General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Imphal.

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy:
• It is a constituent unit of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi.
• The institute is a premier institution for teaching Manipuri Dance and Music and allied subjects like Thang-Ta.
• It was established in 1954.

 Additional Information

• Sangeet Natak Akademi:
• ​The Sangeet Natak Akademi was founded on 31 May 1952.
• It is also known as the National Academy for Music, Dance, and Drama.
• In India, it functions as the headquarters of performing arts.
• It presents the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards which is the highest Indian recognition given to performing/practising artists.

The correct answer is Champaran.

Key Points

• Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 
• It was the first civil disobedience movement in India.
• Champaran district is a historic region in Bihar, India, that is now divided into the East Champaran district and the West Champaran district.
• Farmers in this region revolted against the British in 1914 and 1916 over the conditions imposed on indigo cultivation.
• Earlier, similar conditions existed in Bengal, but as a result of a major uprising in 1859-61, the peasants there won their freedom from the indigo planters.
• Champaran is a district in the state of Bihar where tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured labourers, and poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of food crops.
• The European planters had forced the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land area (called the tinkathia system).
• When German synthetic dyes replaced indigo at the end of the nineteenth century, European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues from the peasants in order to maximize their profits before the peasants could switch to other crops.
• The first Satyagraha movement, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, took place in the Bihar district of Champaran in 1917.
• The Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be launched, but the term Satyagraha was first used in the Anti-Rowlatt Act agitation.

 Additional Information

• Kheda Satyagrah-
• 1918 was a year of failed crops in the Kheda district of Gujarat due to droughts.
• As per law, the farmers were entitled to remission if the produce was less than a quarter of the normal output.
• But the government refused any remission from paying land revenue.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under Gandhi’s guidance, led the farmers in protest against the collection of taxes in the wake of the famine.
• The protest was peaceful and people showed remarkable courage even in the face of adversities like confiscation of personal property and arrest.
• Finally, the authorities gave in and gave some concessions to the farmers.
• Kheda peasant struggle :
• The Kheda Satyagraha of 22 march 1918, in the Kheda district of Gujarat.
• India during the period of the British Raj, was a Satyagraha movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi.
• It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement.
• It was the third Satyagraha movement after Champaran Satyagraha and Ahmedabad mill strike.
• Bardoli Satyagraha:
• The Bardoli satyagraha took place in Gujarat and was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• It was a tax revolt that took place in 1928 in the taluka (sub-district) of Bardoli, located in the district of Surat in south Gujarat.
• Patel had gathered all the Muslims and Hindus in Bardoli and performed non-violent satyagraha in a revolt against the British.
• The protest achieved its principal objective, which included forcing the colonial state to withdraw a policy aimed at raising the rate of land revenue paid by peasants.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh Government.

Key Points

Tansen Music Festival:

• It began with a traditional style in Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh).
• It is a five-day festival that is celebrated every year.
• It is celebrated in the memory of ‘Mian Tansen’.
• It is the oldest and esteemed classical music festival in India is organized by Ustad Alauddin Khan Kala Evam Sangeet Academy.

The correct answer is Fifth Five-Year Plan.

Key Points

• Fifth Five Year Plan: Its duration was 1974 to 1978. This plan focussed on Garibi Hatao, employment, justice, agricultural production, and defense.
• The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, a Twenty-point program was launched in 1975, the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), and the Indian National Highway System was introduced.

