General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• The Manimahesh Fair is an annual pilgrimage held in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India.
• It is organized at the Manimahesh Lake, located near the Manimahesh Kailash Peak in the Bharmour region of the Chamba district.
• According to tradition, the fair is held every year during the month of Bhadrapada (August-September) as per the Hindu calendar.
• The Manimahesh Lake is considered to be holy, and devotees from across India undertake this pilgrimage to seek blessings from Lord Shiva, who is believed to reside in the Manimahesh Kailash Peak.
• The fair is a significant religious and cultural event and attracts thousands of pilgrims, especially during the Janmashtami and Radhashtami festivals.

Additional Information

• Manimahesh Lake:
• The lake is situated at an altitude of approximately 4,080 meters (13,390 feet) above sea level in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas.
• The name “Manimahesh” translates to the "jewel of Lord Shiva", as the deity is believed to adorn the peak with his divine presence.
• Manimahesh Kailash Peak:
• The Manimahesh Kailash Peak is revered as the abode of Lord Shiva.
• This peak remains unclimbed due to its religious significance, as it is considered sacred by the devotees.
• Significance of the Pilgrimage:
• The pilgrimage to Manimahesh Lake is considered equivalent to the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra in Tibet.
• Pilgrims believe that a dip in the holy lake purifies the soul and washes away sins.
• Access and Routes:
• The trek to the lake begins at the Hadsar village, which is accessible via Bharmour in the Chamba district.
• The route involves a strenuous trek through the scenic and rugged landscapes of the Himalayas.
• Other Fairs in Himachal Pradesh:
• Himachal Pradesh is renowned for its fairs and festivals, including the Kullu Dussehra, Lavi Fair, and Minjar Fair.
• These events reflect the cultural richness and traditional heritage of the state.

Important Points

• Religious Beliefs: The Manimahesh pilgrimage is deeply rooted in Hindu religious beliefs. It is said that Lord Shiva created the Manimahesh Lake after marrying Goddess Parvati.
• Environmental Concerns: The growing number of pilgrims has raised concerns about environmental degradation in the region. Efforts are being made to promote eco-friendly tourism.
• Accessibility: The pilgrimage is undertaken during specific months due to the extreme weather conditions in the region. The area remains inaccessible in winter due to heavy snowfall.

The correct answer is Gupta Dynasty.

Key Points

• The Gupta Dynasty (circa 3^rd to 6^th century CE) is credited with initiating the first significant temple-building activity in India. Temples built during this period were primarily dedicated to Hindu deities, such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Shakti.
• The early Gupta temples were typically made of brick and stone, showcasing the transition from wood-based structures to more durable materials. This marked the beginning of India's rich temple architecture tradition.
• Examples of Gupta temple architecture include the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh and the Durga Temple in Aihole. These temples featured simple designs, flat roofs, and intricate carvings that later evolved into more complex structures.
• The Gupta Dynasty is often referred to as the "Golden Age of India" due to its advancements in art, architecture, literature, and science. Temple-building was an integral part of this cultural resurgence.
• The temples built during the Gupta period laid the foundation for the development of Nagara, Dravidian, and Vesara styles of temple architecture, which flourished in later centuries.

Additional Information

• Gupta Dynasty:
• The Gupta Empire ruled over large parts of India between the 3^rd and 6^th centuries CE.
• It is known for its significant contributions to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and its promotion of Sanskrit literature.
• Key rulers included Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, who patronized arts, culture, and temple-building projects.
• Temple Architecture during Gupta Era:
• The temples were small and modest in size but introduced key architectural features like garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) and shikhara (spire).
• They primarily used stone and terracotta for construction, replacing earlier wooden structures.
• The Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh is one of the earliest examples of a Nagara-style temple with a square sanctum and intricate carvings.
• Other Options Explained:
• Ahom Kingdom:
• The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826 CE) was located in present-day Assam and is known for its unique architecture, such as the Rang Ghar, but it is not associated with the origins of temple-building in India.
• Vijayanagara Empire:
• The Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE) in South India is famous for its Dravidian-style temples, such as the Virupaksha Temple, but it came much later than the Gupta period.
• Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty:
• The Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty (8^th–11^th century CE) significantly contributed to temple architecture, especially in North India, but their temple-building activities were inspired by earlier Gupta structures.
• Legacy of Gupta Temples:
• The architectural principles established during the Gupta period influenced temple-building activities across India for centuries.
• The cultural and religious importance of temples grew during and after the Gupta era, making them centers of devotion, art, and learning.

The correct answer is Punjab.

Key Points

• The ‘Jaago’ dance is a traditional folk dance associated with the state of Punjab.
• ‘Jaago’ literally means "wake up" and is performed during wedding celebrations to awaken the village or community to join the festivities.
• During this dance, women carry decorated brass vessels (often illuminated with oil lamps or candles) on their heads, which adds a spiritual and celebratory element to the performance.
• The dance is accompanied by traditional Punjabi folk songs that are sung collectively, often humorously teasing the bride, groom, or their families.
• ‘Jaago’ reflects the rich cultural heritage of Punjab and is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of Punjabi weddings.

Additional Information

• Punjab’s Cultural Significance:
• Punjab is known for its vibrant culture, which includes traditional dances like Bhangra, Giddha, and Jaago.
• The state has a rich tradition of folk music and dance, which are often performed during festivals, harvests, and other significant occasions.
• ‘Jaago’ is particularly significant as it blends community participation with a sense of celebration and joy.
• Other Traditional Dances of Punjab:
• Bhangra: A high-energy dance performed mostly by men during harvest festivals such as Baisakhi.
• Giddha: A lively women’s dance that involves clapping and singing boliyan (folk couplets).
• Sammi: A less well-known dance performed by women in rural areas of Punjab, often characterized by slow, graceful movements.
• Significance of ‘Jaago’:
• ‘Jaago’ is symbolic of community unity and celebration during weddings, where everyone is invited to join the revelry.
• The lit candles or lamps in the brass vessels signify light and hope for the new couple's journey ahead.
• Traditional Elements:
• The decorative vessels used in ‘Jaago’ are called “chajj” and are adorned with flowers, mirrors, and colorful threads.
• The folk songs sung during ‘Jaago’ are often humorous, adding a playful element to the occasion.

