General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is 32 million.

Key Points

• As per the data released by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), India, in September 2024, the estimated number of Indians residing abroad, including Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), is approximately 32 million.
• This includes Indians living in countries across continents such as the United States, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and other nations.
• The figure represents a mix of Indians who have either migrated for work, education, or permanent settlement and those who maintain Indian citizenship but reside abroad temporarily.
• The MEA consistently updates this figure through consultations with embassies, consulates, and official surveys conducted worldwide.
• These individuals contribute significantly to India’s economy through remittances, which stood at a record high of $111 billion in 2023, making India the world’s largest recipient of remittances.

Additional Information

• Non-Resident Indians (NRIs):
• An NRI is an Indian citizen who resides outside India for employment, education, or other purposes for an indefinite period.
• NRIs retain their Indian citizenship but are typically subject to specific tax regulations under the Income Tax Act, 1961.
• They contribute significantly to the Indian economy through foreign direct investments (FDIs) and remittances.
• Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs):
• OCIs are individuals of Indian origin who hold citizenship in another country but are granted certain privileges in India, such as visa-free travel and the ability to own property.
• The OCI card was introduced under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005, to strengthen ties between India and its diaspora.
• OCIs are not allowed to vote or hold constitutional office in India.
• Indian Diaspora:
• The Indian diaspora is the largest in the world, with members spread across more than 200 countries.
• Key regions of settlement include the Middle East (especially GCC countries), North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia.
• They are known for their contributions to local economies and their role in enhancing India’s soft power globally.
• Remittances to India:
• India received a record $111 billion in remittances in 2023, accounting for approximately 3% of its GDP.
• The major sources of remittances include the United States, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and the UK.
• This financial inflow helps India maintain a stable current account balance and supports rural households significantly.
• MEA Initiatives for Indians Abroad:
• The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, celebrated annually, recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s development.
• The e-Migrate system ensures the safety and welfare of Indian workers migrating to other countries for employment.
• The Vande Bharat Mission was launched to repatriate Indians stranded abroad during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The correct answer is 7 high focus states.

Key Points

• Mission Parivar Vikas was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2016 to address the high fertility rate in certain regions of India.
• The initiative was initially focused on 7 high focus states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Assam.
• These states were identified due to their high Total Fertility Rate (TFR), which was significantly above the national average.
• The program aimed to accelerate access to family planning services and reduce the TFR to the replacement level of 2.1.
• Key strategies included improving contraceptive distribution, increasing awareness, and enhancing healthcare infrastructure in these high-focus states.

Additional Information

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
• TFR refers to the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (15-49 years).
• The national goal is to achieve a TFR of 2.1, which is the replacement level fertility ensuring population stabilization.
• High Focus States:
• The 7 high focus states account for nearly 50% of India’s population and contribute significantly to maternal and child health challenges.
• These states face challenges like low contraceptive prevalence, high unmet need for family planning, and socio-cultural barriers.
• Interventions under Mission Parivar Vikas:
• Rollout of new contraceptives like Antara (injectable) and Chhaya (pills).
• Strengthening family planning counseling and services through Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs).
• Improving access to sterilization services by organizing camps and ensuring adequate facilities.
• Outcome Goals:
• Reduction in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR).
• Improvement in awareness and adoption of family planning methods among eligible couples.

Important Points

• Contraceptive Methods:
• New contraceptive choices like injectable contraceptive Antara and Chhaya pills were introduced under Mission Parivar Vikas.
• Emphasis was laid on postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) and sterilization services.
• Innovative Approaches:
• Special family planning campaigns were conducted to generate demand and awareness.
• High focus districts were provided with dedicated family planning logistics and improved healthcare infrastructure.
• Achievements:
• Significant improvement in contraceptive use and reduction in TFR in targeted districts.
• Enhanced access to quality healthcare services in rural and underserved areas.

The correct answer is Red blood cells.

Key Points

• Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment found exclusively in red blood cells (RBCs) in humans. It is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
• Red blood cells are specialized cells that lack a nucleus in their mature form, allowing more space for haemoglobin molecules.
• Haemoglobin is a protein containing iron that binds to oxygen, forming oxyhaemoglobin, which is transported to various parts of the body.
• RBCs are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before being broken down in the liver and spleen.
• The presence of haemoglobin gives RBCs their distinctive red color and plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s oxygen supply.

Additional Information

• Blood Platelets:
• Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
• They do not contain haemoglobin and their primary function is to prevent excessive bleeding by forming clots at injury sites.
• Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 7-10 days.
• They play a critical role in wound healing and maintaining vascular integrity.
• Monocytes:
• Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) involved in immune responses.
• They do not contain haemoglobin but are responsible for phagocytosis, where they engulf and destroy pathogens and cellular debris.
• Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells once they migrate to tissues.
• They are key players in both innate and adaptive immunity.
• Nerve Cells:
• Nerve cells, or neurons, are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.
• Unlike RBCs, they do not contain haemoglobin and are not involved in oxygen transport.
• Neurons consist of three main parts: the cell body, axon, and dendrites.
• They play a vital role in coordinating bodily functions and processing sensory information.
• Important Points:
• Haemoglobin is composed of four protein chains and iron molecules, essential for binding oxygen.
• It facilitates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensuring proper cellular respiration and energy production.
• A deficiency of haemoglobin leads to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
• RBC production is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels.