Additional Information

• First Five Year Plan: It was launched for the duration of 1951 to 1956, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model with a few modifications. Its main focus was on the agricultural development of the country.
• Second Five Year Plan: It was made for the duration of 1956 to 1961, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. It was based on the P.C. Mahalanobis Model made in the year 1953. Its main focus was on the industrial development of the country.
• Third Five-Year Plan: It was made for the duration of 1961 to 1966, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. This plan is also called ‘Gadgil Yojna’, after the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission D.R. Gadgil. The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent. The stress was laid on agriculture and the improvement in the production of wheat.
• Plan Holidays: Due to the failure of the previous plan, the government announced three annual plans called Plan Holidays from 1966 to 1969. The main reason behind the plan holidays was the Indo-Pakistani war and the Sino-India war, leading to the failure of the third Five Year Plan.
• Fourth Five-Year Plan: Its duration was from 1969 to 1974, under the leadership of Indira Gandhi. There were two main objectives of this plan i.e. growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance.
• Rolling Plan: After the termination of the fifth Five Year Plan,  the Rolling Plan came into effect from 1978 to 1980. In 1980, Congress rejected the Rolling Plan, and a new sixth Five Year Plan was introduced.
• Sixth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1980 to 1985, under the leadership of Indira Gandhi. The basic objective of this plan was economic liberalization by eradicating poverty and achieving technological self-reliance.
• Seventh Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1985 to 1990, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi. The objectives of this plan include the establishment of a self-sufficient economy, opportunities for productive employment, and up-gradation of technology.
• Eighth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1992 to 1997, under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao. In this plan, the top priority was given to the development of human resources i.e. employment, education, and public health.
• Ninth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1997 to 2002, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The main focus of this plan was “Growth with Social Justice and Equality”.
• Tenth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 2002 to 2007, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh.

II. This plan aimed to double the Per Capita Income of India in the next 10 years.

• Eleventh Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 2007 to 2012, under the leadership of Manmohan Singh. It was prepared by C. Rangarajan.Its main theme was “rapid and more inclusive growth”. Twelfth Five Year Plan: Its duration is from 2012 to 2017, under the leadership of Manmohan Singh. Its main theme is “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”.

The correct answer is Grass.

Key Points

• A species of grass named Hubbardia heptaneuron is on the verge of extinction due to its insensitivity towards the environment.
• At least 10 per cent of India’s recorded wild flora and 20 per cent of its mammals are on the threatened list.
• Many of the flora and fauna on the threatened list would now be categorised as ‘critical’, like:
• the cheetah,
• pink-headed duck,
• mountain quail,
• forest spotted owlet, and
• plants like madhuca insignis (a wild variety of mahua) and
• hubbardia heptaneuron,(a species of grass).

The correct answer is Do.

Key Points

• John Newlands, a British chemist, proposed the Law of Octaves in 1864.
• This law stated that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, every eighth element has properties similar to the first.
• He compared this pattern to the octaves of music, where every eighth note is similar to the first.
• However, Newlands' Law of Octaves had limitations.
• It didn't work for all elements, especially those with higher atomic masses.
• To accommodate all the known elements, he had to place two elements in the same slot in some cases.
• One such instance was with cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), which he placed in the same slot as the halogens.
• This placement highlights the limitations of Newland's classification system.
• While it was a significant step towards understanding the periodic relationships between elements, it was not entirely accurate and was eventually superseded by more comprehensive periodic tables, such as Mendeleev's Periodic Table.

The correct answer is Punjab.

Key Points

• Humayun (1530–1540, 1555–1556):
• Humayun was the son of Babur.
• Humayun means "fortune" but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire.
• Sher shah suri became powerful in the east.
• Humayun marched against him and in the Battle of Chausa in 1539, Sher Khan destroyed the Mughal army and Humayun fled.
• In 1540, at the Battle of Bilgram or Ganga, also known as the Battle of Kannauj, Humayun was forced to fight alone with Sher Khan and after losing his kingdom, Humayun was exiled for the next fifteen years.

 Additional Information

• Rulers During The Mughal Empire:
• Babur (1526-1530)
• Humayun (1530-1540 & 1555-56)
• Akbar (1556-1605)
• Jahangir (1605- 1627)
• Shah Jahan (1628- 1658)
• Aurangzeb (1658- 1707)

Akbar’s Coronation at Kalanaur – Key Details

• Context:
• Humayun died on 24 January 1556 after falling from the stairs of his library (Purana Qila, Delhi).
• At that time, Akbar was in Punjab, campaigning with his guardian and regent Bairam Khan against the Afghans.
• Place of Coronation:
• Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur, a small town in present-day Gurdaspur district, Punjab.
• A special platform (chabutra) was constructed there, on which the coronation took place.
• Age & Date:
• Akbar was about 13 years old at the time.
• He was formally proclaimed Emperor in 1556 at Kalanaur, though real power initially lay with Bairam Khan as Wakil / Regent.
• Political Situation:
• The Mughals were still not fully secure in India.
• The Sur Empire (Afghans) remained a threat; within the same year, Akbar would face Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat (1556).
• Akbar’s early reign (till about 1560) is often called the “regency period under Bairam Khan.”
• Why Kalanaur? (Significance):
• Kalanaur was chosen because:
• The Mughal army was already stationed in Punjab, a frontier and conflict zone.
• It was not safe to immediately go to Delhi or Agra after Humayun’s death.
• So, Akbar’s empire formally began from Kalanaur, not from Delhi/Agra.