Important Points

• Comparison with Other States’ Folk Dances:
• Jharkhand: Known for tribal dances such as Chhau and Paika, which are distinct from Punjab’s ‘Jaago’ dance.
• Odisha: Famous for Odissi dance and folk dances like Dalkhai and Chhau. These are classical and tribal in nature.
• Maharashtra: Popular for Lavani and Koli dances, showcasing the cultural essence of the state’s fisherfolk and rural communities.

The correct answer is Because it is stationary relative to any place on Earth.

Key Points

• A geo-stationary satellite orbits the Earth at the same rotational speed as the Earth itself. Hence, it appears stationary when observed from any point on the Earth's surface. This is why it can monitor cloud movements accurately.
• It is positioned in a geosynchronous orbit, approximately 35,786 kilometers above the Earth's equator. This specific altitude ensures its synchronization with Earth's rotation.
• Since the satellite remains fixed relative to a specific location on Earth, it provides a continuous and consistent view of the same geographical region.
• Geo-stationary satellites are extensively used in weather forecasting, communication, and surveillance as they can monitor atmospheric changes and relay information in real time.
• The satellite's ability to monitor clouds is critical for tracking weather patterns, such as cyclones, storms, or precipitation, ensuring accurate and timely predictions.

Additional Information

• Geo-stationary Satellite Characteristics:
• A geo-stationary satellite revolves in the Earth's equatorial plane from west to east, matching Earth's rotational period of 24 hours.
• It maintains an orbital speed of 3.07 km/s to remain aligned with Earth's rotation.
• Its unique position makes it ideal for continuous observation of a fixed region, unlike polar satellites that move across the Earth's surface.
• Applications of Geo-stationary Satellites:
• Meteorology: Real-time monitoring of weather patterns, cloud formation, and natural disasters like cyclones and hurricanes.
• Communication: Facilitates global telecommunication, TV broadcasting, and internet services.
• Navigation: Supports GPS systems and other location-based services.
• Earth Observation: Used for environmental monitoring, resource management, and national security.
• Comparison with Polar Satellites:
• Polar satellites orbit the Earth from pole to pole and are suitable for global coverage as they scan the entire Earth's surface periodically.
• Geo-stationary satellites, on the other hand, focus on a specific region, making them more suitable for applications requiring continuous monitoring.
• Important Points:
• The concept of geo-stationary orbit was first proposed by scientist Arthur C. Clarke in 1945.
• Examples of geo-stationary satellites include INSAT series (India), GOES (USA), and Meteosat (Europe).
• These satellites require a launch vehicle capable of placing them at geostationary transfer orbits, such as the GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle).

The correct answer is 3 N.

Key Points

• The weight of an object depends on the gravitational force acting on it. The weight is calculated using the formula Weight = Mass × Gravitational Acceleration.
• The gravitational acceleration on the surface of the Moon is approximately 1/6^th of the gravitational acceleration on Earth. Earth's gravitational acceleration is roughly 9.8 m/s², whereas the Moon's is about 1.63 m/s².
• Given that the object weighs 18 N on Earth, its mass can be calculated using the formula:

Mass = Weight / Gravitational Acceleration. Thus, Mass = 18 N / 9.8 m/s² ≈ 1.84 kg.

• On the Moon, the weight is recalculated using the same mass but the Moon's gravitational acceleration:

Weight on Moon = Mass × Gravitational Acceleration on Moon, which gives Weight = 1.84 kg × 1.63 m/s² ≈ 3 N.

• Hence, the weight of the object on the Moon would be approximately 3 N, making Option 2 the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Gravitational Force:
• Gravitational force is a fundamental force of nature that attracts two bodies with mass toward each other.
• The strength of this force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them according to Newton's Law of Gravitation.
• The gravitational acceleration varies across celestial bodies. For example, Earth's gravitational acceleration is 9.8 m/s², while Jupiter's is 24.79 m/s², and Mars' is 3.71 m/s².
• Weight vs. Mass:
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object and remains constant irrespective of location.
• Weight, on the other hand, is a measure of the gravitational force acting on that mass and varies depending on the gravitational field strength of the celestial body.
• Moon’s Gravity:
• The Moon's gravitational acceleration is approximately 1/6^th of Earth's due to its smaller mass and size.
• This lower gravity has significant implications for activities on the Moon, such as walking, jumping, and lifting objects.
• Implications for Space Exploration:
• Understanding weight differences on celestial bodies is crucial for designing spacecraft, spacesuits, and tools for astronauts.
• Lower gravity environments, such as the Moon's, allow astronauts to carry heavier equipment and perform tasks more easily compared to Earth.
• Examples include the Apollo missions, where astronauts experienced reduced weight and mobility challenges due to the Moon’s lower gravity.

Important Points

• Calculation of Weight: The formula Weight = Mass × Gravitational Acceleration applies universally across different celestial bodies.
• Gravitational Acceleration of Common Celestial Bodies:
• Earth: 9.8 m/s²
• Moon: 1.63 m/s²
• Mars: 3.71 m/s²
• Jupiter: 24.79 m/s²
• Space Missions: Gravity considerations are vital for planning missions, such as designing rovers and landers for the Moon and Mars.
• Scientific Relevance: Understanding gravitational differences helps scientists study planetary structures, atmospheres, and potential habitability.

The correct answer is Devaluation of the rupee against foreign currencies.

Key Points

• In 1991, India faced a severe Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis, with a sharp decline in foreign exchange reserves, leaving the country with reserves sufficient for just a few weeks of imports.
• To address this crisis, the Government of India resorted to the devaluation of the rupee in July 1991. This measure involved reducing the value of the rupee relative to foreign currencies, making Indian exports cheaper and imports costlier.
• The devaluation was carried out in two steps: on July 1, 1991, the rupee was devalued by approximately 9%, followed by a further devaluation of 11% on July 3, 1991.
• This policy aimed to improve the competitiveness of Indian exports in international markets and attract foreign exchange, helping to stabilize the economy.
• The devaluation formed part of a broader set of economic reforms initiated under the guidance of the then Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, and Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
• This measure, along with the liberalization of the Indian economy, played a significant role in resolving the BoP crisis and initiating economic reforms in India.