The correct answer is By using electrical-chemical signals.

Key Points

• Plants do not have specialized nerve tissues like animals. Instead, they rely on electrical-chemical signals to convey information between cells.
• When a plant experiences touch, such as from an insect landing or wind blowing, it generates electrical signals, also called action potentials, that travel between the cells.
• The movement of ions such as calcium (Ca²⁺) and other secondary messengers plays a key role in transmitting these signals.
• These signals can trigger changes in cellular activities, such as the closing of stomata, the release of defensive chemicals, or the rapid movement of plant parts (e.g., the folding of leaves in the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica).
• This process does not involve sound waves, color changes, or nerve tissues, which are mechanisms associated with animals or other systems. Hence, the correct option is "By using electrical-chemical signals."

Additional Information

• Electrical Signaling in Plants:
• Plants use electrical signals, such as action potentials and variation potentials, to communicate within and between cells.
• These signals are typically triggered by external stimuli like touch, wounding, or changes in light and temperature.
• For example, the Venus flytrap uses electrical signals to snap shut its leaves when prey touches its sensory hairs.
• Role of Calcium Ions (Ca²⁺):
• Calcium ions act as secondary messengers in plant cells, helping to relay signals from the site of touch or damage to other parts of the plant.
• Changes in calcium concentration within cells help activate specific genes or pathways for defense or adaptation.
• Plant Movement Responses:
• Touch-sensitive plants like Mimosa pudica exhibit rapid leaf movements in response to touch, a phenomenon known as thigmonasty.
• Other movements, like phototropism (growth towards light) or gravitropism (growth in response to gravity), are slower but also involve chemical and electrical signaling.
• Misconceptions About Plant Communication:
• Plants do not have nerve tissues or produce sound waves for communication, unlike animals.
• Color changes in plants, such as leaves turning yellow or red, are usually due to environmental factors or physiological changes, not a means of communication.

Important Points

• Thigmomorphogenesis:
• This is a long-term response in plants to mechanical stimulation, such as repeated touch or wind.
• Plants that experience frequent mechanical stimuli often grow shorter and sturdier to withstand such forces.
• Defensive Responses:
• Plants can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a chemical signal to warn neighboring plants of herbivorous attacks.
• Touch can also stimulate the production of defensive chemicals, such as toxins or enzymes that deter herbivores.

The correct answer is Gandhara.

Key Points

• Taxila, an important center of learning in ancient India, was the capital of the Mahajanapada called Gandhara.
• The Gandhara Mahajanapada was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, covering parts of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Taxila was renowned for its world-class educational institutions, attracting scholars and students from across the world, including notable figures like Chanakya, Panini, and Jivaka.
• The city's strategic location on ancient trade routes, such as the Uttarapatha, made it a cultural and commercial hub.
• Taxila flourished particularly during the 6^th century BCE to the 5^th century CE, under the influence of various dynasties, including the Achaemenids, Mauryas, Indo-Greeks, and Kushans.

Additional Information

• Gandhara Civilization:
• The Gandhara region was an important cultural and political hub in ancient India, known for its Gandhara art, which combined Indian and Greek artistic influences.
• The Gandhara School of Art is best known for its depictions of Buddha in human form, influenced by Hellenistic styles.
• It was also a center for the spread of Buddhism, with numerous monasteries and stupas built during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka.
• Taxila University:
• Taxila housed one of the earliest known universities in the world, offering education in a wide range of subjects, including medicine, law, politics, warfare, mathematics, and philosophy.
• It was unique in that it did not have a formal admission system; students came to study under specific teachers based on their expertise.
• Other Mahajanapadas:
• Avanti: Located in modern-day Madhya Pradesh, its capital was Ujjayini (modern Ujjain).
• Kamboja: Situated in present-day regions of northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, Kamboja was known for its warrior class.
• Kosala: Located in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, its capital was Ayodhya, and it played a significant role in the early history of Buddhism and Jainism.
• Taxila’s Decline:
• Taxila's prominence declined after the invasions of the Huns in the 5^th century CE, which led to the destruction of the city and its institutions.
• The region subsequently lost its significance as a center of learning and cultural exchange.

Important Points

• Panini: The ancient grammarian who authored Ashtadhyayi, the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar, was associated with Taxila.
• Chanakya: Also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta, the advisor to Chandragupta Maurya and author of the Arthashastra, is believed to have studied and taught in Taxila.
• Jivaka: A renowned physician during Buddha's time, who studied at Taxila, is considered one of the earliest surgeons in history.
• UNESCO World Heritage Site: The ruins of Taxila were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, recognizing its historical and cultural significance.
• Archaeological Discoveries: Excavations in Taxila have unearthed numerous artifacts, including stupas, coins, and sculptures, shedding light on its rich cultural heritage.

The correct answer is Shiva.

Key Points

• The Nayanars were a group of 63 Tamil saints who lived during the 6^th to 9^th centuries CE. They were ardent devotees of Lord Shiva and contributed significantly to Shaivism in South India.
• The Nayanars composed devotional hymns in praise of Lord Shiva, which are collectively known as the Tirumurai. These hymns are considered sacred scriptures in Shaivism.
• They played a crucial role in the Bhakti Movement in Tamil Nadu, which emphasized personal devotion to God over ritualistic practices or caste-based hierarchies.
• Prominent Nayanars like Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar are revered for their poetic contributions and unwavering devotion to Lord Shiva.
• The teachings and lives of the Nayanars were instrumental in spreading the principles of Shaivism and countering the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in South India during their time.