The correct answer is Type of soil.

Key Points

• The first scientific classification of soil was done by Vasily Dokuchaev.
• In India, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified soils into 8 categories.
• They are:
• Alluvial Soil
• Black Cotton Soil
• Red & Yellow Soil
• Laterite Soil
• Mountainous or Forest Soil
• Arid or Desert Soil
• Saline and Alkaline Soil
• Peaty and Marshy Soil

 Additional Information

• Alluvial Soil:
• Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and river valleys.
• It covers about 40% of the total land area of the country.
• These soils are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas.
• In the Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys.
• The colour of the alluvial soil varies from light grey to ash grey.
• Red & Yellow Soil:
• Also known as the “omnibus group”.
• It covers about 18.5 % of the total land area of the country.
• It is found in regions of low rainfall (eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau).
• Along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats, a long stretch of area is occupied by red loamy soil.
• This soil is also present in parts of Odisha and Chattisgarh and in the southern parts of the Middle Ganga Plain.
• Black or Regur Soil:
• Black soil is also known as “Regur Soil” or the “Black Cotton Soil”.
• It covers about 15% of the total land area of the country.
• It covers most of the Deccan Plateau – parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Tamil Nadu. In the upper reaches of the Godavari and Krishna, and the north-western part of Deccan Plateau, the black soil is very deep.
• The colour of these soils varies from deep black to grey.
• Desert Soil:
• Also known as arid soil, it accounts for over 4.42 % of the total land area of the country.
• The colour ranges from red to brown.
• Desert soils are sandy to gravelly in texture, have low moisture content and low water-retaining capacity.
• These soils are saline in nature and in certain regions the salt content is so high that common salt is obtained by evaporating water.
• Laterite Soil:
• The name has been derived from the Latin word “later” which means brick.
• It accounts for about 3.7% of the total area of the country.
• These are typical soils of the monsoon climate which is characterised by seasonal rainfall.
• With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soil rich in iron oxide and aluminium are left leading to the formation of laterite soil.
• Laterite soil is deficient in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium, however iron oxide and potash are in abundance.
• Mountain Soil:
• This type of soil is found in the forest regions where rainfall is sufficient.
• The texture of the soil depends on the mountain environment where they are found.
• These soils are coarse-grained in the upper slopes and loamy and silty on valley sides.
• Peaty and Marshy Soils:
• These soils are found in regions of heavy rainfall and high humidity, and it supports the good growth of vegetation.
• Peaty soils are rich in humus and organic matter.
• These soils are generally heavy and black in colour.
• In many places, these soils are alkaline.
• These are found in southern Uttarakhand, the northern part of Bihar, and the coastal areas of West Bengal, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.
• Saline and Alkaline Soils:
• These soils have high percentages of sodium, magnesium and potassium, and hence are infertile.
• The high salt content is mainly because of the dry climate and poor drainage.
• The texture ranges from sandy to loamy.
• These soils are found in arid and semi-arid areas, and in waterlogged and swampy regions.
• These soils are deficient in calcium and nitrogen.

The correct answer is Dadabhai Naoroji divided the Indian economy into two parts: primary sector and secondary sector.

Key Points

• National income is the total income of all the residents of the country.
• Thus, it is the total income of the country.
• It is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing the development of countries.
• The National Income formula equals GDP + Foreign Production by National Residents – Domestic Production by Non-National Residents.

