General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Import Substitution.

Key Points

• Import Substitution, also known as the inward-looking trade strategy, was adopted by India during the initial Five-Year Plans to promote self-reliance and reduce dependency on foreign imports.
• The strategy aimed at developing domestic industries by restricting imports through high tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers.
• India's focus was to produce goods domestically that were otherwise imported, specifically in sectors like capital goods, machinery, and consumer products.
• This approach was rooted in the belief that protecting domestic industries would help them grow and strengthen the country's industrial base.
• However, while it led to industrial growth initially, the policy also resulted in inefficiencies, lack of competition, and technological stagnation in the long run.

Additional Information

• Characteristics of Import Substitution:
• Focus on domestic production of goods to replace imports.
• Implementation of protectionist policies such as high tariffs and import quotas.
• Encouragement of public sector enterprises to lead industrial development.
• Emphasis on building a self-reliant economy without foreign dependency.
• Outcome of Import Substitution in India:
• Initial success in building a strong industrial base, particularly in heavy industries.
• Limited competition due to protectionism, which led to low-quality production and inefficiencies.
• Technological stagnation as industries were not exposed to global advancements.
• Shift in policy during the 1991 economic liberalization when India opened its markets to global trade.
• Comparison with Other Options:
• Export Enhancement: This involves promoting exports to strengthen the economy, but India initially focused on restricting imports rather than boosting exports.
• Free Trade Expansion: This refers to reducing trade barriers and fostering global trade, which was contrary to India's inward-looking approach during the initial Five-Year Plans.
• Foreign Investment Expansion: Encouraging foreign investments was not a priority during India's early economic policy, as the focus was on domestic production.
• Economic Liberalization:
• India moved away from import substitution in 1991 when economic reforms were introduced, including liberalization, privatization, and globalization.
• These reforms opened up India’s economy to foreign trade and investments, fostering growth and technological advancements.

Important Points

• Five-Year Plans: India’s Five-Year Plans were initiated in 1951 under the guidance of the Planning Commission to promote economic development.
• Protectionist Measures: High tariffs and quotas were key tools used to implement import substitution.
• Public Sector Dominance: Many industries were state-controlled, emphasizing self-reliance.
• Impact of 1991 Reforms: The shift from protectionist policies to economic liberalization marked a turning point in India’s economic trajectory.
• Globalization: Post-1991, India integrated into the global economy, boosting exports, foreign investments, and technological growth.

The correct answer is 31.16%.

Key Points

• The level of urbanisation in India as per the 2011 Census was reported to be 31.16%. This indicates that a little over 31% of India's population resided in urban areas during that time.
• The urbanisation level is calculated based on the proportion of the total population living in areas categorized as urban regions.
• Urban areas are defined based on specific criteria such as population size, density, and the presence of certain infrastructure and amenities like roads, electricity, and education facilities.
• The increase in urbanisation from previous censuses indicates a gradual shift towards urban regions, driven by factors like industrialisation, employment opportunities, and rural-to-urban migration.
• 2011 Census data is one of the most reliable sources for understanding urbanisation trends in India, conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.

Additional Information

• Definition of Urban Areas:
• Urban areas in India are defined by the Registrar General of India using criteria such as a minimum population of 5,000, a population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometer, and at least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.
• Urbanisation Trends in India:
• As per the 2001 Census, the urbanisation level was 27.81%, showing a significant increase by the 2011 Census.
• Factors contributing to urbanisation include industrial growth, expansion of service industries, and improved transportation and communication networks.
• State-wise Data:
• States like Delhi, Goa, and Tamil Nadu show higher levels of urbanisation, while states like Bihar and Odisha have lower urbanisation percentages.
• Global Context:
• Globally, urbanisation levels are higher, with the world average at around 55% as per the UN World Urbanisation Prospects Report in 2018.
• Challenges of Urbanisation:
• Rapid urbanisation presents challenges such as overcrowding, pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and housing shortages.
• Government initiatives like Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT aim to address these challenges.

Important Points

• 2011 Census:
• The 2011 Census was the 15^th Census of India and the 7^th Census since Independence.
• It highlighted the demographic trends, including urbanisation, literacy levels, population growth, and other socio-economic indicators.
• Future Projections:
• According to the United Nations, India’s urban population is expected to reach 50% by 2050, signifying a significant demographic transition.
• Policy Measures:
• To manage urbanisation effectively, the government has introduced schemes like PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), RAY (Rajiv Awas Yojana), and JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission).

The correct answer is To remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood.

Key Points

• The primary function of an artificial kidney is to remove nitrogenous waste products such as urea and creatinine from the blood. This process is called dialysis and mimics the natural function of the kidneys.
• Artificial kidneys are used in patients suffering from kidney failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where the kidneys are no longer capable of filtering waste products efficiently.
• The artificial kidney works on the principle of diffusion and ultrafiltration. It removes unwanted waste, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood while retaining necessary components like proteins and essential ions.
• Unlike natural kidneys, artificial kidneys do not produce urine. Instead, the filtered waste and excess fluids are collected in the dialysis machine and disposed of externally. Hence, option 1 is incorrect.
• The artificial kidney does not filter glucose from the blood unless specifically required, such as in rare cases of glucose regulation during dialysis. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.
• The device does not play a direct role in increasing blood pressure. Blood pressure regulation in patients undergoing dialysis is managed through medications or other interventions. Hence, option 4 is incorrect.

