameral structure.
• Article 169 of the Indian Constitution:
• This article provides the procedure for creating or abolishing the Legislative Council in a state.
• A state assembly must pass a resolution by a special majority (two-thirds of members present and voting) to initiate this process.
• The Parliament then enacts a law for the creation or abolition of the Legislative Council.
• Historical Context:
• Initially, several states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and West Bengal had Legislative Councils, but they were later abolished due to financial and administrative concerns.
• The abolition of Legislative Councils is often debated due to concerns over their effectiveness and necessity.

Important Points

• Structure of State Legislature:
• The Constitution of India allows states to choose between a unicameral and bicameral legislative system.
• States with a unicameral system only have a Legislative Assembly, which handles law-making and governance.
• Bicameral states have an additional house, the Legislative Council, which functions similarly to the Rajya Sabha at the national level.
• Advantages of Legislative Council:
• Provides a platform for experienced individuals to contribute to law-making without contesting elections.
• Serves as a check and balance mechanism for bills passed by the Legislative Assembly.
• Facilitates representation for specific groups such as teachers and graduates.
• Disadvantages of Legislative Council:
• Often criticized for being redundant and delaying legislative processes.
• Involves additional financial burdens on the state government.
• Its necessity and functionality are debated, especially in states with limited financial resources.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Article 253 of the Indian Constitution is located in Part XI, which deals with the relations between the Union and the States. Hence, statement I is correct.
• It empowers Parliament to make laws for the entire country or any part of it to implement international treaties, agreements, or conventions. Hence, statement II is correct.
• This article allows the Parliament to legislate even on subjects in the State List, if required to fulfill international obligations.
• The legislative power under Article 253 is derived from the principle of federal flexibility in India’s Constitution.
• Examples include laws made to fulfill obligations under international agreements like the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) or treaties related to human rights.

Additional Information

• Part XI of the Indian Constitution:
• Part XI deals with the distribution of legislative and administrative powers between the Union and the States.
• It includes Articles 245 to 263, covering topics such as the extent of laws made by Parliament and state legislatures and coordination between the Union and States.
• Article 253 is located within this part and highlights the flexibility of legislative powers for international obligations.
• International Treaties and Agreements:
• India, as a signatory to several international conventions, requires domestic laws to ensure compliance.
• Examples include the Environmental Protection Act (1986) implemented to fulfill obligations under international environmental agreements.
• Parliament can make laws on subjects in the State List to meet these obligations under Article 253.
• Federal Flexibility:
• The Indian Constitution is characterized by a strong center, allowing the Union Parliament to legislate on subjects normally reserved for states in certain situations.
• Such flexibility ensures effective governance and compliance with international obligations.
• Important Examples:
• The Protection of Human Rights Act, enacted to comply with international human rights treaties.
• Legislation related to climate change like the Energy Conservation Act aligns with global agreements like the Paris Agreement.

Important Points

• Legislative Competence:
• Under Article 253, Parliament holds the authority to legislate on any subject, including those under the State List, to give effect to international agreements.
• This does not require prior approval from state legislatures, showcasing India’s unitary tilt in certain aspects of federalism.
• Key Examples:
• The Atomic Energy Act (1962) was enacted to fulfill obligations under international treaties concerning the peaceful use of atomic energy.
• The Foreign Trade Act (1992) was implemented in response to global trade agreements.
• Judicial Interpretation:
• Indian courts have upheld the legislative power of Parliament under Article 253 in cases like Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel v. Union of India (1969).
• This reinforces the principle that Parliament can legislate on state subjects to fulfill international obligations.

The correct answer is Haryana.

Key Points

• Vijender Singh, an Olympic bronze medallist boxer, hails from the state of Haryana in India.
• He is a professional boxer who made history by becoming the first Indian boxer to win an Olympic medal in boxing at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
• Vijender Singh was born in Kaluwas village, Bhiwani district, Haryana, which is known as the hub of boxing in India and has produced several successful boxers.
• He has contributed immensely to popularizing boxing in India and has inspired many young athletes from Haryana to take up the sport professionally.
• The state of Haryana has a rich legacy in sports and has produced numerous athletes who have excelled at the national and international levels.

