General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is shooting.

Key Points

• Rudrankksh Patil is an emerging talent in the sport of shooting, representing India at various national and international competitions.
• He has shown remarkable proficiency in the 10m air rifle category, a discipline where competitors aim at a target from a distance of 10 meters using an air rifle.
• Rudrankksh has garnered attention for his precision and consistency in shooting, traits vital for excelling in this sport.
• He has been training rigorously under the guidance of experienced coaches and is considered one of the promising young shooters in the Indian shooting circuit.

Additional Information

• 10m Air Rifle Shooting
• This is a precision shooting event where athletes shoot a series of shots using a 4.5 mm caliber air rifle at a target 10 meters away.
• The event is governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) and is included in the Olympics, World Championships, and various other international competitions.
• The target used in this event has a total of 10 concentric scoring rings, with the innermost ring worth 10 points and each outer ring worth one point less.
• Competitors typically shoot from a standing position, and the event requires immense control, focus, and steadiness to score high.
• International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF)
• The ISSF is the governing body for Olympic shooting events in rifle, pistol, and shotgun disciplines.
• It was founded in 1907 and is responsible for setting the rules and regulations for international shooting competitions.
• The ISSF organizes the World Championships, World Cups, and oversees shooting events at the Olympic Games.
• It aims to promote the sport of shooting and ensure fair play and sportsmanship in all its competitions.
• Olympic Shooting Events
• Shooting has been part of the Olympic Games since the first modern Games in 1896.
• There are various shooting events in the Olympics, including rifle, pistol, and shotgun disciplines, for both men and women.
• The events are designed to test the accuracy and precision of the athletes under highly regulated conditions.
• Olympic shooting events are highly competitive, with athletes from all over the world competing for the prestigious Olympic medals.

The correct answer is Reptilia.

Key Points

• Turtles belong to the class Reptilia, which also includes snakes, lizards, and crocodiles.
• Reptiles are characterized by their cold-blooded metabolism, scaly skin, and the laying of eggs with leathery shells.
• Turtles have a distinctive feature known as a shell, which is developed from their ribs and acts as a shield.
• Most reptiles, including turtles, are ectothermic (rely on external sources of temperature to regulate their body heat).

Additional Information

• Chondrichthyes
• Chondrichthyes is a class that includes cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, rays, and skates.
• These fishes have a skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone.
• They are characterized by having paired fins, paired nostrils, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage.
• Amphibia
• Amphibia is a class that includes amphibians such as frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.
• Amphibians are characterized by their ability to live both in water and on land.
• They have a life cycle that includes both an aquatic larval stage and a terrestrial adult stage.
• Amphibians have moist, permeable skin that assists in respiration.
• Aves
• Aves is a class that includes birds.
• Birds are characterized by their feathers, beaks, and laying of hard-shelled eggs.
• They have a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton.
• Most birds are capable of flight, though some species are flightless.

The correct answer is Work and employment.

Key Points

• The Census of India 2001 identified work and employment as the main reason for migration among Indian men.
• According to the data, a significant proportion of male migration is driven by the search for better employment opportunities.
• This trend reflects the economic dynamics of the country, where individuals move from rural to urban areas in search of jobs.
• The migration pattern underscores the importance of employment opportunities in influencing demographic movements within the country.

Additional Information

• Education:
• Education is another significant factor for migration, especially among the younger population seeking higher education in urban centers.
• However, compared to employment, education accounts for a smaller percentage of migration among men.
• Marriage:
• Marriage is a predominant reason for migration among women in India.
• For men, marriage-related migration is relatively less significant.
• Business:
• Business opportunities also drive migration, but primarily for individuals with entrepreneurial aspirations and capital.
• This reason is more common among those seeking to establish or expand their businesses.
• Work and Employment:
• As stated, work and employment are the primary reasons for male migration.
• It encompasses migration to urban areas, other states, or even countries to find better job opportunities.

The correct answer is Assam.

Key Points

• The Assam Cattle Preservation Act, 2021 was enacted to regulate the slaughter, consumption, and transportation of cattle in the state.
• It was introduced in July-August 2021 and aimed at preserving and protecting cattle, while prohibiting their slaughter except under certain conditions.
• In December 2021, an amendment was proposed to allow the inter-district transportation of cattle for agricultural and animal husbandry purposes, except in districts sharing an international border.
• This amendment was aimed at addressing the concerns of farmers and cattle owners while ensuring the protection and preservation of cattle.