Additional Information

• Nayanars and the Bhakti Movement:
• The Bhakti Movement emerged as a reformist movement focusing on personal devotion to God. The Nayanars were among the earliest proponents of this movement in South India.
• They rejected caste-based discrimination and emphasized equality before God, promoting a more inclusive form of worship.
• Prominent Nayanar Saints:
• Sambandar: Known for his poetic hymns in Tamil, Sambandar was a child prodigy who composed devotional songs dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Appar: He is known for converting many Jains to Shaivism through his teachings and hymns.
• Sundarar: His compositions reflect a personal and emotional connection with Lord Shiva, often referring to him as a friend or benefactor.
• Tirumurai:
• The devotional hymns composed by the Nayanars are compiled in a collection known as the Tirumurai.
• The Thevaram, a part of the Tirumurai, is sung in Shaivite temples even today.
• Shaivism:
• Shaivism is one of the major traditions within Hinduism that worships Lord Shiva as the Supreme Being.
• It is widely practiced in South India, and the contributions of the Nayanars have been significant in its propagation.

Important Points

• The Nayanars are often associated with the Alvars, who were Vaishnavite saints devoted to Lord Vishnu. Together, they represent the Shaivite and Vaishnavite traditions of the Bhakti Movement.
• The Nayanars opposed the dominance of Jainism and Buddhism during their era and re-established the prominence of Shaivism in Tamil Nadu.
• Their lives and teachings are chronicled in the Periya Puranam, a 12^th-century Tamil text written by Sekkizhar.
• Their influence is still visible in South Indian culture, especially in temple architecture, rituals, and Tamil literature.

The correct answer is Article 148.

Key Points

• Article 148 of the Indian Constitution mentions the establishment of the Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) of India.
• The CAG is responsible for auditing all receipts and expenditures of the Government of India and the state governments, including bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.
• The CAG is considered the guardian of the public purse and ensures accountability and transparency in the financial administration of the country.
• The CAG is appointed by the President of India and holds office for a term of 6 years or until attaining the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Article 148 ensures the independence of the CAG by providing safeguards such as fixed tenure, removal procedure similar to that of a Supreme Court judge, and salary charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.

Additional Information

• Role of the Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG):
• The CAG audits and reports on the accounts of the Union and State governments to ensure they are in compliance with laws and regulations.
• It examines whether expenditures were made for the intended purposes and whether the government’s financial transactions were conducted efficiently.
• The reports of the CAG are submitted to the President of India or the Governor of a state, who then table them in the respective legislature.
• Constitutional Provisions:
• Articles 149-151 of the Indian Constitution further elaborate on the duties, powers, and responsibilities of the CAG.
• Article 149: Specifies the duties and powers of the CAG.
• Article 150: Provides that the accounts of the Union and the States shall be kept in the format prescribed by the President on the advice of the CAG.
• Article 151: Stipulates that the reports of the CAG on the accounts of the Union and the States shall be laid before the Parliament or the State Legislature.
• Independence of the CAG:
• The CAG is independent of the executive, and its authority is protected under the Constitution.
• Its salary and other conditions of service cannot be varied to its disadvantage after appointment.
• The CAG is removed from office in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court, which ensures its independence.
• Examples of Reports by CAG:
• The CAG has been instrumental in uncovering several financial irregularities, such as the 2G spectrum case and the coal allocation scam.
• Such reports lead to corrective measures and reforms in governance.

Important Points

• Comparison with Other Articles:
• Article 142: Grants the Supreme Court the power to pass any decree or order necessary to ensure complete justice.
• Article 144: Mandates all authorities, civil and judicial, in India to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
• Article 146: Deals with the conditions of service of officers and employees of the Supreme Court.
• None of these articles pertain to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, which is specifically covered under Article 148.
• International Counterparts:
• Countries such as the United Kingdom have similar institutions like the National Audit Office (NAO).
• The United States has the Government Accountability Office (GAO), which performs similar auditing functions.

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are outlined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, spanning from Articles 36 to 51. These principles serve as guidelines for the state to ensure socio-economic reforms and to establish a just society.
• The DPSP aim to promote economic equality, reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor, and provide for the welfare of citizens by ensuring access to resources, healthcare, education, and employment.
• These principles are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts. However, they act as a guiding framework for the government to formulate laws and policies.
• Key provisions under DPSP include ensuring adequate means of livelihood, equitable distribution of wealth, equal pay for equal work, protection of children and youth, free legal aid, and promotion of education and public health.
• Some examples of socio-economic reforms influenced by DPSP include the implementation of the Right to Education Act (2009) and the establishment of schemes like MGNREGA and National Food Security Act.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Rights:
• These are outlined in Part III of the Indian Constitution and guarantee civil liberties to individuals, such as the right to equality, freedom, and protection against exploitation.
• They are justiciable and can be enforced through courts.
• Examples include Article 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty).
• Fundamental Duties:
• Added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976, and listed under Article 51A, these duties are non-justiciable and act as moral obligations for citizens.
• Examples include respecting the Constitution, promoting harmony, and protecting the environment.
• Separation of Powers:
• This principle ensures that the legislative, executive, and judiciary function independently to maintain a system of checks and balances.
• It is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but is derived from its provisions to prevent abuse of power.
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
• They are inspired by the Irish Constitution and aim to establish economic democracy.
• Some specific articles include:
• Article 39(b): Distribution of material resources to subserve the common good.
• Article 41: Right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, or sickness.
• Article 47: Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living.