Additional Information

• Kidney Functions:
• Natural kidneys filter around 50 gallons of blood daily, removing waste products, toxins, and extra fluids to form urine.
• They also regulate essential body functions such as blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production through the secretion of hormones like erythropoietin.
• Dialysis Process:
• There are two main types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
• Hemodialysis: Blood is drawn from the body, filtered through a dialysis machine, and then returned to the body. It is typically performed in a hospital or dialysis center.
• Peritoneal Dialysis: Utilizes the peritoneum (a membrane in the abdomen) as a natural filter. A special dialysis fluid is introduced into the abdominal cavity to absorb waste and toxins.
• Components of an Artificial Kidney (Dialysis Machine):
• The machine has a dialyzer containing semi-permeable membranes to filter blood.
• A pump regulates blood flow, and a monitor ensures proper filtration and safety during the procedure.
• Conditions Requiring Dialysis:
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
• Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to infection, injury, or other causes.
• Important Facts:
• The first successful dialysis was conducted by Willem Kolff in 1943.
• Dialysis is typically required when kidney function drops below 15%.
• In India, dialysis is often subsidized under health schemes like Ayushman Bharat.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• The central nervous system (CNS) in humans comprises the brain and the spinal cord.
• The spinal cord is a crucial part of the CNS, functioning as the communication highway between the brain and the rest of the body. It transmits motor commands from the brain and sensory information from the body.
• The heart, while vital for pumping blood throughout the body, is part of the circulatory system and not the CNS. Hence, it is not involved in neural processing or control.
• The spinal cord is responsible for reflex actions and plays a role in the autonomic and voluntary control of movements.
• Statement I ("Heart") is incorrect as the heart does not belong to the CNS, whereas Statement II ("Spinal cord") is correct as it is a central component of the CNS.

Additional Information

• Central Nervous System (CNS):
• The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column, respectively.
• It is responsible for processing sensory data, decision-making, and motor command generation.
• The CNS is surrounded by protective membranes called the meninges and is cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid.
• Spinal Cord:
• The spinal cord is a tubular structure extending from the brainstem to the lower back, enclosed within the vertebral column.
• It contains nerve tracts that transmit signals to and from the brain.
• It plays a significant role in reflex actions, which occur without brain involvement.
• Heart:
• The heart is part of the circulatory system and functions as the body's pump, circulating oxygen-rich blood.
• It operates autonomously under the control of the autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
• Although the nervous system influences heart rate, the heart itself is not part of the CNS.
• Nervous System Division:
• The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS comprises nerves extending to the rest of the body.

Important Points

• Reflex Actions:
• Reflex actions are quick, involuntary responses to stimuli mediated by the spinal cord, bypassing the brain.
• Examples include the knee-jerk reflex and the withdrawal reflex when touching something hot.
• Autonomic Nervous System:
• The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
• It operates independently of conscious control and has two branches: sympathetic (activates fight-or-flight response) and parasympathetic (calms the body).

The correct answer is Kautilya.

Key Points

• Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, authored the ancient Indian treatise called the ‘Arthasastra’.
• The ‘Arthasastra’ is a comprehensive work on statecraft, economics, military strategy, and governance, written during the 4^th century BCE.
• Kautilya was the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, and played a critical role in establishing and consolidating his empire.
• The treatise discusses topics like administration, diplomacy, taxation, law, and war strategies, reflecting the sophisticated governance system of that time.
• The ‘Arthasastra’ is widely regarded as one of the earliest and most influential works on political science and economics in the world.

Additional Information

• About Kautilya:
• Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was a renowned scholar, economist, and political strategist of ancient India.
• He was associated with the Takshashila University, an ancient center of learning.
• Kautilya used his knowledge and intellect to assist Chandragupta Maurya in overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and establishing the Mauryan Empire.
• Content of Arthasastra:
• The ‘Arthasastra’ is divided into 15 books (Adhikaranas), covering topics like economic policies, governance, military tactics, and legal systems.
• It provides guidance on the duties of a king, the functioning of the state, and the management of resources.
• The text also emphasizes the importance of espionage, alliances, and diplomacy in statecraft.
• Comparison with Other Thinkers:
• Kautilya is often compared to other great political thinkers like Machiavelli for his pragmatic and strategic approach to governance.
• Unlike Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’, the ‘Arthasastra’ provides a more detailed and systematic analysis of state administration.
• Legacy:
• The ‘Arthasastra’ remained a key reference for governance and administration in India for centuries.
• Its rediscovery in the early 20^th century by scholar Rudrapatna Shamasastry brought it back into academic and public discourse.
• Other Options Explained:
• Ashoka: He was a Mauryan emperor known for his promotion of Buddhism and inscriptions on pillars and rocks, not for writing the ‘Arthasastra’.
• Visakhadatta: He was a playwright known for works like ‘Mudrarakshasa’, which depicts the rise of the Mauryan Empire, but he did not author the ‘Arthasastra’.
• Megasthenes: He was a Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court and wrote the ‘Indica’, a detailed account of India, but not the ‘Arthasastra’.

Important Points

• Rediscovery of Arthasastra:
• The text was rediscovered in 1905 by Rudrapatna Shamasastry, a Sanskrit scholar and historian.
• It provided new insights into ancient Indian political and economic systems, showcasing the advanced governance practices of the Mauryan period.
• Influence on Modern Governance:
• The principles of the ‘Arthasastra’ are still studied in political science and management for their relevance to modern governance and business strategies.