Additional Information

• Balance of Payments (BoP) Crisis, 1991:
• India’s BoP crisis in 1991 was marked by high fiscal deficits, low foreign exchange reserves, and a sharp increase in the current account deficit.
• The crisis was triggered by factors like rising oil prices due to the Gulf War, a decline in remittances, and a high trade deficit.
• Economic Reforms of 1991:
• The devaluation of the rupee was part of a series of reforms that included liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies.
• The reforms aimed to reduce government control in the economy, attract foreign direct investment (FDI), and encourage private sector growth.
• Significance of Rupee Devaluation:
• Devaluation made Indian goods cheaper in the global market, boosting exports.
• It helped in attracting foreign capital and stabilizing the rupee’s exchange rate over time.
• Role of International Monetary Fund (IMF):
• India approached the IMF for financial assistance during the BoP crisis.
• As part of the structural adjustment program, India implemented economic reforms, including the rupee devaluation.
• Important Figures:
• Dr. Manmohan Singh, as Finance Minister, played a pivotal role in shaping and implementing the economic reforms.
• Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao provided political leadership and support for the reforms.

Important Points

• Exchange Rate Policy: The devaluation marked the shift from a fixed exchange rate system to a market-determined exchange rate system over subsequent years.
• Impact on Inflation: The devaluation initially led to a rise in import costs, causing inflationary pressures in the domestic economy.
• Long-Term Benefits: The reforms initiated in 1991 laid the foundation for India’s economic growth, transforming it into one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.

The correct answer is 1799.

Key Points

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh established his capital at Lahore in 1799. This marked the beginning of his reign as a significant ruler in North India.
• In 1799, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore after defeating the Bhangi Misl, one of the Sikh confederacies, and made it his political and administrative center.
• Lahore was strategically important due to its location on the trade routes and its historical significance as a cultural and administrative hub.
• Under his rule, Lahore became the capital of the Sikh Empire, which extended across Punjab, Jammu, and Kashmir, and parts of modern-day Pakistan.
• This establishment of Lahore as the capital strengthened Ranjit Singh's empire and consolidated his power in the region.

Additional Information

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
• Also known as the "Lion of Punjab", Ranjit Singh was the founder of the Sikh Empire in the early 19^th century.
• He unified the Sikh misls (confederacies) and established a strong and centralized state.
• Ranjit Singh's reign lasted from 1801 to 1839. During his rule, the Sikh Empire was known for its secular governance and military strength.
• Lahore:
• Lahore has historically been a prominent city in the Indian subcontinent, serving as a cultural, political, and administrative center.
• During Ranjit Singh's reign, Lahore flourished as a center of arts, architecture, and trade.
• The famous Lahore Fort and the Hazuri Bagh were renovated and expanded under his rule.
• The Sikh Empire:
• The Sikh Empire was a major power in the Indian subcontinent during the early 19^th century, with its peak under Ranjit Singh's rule.
• The empire's territory extended from the Sutlej River in the east to the Khyber Pass in the west and from the Himalayas in the north to the Sindh region in the south.
• Ranjit Singh modernized the army with European assistance, making it one of the most formidable forces in the region.
• Other Options:
• 1829: By this time, Ranjit Singh had already established his empire and was focusing on consolidating his territories.
• 1821: This year does not mark any significant event in relation to the establishment of Lahore as the capital.
• 1801: This year marks the coronation of Ranjit Singh as the Maharaja of Punjab, but Lahore had already been established as his capital in 1799.

Important Points

• Contributions of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
• He established a secular administration and ensured religious harmony in his empire.
• He modernized the army by employing European officers and adopting advanced military techniques.
• He commissioned the construction and renovation of various architectural marvels, including the gilding of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar.
• Decline of the Sikh Empire:
• After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the empire faced internal conflicts and weakened leadership.
• This led to its eventual annexation by the British in 1849 after the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

The correct answer is The monetary policy statement.

Key Points

• The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, mandates that the central government lay down certain financial documents before both Houses of Parliament, along with the Annual Financial Statement (Union Budget).
• These documents include:
• The Medium-Term Fiscal Policy Statement, which outlines the government's fiscal goals and how these goals will be achieved over a period of three years.
• The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement, which explains the key policies and priorities of the government for achieving fiscal targets.
• The Macroeconomic Framework Statement, which provides an overview of the economic outlook, including GDP growth, fiscal balance, and external sector performance.
• The Monetary Policy Statement, however, is NOT required to be laid before the Parliament under the FRBM Act, 2003. This statement is generally issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as part of its monetary policy framework.

Additional Information

• **Medium-Term Fiscal Policy

Statement:

**

• This document projects the fiscal targets for the next three years.
• It includes targets for revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, tax revenue, and total outstanding liabilities.
• It helps in assessing the sustainability of government finances over the medium term.
• **Fiscal Policy Strategy

Statement:

**

• This statement explains the government's fiscal priorities and policies for the upcoming financial year.
• It details the approach for achieving fiscal objectives such as reducing deficits and improving revenue mobilization.
• It also includes information on expenditure management and structural reforms.
• **Macroeconomic Framework

Statement:

**

• It provides an overview of the economy, including growth prospects, inflation trends, and external sector developments.
• It also discusses fiscal performance and the impact of fiscal policy on the economy.
• This statement is crucial for understanding the economic context in which the budget is prepared.
• **Monetary Policy

Statement:

**

• This statement is issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to outline the monetary policy decisions.
• It includes details on interest rates, inflation targeting, and liquidity measures.
• The statement is released as part of the RBI's bi-monthly monetary policy review and is not part of the documents required under the FRBM Act, 2003.