Additional Information

• Assam Cattle Preservation Act, 2021:
• The act aims to regulate the slaughter, consumption, and transportation of cattle in Assam.
• It prohibits the slaughter of cattle except under certain conditions, such as when the cattle are over 14 years of age or have become permanently incapacitated.
• The act also restricts the sale and purchase of beef and beef products within areas predominantly inhabited by non-beef-eating communities.
• Transport of cattle within the state and to other states is also regulated to prevent illegal trade and smuggling.
• Agricultural and Animal Husbandry:
• Agriculture and animal husbandry are crucial sectors in Assam, providing livelihood to a large part of the population.
• Cattle play an essential role in agricultural activities such as ploughing fields and providing manure.
• Animal husbandry involves the breeding, raising, and caring for animals, including cattle, for various purposes like milk, meat, and labor.
• The amendment to the act aims to facilitate the movement of cattle within the state for legitimate agricultural and husbandry purposes, while still preventing illegal activities.
• International Border Districts:
• Assam shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh.
• Districts sharing international borders are subject to stricter regulations to prevent cross-border smuggling and illegal trade.
• The amendment to the Cattle Preservation Act excludes these border districts from the relaxed transportation norms to ensure security and prevent illegal activities.

The correct answer is Isogamous and non-flagellated.

Key Points

• Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous green algae that is commonly found in fresh water.
• The gametes in Spirogyra are isogamous, meaning they are morphologically similar or identical.
• Isogamous gametes in Spirogyra are non-flagellated, meaning they do not have flagella and thus do not have the ability to move independently.
• During reproduction, Spirogyra undergoes a process called conjugation, where gametes from different filaments join together to form a zygote.

Additional Information

• Isogamy:
• Isogamy refers to a type of sexual reproduction involving gametes of similar morphology (shape and size), differing only in their allelic composition.
• In isogamous species, the gametes are often referred to as "+" and "-" types rather than male and female.
• Flagella:
• Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell body and enable many protozoa, bacteria, and spermatozoa to swim.
• Non-flagellated gametes lack these appendages and thus rely on other means for movement, such as water currents.
• Conjugation in Spirogyra:
• Conjugation in Spirogyra is a form of sexual reproduction where two filaments align side by side and form conjugation tubes.
• Protoplasts from one filament move through these tubes and fuse with the protoplasts of the other filament to form zygospores.
• Zygospores are thick-walled and can survive harsh conditions. Upon germination, they undergo meiosis to produce new haploid filaments.
• Spirogyra:
• Spirogyra is known for its spiral arrangement of chloroplasts, which is unique and easily identifiable.
• It is commonly referred to as "pond scum" and can form dense mats on the surface of freshwater bodies.
• Spirogyra plays an important role in the ecosystem by producing oxygen through photosynthesis and serving as food for aquatic organisms.

The correct answer is Manufacturing.

Key Points

• The 'Make in India' initiative was launched by the Government of India in September 2014.
• It aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging both multinational and domestic companies to manufacture their products within the country.
• Key sectors focused on include automobiles, chemicals, IT, pharmaceuticals, textiles, ports, aviation, leather, tourism, hospitality, wellness, railways, and more.
• The initiative is designed to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, and build best-in-class manufacturing infrastructure.

Additional Information

• Manufacturing Sector
• The manufacturing sector involves the transformation of raw materials into finished products through mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.
• It plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country, contributing to GDP, employment, and export growth.
• Countries with strong manufacturing sectors often experience greater economic stability and growth.
• Key industries within the manufacturing sector include automotive, aerospace, electronics, textiles, and chemicals.
• Service Sector
• The service sector, also known as the tertiary sector, involves the provision of services rather than the production of tangible goods.
• It includes industries such as finance, healthcare, education, retail, hospitality, and information technology.
• This sector is crucial for economic growth, providing numerous job opportunities and contributing significantly to GDP.
• Service industries often require a highly skilled workforce and are characterized by the intangibility of their output.
• Agriculture Sector
• The agriculture sector, also known as the primary sector, involves the cultivation of crops and livestock.
• It is a fundamental sector for food security and rural development, providing livelihoods to a significant portion of the population.
• Key activities within the agriculture sector include farming, fishing, forestry, and horticulture.
• Technological advancements and sustainable practices are essential for improving productivity and efficiency in agriculture.
• Import Sector
• The import sector involves the purchase and transportation of goods and services from foreign countries to the domestic market.
• It plays a vital role in meeting domestic demand for products that are not produced locally or are available at lower costs internationally.
• Key imported goods include machinery, electronics, petroleum, chemicals, and consumer goods.
• Efficient import policies and trade agreements are essential for maintaining a balanced trade environment and economic stability.