Additional Information

• Haryana’s Contribution to Sports:
• Haryana is known for its sports culture and has a significant number of sports facilities and training centers.
• The state boasts of producing athletes in various disciplines like boxing, wrestling, hockey, kabaddi, and athletics.
• Notable athletes from Haryana include Sakshi Malik (Olympic wrestler), Neeraj Chopra (Olympic javelin throw gold medallist), and Rani Rampal (former Indian hockey captain).
• Olympic Achievements of Vijender Singh:
• Vijender Singh won the bronze medal in the middleweight category at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
• He also represented India in several other international competitions, including the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games.
• He was honored with prestigious awards like the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Padma Shri.
• Boxing in Haryana:
• The Bhiwani Boxing Club in Haryana is regarded as the breeding ground for talented Indian boxers.
• It has produced many international-level boxers, including Vijender Singh and Akhil Kumar.
• The club has modern facilities and training programs that help athletes achieve excellence.
• Recognition and Impact:
• Vijender Singh’s Olympic medal brought immense recognition to Indian boxing and motivated young aspirants to take up the sport.
• His achievements have led to increased support and funding for boxing infrastructure in India, especially in Haryana.
• He transitioned into professional boxing in 2015 and has been successful in the international arena.

The correct answer is expanding social security coverage.

Key Points

• SPREE 2025 is a special initiative launched under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Act to enhance and expand social security coverage for workers.
• The scheme aims to bring more workers, especially those in the unorganized sector, under the ambit of the ESI scheme, ensuring access to benefits like healthcare, sickness benefits, maternity benefits, and disability compensation.
• The initiative focuses on ensuring that a broader section of the workforce benefits from social security measures, which include medical care and financial assistance during contingencies.
• Through SPREE 2025, efforts are being made to increase registrations of establishments and employees under the ESI Act, thus enabling access to better social protection mechanisms.
• The program aligns with the government’s broader goal of achieving inclusive growth and ensuring the welfare of workers by providing them with a secure safety net.

Additional Information

• Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Act:
• The ESI Act was enacted in 1948 to provide social security to workers in case of sickness, maternity, injury, or death due to employment-related injuries.
• It applies to establishments with more than 10 employees in specific industries, including factories and other notified sectors.
• Under the Act, covered employees and employers contribute a percentage of wages to the ESI fund, which is used to provide benefits.
• Social Security Coverage in India:
• Social security schemes in India aim to provide a safety net for workers, especially in times of financial or medical emergencies.
• Other major schemes include the Atal Pension Yojana (APY), PM-SYM, and National Pension Scheme (NPS).
• These schemes cover aspects like retirement benefits, health insurance, and disability benefits.
• Unorganized Sector Workforce:
• India has over 42 crore workers in the unorganized sector, which constitutes a significant portion of the total workforce.
• Efforts like SPREE 2025 aim to formalize employment and extend benefits to these workers, ensuring better job security and social welfare.
• Key Benefits of ESI Scheme:
• Medical Benefits: Free medical care to insured persons and their families.
• Sickness Benefits: Cash compensation during certified periods of sickness.
• Maternity Benefits: Paid leave during pregnancy or childbirth.
• Disability Benefits: Compensation for temporary or permanent physical disability.

Important Points

• SPREE 2025: It focuses specifically on enhancing the reach of the ESI scheme and ensuring benefits reach a greater number of employees.
• Eligibility: The ESI Act applies to employees earning less than a specified wage limit (currently ₹21,000 per month).
• Implementation: The initiative is being executed by Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), which oversees the administration of the ESI scheme.
• Future Goals: SPREE 2025 aims to achieve universal social security coverage for all workers, including those in informal sectors, by the year 2025.

The correct answer is Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai.

Key Points

• Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai was appointed as the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in May 2025. He succeeded the outgoing Chief Justice, as per the established system of seniority in the Supreme Court of India.
• Justice Gavai, born on 24 November 1960, hails from Nagpur, Maharashtra, and has had an illustrious career in the Indian judiciary.
• He was elevated to the Supreme Court of India on 24 May 2019 and has contributed significantly to various landmark judgments during his tenure.
• Justice Gavai became the second Chief Justice of India from the Scheduled Caste community, following Justice K.G. Balakrishnan.
• His tenure as the 50^th Chief Justice of India is expected to focus on furthering judicial reforms and ensuring timely justice delivery.