Important Points

• Relationship Between DPSP and Fundamental Rights:
• While Fundamental Rights ensure individual freedoms, the Directive Principles focus on the collective welfare of society.
• In cases of conflict, courts have attempted to harmonize both. For instance, the Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) established that DPSPs cannot override Fundamental Rights but play a crucial role in governance.
• Implementation Challenges:
• The non-justiciable nature of DPSP makes their enforcement dependent on the political will of the government.
• Resource constraints and regional disparities often hinder their effective implementation.

The correct answer is Brazil.

Key Points

• The 17^th BRICS Summit was held in July 2025 in Brazil. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• BRICS is a grouping of major emerging economies consisting of:
• Brazil
• Russia
• India
• China
• South Africa
• The summit focused on issues related to:
• Global economic cooperation
• Trade and investment
• Climate change
• Multilateral reforms
• Global South cooperation
• Brazil hosted the summit as part of the rotational chairmanship system followed by BRICS nations.
• Option-wise Analysis:
• South Africa – Hosted the 15^th BRICS Summit in 2023.
• Russia – Hosted the 16^th BRICS Summit in 2024.
• India – Not the host of the 2025 summit.
• Brazil – Hosted the 17^th BRICS Summit in 2025. Correct.
• Hence, the correct answer is Brazil.

Additional Information

• BRICS was originally formed as BRIC in 2006, and South Africa joined the group in 2010.
• The term “BRIC” was coined by economist Jim O’Neill of Goldman Sachs in 2001.
• BRICS countries together account for a significant share of the world’s:
• Population
• GDP
• Natural resources
• The New Development Bank (NDB), established by BRICS in 2014, is headquartered in Shanghai, China.
• BRICS aims to strengthen cooperation among emerging economies and promote a more balanced global order.

Important Points

• BRICS Summits are held annually under the rotating presidency of member nations.
• Questions related to international organizations, global summits, multilateral groupings, and current affairs are frequently asked in competitive examinations.

The correct answer is 1966.

Key Points

• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established on 19 December 1966, with the objective of fostering economic growth and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
• The founding members of ADB include 31 countries, with the headquarters located in Mandaluyong, Philippines.
• ADB focuses on poverty reduction, sustainable development, and regional integration through financial support, technical assistance, and policy consultation.
• Its initial capital was USD 1 billion, and it has since grown significantly, with more than 68 members as of now, including both regional and non-regional members.
• Japan and the United States are the largest contributors to ADB’s resources and play a crucial role in its governance and operations.

Additional Information

• Functions of ADB:
• ADB provides loans, grants, and equity investments to its member countries for development projects in sectors like infrastructure, education, health, and agriculture.
• It also offers technical assistance to help member nations design, implement, and improve development projects.
• ADB promotes regional cooperation by supporting cross-border projects and encouraging trade and investment partnerships among member nations.
• Key Milestones:
• ADB’s first President was Takeo Fukuda from Japan.
• It initiated its first loan project in 1968, providing funds for agriculture development in Thailand.
• Over the years, ADB has evolved to address challenges such as climate change, disaster management, and urbanization.
• Membership Details:
• ADB currently has 68 members, with 49 regional members and 19 non-regional members.
• Prominent members include India, China, Japan, Australia, and the United States.
• Funding Mechanism:
• ADB raises funds through capital contributions from member countries and by issuing bonds in international financial markets.
• It also mobilizes resources from other financial institutions for co-financing development projects.
• Important Reports:
• ADB publishes the Asian Development Outlook, an annual report analyzing economic trends and prospects for its member countries.
• The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific report provides statistical data to support regional development efforts.

Important Points

• Japan’s Role: Japan has been a significant contributor to ADB, reflecting its commitment to regional development. It holds the largest share of ADB capital along with the United States.
• Focus on Sustainability: ADB emphasizes sustainable development through environmental conservation, renewable energy projects, and climate resilience initiatives.
• Recent Initiatives: ADB launched a COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program to help member countries combat the pandemic.
• Headquarters: The decision to set up ADB’s headquarters in the Philippines was influenced by its central location in the Asia-Pacific region.

The correct answer is Savitribai Jyotiba Phule.

Key Points

• Savitribai Jyotiba Phule was the first female teacher of India and a pioneer in women’s education and empowerment. She is considered the mother of Indian feminism.
• She founded the first girls' school in India in 1848 in Pune, Maharashtra, along with her husband Jyotirao Phule, who was also a social reformer.
• The school was established to educate girls from marginalized communities, including Dalits and other oppressed groups, who were denied access to education during that era.
• Savitribai Phule faced immense opposition and societal discrimination for her efforts to educate girls, but she persevered and made significant contributions to the cause of education.
• She authored several poems and writings promoting education, equality, and social justice, emphasizing the importance of education as a tool for liberation.