The correct answer is Khums.

Key Points

• Khums was a tax levied during the Delhi Sultanate period on the treasure or booty looted in wars.
• The term Khums literally means "one-fifth" in Arabic, and it refers to the Islamic principle of taxing one-fifth (20%) of the war booty.
• This tax was collected by the state and was utilized for administrative purposes, public welfare, and religious activities.
• The remaining four-fifths of the booty were distributed among the soldiers who participated in the battle, as per Islamic law.
• The practice of levying Khums was in line with the Islamic traditions followed by the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, such as the Slave Dynasty, Khilji Dynasty, and Tughlaq Dynasty.

Additional Information

• Kharaj:
• Kharaj was a land tax imposed on agricultural produce during the Delhi Sultanate period.
• It was usually levied on non-Muslim cultivators and was a significant source of revenue for the state.
• The tax rate varied but was typically fixed at one-third of the total agricultural produce.
• Jizyah:
• Jizyah was a tax levied on non-Muslims (referred to as Dhimmis) for protection and exemption from military service.
• This tax was an important financial contribution made by non-Muslim subjects to the Islamic state.
• Jizyah was abolished by Akbar but reinstated by Aurangzeb during the Mughal period.
• Zakat:
• Zakat is a form of almsgiving and one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
• It was a mandatory charitable contribution levied on Muslims, typically amounting to 2.5% of one’s wealth.
• Zakat was used for social welfare and assistance to the poor and needy.
• Delhi Sultanate Timeline:

Important Points

• Islamic Taxation System:
• The taxation system during the Delhi Sultanate was heavily influenced by Islamic principles.
• Taxes like Khums, Zakat, and Jizyah were based on Islamic jurisprudence and were used to maintain the state's administration and support religious institutions.
• These taxes were systematically collected and documented by state-appointed officials.
• Administrative Use of Taxes:
• The revenue collected through Khums and other taxes was used for state welfare, construction of mosques, fortifications, and public works.
• It also funded the military campaigns and administrative machinery of the Sultanate.

The correct answer is Western Himalayas.

Key Points

• The Gaddi tribe is a semi-nomadic pastoral community primarily found in the Western Himalayas, particularly in regions like Himachal Pradesh and parts of Jammu & Kashmir.
• During the fourteenth century, the Gaddi tribe's shepherds traditionally inhabited the mountainous regions of the Western Himalayas due to the availability of vast pasture lands suitable for grazing their sheep and goats.
• The Gaddi shepherds followed a transhumance system, moving their herds between low-altitude winter pastures and high-altitude summer pastures in the Western Himalayan ranges.
• The climate and geographical features of the Western Himalayas, including its lush grasslands and cooler temperatures, made it an ideal location for sustaining their livelihood through sheep rearing and wool production.
• Hence, the correct answer is Western Himalayas.

Additional Information

• Gaddi Tribe:
• The Gaddi tribe is known for its pastoral lifestyle and resides mainly in the Kangra, Chamba, and Bharmaur regions of Himachal Pradesh.
• Their primary occupation involves sheep and goat rearing, and they are skilled in producing wool-based products like blankets and shawls.
• The Gaddi people follow the Hindu religion and worship deities like Lord Shiva, reflecting their deep spiritual connection with the Himalayan region.
• Transhumance:
• Transhumance is the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
• The Gaddis move to higher altitudes during summer for grazing and return to lower altitudes during winter to escape the cold.
• This practice allows the conservation of grazing resources and ensures sustainable use of the Himalayan pastures.
• Geographical Features of Western Himalayas:
• The Western Himalayas encompass regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Jammu & Kashmir.
• It is characterized by dense forests, alpine meadows, and glaciers, making it suitable for pastoralism.
• The region supports diverse flora and fauna, including medicinal plants, which are integral to the traditional knowledge of tribes like the Gaddis.
• Comparison of Other Options:
• Mysore: Located in southern India, Mysore is not suitable for the Gaddi tribe's traditional pastoral lifestyle as it lacks alpine pastures.
• Bijapur: A historic city in Karnataka, Bijapur is known for its architectural significance, but it is not associated with pastoral tribes like the Gaddis.
• North-east India: Although rich in biodiversity, North-east India does not have the alpine pastures required for the Gaddi tribe's transhumance system.

Important Points

• Historical Context: The Gaddi tribe's lifestyle in the fourteenth century revolved around their dependency on livestock and grazing lands in the Western Himalayas.
• Modern Challenges: In recent years, the Gaddi tribe has faced challenges like shrinking grazing lands and climate change, affecting their traditional way of life.

The correct answer is Pakistan.

Key Points

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping established in 1967 that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation among its 10 member countries located primarily in Southeast Asia.
• The founding members of ASEAN include Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, which signed the Bangkok Declaration in August 1967.
• Other members include Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia, totalling 5 members. These countries work together to enhance regional cooperation and integration.
• Pakistan is not a member of ASEAN. It is located in South Asia and is a member of other organisations like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), but it does not participate in the ASEAN framework.
• Countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, mentioned in the question, are prominent members of ASEAN and actively contribute to its initiatives. Hence, Pakistan is not part of ASEAN.