The correct answer is Celibacy.

Key Points

• Ashoka's Dhamma focused on promoting values such as non-violence, tolerance, and respect for all life.
• It was aimed at creating a moral and ethical society based on the principles of Ahimsa (non-violence) and compassion towards all living beings.
• Ashoka's Dhamma emphasized secularism and religious tolerance, encouraging respect for all religions and beliefs.
• It also included the political unification of his empire through the spread of these ethical and moral values, thus promoting peace and harmony.

Additional Information

• Ashoka's Dhamma:
• Ashoka, the third emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, is renowned for his efforts to spread Dhamma (a set of moral and ethical guidelines) throughout his empire.
• After the Kalinga War, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and dedicated his life to spreading the teachings of Buddha.
• He issued edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars across his empire, which communicated his Dhamma to his subjects.
• Ahimsa:
• Ahimsa, or non-violence, is a fundamental principle in many Indian religions, including Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism.
• It advocates for the avoidance of harm to any living being and promotes compassion and peaceful coexistence.
• Secularism:
• Secularism refers to the principle of separating religion from the political and administrative functions of the state.
• In the context of Ashoka's Dhamma, it meant promoting religious tolerance and respecting all faiths equally.
• Political Unification:
• Political unification under Ashoka's rule involved consolidating various regions and cultures within the Mauryan Empire.
• Through the promotion of his Dhamma, Ashoka aimed to create a cohesive and harmonious society.

The correct answer is All India NR Congress.

Key Points

• N. Rangasamy is the founder and leader of the All India NR Congress (AINRC).
• The All India NR Congress was formed by N. Rangasamy in 2011 after he split from the Indian National Congress.
• The AINRC has a significant political presence in the Union Territory of Puducherry, India.
• Under his leadership, the AINRC won the Puducherry Legislative Assembly elections in 2011 and 2021, making Rangasamy the Chief Minister.

Additional Information

• Naam Tamilar Katchi (NTK)
• A Tamil nationalist party in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
• It was founded by Senthamizhan Seeman, a Tamil film director, actor, and politician.
• The party's ideology is based on Tamil nationalism and the promotion of the Tamil language and culture.
• Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam (AMMK)
• A political party in Tamil Nadu founded by T. T.

V. Dhinakaran in 2018.

• The party was formed after a split within the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).
• The party's name honors the late Chief Minister Jayalalithaa, who was popularly known as "Amma".
• Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK)
• A political party in Tamil Nadu founded by Thol. Thirumavalavan.
• The party primarily represents the Dalit community and advocates for their rights and social justice.
• VCK has been active in various social and political movements aimed at empowering marginalized communities.

The correct answer is Oscillatory motion – Earth moving around the sun.

Key Points

• Oscillatory motion refers to the to-and-fro motion of an object about a mean position.
• The Earth moving around the sun is an example of circular motion, not oscillatory motion.
• In oscillatory motion, an object moves back and forth within a certain range.
• Examples of oscillatory motion include the motion of a pendulum and the vibrations of a spring.

Additional Information

• Translatory Motion
• In translatory motion, all parts of an object move the same distance in a given time.
• Examples include a car moving on a road and a ball falling from a cliff.
• Periodic Motion
• Periodic motion is a type of motion that repeats itself at regular time intervals.
• Examples include the hands of a clock and the motion of a swing.
• Oscillatory Motion
• Oscillatory motion is a type of periodic motion where an object moves back and forth about a mean position.
• Examples include the motion of a pendulum and the vibrations of a guitar string.
• Rotatory Motion
• Rotatory motion occurs when an object rotates around a fixed axis.
• Examples include the blades of a fan and the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
• Circular Motion
• Circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path.
• Examples include the Earth moving around the sun and a satellite orbiting the Earth.

The correct answer is Hydrogen.

Key Points

• When iron reacts with water, particularly steam, it forms iron oxide and hydrogen gas.
• The chemical equation for this reaction is: 3Fe + 4H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂.
• Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that is highly flammable.
• This reaction typically occurs at high temperatures where steam is involved.