Important Points

• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003:
• The Act was enacted to bring fiscal discipline and improve transparency in India's fiscal management system.
• It sets targets for reducing fiscal deficit and revenue deficit.
• The Act requires the government to present various financial documents to ensure accountability and transparency.
• Role of the RBI in Monetary Policy:
• The RBI is the central authority for monetary policy in India, tasked with maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate credit flow to the economy.
• The monetary policy is executed through tools like repo rate, reverse repo rate, and cash reserve ratio.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Living organ donation allows healthy individuals to donate certain organs or tissues while they are alive to save or enhance the lives of others. This is regulated under strict medical guidelines and ethical considerations.
• Part of a liver can be donated by a living donor. The liver has a unique ability to regenerate, making it possible for a portion of the liver to be transplanted while the donor’s liver regrows to its normal size. Hence, statement I is correct.
• A kidney can be donated by a living donor. Humans typically have two kidneys, and one kidney is sufficient for a donor to live a healthy life while the donated kidney can save the life of the recipient. Hence, statement II is correct.
• Living organ donation is strictly regulated to ensure the safety of both the donor and the recipient. It requires comprehensive medical evaluations and legal consent processes.
• Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Additional Information

• Organ Donation:
• Organ donation refers to the process of donating organs or tissues from a donor to a recipient. It can be done either after death (cadaveric donation) or by living donors.
• Living donors can donate organs like kidneys, part of the liver, or tissues such as bone marrow, provided they meet strict medical criteria.
• Organ donations save lives, especially in cases of chronic organ failure such as kidney or liver failure.
• Liver Donation:
• The liver is the only organ in the human body capable of regenerating itself. This allows living donors to donate a portion of their liver, which regrows to its normal size in both the donor and the recipient.
• Liver donation typically involves removing either the right or left lobe of the liver, depending on the size and needs of the recipient.
• Regeneration usually takes place within a few months of donation.
• Kidney Donation:
• Kidneys are vital for filtering waste and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Living individuals with healthy kidney function can donate one kidney.
• A kidney transplant is often the best treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or chronic kidney failure.
• Donors undergo extensive medical evaluations to ensure their remaining kidney can sustain normal kidney function.
• Legal and Ethical Guidelines:
• Organ donation is regulated under laws such as the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994, in India, which ensures ethical practices and prohibits organ trafficking.
• Donors must give informed consent, and medical professionals must ensure donors are not coerced or exploited.
• Both donor and recipient undergo psychological and medical evaluations to ensure a safe and ethical transplant process.

Important Points

• Eligibility for Living Donation:
• Donors must be in good physical and mental health, typically between the ages of 18 and 60 years.
• They must undergo rigorous medical tests, including blood tests, imaging scans, and psychological assessments.
• Living donors are often family members or close relatives of the recipient to reduce the risk of organ rejection.
• Statistics:
• Globally, living organ donation accounts for a significant portion of transplants. For example, in India, about 90% of kidney transplants come from living donors.
• Countries like the United States and South Korea also see high rates of living donation, particularly for kidney and liver transplants.
• Awareness Campaigns:
• Initiatives like National Organ Donation Day (celebrated annually on 27^th November in India) aim to educate the public about the life-saving benefits of organ donation.

The correct answer is defeating Avanti (Malwa) and annexing it to Magadh.

Key Points

• Shishunaga, the founder of the Shishunaga dynasty, ruled Magadh in ancient India and contributed significantly to its expansion.
• One of his most notable achievements was defeating Avanti (Malwa), a major kingdom that posed a significant threat to Magadh's dominance.
• After defeating Avanti, Shishunaga successfully annexed the kingdom to Magadh, thereby strengthening his empire and extending its boundaries to central India.
• The annexation of Avanti was crucial as it eliminated a key rival and allowed Magadh to emerge as the most powerful kingdom in northern India during that era.
• This victory paved the way for later rulers of Magadh, such as the Nanda dynasty and Maurya dynasty, to further expand the empire and establish its supremacy.

Additional Information

• Shishunaga Dynasty:
• The Shishunaga dynasty was established around 413 BCE and preceded the Nanda dynasty.
• Shishunaga initially served as a viceroy in Kashi before ascending to the throne of Magadh.
• The capital of his empire was Rajgir (formerly Girivraja), but he later moved it to Pataliputra.
• The dynasty laid the foundation for Magadh's political and cultural dominance in ancient India.
• Avanti Kingdom:
• Avanti was one of the major Mahajanapadas in ancient India, with its capital at Ujjain.
• It was a prosperous kingdom known for its trade, culture, and military strength.
• The defeat of Avanti by Shishunaga marked a turning point in the history of Magadh, as it consolidated power and resources from central India.
• First Buddhist Council:
• The first Buddhist council was held in Rajgir during the reign of King Ajatashatru, who preceded Shishunaga.
• This council was significant in compiling the teachings of Buddha into the Pali Canon, marking an important event in Buddhist history.
• While Shishunaga promoted Buddhism, the council itself was not held during his reign.
• Pataliputra Fort:
• Pataliputra was fortified by later rulers, including the Nanda and Maurya dynasties, rather than Shishunaga.
• Its strategic location at the confluence of the Ganga and Son rivers made it a prominent city in ancient India.

Important Points

• Magadh's Role in Indian History:
• Magadh was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, and its strategic location contributed to its emergence as a dominant political and cultural center.
• Under Shishunaga and subsequent dynasties, Magadh became the cradle for major religious movements such as Buddhism and Jainism.
• Historical Significance of Avanti's Defeat:
• The annexation of Avanti not only expanded Magadh's territory but also increased its influence over trade routes and resources in central India.
• This victory was instrumental in unifying northern and central India under a single political entity.

The correct answer is Dehliwal.

Key Points

• The coins minted in Delhi during the reign of the Tomar and Chauhan dynasties were called Dehliwal.
• The term "Dehliwal" specifically refers to the local coins produced in the Delhi region during the medieval period under the rule of these dynasties.
• These coins were primarily made of silver and were used as a medium of exchange in commerce and trade during that era.
• The Dehliwal coins played a significant role in the economic activities of northern India during the reign of the Tomars and Chauhans, symbolizing their administrative and monetary systems.
• The coins reflected regional identity and sovereignty, and their minting was a mark of local governance and control over trade.