Additional Information

• Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist, and women's rights activist who worked extensively in India for social reform.
• She was the first female president of the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
• Though she contributed to education and women’s rights, she was not the founder of the first girls' school in India.
• Kasturba Gandhi:
• Kasturba Gandhi was the wife of Mahatma Gandhi and actively participated in India’s freedom struggle.
• She worked for women’s rights and education but was not directly involved in founding the first girls’ school in India.
• Sarojini Naidu:
• Sarojini Naidu, known as the "Nightingale of India," was a poet, freedom fighter, and politician.
• She was the first woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress and the first female governor of an Indian state.
• While she championed women’s rights, she was not associated with the establishment of the first girls' school in India.
• Social Impact of Savitribai Phule:
• She played a vital role in breaking societal norms and barriers that restricted women and marginalized communities from accessing education.
• Her efforts laid the foundation for women’s empowerment and education in India, inspiring many reformers to follow her path.
• She also worked towards eradicating caste-based discrimination and upliftment of oppressed communities through education.
• Important Points:
• Savitribai Phule’s school was revolutionary because it prioritized educating girls from marginalized communities, challenging the prevailing caste and gender biases in society.
• She is remembered as a trailblazer for women’s rights and education in India, and her legacy continues to inspire movements for equality and justice.
• The Indian government has honored her contributions by naming institutions and programs after her, including the "Savitribai Phule Pune University."
• Her birth anniversary, celebrated on January 3, is observed as a day to promote women’s education and empowerment.

The correct answer is Soumya Swaminathan.

Key Points

• Soumya Swaminathan is an Indian pediatrician and clinical scientist known for her extensive work in tuberculosis research and public health.
• She became the first Indian to serve as the Deputy Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2017.
• As the Deputy Director General, she was responsible for Programmes, which included overseeing WHO's global health initiatives and policies.
• Prior to this role, she served as the Director-General of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Secretary of the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in India.
• Her appointment to the WHO signified India's growing prominence in the field of global health and recognition of Indian contributions to medical research.

Additional Information

• About Soumya Swaminathan:
• She is the daughter of M. S. Swaminathan, a renowned geneticist and the father of the Green Revolution in India.
• She holds an MBBS degree from the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) and an MD in Pediatrics from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi.
• She is globally recognized for her research on tuberculosis (TB), HIV, and child health.
• World Health Organization (WHO):
• WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
• It was established on 7 April 1948, and its headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• WHO's mission is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable.
• Significance of Soumya Swaminathan's Role:
• As Deputy Director General, she played a key role in strengthening WHO's focus on research, innovation, and evidence-based policymaking.
• Her leadership was instrumental in addressing global challenges like antimicrobial resistance, non-communicable diseases, and health system strengthening.
• Other Indian Contributions to WHO:
• India has been actively contributing to WHO's initiatives, including the eradication of polio and combating tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
• Several Indian scientists and health experts have served in various capacities within WHO, showcasing the nation's commitment to global health.

Important Points

• Soumya Swaminathan was later appointed as the Chief Scientist of WHO in 2019, a position created to strengthen WHO’s work in science, research, and innovation.
• Her leadership emphasizes the importance of evidence-based health policies and effective implementation of public health interventions.
• Her appointment and contributions reflect India's growing influence in shaping global health policies and addressing pressing health challenges.

The correct answer is Ravi Agarwal.

Key Points

• Ravi Agarwal has been re-appointed as the Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) in June 2025. The CBDT is the apex body of the Income Tax Department in India.
• The CBDT Chairman plays a critical role in formulating policies, overseeing tax administration, and ensuring compliance with tax laws in India.
• Ravi Agarwal has previously served in several senior roles within the Income Tax Department, showcasing his expertise in tax administration and policy implementation.
• The appointment of the CBDT Chairman is typically carried out by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), which is headed by the Prime Minister of India.
• This re-appointment reflects the government's confidence in Ravi Agarwal's leadership and his ability to steer the Income Tax Department effectively.

Additional Information

• Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT):
• The CBDT is a statutory authority functioning under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• It is responsible for administering direct tax laws, including the Income Tax Act, 1961, and the Wealth Tax Act, 1957 (now abolished).
• The CBDT consists of a Chairman and six members, each of whom handles specific functions such as legislation, investigation, and taxpayer services.
• Responsibilities of the CBDT Chairman:
• Overseeing the administration of direct tax laws and ensuring compliance with tax regulations.
• Formulating policies to improve tax collection and reduce tax evasion.
• Supervising the functioning of the Income Tax Department across India.
• Providing inputs for the annual Union Budget, particularly in matters related to taxation policies.
• Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC):
• The ACC is responsible for appointments to the top posts in the government, including secretaries, additional secretaries, and directors of various departments.
• It is chaired by the Prime Minister, with the Home Minister as a member.
• The ACC ensures that appointments are made based on merit, experience, and the requirements of the respective departments.
• Recent Initiatives by CBDT:
• Introduction of the Faceless Assessment Scheme to enhance transparency and efficiency in tax administration.
• Implementation of the Taxpayer Charter to ensure accountability and safeguard taxpayer rights.
• Promotion of e-filing and digital platforms to simplify tax compliance for individuals and businesses.