Additional Information

• ASEAN:
• Established: 8 August 1967, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Objective: To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region.
• Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia.
• ASEAN Charter: Signed in November 2007 and entered into force in December 2008. It serves as the legal and institutional framework for ASEAN.
• ​Recent Summits:
• ​47^th ASEAN Summit:
• Held on 26–28 October 2025 at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC), Malaysia.
• On 26 October 2025, Timor-Leste formally signed the accession instrument to become ASEAN's 11^th Member State.
• A landmark agreement (Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord) between Thailand and Cambodia was signed during the 47^th Summit to resolve long-standing border conflicts.
• ASEAN-India Summit: At the 22^nd ASEAN-India Summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared 2026 as the "ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation".
• Current Chairmanship: The Philippines holds the rotating ASEAN Chairmanship for 2026.
• ASEAN's Economic Role:
• ASEAN is one of the most dynamic economic regions in the world, with a combined GDP exceeding $3 trillion.
• It has established various free trade agreements (FTAs) with countries like China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand.
• The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), signed in 2020, further strengthens ASEAN's global economic integration.
• Important Members of ASEAN:
• Indonesia: The largest economy in ASEAN and a founding member.
• Malaysia: Known for its advanced infrastructure and active participation in ASEAN initiatives.
• Philippines: A founding member with a focus on regional security and economic development.
• Brunei: A small but wealthy member contributing to ASEAN's energy sector.

Important Points

• ASEAN's Dialogue Partners: ASEAN collaborates with its dialogue partners, including the USA, China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Russia, to discuss geopolitical and economic issues.
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): Established in 1994, the ARF promotes regional security and confidence-building measures.
• ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): Launched in 2015, the AEC aims to create a single market and production base among ASEAN member states.
• ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): AFTA was established in 1992 to promote intra-regional trade by reducing tariff barriers$.

The correct answer is Surya Kiran.

Key Points

• Surya Kiran is a joint military exercise conducted between India and Nepal to strengthen bilateral defense cooperation and enhance inter-operability between the armies of the two nations.
• The exercise focuses on counter-terrorism operations, disaster management, and humanitarian assistance. It also includes cultural exchanges to foster mutual understanding.
• Surya Kiran is held annually and alternates between locations in India and Nepal.
• The exercise is aimed at sharing tactical knowledge, improving military coordination, and boosting the overall relationship between the two countries.
• It reflects the strong defense ties between India and Nepal, which share a historical and geographical relationship marked by open borders and people-to-people connections.

Additional Information

• Indra:
• Indra is a bilateral military exercise conducted between India and Russia.
• It focuses on counter-terrorism operations and aims to strengthen defense cooperation between the two nations.
• It includes activities such as joint tactical drills, cultural exchanges, and strategic discussions.
• Vajra Prahar:
• Vajra Prahar is a joint military exercise between India and the United States.
• It is primarily conducted between the Special Forces of both nations to enhance their tactical skills and inter-operability.
• The exercise includes training in counter-terrorism and special operations in a simulated environment.
• Malabar:
• Malabar is a naval exercise involving India, the United States, Japan, and Australia.
• It focuses on enhancing maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and interoperability among participating navies.
• It reflects the strategic partnership and commitment of the participating nations towards a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

Important Points

• India-Nepal Defense Relations:
• India and Nepal share a unique defense relationship characterized by open borders and deep historical ties.
• The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) forms the basis of their defense cooperation.
• Numerous Nepalese citizens serve in the Indian Army under the Gorkha Regiment, demonstrating the mutual trust between the two countries.
• Objectives of Joint Exercises:
• Enhance mutual trust and cooperation between participating nations.
• Improve inter-operability and tactical skills in simulated environments.
• Provide training in areas such as counter-terrorism, disaster management, and humanitarian assistance.

The correct answer is The Father of the Indian Unrest.

Key Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was given the title "The Father of the Indian Unrest" by the British colonial rulers due to his revolutionary ideas and activities in the Indian freedom struggle.
• This title was coined by the British writer and historian Valentine Chirol in his book titled "Indian Unrest" published in the early 20^th century.
• Tilak’s strong opposition to British rule and his call for Swaraj (self-rule) resonated strongly among Indians, making him a prominent leader in the freedom movement.
• He played a crucial role in the extremist faction of the Indian National Congress, advocating for direct confrontation with colonial authorities rather than moderate dialogue.
• His famous statement, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it," became a rallying cry for Indian independence.

Additional Information

• About Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
• He was born on 23 July 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.
• Tilak was one of the earliest leaders of the Indian independence movement and is often referred to as one of the "Lal-Bal-Pal" trio, along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal.
• He founded two nationalist newspapers, Kesari (in Marathi) and The Mahratta (in English), which were instrumental in spreading anti-British sentiments.
• He was also a scholar of Indian culture and wrote extensively on the Bhagavad Gita and other Indian scriptures.
• Other Titles and Contributions:
• Despite the British calling him "The Father of the Indian Unrest," Tilak was also referred to as "Lokmanya," meaning "accepted by the people as their leader."
• He introduced the Ganesh Chaturthi festival as a public event to unite people and instill a sense of nationalism.
• He was a key figure in the Home Rule Movement in 1916, which aimed to attain self-governance within the British Empire.
• Context of the Title:
• The title "The Father of the Indian Unrest" by Valentine Chirol reflected British fears of Tilak's ability to mobilize people against colonial rule.
• Titles of other Leaders:

Important Points

• Valentine Chirol's Role:
• Chirol was a British journalist and historian who criticized the Indian independence movement in his writings.
• His book "Indian Unrest" was a critique of Indian nationalists, particularly Tilak and his methods.