Additional Information

• Iron (Fe):
• Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26.
• It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and is the most common element on Earth by mass, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.
• Iron is a vital component of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen in the blood.
• Hydrogen (H₂):
• Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.
• With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
• It is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter by mass.
• Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes including the hydrogenation of fats and oils, production of methanol, and as a reducing agent in metallurgy.
• Water (H₂O):
• Water is a molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
• It is a vital substance for all known forms of life.
• In its pure form, it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid at room temperature.
• Water is widely used as a solvent, a means of heat transfer, and as a reactant in various chemical reactions.
• Iron Oxide (Fe₃O₄):
• Iron(II, III) oxide is one of the three principal oxides of iron, the others being iron(II) oxide (FeO) and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃).
• It occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite.
• It is used as a pigment and in the production of iron.

The correct answer is Kirana gharana.

Key Points

• Gangubai Hangal was a renowned Indian classical vocalist of the Kirana gharana.
• The Kirana gharana is one of the prominent schools of Hindustani classical music.
• It is known for its melodious and improvisational style, focusing on the purity of notes and elaborate raga development.
• Gangubai Hangal was known for her deep and powerful voice which contributed significantly to the Kirana gharana's legacy.

Additional Information

• Kirana Gharana
• The Kirana gharana is named after the town of Kirana in Uttar Pradesh, India.
• This gharana emphasizes the importance of the 'sur' (note) and is known for its slow elaboration of ragas, known as 'alap'.
• Influential musicians from this gharana include Abdul Karim Khan, Bhimsen Joshi, and Roshan Ara Begum.
• Gharana
• The term 'gharana' means 'family' or 'lineage' in Hindi.
• In the context of Indian classical music, it refers to a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.
• Each gharana has its own distinct style, techniques, and repertoire.
• Hindustani Classical Music
• It is the classical music of North India, distinct from the Carnatic music of South India.
• It has a rich history dating back to the Vedic times and has evolved over centuries, integrating various cultural influences.
• The music is characterized by its raga (melodic framework) and tala (rhythmic pattern).

The correct answer is Kolhapur.

Key Points

• Kolhapur, located in the state of Maharashtra, is known for its industrial development.
• The city is famous for its foundries and engineering industries, producing automotive parts, machinery, and casting components.
• Kolhapur is also renowned for the production of Kolhapuri chappals, a traditional handcrafted leather footwear.
• The industrial growth in Kolhapur has led to the establishment of several industrial estates and a thriving manufacturing sector.

Additional Information

• Industrial Districts in India
• Industrial districts in India are regions that have a high concentration of industries and manufacturing units.
• These regions often benefit from better infrastructure, connectivity, and access to raw materials and skilled labor.
• Examples include Pune, known for its automobile and IT industries, and Ludhiana, famous for its textile and bicycle manufacturing units.
• Economic Impact
• Industrial districts contribute significantly to the economy by generating employment, increasing exports, and contributing to the GDP.
• They also attract investments and foster innovation and technological advancements.
• Challenges
• Despite their importance, industrial districts often face challenges such as pollution, resource management, and the need for sustainable practices.
• Efforts are being made to address these issues through regulations, technological upgrades, and promoting green industries.

The correct answer is Behavioural condition.

Key Points

• Behavioural condition is not typically used as a classification criterion for drugs.
• Drugs are generally classified based on their chemical structure, molecular target, and pharmacological effect.
• Classification based on chemical structure involves grouping drugs with similar molecular frameworks.
• Molecular target classification groups drugs based on the biological molecules they interact with, while pharmacological effect classification is based on the therapeutic effects of the drugs.

Additional Information

• Chemical Structure:
• This classification method involves grouping drugs with similar chemical compositions or molecular frameworks.
• Examples include beta-lactams, benzodiazepines, and phenothiazines.
• Molecular Target:
• This method classifies drugs based on the specific biological molecules they interact with.
• For example, drugs that target enzymes, receptors, ion channels, or nucleic acids.
• Pharmacological Effect:
• Drugs are classified based on the therapeutic effects they produce.
• For example, antihypertensives, analgesics, antipyretics, and antidepressants.

The correct answer is Chauri-Chaura incident.

Key Points

• The Chauri-Chaura incident occurred on February 5, 1922, in the Chauri-Chaura town of the Gorakhpur district in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), British India.
• During this incident, a large group of protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police, who opened fire. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.
• In response to the violence, Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement, called off the movement on February 12, 1922, emphasizing his principle of non-violence (Ahimsa).
• The Chauri-Chaura incident marked a significant turning point in the Indian independence movement, highlighting the challenges of maintaining non-violent discipline among the masses.