Additional Information

• Tomar Dynasty:
• The Tomar dynasty ruled Delhi before the Chauhan dynasty and was instrumental in establishing Delhi as a center of political and economic activity.
• They are credited with founding the city of Delhi, and their rule lasted until the Chauhans took over the region in the late 12^th century.
• The reign of the Tomars witnessed significant developments in trade, and their coins like Dehliwal were widely used.
• The Tomar kings were known for their administrative capabilities and contributions to local governance.
• Chauhan Dynasty:
• The Chauhans succeeded the Tomars in Delhi, with Prithviraj Chauhan being one of the most prominent rulers of the dynasty.
• The Chauhan dynasty played a crucial role in resisting invasions, especially from the Ghurid Empire.
• Dehliwal coins continued to be minted during their reign, reflecting the continuity of the monetary system established by the Tomars.
• Prithviraj Chauhan’s reign marked the last phase of the Chauhan dynasty before Delhi fell to Muslim rulers.
• Other Coin Types:
• Rupees: The term "Rupee" became prominent much later, especially during the Mughal and British periods, and does not pertain to the Tomar or Chauhan era.
• Dinar: Dinar was a gold coin used in the Middle East and parts of India, but it was not associated with the Tomars or Chauhans.
• Tanka: The Tanka was introduced by Muslim rulers after the Chauhan dynasty, particularly by the Delhi Sultanate, and was not relevant to the question.
• Significance of Dehliwal Coins:
• These coins were symbols of regional autonomy and governance under the Tomar and Chauhan rulers.
• The use of Dehliwal coins highlights the economic and cultural significance of Delhi during the medieval period.
• They represent the early monetary systems in India before the advent of centralized coinage by later dynasties.

Important Points

• Historical Context:
• The Tomar and Chauhan dynasties laid the foundation for Delhi’s prominence as a political and trade hub in northern India.
• The transition from Tomar to Chauhan rule marked a continuation of local governance systems, including coin minting practices.
• Legacy:
• The Dehliwal coins are an important artifact of early Indian history, providing insights into the economic systems of medieval India.
• They reflect the cultural and political autonomy of Delhi before the establishment of Muslim rule in the region.

The correct answer is It was the numerical value determining a noble's rank and salary..

Key Points

• Zat in the Mughal Mansabdari system referred to the numerical value assigned to each mansabdar, which determined their rank and salary.
• The rank was primarily categorized by the Zat number, which indicated the status and hierarchy of the noble within the Mughal administration.
• The Zat value also determined the financial remuneration a mansabdar would receive, thereby signifying their social and economic standing in the empire.
• Higher Zat numbers were associated with greater privileges, larger salaries, and higher administrative responsibilities.
• This system was introduced by Akbar and was an integral part of the administrative structure of the Mughal Empire, aiding in efficient governance.

Additional Information

• Mughal Mansabdari System:
• The Mansabdari system was a unique administrative framework introduced by Akbar to manage the empire’s civil and military responsibilities.
• Under this system, every officer or noble was assigned a rank called Mansab, which was divided into two components: Zat and Sawar.
• Zat was the personal rank of the mansabdar, while Sawar denoted the number of horsemen a mansabdar was required to maintain for military service.
• The system aimed to ensure efficient administration and prevent hereditary claims to high-ranking positions.
• Functions of Zat:
• Zat was a numerical indicator of the noble's personal rank and the salary they would draw.
• It played a key role in determining the status of a mansabdar within the Mughal administrative hierarchy.
• The higher the Zat rank, the larger the jagir (land revenue assignment) granted to the individual.
• It ensured that nobles were paid adequately and maintained loyalty to the emperor.
• Comparison with Sawar:
• While Zat defined rank and salary, Sawar defined the military obligations of a mansabdar.
• Sawar denoted the number of cavalry personnel a noble was required to maintain, which varied according to their rank and responsibilities.
• Both components were interlinked but served different purposes in the administration.
• Historical Context:
• The system was crucial during the reign of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, helping to create a centralized bureaucracy.
• It eliminated feudal tendencies and ensured that administrative positions were merit-based rather than hereditary.
• It also helped maintain a stable military force, ensuring the empire's territorial integrity.

Important Points

• Zat ranks:
• The Zat ranks ranged from 10 to 5000, with higher ranks indicating greater influence and responsibilities.
• Ranks above 5000 were reserved for the highest-ranking officials and royal family members.
• Jagir Allocation:
• Based on the Zat, mansabdars were assigned jagirs, which were revenue-yielding lands to sustain their salaries and military expenses.
• This system ensured equitable distribution of resources and prevented concentration of power in the hands of a few nobles.
• Akbar’s Reforms:
• Akbar institutionalized the Mansabdari system as part of his broader administrative reforms to strengthen the Mughal Empire.
• He ensured that ranks were periodically reviewed, promoting efficiency and accountability among nobles.

The correct answer is 1997.

Key Points

• The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was established in 1997 to promote regional cooperation and sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region.
• IORA was initiated by India and South Africa to create a platform for economic, socio-cultural, and political collaboration among countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
• The association's founding meeting took place in Port Louis, Mauritius, where the Charter of the Indian Ocean Rim Association was adopted.
• IORA aims to enhance maritime security, trade facilitation, disaster management, scientific research, and capacity building among its member states.
• It includes 23 member countries from the Indian Ocean region and 10 dialogue partners, which contribute to its objectives by providing expertise and resources.