The correct answer is Uttam Kumar.

Key Points

• Uttam Kumar was the first recipient of the National Film Award for Best Actor, which was introduced in 1968.
• He received the award for his exceptional performance in the films "Chiriyakhana" (directed by Satyajit Ray) and "Antony Firingee".
• The National Film Awards are the most prestigious awards for films in India, organized by the Government of India to honor excellence in cinema.
• Uttam Kumar was widely regarded as the icon of Bengali cinema and had a profound influence on Indian cinema.

Additional Information

• National Film Awards:
• The National Film Awards were established in 1954 and are presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, which is part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
• The awards aim to encourage the production of films of high artistic and technical standards and recognize achievements across various categories, including acting, direction, music, and cinematography.
• The awards are divided into two main categories: Feature Films and Non-Feature Films, with additional awards for Best Writing on Cinema.
• Uttam Kumar's Legacy:
• Uttam Kumar was born on 3 September 1926 in Kolkata and became one of the most celebrated actors in Bengali cinema.
• He worked in over 200 films, showcasing his talent in both commercial and arthouse cinema.
• His collaborations with directors like Satyajit Ray and his co-acting with actresses like Suchitra Sen are iconic in Indian film history.
• He was posthumously awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest honor in cinema.
• Other Nominees for the First Best Actor Award:
• Prithviraj Kapoor: A legendary actor known for his contribution to Indian theatre and cinema, but he did not win the first National Film Award for Best Actor.
• Ashok Kumar: A pioneering figure in Indian cinema, often referred to as the "Dadamoni," he was recognized for his acting skills but was not the first recipient of this award.
• Dev Anand: Known as the "Evergreen Star" of Bollywood, he was famous for his charismatic performances, but he did not win the first National Film Award for Best Actor.

Important Points

• 71^st National Film Awards (2025):
• ​Dadasaheb Phalke Award: Mohanlal
• Best Feature Film: 12^th Fail (Hindi)
• Best Actor (Male): Shah Rukh Khan (Jawan) & Vikrant Massey (12^th Fail)
• Best Actor (Female): Rani Mukerji (Mrs. Chatterjee v/s Norway)
• Best Direction: Sudipto Sen (The Kerala Story)
• Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment: Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani
• Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social, and Environmental Values: Sam Bahadur
• Best Supporting Actor: Vijayaraghavan & Muthupettai Somu Bhaskar
• Best Supporting Actress: Urvashi & Janki Bodiwala
• Best Film in AVGC (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming & Comic): Hanu-Man
• Best Non-Feature Film: Flowering Man

The correct answer is G. Balasubramanian.

Key Points

• G. Balasubramanian has been appointed as the High Commissioner of India to the Republic of Maldives in November 2024.
• The appointment of an Indian High Commissioner to the Maldives is a significant diplomatic position due to the strategic importance of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• The Maldives is a close neighbor and partner of India, and both countries share strong ties in terms of defense, security, trade, and cultural relations.
• His role will involve coordinating efforts to strengthen India-Maldives collaboration in areas such as infrastructure development, maritime security, and people-to-people connectivity.

Additional Information

• India-Maldives Relations:
• The India-Maldives relationship is based on shared cultural, historical, and economic ties, with India being one of the Maldives' closest allies.
• India has been a key partner in the Maldives' development, contributing to projects such as infrastructure development, health, and education.
• The Maldives is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which strengthens its regional ties with India.
• India has consistently provided support to the Maldives during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where vaccines and other medical aid were extended.
• Role of a High Commissioner:
• A High Commissioner represents their home country in a Commonwealth nation, similar to the role of an ambassador in non-Commonwealth countries.
• The High Commissioner's responsibilities include maintaining and enhancing bilateral relations, promoting trade, and protecting the interests of their citizens in the host country.
• Strategic Importance of the Maldives:
• The Maldives' location in the Indian Ocean makes it a key player in maritime security and trade routes.
• India and the Maldives cooperate on issues such as anti-piracy, counter-terrorism, and disaster management in the Indian Ocean Region.

Important Points

• Other Options:
• Sanjiv Ranjan: A senior diplomat, but not appointed as the High Commissioner to the Maldives in 2024.
• Rajesh Kumar Singh: A distinguished personality, but holds no relevance to the given appointment.
• Vitul Kumar: Another notable name, but unrelated to the appointment in question.

The correct answer is Education.

Key Points

• UDISE+ stands for Unified District Information System for Education Plus.
• This system was introduced by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, to strengthen and improve the collection of data related to the school education system in India.
• UDISE+ replaces the earlier version, UDISE, and aims to provide accurate and comprehensive data related to schools, teachers, and students in both government and private schools.
• It facilitates better planning, decision-making, and implementation of policies by providing a transparent and reliable database of the education sector.
• The system covers vital aspects such as student enrollment, infrastructure availability, teacher qualifications, and dropout rates across schools in India.