 Additional Information

• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a leading figure in the early Indian independence movement and a founder of the Indian National Congress.
• His activities were mainly in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.
• The Indian Independence League, however, was primarily active during the 1940s, significantly after Naoroji's most impactful years and following his death in 1917.
• This organization sought to obtain independence for India from British rule during World War II, with notable connections to Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army (INA).
• Naoroji founded or was associated with several organizations, like the Bombay Association (the oldest political organization in Bombay), the East India Association (established in London to discuss Indian affairs), and Gyan Prasarak Mandali (for the education of adult men in Bombay).
• These affiliations reflected his focus on political advocacy, economic theories (notably the Drain Theory), and social reform both in India and the UK.
• The Indian Independence League's context and methods, focused on leveraging the geopolitical situations during World War II for India's independence through more direct action, were distinct and not within Naoroji's lifetime or direct activities.
• ​PC Mahalanobis
• The Second five-year plan was based on the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953.
• PC Mahalanobis established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Calcutta in 1931 and for the same reason, he is known as the father of Indian Statistics. He was a member of the first Planning Commission of free India.
• The second five-year plan was for the year 1956-1961.
• The second five-year plan focused on the development of the public sector and rapid Industrialisation.  The plan attempted to determine a balanced allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximize long-run economic growth.
• As a result, hydroelectric power projects across the country and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K), and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added all over the country.
• The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established to promote research in India.

The correct answer is Only Karaikal

Key Points

• Karaikal is a district of the Union Territory of Puducherry that is closest to Sri Lanka.
• It is located on the southeastern coast of India, just across the Palk Strait from Sri Lanka.
• Yanam, Mahe, and Puducherry are the other districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry,
• but they are located on the eastern and western coasts of India, respectively, and are not in close proximity to Sri Lanka.

                                                                    

Additional Information

• Karaikal and Yanam
• While Karaikal is indeed the closest district of the Union Territory of Puducherry to Sri Lanka, Yanam is located on the eastern coast of India, near the Bay of Bengal.
• It is not geographically close to Sri Lanka.
• Mahe
• It is another district of the Union Territory of Puducherry located on the western coast of India, near the Arabian Sea.
• It is also not geographically close to Sri Lanka.

The correct answer is They promote welfare of individuals. Hence, they are personal and individualistic.

Key Points

• The Directive Principles of State Policy of India are the guidelines or principles given to the institutes for governing India and are provided in Part IV of the Constitution of India.
• Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life.
• They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state. Directive principles are classified under the following categories; economic, socialistic, political, executive, justice and legal, administrative, environmental, protection of monuments, peace, and security.

Hence, it can be said that the Directive Principles of State Policy are fundamental for the Governance of the state.

Additional Information

• Features of DPSPs
• The phrase ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws.
• These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive, and administrative matters. According to Article 36, the term ‘State’ in Part IV has the same meaning as in Part III dealing with Fundamental Rights.
• Therefore, it includes the legislative and executive organs of the central and state governments, all local authorities, and all other public authorities in the country.
• The Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in the Government of India Act of 1935.
• In the words of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, ‘the Directive Principles are like the instrument of instructions, which were issued to the Governor-General and to the Governors of the colonies of India by the British Government under the Government of India Act of 1935. What is called Directive Principles is merely another name for the instrument of instruction. The only difference is that they are instructions to the legislature and the executive’.
• The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and political program for a modern democratic State.
• They aim at realizing the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution.
• They embody the concept of a ‘welfare state’ and not that of a ‘police state’, which existed during the colonial era3. In brief, they seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.
• The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation.
• Therefore, the government (Central, state, and local) cannot be compelled to implement them.
• Nevertheless, the Constitution (Article 37) itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.
• The Directive Principles, though nonjusticiable in nature, help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.
• The Supreme Court has ruled many times that in determining the constitutionality of any law if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.

The correct answer is Gurpurab.

Key Points

• Guru Nanak Dev
• Guru Nanak Dev was born on 15 April 1469 at Talwaṇḍi village in the Lahore province of the Delhi Sultanate (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan).
• He was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.
• Around the age of 55, Nanak Devji settled in Kartarpur and lived there until his death in September 1539.
• Recently Kartarpur Corridor was opened by the Indian and Pakistan government for the Sikh devotees.
• The teaching of Guru Nanak Devji can be found in the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a collection of verses recorded in Gurmukhi which was written by Guru Arjan Dev.

Additional Information

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji- He started the practice of "Langer".
• Guru Angad Dev Ji developed the Gurumukhi script.
• Guru Amar Das- Composed the Anand Sahib, introduced the simple Anand Karaj marriage and abolished Sati among the Sikhs.
• Guru Ram Das- He laid the foundation of the holy city of Amritsar and initiated the construction of the Golden Temple.
• Guru Arjan Dev- Compiled the Adi Granth and constructed the Golden Temple.
• Guru Hargobind- Created the Sikh martial art called Gatka. Built the Akal Takhat.
• Guru Har Rai- He was known as the "tender-Hearted Guru".
• Guru Har Kishan- Youngest Sikh Guru, installed at the age of 5.
• Guru Teg Bahadur- Refused to convert to Islam and was beheaded by Aurangzeb.
• Guru Gobind Singh- He was the last Sikh Guru. He established the military force of "Khalsa".