Important Points

• CBDT's Role in Economic Policy:
• The CBDT plays a pivotal role in shaping India's tax policies and ensuring their alignment with the nation's economic goals.
• It works closely with other government departments to facilitate ease of doing business and attract foreign investments.
• Notable Predecessors:
• Several former CBDT Chairpersons have contributed significantly to modernizing India's tax system, including the introduction of GST and digital tax platforms.

The correct answer is Kuldeep Sharma.

Key Points

• Kuldeep Sharma was arrested in connection with the Andaman and Nicobar State Cooperative Bank Limited (ANSCBL) loan irregularities case in July 2025.
• The loan irregularities case involved alleged misuse of funds and fraudulent activities in the functioning of ANSCBL, a cooperative bank operating in the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Authorities conducted thorough investigations and found evidence linking Kuldeep Sharma to these irregularities, leading to his arrest.
• The case highlighted issues in the management and oversight of cooperative banks, emphasizing the need for stricter regulations and accountability mechanisms.
• This incident is part of a broader effort to address corruption and financial misconduct within cooperative banking institutions in India.

Additional Information

• Andaman and Nicobar State Cooperative Bank Limited (ANSCBL):
• ANSCBL is a cooperative banking institution operating in the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• It provides financial services to local residents, including loans for agricultural and small-scale industrial activities.
• Cooperative banks like ANSCBL aim to promote local economic development by offering accessible financial solutions.
• Loan Irregularities:
• Loan irregularities typically involve activities such as fraudulent loan approvals, misuse of funds, and failure to adhere to banking regulations.
• Such practices undermine the credibility of banking institutions and can lead to significant financial losses.
• India’s Cooperative Banking Sector:
• Cooperative banks in India operate under dual regulation by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and respective state governments.
• They play a crucial role in providing financial services to rural and semi-urban areas.
• Challenges in this sector include governance issues, lack of transparency, and limited access to technology.
• Regulatory Measures:
• To address financial misconduct, the RBI has implemented stricter guidelines for cooperative banks.
• Recent reforms aim to improve the transparency, efficiency, and accountability of these institutions.

Important Points

• Cooperative Banks in India:
• They are established under the Cooperative Societies Act and primarily cater to rural and semi-urban areas.
• These banks provide loans for agricultural and small-scale industrial activities, promoting local economic growth.
• Legal Framework:
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) monitors cooperative banks to ensure compliance with banking regulations.
• Stringent measures are taken to address instances of financial misconduct and irregularities.
• Recent Banking Reforms:
• Reforms focus on improving governance, introducing technology-driven solutions, and enhancing customer trust.
• Emphasis is placed on greater accountability and transparency in banking operations.

The correct answer is 10,000 crore.

Key Points

• In April 2025, the Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, announced the approval of the Second Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) worth 10,000 crore.
• The fund aims to boost deep-tech and early-stage innovation in India, thereby fostering technological advancements and entrepreneurial growth.
• The initiative is part of the government’s larger strategy to make India a global hub for startups and innovation.
• The Second Fund of Funds builds on the success of the first FFS, which was launched in 2016 under the Startup India initiative and had a corpus of 10,000 crore.
• The fund will be managed by the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), in collaboration with other institutional investors, to support startups across various sectors.

Additional Information

• First Fund of Funds for Startups (2016):
• Launched under the Startup India initiative, the first FFS had an initial corpus of 10,000 crore to support startups.
• The fund was designed to provide financial assistance to startups via venture capital funds rather than direct financing.
• It successfully supported more than 650 startups across India, generating significant employment and innovation.
• Deep-Tech and Early-Stage Innovation:
• Deep-tech refers to startups working on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, blockchain, and quantum computing.
• Early-stage innovation involves supporting startups in their nascent stages, typically when they are developing prototypes or scaling operations.
• The focus on deep-tech aligns with India’s aim to lead in Industry 4.0 technologies globally.
• Role of SIDBI:
• The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) plays a crucial role in managing FFS.
• SIDBI ensures that funds are allocated efficiently to venture capital funds, which in turn invest in startups.
• The bank also monitors the fund’s performance to achieve desired outcomes like job creation and innovation.
• Startup Ecosystem in India:
• India is the third-largest startup ecosystem globally, with over 90,000 startups as of 2025.
• The government has introduced various schemes like Startup India, Digital India, and Make in India to promote entrepreneurship.
• These initiatives aim to address challenges such as funding gaps, regulatory hurdles, and skill development for entrepreneurs.

Important Points

• Significance of the Second Fund of Funds:
• The 10,000 crore fund will address the challenges of funding for startups in high-risk and deep-tech sectors.
• It will promote self-reliance by reducing dependence on foreign capital for startup funding.
• The initiative will also foster employment generation and contribute to India’s goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy.
• Comparison with Other Countries:
• Countries like the USA and China have similar funds to support startups, particularly in high-tech sectors.
• India’s Second Fund of Funds aims to position the country as a global leader in innovation, comparable to Silicon Valley$.

The correct answer is 200.

Key Points

• Union Budget 2025-26: The Union Budget for the fiscal year 2025-26 has proposed the establishment of 200 Day Care Cancer Centres to improve healthcare infrastructure and provide specialized treatment facilities for cancer patients.
• Day Care Cancer Centres: These centres aim to deliver accessible and affordable cancer treatment, particularly for patients requiring chemotherapy or other day procedures, reducing the burden on larger hospitals.
• Healthcare Accessibility: The move focuses on decentralizing cancer treatment, ensuring that patients in remote and underserved areas can access essential healthcare services without traveling long distances.
• Collaborative Efforts: The initiative is likely to involve collaboration between the government and private entities, ensuring high-quality services and efficient operations.
• Cancer Statistics in India: According to recent data, India reports nearly 14 lakh new cancer cases annually. The establishment of Day Care Cancer Centres is a significant step toward addressing this growing health challenge.