Additional Information

• Key Features of UDISE+:
• UDISE+ ensures real-time data collection and reduces manual errors through digitization.
• It provides a platform for tracking and monitoring the progress of various government schemes such as Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
• Data collected through UDISE+ is used to generate reports and indices, such as the Performance Grading Index (PGI) for states and Union Territories.
• The system is designed to ensure equity, quality, and access in education.
• Importance of School Education Data:
• Reliable data is crucial for identifying gaps in infrastructure, teacher deployment, and student performance.
• It enables the government to allocate resources effectively and prioritize areas that need immediate attention.
• Quality data helps in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education.
• Global Context:
• Similar systems like UDISE+ are implemented in other countries to monitor education-related progress. For example, UNESCO's Education Management Information System (EMIS) aims to collect and analyze data on education globally.
• Such systems contribute to international cooperation and knowledge sharing for improving education standards worldwide.

Important Points

• UDISE+ Implementation:
• The system is applicable across schools providing elementary, secondary, and higher secondary education in India.
• UDISE+ is managed and monitored by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education.
• Annual surveys conducted through UDISE+ help track the progress of various programs and schemes in the education sector.
• Key Challenges:
• Ensuring data accuracy and completeness remains a challenge, especially in remote and rural areas.
• Lack of digital infrastructure in some schools hinders the seamless implementation of UDISE+.
• Capacity-building initiatives for school administrators and education officials are essential for the effective use of UDISE+.

The correct answer is 2030.

Key Points

• Jal Jeevan Mission was launched by the Government of India on 15^th August 2019 to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections by 2024 to all rural households.
• The mission aims at ensuring functional tap water connections to every household in India's rural areas.
• In the Union Budget 2025-26, the Jal Jeevan Mission has been extended until 2030, marking a significant step toward achieving universal access to clean drinking water.
• The extension reflects the government's commitment to addressing issues related to water scarcity, hygiene, and public health.
• By extending the mission to 2030, India aligns itself with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation for all.

Additional Information

• Objectives of Jal Jeevan Mission:
• The mission seeks to provide 55 liters of water per person per day to every rural household through functional household tap connections.
• It emphasizes community participation and encourages villages to prepare water security plans.
• Strengthening the capacity of local bodies, including Panchayati Raj Institutions, is a key component of the program.
• It also focuses on source sustainability measures, such as rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.
• Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6):
• SDG 6 is part of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda, aiming to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
• It emphasizes improving water quality, implementing integrated water resource management, and protecting water-related ecosystems.
• The Jal Jeevan Mission contributes significantly to India's progress in achieving this global goal.
• Challenges Addressed by Jal Jeevan Mission:
• India faces challenges such as water scarcity, contamination of water sources, and poor infrastructure in rural areas.
• The mission aims to address these challenges through technological interventions, robust infrastructure development, and community involvement.

Important Points

• Budget Allocation:
• The Union Budget has allocated significant funds to the Jal Jeevan Mission, reflecting its importance in the national development agenda.
• In the Union Budget 2023-24, approximately ₹60,000 crore was allocated to the program.
• Technological Advancements:
• The mission leverages smart meters, remote monitoring systems, and advanced water treatment technologies.
• It also promotes the use of solar-powered water supply systems in rural areas.
• Community Empowerment:
• The program encourages the formation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) to ensure efficient management and maintenance.
• Training programs are conducted to enhance local capacity for water resource management.

The correct answer is Surfing.

Key Points

• Surfing is a sport performed on water where an individual rides on ocean waves using a surfboard. The participant glides on the wave's face towards the shore.
• This sport requires large water bodies, typically oceans, seas, or artificial wave pools, where there are consistent and surfable waves.
• Surfing originated in the Pacific Islands, with Hawaii being one of the most notable regions where it developed as both a sport and cultural practice.
• The equipment primarily includes a surfboard, which comes in various sizes and designs depending on the surfer's skill level and wave conditions.
• Surfing has become a popular recreational activity worldwide and is also a competitive sport, with events like the World Surf League (WSL) and its inclusion in the Olympics.

Additional Information

• Badminton:
• This is a racket sport played indoors or outdoors where players hit a shuttlecock back and forth over a net.
• Badminton is played on a rectangular court divided by a net, and it requires quick reflexes, agility, and precision.
• The game is not water-based but is highly popular worldwide, especially in countries like India, China, and Indonesia.
• Basketball:
• A team sport played on a rectangular indoor court where players aim to score points by throwing a ball through a hoop.
• It is not related to water but requires proper coordination, strategy, and athleticism.
• Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 and is now a major sport globally, especially in the United States.
• Cricket:
• Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a field with a 22-yard pitch in the center.
• The game involves two teams of eleven players each and is extremely popular in countries like India, England, and Australia.
• It is played on land and has no connection to water-based sports.
• Surfing:
• Surfing involves riding on water waves using a specially designed surfboard.
• It requires skill, balance, and knowledge of the wave patterns and conditions.
• Surfing competitions like the World Surf League attract participants and audiences worldwide.
• It is primarily carried out in coastal regions where wave formations are suitable for the sport.

Important Points

• Surfing in the Olympics:
• Surfing made its debut as an Olympic sport in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, showcasing its growing global recognition.
• The event was held in natural ocean settings to capture the essence of the sport.
• Types of Surfing:
• There are various forms of surfing, such as shortboarding, longboarding, and big wave surfing, each requiring different techniques and skill levels.
• Big wave surfing involves waves that are at least 20 feet high and is considered highly challenging and dangerous.
• Surfing Equipment:
• In addition to surfboards, equipment like wetsuits, wax, leashes, and fins are commonly used to enhance performance and safety.
• Wetsuits help in maintaining body temperature while surfing in cold waters.