The correct answer is 44

Key Points

• The National Sports and Adventure Awards-2022 ceremony held on 30 November 2022 at Rashtrapati Bhavan recognized the achievements of outstanding individuals in the fields of sports and adventure.
• A total of 44 awards were presented across various categories.
• The awards were presented by President Droupadi Murmu at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• The event celebrated a wide range of sports and adventure activities, highlighting India's growing stature in both areas on the global stage.
• Athletes from different disciplines, including cricket, boxing, wrestling, and athletics, were honored.

Additional Information

• Types of Awards in Event
• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award:
• India’s highest sporting honor, awarded for the most outstanding performance in sports over the past four years.
• 1 recipient in 2022.
• Arjuna Award:
• Given to athletes for consistently excellent performances over the past four years.
• 25 recipients in 2022.
• Dronacharya Award (Lifetime and Regular categories):
• Presented to coaches for producing exceptional sportspersons.
• 7 recipients in total (both lifetime and regular categories).
• Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement:
• Honors sportspersons for their lifetime contribution to sports.
• 4 recipients in 2022.
• Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar:
• Recognizes corporate entities, sports promotion boards, or individuals who have contributed to the promotion and development of sports.
• 2 recipients in 2022.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy:
• Awarded to the best performing university in sports.
• 1 recipient in 2022.
• Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award:
• Given for excellence in adventure activities on land, water, and air, as well as lifetime achievements in adventure sports.
• 4 recipients in 2022.

The correct answer is West Bengal.

Key Points

• Pandit Anindo Chatterjee:-
• Anindo Chatterjee is known for his mastery of tabla, excelling in various styles including khayal and thumri.
• He has performed with many renowned classical musicians and has participated in international music festivals.
• His awards:
• Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2012).
• Acknowledged as a leading tabla player in various music festivals and competitions.

Additional Information

• Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi is India's national academy for music, dance, and drama. It was established in 1952 by the Indian government.
• The Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition given to practicing artists.
• Bharatanatyam has its roots in the Natya Shastra, an ancient treatise on performing arts written by Bharata Muni.
• This dance form is traditionally performed by women, but in contemporary times, it is also performed by men.
• The themes of Bharatanatyam performances are usually derived from Hindu mythology and epics.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• According to the Indian Railways (2019-2020), Uttar Pradesh has the largest railway track in India. 
• As of 31.03.2020, the route length of Indian Railways covered 67,956 km with a running track length of 99,235 km.
• The total trackage including yards, sidings etc. stood at 1,26,366 km.
• In India, the largest route kilometers are in Uttar Pradesh with 8726 kilometres. This comes out to be 13.6% of India’s total Route Kilometers. The Five states with the largest route kilometres are as follows:
• Uttar Pradesh: 8,808.
• Rajasthan: 5,894
• Maharashtra: 5,784
• Karnataka:  3,542
• Jharkhand: With 2,596

 Additional Information

• The first railway line in India was opened for public traffic on 16 April 1853 between Mumbai and Thane over a distance of 34 km.
• Meanwhile, the construction of the railway lines was going on in the eastern part of the country, and the first section of the East Indian Railway, from Howrah to Hugli, a distance of 37 km was inaugurated on 15 August 1854.

The correct answer is SS Dubey.

Key Points

• Controller General of Accounts (CGA):
• Bharati Das, a 1988-batch Indian Civil Accounts Service Officer, took charge as the new Controller General of Accounts in New Delhi on 18 October 2022.
• She is the 27^th Controller General of Accounts, Ministry of Finance.
• CGA is responsible for establishing and maintaining a technically sound Management Accounting System.
• The CGA is not a constitutional body.
• The CGA is the Principal Accounting Adviser to the Government of India.
• It is also in charge of the exchequer control and internal audits.​

The correct answer is Lord William Bentinck.