Additional Information

• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to resist British rule in India through non-violent means.
• It was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement, advocating for Swaraj or self-governance.
• Key strategies included the boycott of British goods, institutions, and services, and the promotion of Indian-made goods and institutions.
• The movement saw widespread participation but was suspended after the Chauri-Chaura incident to prevent further violence.
• Gandhian Principles
• Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy centered around non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satya).
• Gandhi believed in the power of peaceful protest and civil disobedience as tools for social and political change.
• He emphasized the importance of self-reliance, community solidarity, and ethical living.
• Chauri-Chaura Town
• Chauri-Chaura is a town in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
• The town gained historical significance due to the incident of February 1922, which had a profound impact on India's struggle for independence.
• Impact on Indian Independence Movement
• The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a period of reflection and re-strategizing within the Indian National Congress.
• It underscored the need for disciplined, non-violent resistance and influenced future movements, such as the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement.
• The incident also highlighted the complexities of leading a mass movement and the potential for deviations from non-violent principles.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a prominent Indian educator, social reformer, and scholar in the 19^th century.
• He strongly protested against child marriage and polygamy and worked towards ending these practices.
• Due to his relentless efforts, the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, was enacted, which legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows.
• Although he was a renowned scholar, he was primarily known for his scholarship in the Sanskrit language, not Persian.

Additional Information

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
• Born on 26 September 1820 in Birsingha, Bengal, he was one of the most prominent figures of the Bengal Renaissance.
• He was a key proponent of modern education and played a significant role in the establishment of several educational institutions in Bengal.
• Vidyasagar's contributions extended to the field of literature as well. He simplified and modernized the Bengali alphabet and prose, making it more accessible to the common people.
• He was also known for his philanthropic activities, dedicating his life to the upliftment of the underprivileged and the betterment of society.
• Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
• This act was a significant social reform in British India that legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows.
• The act was passed on 26 July 1856, due to the efforts of social reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
• The act provided legal safeguards and rights to widows who chose to remarry, which was a revolutionary step towards gender equality in that era.
• Child Marriage
• Child marriage refers to any formal marriage or informal union where one or both parties are under 18 years of age.
• It is a deeply rooted tradition in some cultures but has significant negative consequences, including the health and education of the child.
• Social reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar campaigned against child marriage to protect the rights and futures of young children.
• Polygamy
• Polygamy is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. In the context of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's time, it often referred to men having multiple wives.
• Vidyasagar and other reformers opposed this practice as it often led to the exploitation and mistreatment of women.
• Efforts to outlaw polygamy were part of broader social reforms aimed at ensuring gender equality and women's rights.

The correct answer is The net force acting on the object is the difference between the two forces..

Key Points

• When two forces act in opposite directions on an object, the net force is the difference between the two forces.
• The direction of the net force is in the direction of the larger force.
• If the forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, they cancel each other out, resulting in a net force of zero.
• The concept of net force is crucial in understanding how forces influence the motion of objects according to Newton's Laws of Motion.

Additional Information

• Force
• A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object. Forces can cause objects to accelerate, decelerate, remain in place, or change shape.
• Forces are vector quantities, meaning they have both magnitude and direction.
• Forces can be categorized into contact forces (e.g., friction, tension) and action-at-a-distance forces (e.g., gravitational, electromagnetic).
• Net Force
• The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object.
• It determines the overall effect of all the forces on the motion of the object.
• According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the net force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma).
• Newton's Laws of Motion
• First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force.
• Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
• Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Equilibrium
• An object is in equilibrium when the net force acting on it is zero.
• In equilibrium, an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues to move at a constant velocity.
• Equilibrium can be static (object at rest) or dynamic (object moving with constant velocity).

The correct answer is Industrial Policy 1991.

Key Points

• The Industrial Policy of 1991 marked a significant shift in India's industrial policy towards liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation.
• This policy reduced the stringent regulations and licensing requirements imposed on private companies, thereby encouraging private sector participation.
• The policy aimed to increase competition in the market, attract foreign direct investment (FDI), and enhance industrial growth and efficiency.
• Key reforms included the abolition of industrial licensing for most industries, reduction of areas reserved for the public sector, and easing of foreign investment norms.

Additional Information

• Industrial Policy 1980
• The Industrial Policy of 1980 sought to promote indigenous technology and ensure a balanced regional growth of industries.
• It focused on the optimum utilisation of installed capacity, modernization of industries, and accelerated growth of the small-scale sector.
• Industrial Policy 1977
• This policy aimed at promoting the growth of small-scale and cottage industries to achieve employment generation and regional development.
• It emphasised decentralisation and self-reliance.
• Industrial Policy 1956
• The 1956 policy was a landmark in the history of Indian industrial policy, emphasizing the establishment of a socialist pattern of society.
• It classified industries into three schedules: Schedule A (exclusively in the public sector), Schedule B (progressively state-owned), and Schedule C (left to the private sector).