Additional Information

• Importance of Day Care Centres:
• Day Care Centres provide treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and minor surgical interventions without requiring overnight hospital stays.
• They help in reducing hospital congestion and improving patient convenience.
• Government Initiatives for Cancer Care:
• The Indian government has launched schemes like the Ayushman Bharat, which covers a range of treatments, including cancer care, for economically weaker sections.
• It has also emphasized the need for early detection and preventive measures through public awareness campaigns.
• Challenges in Cancer Care:
• India faces challenges such as limited infrastructure, shortage of oncologists, and low awareness about early detection.
• The establishment of Day Care Cancer Centres is a targeted approach to address some of these challenges, especially in semi-urban and rural areas.
• Examples of Similar Initiatives:
• Countries like USA and UK have successfully implemented Day Care Centres for cancer care, ensuring comprehensive treatment and patient comfort.
• Such centres have proven to be cost-effective and efficient in delivering specialized healthcare services.

Important Points

• Healthcare Budget Allocation: The Union Budget 2025-26 has prioritized healthcare and infrastructure development, reflecting the government's commitment to improve public health services.
• Focus on Non-Communicable Diseases: Cancer and other non-communicable diseases have been a growing concern, prompting government initiatives to address them effectively.
• Potential Benefits: With the establishment of Day Care Cancer Centres, patients can expect reduced waiting times, better access to treatment, and improved quality of care.

The correct answer is Mon Apr 01 2024 00:00:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time).

Key Points

• National Infrastructure Readiness Index (NIRI) was launched on Mon Apr 01 2024. This initiative is aimed at assessing the readiness of infrastructure across various sectors.
• The NIRI evaluates critical infrastructure such as transportation systems, energy grids, water supply systems, and urban planning frameworks.
• The index provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of infrastructure development and highlights areas needing improvement for sustainable growth.
• The launch date aligns with the government's strategic planning for infrastructure development in the financial year 2024-2025.
• NIRI is a tool intended to guide policymakers, investors, and stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding infrastructure investment and development.

Additional Information

• Purpose of NIRI:
• National Infrastructure Readiness Index aims to assess the preparedness of infrastructure to support economic growth and social development.
• The index is designed to monitor progress in infrastructure development and identify gaps in planning, execution, and maintenance.
• Key Features:
• The index focuses on sustainability, efficiency, and resilience of infrastructure systems.
• It includes metrics for evaluating urban infrastructure, rural connectivity, and environmental impact.
• The data collected is analyzed and shared in reports to assist in strategic planning and policymaking.
• Applications of NIRI:
• Policy Formation: Provides insights for government bodies to formulate effective infrastructure policies.
• Investment Guidance: Helps investors identify viable projects and areas with high growth potential.
• Performance Benchmarking: Enables comparison of infrastructure readiness across regions and sectors.
• Global Relevance:
• India’s focus on infrastructure readiness aligns with global efforts such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• The index supports India's commitment to economic progress, improving quality of life, and addressing climate change challenges.

Important Points

• Launch Date: April 1, 2024, marks the beginning of the financial year, making it an opportune time to introduce initiatives for economic planning.
• Strategic Importance: The index serves as a foundational step to evaluate and enhance India's infrastructure capabilities.
• Sectoral Impact: The infrastructure readiness index is expected to improve sectors like transportation, energy, water supply, and urban planning.
• Government Focus: The launch aligns with India’s increasing emphasis on infrastructure development, which is a critical driver for economic growth and job creation.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The first Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India, in 1951. It was a landmark event as it marked the beginning of the Asian sporting movement.
• The games took place from 4^th March to 11^th March 1951, and a total of 11 nations participated in the event.
• The event was inaugurated by the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and organized under the guidance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.
• The games included six sports disciplines: Athletics, Aquatics (Swimming and Diving), Basketball, Cycling, Football, and Weightlifting.
• The mascot for the Asian Games was not introduced until the later editions, but the 1951 games were instrumental in establishing the foundation for future pan-Asian sporting events.

Additional Information

• Details of the Asian Games:
• The Asian Games, also known as the Asiad, are a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia.
• The concept of the Asian Games was inspired by the Olympic Games, aiming to foster unity and cooperation among Asian countries through sports.
• The Asian Games are governed by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), with its current headquarters in Kuwait City, Kuwait.
• Key Achievements of the 1951 Asian Games:
• India emerged as the second-best-performing nation in the medal tally, securing 15 gold medals, 16 silver medals, and 20 bronze medals.
• Japan topped the medal tally with 24 gold medals, showcasing their dominance in the inaugural edition.
• This event marked the participation of 11 nations, including Afghanistan, Burma (now Myanmar), Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and India.
• Evolution of the Asian Games:
• The idea for the Asian Games was first proposed by Guru Dutt Sondhi, an Indian sports administrator, during the 1948 London Olympics.
• The Asian Games Federation (now the OCA) was formed in 1949 to oversee the organization of the games.
• The event has grown significantly over the years, with the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang featuring 45 nations and over 11,000 athletes.
• Significance of New Delhi as Host City:
• New Delhi's hosting of the 1951 Asian Games showcased India’s capability to organize large-scale international events post-independence.
• The games were held at the National Stadium, which was later renamed as Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium in honor of the legendary Indian hockey player.
• This event helped India establish itself as a key player in the international sporting community.