Additional Information

• Chief Justice of India (CJI):
• The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court of India, the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India.
• The CJI is appointed by the President of India based on the principle of seniority among the judges of the Supreme Court.
• The CJI plays a crucial role in allocating cases to judges and managing the overall functioning of the judiciary in India.
• The tenure of the CJI depends on the age of retirement, which is 65 years for Supreme Court judges.
• Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai's Early Career:
• Justice Gavai started his legal practice in 1985 at the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court.
• He was appointed as a Judge of the Bombay High Court on 14 November 2003.
• He served as the acting Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court before being elevated to the Supreme Court of India.
• Notable Judgments by Justice Gavai:
• Justice Gavai has been part of key judgments related to constitutional law, criminal law, and civil rights.
• One of his important contributions includes rulings on environmental protection and addressing issues of public interest.
• Importance of the Chief Justice of India:
• The CJI ensures the independence of the judiciary and upholds the Constitution of India.
• The CJI also advises the President in judicial appointments and other significant matters under Article 124(2) of the Indian Constitution.
• He/she has the responsibility of maintaining the highest standards of judicial ethics and integrity.

Important Points

• Judicial Appointments:
• The appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts is governed by the Collegium System, which consists of the CJI and a group of senior judges.
• This system ensures transparency and merit-based selection of judges.
• Scheduled Caste Representation:
• Justice Gavai's appointment as the CJI underscores the importance of inclusivity and representation of marginalized communities in the judiciary.
• It highlights the judiciary's commitment to diversity and equal opportunities.
• Judicial Reforms:
• Justice Gavai's tenure is expected to focus on reducing case pendency and improving the efficiency of the judicial system.
• He is likely to emphasize the use of technology in courts to enhance accessibility and transparency.

The correct answer is Bharat Ratna.

Key Points

• Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, instituted on 2 January 1954. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavor.
• Former Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024 for his outstanding contribution to Indian politics and economic reforms.
• P.V. Narasimha Rao, often referred to as the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms," is credited with initiating the 1991 economic liberalization reforms that transformed India's economy.
• The Bharat Ratna is conferred without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex, and recipients receive a certificate (Sanad) signed by the President and a medallion in the shape of a peepal leaf.
• The award does not carry any monetary grant, but it is regarded as the highest honor in India, symbolizing immense prestige and recognition.

Additional Information

• P.V. Narasimha Rao's Contributions:
• P.V. Narasimha Rao served as the 9^th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996, leading the country during a time of economic crisis.
• He is credited with introducing economic liberalization policies in 1991, which included measures like reducing trade barriers, deregulating industries, and encouraging foreign investment.
• Rao also focused on improving India's foreign relations and strengthening ties with nations like the U.S., China, and Israel.
• He was a polyglot and a scholar, fluent in 17 languages, and he made significant contributions to Indian literature and culture.
• Other Civilian Awards in India:
• Padma Vibhushan: The second-highest civilian award, given for exceptional and distinguished service in any field, including service rendered by government employees.
• Padma Bhushan: The third-highest civilian award, awarded for distinguished service of high order in any field.
• Padma Shri: The fourth-highest civilian award, awarded for distinguished service in any field, with an emphasis on grassroots achievements.
• Notable Bharat Ratna Recipients:
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Awarded posthumously in 1990 for his contributions to the Constitution of India and social reforms.
• Mother Teresa: Awarded in 1980 for her humanitarian work and dedication to the poor and sick.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Awarded in 2015 for his contributions as a statesman and leader of India.
• Selection Process for Bharat Ratna:
• The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India, and a maximum of three awards can be conferred in a given year.
• The recipients are announced in the Republic Day honors list, and the award ceremony is held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Important Points

• The Bharat Ratna medallion does not have any monetary reward, but the recipients enjoy lifetime free travel on Indian Railways and airlines.
• The award cannot be used as a title or prefix by the recipients, as per the Constitution of India.
• A total of 48 individuals (as of 2024) have been conferred with the Bharat Ratna since its inception.
• The first recipients of Bharat Ratna in 1954 were C. Rajagopalachari, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C.V. Raman.

The correct answer is Varanasi.

Key Points

• Varanasi is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
• The city is widely recognized as the spiritual capital of India, attracting pilgrims and seekers from across the globe.
• Varanasi is famous for its Ghats along the Ganga River, where rituals, prayers, and spiritual practices are performed daily.
• Several summits and events focusing on spiritual awakening and youth engagement have been held in Varanasi due to its deep-rooted connection with spirituality and enlightenment.
• The Youth Spiritual Summit in July 2025 culminated in Varanasi, resonating with the city's profound significance in promoting spirituality and cultural heritage.