Key Points

• William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India.
• Macaulay’s Minute is a historical document in Indian Education.
• It was prepared under the guidance of Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1835.
• Macaulay promotes English literature in India through his Minute on Indian Education.

Additional Information

• Lord Ripon
• Lord Ripon's Resolution on Local Self-Government, passed in 1882, was a landmark reform that marked the beginning of democratic decentralization in India.
• This resolution aimed to promote local self-government by strengthening municipal institutions and providing a framework for involving Indians in the local administration.
• Key Aspects of the Resolution:
• Empowerment of Local Bodies: The resolution emphasized the need for establishing and nurturing local self-governing bodies such as municipalities and district boards, with significant Indian participation.
• Decentralization of Authority: It advocated for the transfer of administrative functions from the central and provincial governments to local bodies, thus laying the foundation for a decentralized administrative structure.
• Encouragement of Local Leadership: By involving locals in governance, it aimed to foster a sense of responsibility and leadership among Indian citizens, thereby paving the way for a more representative and participatory form of governance.​
• Lord Curzon:-
• Lord Curzon served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905 under Queen Victoria.
• He was born on January 11, 1859, in Kedleston, Derbyshire, England.
• Curzon was a British Conservative statesman who later served as the Foreign Secretary from 1919 to 1924.
• He declared the partition of Bengal in 1905.
• The partition, was implemented for administrative reasons according to the British.
• It was a controversial action that led to widespread protests as it was seen by Indians as an attempt to "divide and rule," given that it separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the Hindu western areas.
• Lord Cornwallis:
• Lord Cornwallis was the Governor-General of Fort William (Bengal) and the Commander-in-Chief of British India.
• The Third Anglo-Mysore War took place in his tenure.
• Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement of land revenue in Bengal and other parts of India.
• He established thanas to maintain law and order.
• He founded a Sanskrit College at Benaras for Hindus and this is today the Government Sanskrit College in Benares.
• He also established a mint at Calcutta.

The correct answer is The Lighthouse Act,1927

Key Points

• The Marine Aids to Navigation Bill, 2021 repealed and replaced the Lighthouse Act of 1927.
• Lighthouse Act of 1927
• This act regulated lighthouses and navigational techniques in India for almost nine decades.
• Marine Aids to Navigation Bill, 2021
• This bill was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2021.
• It aims to: 
• Provide a framework for the development, maintenance, and management of aids to navigation in India
• Improve the legal framework for matters related to aids to navigation and vessel traffic services
• Manage vessel traffic services to enhance the safety and efficiency of shipping
• Develop lighthouses for education, culture, and tourism
• The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways adopted this initiative to repeal colonial laws and replace them with legislation that caters to the modern needs of the maritime industry.

Additional Information

• The Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983
• This act was enacted to regulate the manufacture, import, and use of dangerous machines and to ensure safety measures to protect workers from injuries while operating such machinery.
• It mandates the registration of dangerous machines, along with guidelines for their operation, maintenance, and safety protocols to prevent accidents and injuries.
• The Personal Injuries (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1962
• This act was introduced to provide immediate relief and compensation to individuals who suffer personal injuries during emergencies, such as natural disasters or accidents.
• It establishes a framework for assessing and compensating victims, ensuring timely financial support for medical expenses and rehabilitation.
• The Dourine Act, 1910
• This act was enacted to control and prevent the spread of dourine, a venereal disease affecting horses, which could have significant implications for equine health and the livestock industry.
• It includes provisions for the examination, isolation, and treatment of infected animals, as well as guidelines for the disposal of affected livestock to prevent the disease's transmission.

The correct answer is Pulses.

Key Points

• Perishable foods are foods that spoil quickly within one or two days e.g., milk, curds, fish and meat.
• Semi perishable foods can last for 1–2 weeks. Examples are fruits and vegetables. Root crops like onions and potatoes last for 2–4 weeks.
• Non-perishable foods are those foods that generally last for one year e.g., grains like rice, wheat, pulses and dals, oilseeds.

The correct answer is 1980.

Key Points

• Kabaddi:
• Kabaddi is a popular contact sport in Southern Asia that first originated in Ancient India.
• It is played across the country and is the official game in the states of Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Telangana, and Maharashtra.
• In the kabaddi game, each side has 7 players when the game starts.
• There will be 5 substitutes for each side as well.
• The games in Kabaddi are 40 minutes long.