The correct answer is Antim Panghal.

Key Points

• Antim Panghal became the first Indian woman to win the Under-20 World Wrestling Championship in 2022.
• She clinched the gold medal in the 53 kg category at the championship held in Sofia, Bulgaria.
• Antim defeated Kazakhstan's Altyn Shagayeva in the final to achieve this historic feat.
• She is recognized for her remarkable wrestling skills and dedication to the sport, contributing to India's growing presence in international wrestling competitions.

Additional Information

• Under-20 World Wrestling Championship
• The Under-20 World Wrestling Championship is an annual event organized by the United World Wrestling (UWW).
• It features young wrestling talents from various countries competing in different weight categories.
• The championship serves as a platform for young wrestlers to showcase their skills on an international stage and gain recognition.
• Winning a medal at this championship is considered a significant achievement in a wrestler's career and often leads to further opportunities and support.
• United World Wrestling (UWW)
• UWW is the international governing body for the sport of wrestling, overseeing freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling disciplines.
• It is responsible for organizing world championships, continental championships, and other international wrestling events.
• UWW aims to promote and develop the sport of wrestling globally, ensuring fair competition and adherence to the rules.
• The organization also works towards increasing the popularity and visibility of wrestling as a sport worldwide.
• Wrestling in India
• Wrestling has a rich history and cultural significance in India, with traditional forms like Kushti being practiced for centuries.
• Indian wrestlers have achieved notable success in international competitions, including the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, and Asian Games.
• The Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) is the national governing body for wrestling in India, responsible for organizing domestic competitions and selecting teams for international events.
• Initiatives and support from the government, sports authorities, and private organizations have contributed to the growth and development of wrestling in India.

The correct answer is Bering Strait.

Key Points

• The Bering Strait is a narrow passage of water that separates the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
• It connects the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean, specifically linking the Bering Sea to the Chukchi Sea.
• The strait is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer in the service of the Russian Empire, who explored the area in the early 18^th century.
• The Bering Strait is approximately 82 kilometers (51 miles) wide at its narrowest point, with a depth of about 30-50 meters (98-164 feet).

Additional Information

• Davis Strait
• The Davis Strait is a northern arm of the Labrador Sea, which lies between Greenland and Canada’s Baffin Island.
• It is known for its harsh weather conditions and is a major route for the migration of icebergs from the Arctic Ocean.
• Florida Strait
• The Florida Strait is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be the boundary between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
• It lies between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, separating the U.S. state of Florida from Cuba.
• Messina Strait
• The Strait of Messina is a narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily and the western tip of Calabria in the southern part of Italy.
• It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south.

The correct answer is Justice Verma Committee.

Key Points

• The Justice Verma Committee was formed to identify the existence of legal provisions for the implementation of some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Constitution of India.
• The Committee was set up in 1999 under the chairmanship of Justice J.S. Verma, former Chief Justice of India.
• It reviewed the existing legal framework and suggested measures to make the Fundamental Duties more enforceable.
• The Committee's recommendations emphasized the role of education and awareness in promoting a sense of duty among citizens.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties
• The Fundamental Duties are a set of moral obligations for all citizens of India, enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution (Article 51A).
• These duties were added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties, which include respect for the Constitution, national symbols, the promotion of harmony, and the protection of public property.
• The Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not legally enforceable by the courts.
• Justice Verma Committee
• Justice J.S. Verma, a renowned jurist and former Chief Justice of India, chaired the committee.
• The Committee's focus was to enhance the implementation of Fundamental Duties through legal and educational reforms.
• It highlighted the need for incorporating the Fundamental Duties into the education system to instill a sense of responsibility in citizens from a young age.
• The Committee's report has been influential in shaping policies and programs aimed at promoting civic responsibility.
• 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976
• The 42^nd Amendment Act is also known as the "Mini-Constitution" due to its extensive changes to the Constitution of India.
• It introduced the Fundamental Duties, provided for the establishment of Administrative Tribunals, and made several changes to the Preamble and other parts of the Constitution.
• The Amendment was passed during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's government.
• It aimed to strengthen the central government's powers and bring about socio-economic reforms.