Additional Information

• Varanasi's Historical Importance:
• Varanasi is believed to have been founded by Lord Shiva, making it a sacred city in Hindu mythology.
• The city has been a center for education, spirituality, and culture since ancient times, with institutions like BHU (Banaras Hindu University) playing pivotal roles.
• It has been mentioned in several texts like the Rigveda, Mahabharata, and Ramayana, reflecting its spiritual significance.
• Spiritual Significance of Varanasi:
• The city is often referred to as the "City of Temples", with thousands of temples including the famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple.
• Varanasi is also known for its holy rituals along the Ganga River, such as the Ganga Aarti, which attracts devotees and tourists alike.
• It is considered a place for ultimate liberation (Moksha) in Hindu belief.
• Other Cities in the Options:
• Surat: Known as the "Diamond City" of India, located in Gujarat, it is an industrial hub but less significant for spiritual summits.
• Ujjain: A historical city in Madhya Pradesh famous for the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, but not the venue for the Youth Spiritual Summit in 2025.
• Madurai: A city in Tamil Nadu known for its Meenakshi Temple, but not related to the mentioned summit.
• Cultural Events in Varanasi:
• Varanasi hosts several spiritual and cultural events, such as the Dev Deepawali and International Yoga Day Celebrations.
• It is often chosen as the venue for summits and events aimed at promoting spiritual awareness among youth.

Important Points

• Strategic Significance of Varanasi:
• Varanasi has been a focal point for spiritual tourism, contributing significantly to India's cultural economy.
• Its selection for the Youth Spiritual Summit underscores the city's reputation as a hub for spiritual learning and enlightenment.
• Role of Spiritual Summits:
• Events like the Youth Spiritual Summit aim to engage young minds with age-old traditions and philosophies.
• Such summits help revitalize interest in India's rich spiritual heritage and promote global cultural exchange.

The correct answer is Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.

Key Points

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 was introduced by the Government of India to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, which had been in existence for over 160 years.
• The Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 was enacted during the colonial era under British rule by Lord Macaulay. It was considered outdated and needed reforms to align with the current socio-legal landscape.
• The BNS, 2023 aims to modernize the criminal justice system in India, addressing issues such as gender justice, cybercrime, organized crime, and terrorism, which were inadequately covered under the IPC.
• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita focuses on a victim-centric approach and emphasizes speedy trials, simplification of legal processes, and enhanced accountability of law enforcement agencies.
• The introduction of the BNS, 2023 is part of a broader effort to reform criminal laws in India, including the replacement of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Indian Evidence Act with new legislations.

Additional Information

• Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860:
• Drafted by Lord Macaulay and implemented in 1860, the IPC was the primary criminal code of India.
• It covered offenses such as theft, murder, assault, and fraud, but lacked provisions for modern crimes like cybercrime and human trafficking.
• Despite amendments, the IPC was considered rigid and insufficient to address contemporary challenges.
• Key Features of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023:
• Focuses on gender justice by strengthening laws related to sexual offenses and crimes against women.
• Incorporates provisions to combat cybercrime, terrorism, and organized crime.
• Ensures faster trials through streamlined procedures and enhanced judicial accountability.
• Promotes victim-centric justice and aims to reduce delays in the criminal justice system.
• Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023:
• This legislation replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, providing updated rules for evidence admissibility.
• Focuses on the use of digital evidence and modern technologies in investigations and trials.
• Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023:
• It replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, modernizing procedural aspects of the criminal justice system.
• Includes provisions for alternative dispute resolution and enhances the accountability of investigating officers.

Important Points

• Need for Criminal Law Reform:
• The colonial-era laws like IPC, CrPC, and Indian Evidence Act were designed to serve British administrative interests and lacked a focus on citizen-centric justice.
• Growing instances of modern crimes like online fraud, cyberbullying, and terrorism necessitated new legal frameworks.
• The reforms aim to align India’s criminal laws with its constitutional values and international commitments.
• Implementation:
• The new laws will be implemented gradually to ensure a smooth transition from the old legal system.
• Training programs for judicial officers and law enforcement personnel are being conducted to familiarize them with the new provisions.

The correct answer is Institute for Competitiveness.