The correct answer is Athletics events.

Key Points

• Decathlon and Heptathlon are multi-event competitions in track and field athletics. These events include a mix of running, jumping, and throwing disciplines.
• The Decathlon is a ten-event competition, typically conducted over two days, and is primarily for men. It includes events such as 100m sprint, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m race, 110m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1500m race.
• The Heptathlon is a seven-event competition, primarily for women. It includes 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m sprint, long jump, javelin throw, and 800m race.
• Both Decathlon and Heptathlon are designed to test an athlete's versatility, endurance, speed, strength, and technique across a diverse range of events.
• These events are typically part of international athletics championships, such as the Olympic Games, World Athletics Championships, and Commonwealth Games.

Additional Information

• History of Decathlon and Heptathlon:
• The modern Decathlon was first introduced in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics. It was inspired by the ancient Greek pentathlon, which featured five events.
• The Heptathlon for women was introduced later, replacing the Pentathlon in major competitions, and became an Olympic event in the 1984 Los Angeles Games.
• Scoring System:
• Both Decathlon and Heptathlon use a points-based system to determine the winner. Points are awarded based on the performance in each event, using pre-determined tables created by the World Athletics governing body.
• The athlete with the highest total points at the end of all events is declared the winner.
• Famous Athletes:
• Notable Decathletes include Daley Thompson (UK), Ashton Eaton (USA), and Roman Šebrle (Czech Republic).
• Prominent Heptathletes include Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA), Jessica Ennis-Hill (UK), and Nafissatou Thiam (Belgium).
• Comparison with Other Options:
• Badminton match types: Badminton matches are categorized based on the format, such as singles or doubles, and not related to Decathlon or Heptathlon.
• Swimming styles: Swimming competitions include styles like freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly, which are distinct from athletics events.
• Golf area types: Golf uses terms like fairway, rough, bunker, and green to describe the playing field, unrelated to Decathlon or Heptathlon.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The 8^th India Water Week (IWW) 2024 was organized in New Delhi, the national capital of India. The event was held from 17^th to 20^th September 2024.
• The theme for the 8^th India Water Week 2024 was “Water Security for Sustainable Development”, focusing on the judicious use of water resources for sustainable economic development and environmental management.
• The event was organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, in association with several national and international partners.
• India Water Week serves as a platform for policymakers, experts, and stakeholders from across the globe to discuss and collaborate on water management strategies and solutions.
• The event featured exhibitions, workshops, and panel discussions showcasing advancements in water conservation techniques, irrigation technologies, and water resource management.

Additional Information

• India Water Week:
• India Water Week is a flagship event organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti to address critical water-related issues and explore solutions for sustainable water management.
• It was first organized in 2012, and since then, it has been held biennially, attracting participation from national and international experts, government officials, and industry leaders.
• The event focuses on themes such as water conservation, irrigation, flood management, and wastewater treatment.
• Ministry of Jal Shakti:
• The Ministry of Jal Shakti was formed in 2019 by merging the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
• It is responsible for the management of water resources, including drinking water supply, water conservation, and river development projects.
• Key initiatives include the Namami Gange Programme and the Jal Jeevan Mission.
• Water Security in India:
• India is home to 17% of the world's population but has only 4% of the world's freshwater resources, making water security a critical concern.
• Challenges include overexploitation of groundwater, water pollution, and climate change-induced variations in water availability.
• Programs like the Atal Bhujal Yojana and the National Water Mission aim to address these issues.
• Other Locations (Options):
• Bhopal: Known for its lakes, Bhopal has hosted several national-level conferences on water management but is not the location for the 8^th India Water Week.
• Chandigarh: While Chandigarh is a planned city with effective water management practices, it has not hosted the India Water Week 2024.
• Mumbai: As a coastal city, Mumbai faces challenges like waterlogging and sea-level rise, but is not the venue for this event.

Important Points

• Significance of India Water Week:
• It provides a platform to promote integrated water resources management and sustainable water use practices.
• The event helps in formulating policies and strategies for water-related challenges in India and globally.
• International Cooperation:
• Several international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Bank, and FAO, participate in the event, sharing best practices and technologies.

The correct answer is 1962.

Key Points

• Volleyball for women was introduced in the Asian Games during the 1962 edition, held in Jakarta, Indonesia. This marked the first official recognition of women’s volleyball in the prestigious multi-sport event.
• The Asian Games is a continental multi-sport event organized every four years by the Olympic Council of Asia. Volleyball became part of the games program much earlier for men, but women’s volleyball gained prominence in 1962.
• In the 1962 Asian Games, volleyball was introduced as a competitive sport for women, reflecting the growing emphasis on gender inclusion in sports.
• Women’s volleyball has since become a regular event in the Asian Games, showcasing talent from countries like Japan, China, South Korea, and Thailand, which dominate the sport at the continental level.
• The introduction of volleyball for women in 1962 highlighted the expansion of sports opportunities for women in Asia, paving the way for their active participation in international sports tournaments.