Additional Information

• Member Countries:
• The IORA comprises 23 member states, including countries like India, Australia, Indonesia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and the UAE, among others.
• The organization includes countries that share a coastline with the Indian Ocean.
• Objectives of IORA:
• Promoting economic cooperation and sustainable growth within the Indian Ocean region.
• Enhancing maritime safety and security to ensure freedom of navigation and secure trade routes.
• Encouraging scientific and technological collaboration for the development of member states.
• Strengthening disaster risk management by sharing expertise and resources.
• Key Initiatives:
• IORA plays a significant role in addressing issues like illegal fishing, piracy, and maritime pollution.
• The organization has launched the Blue Economy Initiative, focusing on sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and ocean ecosystem health.
• It also conducts the annual Indian Ocean Dialogue to discuss regional cooperation and security challenges.
• Structure of IORA:
• The apex body of IORA is the Council of Ministers (COM), consisting of foreign ministers from member states.
• The Committee of Senior Officials (CSO) supports the COM and oversees the implementation of decisions.
• The organization has a Secretariat based in Ebène, Mauritius, which coordinates activities and communication among member states.

Important Points

• The Indian Ocean region is of strategic importance as it hosts some of the busiest shipping lanes, connecting the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
• IORA promotes the concept of the Blue Economy, which includes sectors like fisheries, renewable energy, maritime transport, and tourism.
• IORA’s Dialogue Partners include countries like the United States, China, Japan, and Germany, which provide technical and financial assistance.
• The association is instrumental in fostering a rules-based maritime order in the Indian Ocean, aligning with international laws like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

The correct answer is Sucheta Kripalani.

Key Points

• Sucheta Kripalani was the first woman Chief Minister of any state in India. She served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1963 to 1967.
• She was a prominent figure in the Indian freedom struggle and worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Quit India Movement.
• Sucheta Kripalani represented Indian National Congress, the political party that played a pivotal role in India's independence and early governance.
• Her tenure as Chief Minister was marked by her efforts to improve administrative efficiency and address social issues, including those related to women’s welfare and education.
• She was known for her determination and leadership, especially during the state employees' strike in Uttar Pradesh, where she successfully negotiated and resolved the issues.
• She remains a symbol of women's empowerment in Indian politics, paving the way for future generations of female leaders.

Additional Information

• Other prominent women in Indian history:
• Aruna Asaf Ali: Known as the "Grand Old Lady" of the Indian Independence Movement, she played a pivotal role in the Quit India Movement and was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
• Anna Chandy: She was the first woman judge in India and also one of the first women judges globally. She was appointed to the Kerala High Court in 1959.
• Kamala Nehru: She was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru and a prominent freedom fighter, contributing to the civil disobedience movement and working for women’s rights in India.
• Historical significance of women leaders:
• Women leaders like Sucheta Kripalani paved the way for greater representation of women in Indian politics.
• Their contributions during the freedom struggle highlight their role in shaping India’s socio-political landscape.
• They have inspired initiatives for gender equality and efforts to empower women in various sectors.
• Key facts about Uttar Pradesh:
• Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state and plays a significant role in the country's politics.
• It was the first state in India to have a woman Chief Minister, marking a milestone in Indian governance.
• It is known for its rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, and diverse population.

Important Points

• Sucheta Kripalani’s legacy:
• She was one of the few women leaders in Indian politics during the 20^th century, making her achievements even more remarkable.
• Her work as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh set a precedent for future women leaders in Indian states.
• Her participation in the freedom struggle and dedication to public service showcased her commitment to India’s development.
• Representation of women in Indian politics:
• Women’s participation in politics has steadily increased since independence, with leaders like Indira Gandhi and Pratibha Patil holding key positions such as Prime Minister and President, respectively.
• Various laws and initiatives have been implemented to promote gender equality and increase women’s representation in governance.

The correct answer is Asima Chatterjee.

Key Points

• Asima Chatterjee was the first female recipient of the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in 1961, awarded for her contributions to the field of organic chemistry.
• She is renowned for her groundbreaking work in the fields of medicinal chemistry, especially for her research on alkaloids and the development of anti-malarial and anti-epileptic drugs.
• Her research primarily revolved around the chemistry of natural products, including plant-based substances, which have significant applications in medicine.
• Asima Chatterjee made significant contributions to Indian science, becoming a trailblazer for women scientists in the country.
• The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, established in 1958, is one of India’s highest science awards, given annually by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for outstanding contributions to science and technology.

Additional Information

• Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize:
• Named after Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the founder Director of CSIR, the prize recognizes exceptional achievements in various fields of science like Biological Sciences, Engineering, Mathematics, Medicine, Physical Sciences, and Chemical Sciences.
• Each award includes a citation, a plaque, and a cash prize of ₹5 lakh.
• The prize is awarded to scientists below the age of 45 years for their contributions to Indian science.
• Asima Chatterjee’s Legacy:
• Born on 23 September 1917 in Kolkata, she became the first woman to earn a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university (University of Calcutta).
• She served as the Chairperson of the Chemistry Department at Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata.
• Her pioneering work on natural products chemistry contributed significantly to drug development, especially in the areas of malaria, epilepsy, and cancer.
• She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1975 for her contributions to science.
• Other female recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize:
• After Asima Chatterjee, other women scientists like Sudipta Sengupta (1983, Earth Sciences) and Archana Bhattacharyya (1998, Physical Sciences) have also received this prestigious award.
• This highlights the growing recognition of women in Indian science over the decades.
• Important Contributions of Other Options:
• Debala Mitra: An eminent Indian archaeologist who served as the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Her work focuses on ancient Indian monuments but she did not receive the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize.
• Sudipta Sengupta: A distinguished geologist who received the prize in 1983 for her work in Earth Sciences. However, she was not the first female recipient.
• Archana Bhattacharyya: A physicist who received the prize in 1998 for her contributions to space physics but was not the first woman to receive it.

Important Points

• Gender Representation in Science:
• Women’s contributions in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) fields in India have historically been underrepresented.
• Awards like the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize encourage greater participation and recognition of women in scientific research.
• Efforts by institutions like CSIR to promote diversity and inclusion in science are crucial for breaking gender barriers.
• Encouragement for Research:
• Such prestigious awards provide motivation for young scientists to pursue innovative research.
• They also highlight the importance of focusing on indigenous scientific advancements.

The correct answer is Pritam.