Key Points

• The India Innovation Index is a report released by NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness.
• The index evaluates and ranks states and union territories in India based on their innovation performance across various parameters such as human capital, investment, knowledge output, and business environment.
• The Institute for Competitiveness is a leading academic, research, and policy-based institution in India. It is dedicated to enhancing the country’s competitiveness by fostering innovation and productivity.
• The India Innovation Index aims to provide a comprehensive framework to measure innovation at the state level, identify challenges, and recommend strategies to enhance innovation-driven growth.
• The most recent edition of the index was published in 2021, with states categorized into groups such as Major States, North-East and Hill States, and Union Territories/City States, for fair comparison.

Additional Information

• Institute for Competitiveness:
• Founded in India and associated with global competitiveness initiatives.
• Focuses on areas such as innovation, strategy, economic prosperity, and competitiveness.
• Works collaboratively with policymakers, businesses, and academia to identify challenges and opportunities for economic development.
• The institute is an affiliate of the Microeconomics of Competitiveness program at Harvard Business School.
• India Innovation Index:
• Developed to measure the innovation ecosystem within Indian states and union territories.
• Considers 70+ parameters including research output, patents filed, infrastructure, and industry linkages.
• Helps policymakers understand the strengths and weaknesses of their regions in innovation.
• Encourages states to adopt best practices and align their policies for fostering innovation.
• Role of NITI Aayog:
• Established in 2015, replacing the Planning Commission, it functions as a policy think tank for the Government of India.
• Plays a central role in designing and implementing initiatives aimed at economic growth, inclusive development, and innovation.
• It actively collaborates with international and domestic organizations to achieve its objectives.
• Other Contributors to Innovation:
• Organizations like CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) and Ministry of Education also play key roles in fostering innovation in India.
• These bodies are involved in funding research, establishing educational institutions, and promoting scientific and technological advancements.

Important Points

• India Innovation Index 2021 Highlights:
• Karnataka topped the list among Major States for its robust innovation ecosystem.
• Manipur led the North-East and Hill States category, while Chandigarh ranked highest among Union Territories and City-States.
• The index highlights areas requiring improvement, such as research and development expenditure, quality of education, and infrastructure.
• Significance of Innovation:
• Drives economic growth, improves productivity, and enhances the quality of life.
• Essential for achieving self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) and global competitiveness.
• Encourages investment in science, technology, and research, fostering sustainable development.

The correct answer is Kolkata.

Key Points

• The National Landslide Forecasting Centre (NLFC) was inaugurated in July 2024 in Kolkata, India, aiming to address the increasing risks and damages caused by landslides in hilly and mountainous regions of India.
• The centre is a collaborative effort of the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), focusing on precise and real-time forecasting of landslides.
• Kolkata was chosen as the location for the centre due to its strategic proximity to vulnerable regions in the eastern and northeastern states of India, where landslides are common due to heavy rainfall and unstable terrain.
• The NLFC leverages advanced technologies like satellite imagery, artificial intelligence (AI), and geological surveys to predict landslides and mitigate their impact.
• The establishment of this centre is a part of India's broader strategy to improve disaster risk reduction and ensure better preparedness in the face of natural calamities.

Additional Information

• National Landslide Forecasting Centre (NLFC):
• The NLFC is the first centre in India dedicated to forecasting landslides, which are a significant geological hazard in hilly regions.
• It uses data from remote sensing satellites, seismic activity monitoring, and meteorological observations to predict landslides.
• The centre aims to provide early warning systems to reduce loss of life and property in disaster-prone areas.
• Landslides in India:
• Landslides are common in regions like the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and Northeastern states, often triggered by heavy rainfall, deforestation, and unplanned construction activities.
• Major landslide-prone states include Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Kerala.
• Notable landslide events include the Malin landslide in Maharashtra (2014) and the Chamoli disaster in Uttarakhand (2021).
• Technologies for Landslide Forecasting:
• Advanced tools like LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) are used for landslide mapping and analysis.
• Machine learning algorithms help identify patterns and improve the accuracy of landslide predictions.
• Disaster Risk Reduction in India:
• India has established various institutions like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and state-level disaster management agencies to address natural disasters.
• Efforts like the National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM) project aim to map and assess landslide risks across the country.