Additional Information

• History of Volleyball:
• Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan in the United States. Initially named “Mintonette,” it evolved into the modern game of volleyball.
• The sport gained international popularity and became part of the Olympic Games in 1964.
• Asian countries like Japan and China have significantly contributed to the development and popularity of volleyball, especially in women’s categories.
• Asian Games Overview:
• The Asian Games, also known as the Asiad, is the second-largest multi-sport event after the Olympics.
• It is organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), with participation from countries across Asia.
• Since its inception in 1951, the Asian Games have included a variety of sports, including team sports like volleyball.
• Women’s Participation in Sports:
• The inclusion of women’s volleyball in 1962 marked a significant step towards gender equality in sports.
• Efforts to promote women’s sports have led to increased participation and success in international competitions.
• Countries like China and Japan have consistently been at the forefront of encouraging women’s participation in volleyball.
• Volleyball in Asia:
• Asian countries have historically excelled in volleyball, especially in women’s categories, with teams from Japan, China, and South Korea being dominant.
• The Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) governs volleyball activities in Asia, organizing tournaments and fostering the sport’s development.
• Women’s volleyball competitions in Asia are now integral to events like the Asian Volleyball Championships and the Asian Games.

Important Points

• 1951: The inaugural Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India, but volleyball was not included for women.
• 1954: Men’s volleyball was introduced in the Asian Games, but women’s volleyball debuted later in 1962.
• 1982: By this time, women’s volleyball had become a staple of the Asian Games, with growing participation and competitiveness.
• Countries with strong volleyball traditions, such as Japan and China, have dominated both men’s and women’s competitions in the Asian Games.

The correct answer is 91.

Key Points

• Ramsar Sites are wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. These sites are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
• As of June 2025, India has 91 Ramsar sites, covering a total area of about 20,758.19 square kilometers. These sites play a critical role in maintaining ecological balance.
• India is one of the contracting parties to the Ramsar Convention since 1982 and has been proactive in identifying and designating wetlands of ecological significance.
• The most recent additions to the list include wetlands like Sakhya Sagar in Madhya Pradesh and Pala Wetland in Mizoram, recognized for their biodiversity and ecological significance.
• India has the largest number of Ramsar sites in South Asia, demonstrating its commitment to wetland conservation and sustainable management practices.

Additional Information

• Key Features of Ramsar Sites:
• Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services such as flood control, groundwater replenishment, and climate regulation.
• They serve as habitats for a wide variety of flora and fauna, including migratory birds, amphibians, and aquatic species.
• Many Ramsar sites in India are culturally significant and are linked to the livelihoods of local communities.
• Notable Ramsar Sites in India:
• Sundarbans Wetland in West Bengal: It is the largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Chilika Lake in Odisha: Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, known for its rich biodiversity and as a significant bird sanctuary.
• Loktak Lake in Manipur: Famous for its floating phumdis (heterogeneous masses of vegetation) and biodiversity.
• Importance of Wetland Conservation:
• Wetlands act as natural water purifiers by filtering pollutants from water.
• They are significant for carbon sequestration, helping mitigate climate change.
• Wetlands support sustainable livelihoods by providing resources like fish, fodder, and water for agriculture.
• Ramsar Convention:
• The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty adopted in 1971 to conserve and sustainably use wetlands.
• It emphasizes the "wise use" of wetlands, which involves maintaining their ecological character through sustainable practices.
• India is one of the 173 contracting parties to the convention as of 2025.

Important Points

• Criteria for Ramsar Site Designation:
• The site should support vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species.
• It should be a habitat for flora and fauna during critical stages of their life cycle.
• The site must play a significant role in maintaining the biological diversity of the region.
• Challenges in Wetland Conservation:
• Threats like urbanization, pollution, and encroachment have led to the degradation of wetlands.
• Climate change impacts, such as altered rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, threaten wetland ecosystems.
• Efforts like community participation and government initiatives are crucial for wetland restoration and management.

The correct answer is Australia.

Key Points

• The Beach Volleyball World Championships 2025 will be hosted by Australia, an iconic destination known for its pristine beaches and vibrant sporting culture.
• This event is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the sport of Beach Volleyball, and it is organized by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).
• The decision to host the championship in Australia underscores the country's rich history of successfully conducting international sporting events like the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
• Australia's beaches, particularly in cities like the Gold Coast, Sydney, and Perth, are globally recognized as prime locations for beach volleyball.

Additional Information

• Beach Volleyball World Championships:
• The Beach Volleyball World Championships are held every two years and bring together the world's best beach volleyball teams.
• The inaugural championship was held in 1997 in Los Angeles, USA.
• It is a part of the FIVB's broader mission to promote beach volleyball as a global sport.
• The tournament typically features men’s and women’s competitions, with over 48 teams participating in each category.
• Australia as a Sporting Nation:
• Australia is globally recognized for its passion for sports, with a strong emphasis on outdoor and water-based activities due to its geographical and climatic conditions.
• The country has hosted several international events, including the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023 and the Rugby World Cup.
• Australia’s government and private organizations actively invest in sports infrastructure and talent development.
• Other Options:
• Spain: Spain is known for its football and tennis legacy rather than beach volleyball. It has hosted events like the 2010 FIFA World Cup and Ryder Cup.
• Brazil: Brazil is a powerhouse in beach volleyball and has hosted the championship previously, but it is not the host for 2025.
• England: While England is renowned for sports like cricket and football, beach volleyball is not a dominant sport there.

Important Points

• The 2023 Beach Volleyball World Championships were held in Mexico, setting the stage for the 2025 edition in Australia.
• Beach Volleyball has been a part of the Olympic Games since 1996, further highlighting its growing global popularity.