Key Points

• Pritam, one of India’s leading music directors, won the Best Music Direction (Songs) award at the National Film Awards 2024 for his remarkable work in the Hindi movie Brahmastra - Part 1: Shiva.
• Pritam is known for his versatile music composition and has been instrumental in delivering chart-topping songs in Bollywood. His work in Brahmastra was widely appreciated for blending modern and traditional musical elements seamlessly.
• The soundtrack of Brahmastra - Part 1: Shiva featured several hit songs such as Kesariya, Deva Deva, and Rasiya, which became instant favorites among audiences and critics alike.
• This award adds to Pritam’s illustrious career, which includes multiple awards like Filmfare Awards, IIFA Awards, and Zee Cine Awards for his exceptional contributions to Indian cinema.
• The National Film Awards, considered one of the most prestigious awards in Indian cinema, recognize excellence across various categories, including acting, direction, cinematography, and music composition.

Additional Information

• Pritam Chakraborty:
• Pritam was born on 14 June 1971 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. He is a prominent Indian composer and playback singer.
• He is known for his ability to experiment with diverse genres, including pop, rock, classical, and traditional Indian music.
• Pritam has worked on numerous blockbuster movies such as Barfi!, Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Dilwale, and Jab We Met.
• He is often praised for his ability to connect with audiences across different age groups through his memorable and melodious compositions.
• Brahmastra - Part 1: Shiva:
• It is a Hindi-language fantasy adventure movie directed by Ayan Mukerji and produced by Karan Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions.
• Released in 2022, the film stars Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Amitabh Bachchan, Nagarjuna Akkineni, and Mouni Roy.
• The movie revolves around the concept of astras (weapons of power) and combines elements of Indian mythology with modern-day storytelling.
• The music of the film played a pivotal role in enhancing its narrative and emotional appeal.
• National Film Awards:
• The National Film Awards are presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organization under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
• Established in 1954, these awards aim to encourage and honor excellence in Indian cinema across various languages and categories.
• Winners are selected by a national jury consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry.
• The awards include categories like Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Feature Film, and Best Music Direction, among others.
• Other Nominees for the Category:
• While Pritam won the award, other notable music directors like Mahesh Bhuvanend, Niki Joshi, and Ravi Varman were also recognized for their contributions in different films.
• However, Pritam’s work stood out for its innovation, emotional depth, and widespread popularity.

Important Points

• Kesariya:
• The song Kesariya from Brahmastra became a massive hit and garnered millions of views on YouTube within days of its release.
• Its soulful lyrics and melodious composition contributed significantly to the film’s popularity.
• Recognition of Music in Indian Cinema:
• Music plays a crucial role in Indian films, often driving the narrative and connecting emotionally with audiences.
• The National Film Awards honor exceptional contributions in music direction, highlighting its importance in the cinematic experience.

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• Sikkim celebrated its 50^th Statehood Day in May 2025, marking five decades since it officially became a part of India.
• Sikkim was granted statehood on May 16, 1975, through the 36^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975, making it the 22^nd state of India.
• The current Chief Minister of Sikkim is Prem Singh Tamang, also known as P.S. Golay. He has been serving as the Chief Minister since May 2019.
• Prior to its statehood, Sikkim was a protectorate of India and governed as per the Indo-Sikkim Treaty of 1950.
• Sikkim is renowned for being India’s smallest state by population and for its unique geographical and cultural diversity.

Additional Information

• Historical Background of Sikkim:
• Sikkim was ruled by the Namgyal dynasty before becoming a protectorate under India in 1950.
• The Indo-Sikkim Treaty of 1950 ensured that India controlled its defense, communication, and external affairs.
• In 1975, a referendum was held, and the majority of Sikkimese people voted to abolish the monarchy and merge with India.
• Geographical Significance:
• Sikkim is located in the northeastern part of India, bordered by Nepal, Bhutan, China, and West Bengal.
• It is home to Kangchenjunga, the third-highest mountain in the world and a sacred peak for the Sikkimese people.
• Despite being the second smallest state by area, Sikkim is known for its biodiversity, hosting a wide range of flora and fauna.
• Prem Singh Tamang (P.S. Golay):
• Prem Singh Tamang is the leader of the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha (SKM) party.
• He took office as the Chief Minister of Sikkim on May 27, 2019, after his party won the state elections.
• Golay has been pivotal in implementing several developmental projects in Sikkim, focusing on tourism, education, and environmental conservation.
• Sikkim’s Achievements:
• Sikkim was declared India’s first organic state in 2016, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
• The state is also recognized for its high literacy rate and efforts in preserving its indigenous culture.
• It is a popular tourist destination due to its natural beauty, monasteries, and adventure opportunities.

Important Points

• 36^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975:
• This amendment officially integrated Sikkim into India as a full-fledged state.
• It added Article 371F to the Indian Constitution, providing special provisions to protect Sikkim’s cultural and social heritage.
• Tourism in Sikkim:
• Sikkim attracts tourists with destinations like Tsomgo Lake, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, and Yumthang Valley.
• The state actively promotes eco-tourism and sustainable travel practices.
• Sikkim’s Role in India:
• Sikkim serves as a strategic location due to its proximity to international borders, especially with China.
• The Indian Army maintains a significant presence in Sikkim to safeguard national security.

The correct answer is Russia.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi was recently conferred with Russia's highest civilian honor, "The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle," in recognition of his exceptional contributions towards strengthening bilateral relations between India and Russia.
• The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle is one of the most prestigious awards in Russia, established in the year 1698 by Tsar Peter the Great to honor outstanding achievements and contributions to the state.
• The award acknowledges Prime Minister Modi's efforts in fostering closer ties between India and Russia, particularly in areas such as defense, trade, energy, and cultural exchange.
• Notably, this honor has previously been conferred upon eminent international figures and Russian citizens who have made significant contributions to the nation's development and global diplomacy.
• India and Russia share a long-standing strategic partnership, and this recognition highlights the deep-rooted diplomatic and cultural ties between the two nations.