Important Points

• The Asian Games have been held in India twice: the first in 1951 and the second in 1982, both in New Delhi.
• The 1982 Asian Games introduced the concept of a mascot, with Appu the elephant symbolizing the games.
• The 1951 Asian Games were a major step in promoting peace, unity, and sporting culture across Asia in the post-World War II era.
• The games also acted as a precursor to other regional sporting events, such as the South Asian Games and the East Asian Games.
• India's success in organizing and competing in the 1951 Asian Games paved the way for its ongoing involvement in international sports organizations and events.

The correct answer is 1949.

Key Points

• National Swimming Association of India was founded in the year 1949. It marked the establishment of the official governing body for swimming in India.
• The association was created to promote swimming as a competitive sport and to oversee its development across the nation.
• The governing body was responsible for organizing national-level swimming competitions, formulating rules, and selecting athletes for international events.
• It also worked towards nurturing talent in swimming and enhancing the skills of swimmers through training programs and coaching initiatives.
• Being established in 1949, the association played a key role in laying the foundation for swimming as a professional sport in India.

Additional Information

• History of Swimming in India:
• Swimming as a sport gained prominence in India during the early 20^th century, with the establishment of clubs and local competitions.
• The creation of the National Swimming Association of India in 1949 provided a structured framework for the sport's growth.
• India has produced several accomplished swimmers who have represented the country in international events like the Olympics and Commonwealth Games.
• Key Functions of the Association:
• The association is responsible for maintaining a standardized set of rules for swimming competitions in India.
• It also handles the certification of swimming coaches and officials to ensure professionalism in the sport.
• Selection of athletes for participation in international events is one of its major roles.
• Development Initiatives:
• The association has introduced training programs to enhance the skills of swimmers and improve their competitiveness.
• Initiatives to promote swimming among youth include organizing camps and grassroots-level competitions.
• Notable Achievements:
• Indian swimmers have won medals in regional competitions such as the Asian Games and South Asian Games.
• The association's efforts have led to the establishment of modern swimming facilities in urban and semi-urban areas.

Important Points

• Swimming as a Sport:
• Swimming is one of the most popular sports globally and is included in major international events such as the Olympics and World Championships.
• Competitive swimming involves various styles, including freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly.
• International Affiliations:
• The National Swimming Association of India is affiliated with the International Swimming Federation (FINA), which governs swimming worldwide.
• FINA provides technical guidance and facilitates participation in international events.
• Role in Promoting Fitness:
• Swimming is considered one of the best activities for overall physical fitness and mental well-being.
• The association has also promoted swimming as a recreational activity for people of all age groups.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• In July 2025, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) imposed a fine of Rs. 23.7 crore on authorities in Uttar Pradesh for pollution in green belts.
• The NGT criticized the local authorities for their failure to control pollution and uphold environmental regulations within the green belt areas.
• The fine was imposed under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, which empowers authorities to penalize violations of environmental norms.
• This action was part of the ongoing efforts by the NGT to address environmental degradation caused by industrial, vehicular, and other pollutants in urban and semi-urban areas.
• The green belt areas, which are meant to act as buffers against pollution, have been adversely affected due to unregulated activities, leading to this strong punitive measure.

Additional Information

• National Green Tribunal (NGT):
• The NGT was established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act to handle cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
• It has the power to impose penalties and provide compensation for environmental damages.
• The tribunal ensures the effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental issues.
• Green Belt Importance:
• Green belts are areas with vegetation and trees that help reduce urban heat, improve air quality, and act as noise barriers.
• They play a significant role in mitigating the effects of pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen.
• These areas are critical for maintaining ecological balance in urban and semi-urban regions.
• Environment Protection Act, 1986:
• It is an umbrella legislation enacted for the protection and improvement of the environment.
• The act empowers authorities to take measures to prevent pollution and penalize violators of environmental laws.
• It also provides for the regulation of industries and activities that impact the environment.
• Pollution in Uttar Pradesh:
• Uttar Pradesh has been grappling with high levels of pollution, particularly in cities like Kanpur, Lucknow, and Ghaziabad, which often feature in the list of most polluted cities in India.
• Industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and improper waste management are significant contributors to environmental degradation in the state.
• The fine imposed by the NGT is a wake-up call for authorities to take stringent measures to curb pollution.

Important Points

• Role of NGT in Environmental Protection:
• The NGT has been instrumental in enforcing environmental norms and holding authorities accountable for lapses.
• It has passed several landmark orders related to air and water pollution, waste management, and conservation of biodiversity.
• Significance of Green Belts:
• Green belts act as lungs of urban areas, providing cleaner air and reducing the urban heat island effect.
• They also serve as habitats for flora and fauna, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
• Pollution Control Measures:
• Strict enforcement of emission norms for industries and vehicles.
• Promotion of renewable energy and sustainable practices to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
• Effective waste management practices, including segregation and recycling of waste.