Important Points

• Causes of Landslides:
• Natural factors: Heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and snowmelt.
• Human-induced factors: Deforestation, mining, construction, and improper land use.
• Government Initiatives:
• The National Policy on Disaster Management (2009) emphasizes a proactive approach to disaster preparedness and mitigation.
• Projects like the FLOODNET and DRIP (Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project) are aimed at reducing disaster risks in India.
• Impact of Landslides:
• Landslides cause significant damage to infrastructure, human lives, and ecosystems.
• They also disrupt transportation, agriculture, and the economy in affected regions.

The correct answer is 29.

Key Points

• The Aravalli Green Wall Project aims to address environmental degradation and desertification by increasing the green cover in the regions surrounding the Aravalli Range.
• The project focuses on spreading green cover across the buffer areas of 29 districts in four states: Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Delhi.
• It is a part of India's effort to meet its commitments under the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and to achieve the goals of sustainable development.
• The initiative includes activities such as afforestation, reforestation, soil conservation, and water harvesting to restore ecological balance.
• It also targets combating land degradation, improving biodiversity, and reducing the adverse effects of climate change in these regions.

Additional Information

• Aravalli Range Overview:
• The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, stretching across the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, and Delhi.
• The range plays a crucial role in regulating the climate, preventing desertification, and maintaining ecological balance in the region.
• It acts as a natural barrier to the spread of the Thar Desert towards the fertile plains of northern India.
• Challenges in the Aravalli Region:
• Deforestation and illegal mining have led to land degradation and loss of biodiversity in the region.
• Urbanization and industrialization have further exacerbated the problem of desertification and environmental degradation.
• Government Initiatives:
• The National Afforestation Programme (NAP) and the Green India Mission are key initiatives aimed at increasing forest and tree cover across India, including the Aravalli region.
• The Compensatory Afforestation Programme under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) also supports afforestation in degraded areas.
• Role of UNCCD:
• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, which aims to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through international cooperation.
• The Aravalli Green Wall Project aligns with India's commitment to achieving land degradation neutrality by 2030 under the UNCCD framework.

Important Points

• Significance of the Aravalli Green Wall Project:
• It helps in improving soil fertility and water retention capacity in the region.
• The project contributes to carbon sequestration and helps in mitigating climate change impacts.
• It promotes sustainable livelihoods for local communities through eco-tourism, agroforestry, and other initiatives.
• International Context:
• The project is part of India's efforts to achieve the goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
• It aligns with global initiatives such as the Bonn Challenge and the Paris Agreement on climate change.

The correct answer is Nichukoni-geet.

Key Points

• Nichukoni-geet is a type of lullaby song in Assamese culture. It is specifically sung by mothers or caretakers to soothe and lull children to sleep.
• The word "Nichukoni" itself is associated with the act of putting a child to sleep, making it highly relevant to the concept of lullabies.
• This genre of songs is typically composed of soft and melodious tunes that are calming, which is a characteristic feature of lullabies.
• Unlike festive songs like Bihu-geet or nature-inspired songs like Bon-geet, Nichukoni-geet serves a functional purpose in the daily lives of Assamese families.
• It is deeply rooted in Assamese folk traditions and reflects the emotional bond between a mother and her child.

Additional Information

• Bihu-geet:
• Bihu-geet is a genre of traditional Assamese folk songs associated with the Bihu festival, which marks the Assamese New Year.
• These songs are characterized by their lively and celebratory nature, often accompanied by traditional dance forms.
• They are not related to lullabies but are instead performed during social and festive gatherings.
• Bon-geet:
• Bon-geet, or "forest songs," are inspired by nature and typically reflect the beauty of forests and the natural surroundings of Assam.
• These songs are more poetic and contemplative in nature rather than functional like lullabies.
• Biyanaam:
• Biyanaam refers to traditional wedding songs sung during Assamese marriage ceremonies.
• Their themes revolve around rituals, emotions, and blessings related to marriage, making them unrelated to lullabies.
• Characteristics of Lullabies:
• Lullabies like Nichukoni-geet are characterized by their soft, repetitive, and soothing melodies aimed at calming babies or young children.
• They often incorporate themes of love, care, and protection, reflecting the intimate bond between the singer and the child.

Important Points

• In Assamese culture, lullabies like Nichukoni-geet play an important role in nurturing emotional connections within families.
• They also serve as a means of cultural preservation, as these songs often carry regional dialects, traditional values, and folklore.
• Lullabies are universal across cultures, but their specific forms and styles are deeply influenced by local traditions and languages.