Additional Information

• The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle:
• This civilian honor is named after St. Andrew, one of the apostles and the patron saint of Russia.
• It is considered one of the oldest and most prestigious awards in Russia, awarded to both Russian citizens and international figures for exceptional service to the nation.
• The insignia includes a badge with a blue-and-gold cross and a sash worn over the shoulder.
• India-Russia Relations:
• India and Russia have maintained a strong strategic partnership since the Cold War era, with cooperation in areas such as defense, space exploration, nuclear energy, and trade.
• Both nations are members of key multilateral organizations like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), promoting regional and global cooperation.
• Russia has consistently supported India on international platforms, including its bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
• Other International Honors Received by PM Modi:
• PM Modi has previously been awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States, the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud by Saudi Arabia, and the Champions of the Earth Award by the United Nations.
• These recognitions underline his efforts in global diplomacy, environmental conservation, and fostering international collaboration.
• Significance of Civilian Honors:
• Civilian awards like "The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle" serve as a testament to the recipient's contributions towards advancing bilateral relations, global peace, and mutual cooperation.
• These honors also strengthen diplomatic ties and promote cultural exchange between nations.

Important Points

• PM Modi's Contributions:
• Under PM Modi’s leadership, India has emerged as a key player in global diplomacy, fostering relations with major powers, including Russia.
• His initiatives, such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and active participation in forums like G20, have further elevated India’s role on the global stage.
• Russia's Recognition:
• The conferment of "The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle" to PM Modi reflects Russia’s appreciation for his leadership in advancing India-Russia relations.
• This recognition underscores the historical and strategic partnership between the two nations.

The correct answer is 0.417.

Key Points

• The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 is a comprehensive survey conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) of India under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It monitors employment and labour force trends.
• According to the PLFS 2023-24, the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) in India has increased to 41.7% (0.417). This marks a significant improvement in women's participation in the workforce.
• The FLFPR refers to the proportion of women aged 15 years and above who are either working (employed) or seeking work (unemployed) relative to the total female population in the same age group.
• This increase highlights the positive impact of government initiatives, skill development programs, and increased awareness of gender equality in workplaces.
• Despite this growth, India's FLFPR is still lower than the global average, indicating the need for further policy measures and reforms to enhance women's employment opportunities.

Additional Information

• Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):
• The PLFS was launched in April 2017 to provide annual estimates of employment, unemployment, and labour force indicators for both rural and urban areas.
• It replaced the earlier Employment-Unemployment Surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• PLFS collects data on key indicators such as Worker Population Ratio (WPR), Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
• Factors Influencing FLFPR:
• Social factors such as cultural norms and family obligations often restrict women's participation in the workforce.
• Economic factors, including wage disparity and lack of job opportunities in rural areas, also impact the FLFPR.
• Government initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Skill India Mission, and Stand-Up India aim to address these challenges and encourage women’s participation in various sectors.
• Global Comparison:
• According to the World Bank, the global average FLFPR stands at approximately 47%, significantly higher than India's rate.
• Countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam have FLFPRs exceeding 50%, showcasing the potential for India's improvement in this area.
• Government Policies to Improve FLFPR:
• Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017: Provides 26 weeks of paid maternity leave to women employees.
• Mahila Shakti Kendra: Aims to empower rural women through skill development and employment opportunities.
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY): Focuses on skill training and placement for rural youth, with a special emphasis on women.

Important Points

• Challenges in Improving FLFPR:
• Lack of access to safe and affordable childcare services is a significant barrier to women’s workforce participation.
• Gender stereotypes and occupational segregation often limit women's entry into high-paying, formal job sectors.
• Unpaid care work, which disproportionately falls on women, reduces their availability for paid employment opportunities.
• Significance of FLFPR Growth:
• Higher FLFPR contributes to economic growth by utilizing the untapped potential of women in the labour force.
• Improved women's participation in the workforce promotes gender equality and economic empowerment.
• It enhances household incomes and reduces poverty levels in both urban and rural settings.

The correct answer is 120.

Key Points

• As per the Union Budget 2025-26, the government of India has announced a revamped version of the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) initiative. The initiative is aimed at enhancing regional air connectivity.
• The revamped UDAN initiative will add 120 new destinations to its network, further expanding the accessibility of air travel to remote and underserved areas of the country.
• The original UDAN scheme, launched in 2016, sought to make flying affordable for the common man and improve the regional aviation infrastructure.
• The new destinations under the revamped initiative will focus on underserved and unserved airports across India, promoting economic development and tourism in these regions.
• Special emphasis will be placed on connecting Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, thereby reducing travel time and enhancing regional development.

Additional Information

• UDAN Scheme Overview:
• The UDAN scheme was launched by the Ministry of Civil Aviation in 2016 under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS).
• It aims to connect unserved and underserved airports across India and make air travel affordable for the public.
• Under the scheme, financial incentives are provided to airlines in the form of Viability Gap Funding (VGF), ensuring affordable ticket pricing.
• Original Impact of the UDAN Scheme:
• Since its inception, the UDAN scheme has connected over 70 airports, with 1 crore passengers benefitting from affordable flights.
• Key routes have been established connecting Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities to major metropolitan hubs.
• Budgetary Allocation for the Revamped Scheme:
• The Union Budget 2025-26 has allocated significant funding for the revamped UDAN initiative to ensure the expansion of regional aviation infrastructure.
• The government has promised to enhance airport infrastructure and operational capabilities in smaller cities.
• Economic and Social Benefits:
• The addition of 120 new destinations is expected to boost regional tourism and create new opportunities for employment and economic development.
• Improved air connectivity will benefit industries such as agriculture, trade, and logistics, fostering growth in remote areas.

Important Points

• Viability Gap Funding (VGF):
• VGF is a financial support mechanism provided by the government to compensate for the shortfall in revenue for airlines operating under the UDAN scheme.
• This ensures that ticket prices remain affordable for passengers while airlines remain financially viable.
• Unserved and Underserved Airports:
• Unserved airports are those with no scheduled commercial flights, while underserved airports have limited connectivity.
• The revamped UDAN scheme prioritizes the development and operationalization of these airports.
• Focus on Sustainable Aviation:
• The government is also promoting green aviation practices by introducing energy-efficient airport infrastructure and low-emission aircraft under the revamped scheme.