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Explanation

• National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) is a scheme that attempts to provide eligible participants with financial aid and social protection.
• It helps older citizens in India who are below the poverty line (BPL).
• NOAPS was rebranded and publicly inaugurated in November 2007 and is known as the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS).

Important Points

• For those aged 60 to 79 years, the pension is Rs.200 per month.
• The pension for people over the age of 80 is Rs.500/- per month.

Additional Information Beneficiaries for National Old Age Pension Scheme

• The applicant should be at least 60 years old. (It can be used by both men and women)
• Applicants must be from low-income families who meet the government's poverty guidelines.
• Applicants must be poor and have no regular source of financial support from family or other sources in order to qualify for an old-age pension.
• BPL widows and BPL people aged 60 to 79 who have severe and numerous disabilities are not eligible for this program.

Explanation

• Mid-level health providers (MLPs) are health workers trained at a higher education institution for at least 2-3 years.
• They are authorized to work autonomously to diagnose, manage and treat illness, disease, and impairments, as well as engage in preventive and promotive care.
• Diagnostic tests should be performed by a mid-level health provider at the sub-center is hemoglobin.

Important Points Sub-centre is largely preventive and promotive, but it also provides a basic level of curative care. As per population norms, there shall be one Sub-centre established for every 5000 population in plain areas and for every 3000 population in hilly/tribal/desert areas.

Additional InformationThe total leukocyte Count (TLC) test measures the total number of all the leukocytes in the blood. Leukocytes are white-colored blood cells that defend our bodies against infections and diseases. 

A platelet count is a quick, common test that counts the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets are cells that help your blood clot. 

The blood group is inherited from genes passed on by your parents. The two most important blood group systems for transfusion are ABO and Rh.

Explanation

• Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
• Blindness from trachoma is irreversible.
• Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes, or bedding) and by flies that have been in contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person.
• The SAFE strategy aims to stop the spread of blinding trachoma through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvements.

Important Points The early symptoms of trachoma include the development of follicles (small sacs) on the conjunctivae of the upper eyelids; pain; swollen eyelids; discharge; tearing; and sensitivity to light.

Additional Information Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include:

• inadequate hygiene
• crowded households
• inadequate access to water
• inadequate access to and use of sanitation.

Explanation

• Disease prevention, is understood as specific, population-based, and individual-based interventions for primary and secondary (early detection) prevention.
• Aiming to minimize the burden of diseases and associated risk factors.
• The Multipurpose Health Worker (Male) is the grass root health functionary for the control of communicable diseases including Malaria, TB, Leprosy, Water Borne Diseases, as well as Environmental Sanitation, detection of disease outbreaks and their control, health education, etc.

Additional Information There are 4 preventive stages:

1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention.

• Primordial prevention is defined as preventing the risk factor.
• Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through. measures such as vaccinations, altering risky behaviors, and banning substances known to be associated.
• Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury.
• Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.

Explanation

• ASHA is defined as Accredited Social Health Activist.
• ASHA will mobilize the community and facilitate them in accessing health and health-related services available at the Anganwadi/sub-centre/primary health centers.
• Functions of ASHA are immunization, Ante Natal Check-up (ANC), Post Natal Check-up supplementary nutrition, sanitation, and other services being provided by the government.
• ASHA works with Community engagement involvement and participation in an organization for the welfare of the community.

Key Points The principles of Primary Care are listed below:

1. Equitable distribution
2. Community participation
3. Inter-sectoral coordination
4. Appropriate technology

Additional Information Equitable distribution of health care – according to this principle, primary care and other services to meet the main health problems in a community must be provided equally to all individuals irrespective of their gender, age, caste, color, urban/rural location, and social class.

Intersectoral coordination refers to the promotion and coordination of the activities of different sectors of the health care system to enhance and to provide qualitative services to the community.

Appropriate Technology that is scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, and acceptable to those who apply it and those for whom t is used and that can be maintained by the people themselves in keeping with the principle of self-reliance with the resources of the community and country can afford.

Explanation

• Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.
• Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
• The bacterium usually multiplies on or near the surface of the throat or skin.
• Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes infected.
• Erythromycin and penicillin are both recommended for the treatment of diphtheria. Erythromycin and penicillin are both recommended for the treatment of diphtheria.

Important Points Signs and symptoms may include:

• A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
• A sore throat and hoarseness
• Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• Nasal discharge
• Fever and chills
• Tiredness

Additional InformationComplications

Left untreated, diphtheria can lead to:

Breathing problems: Diphtheria-causing bacteria may produce a toxin. At that site, the infection produces a tough, gray membrane made up of dead cells, bacteria, and other substances. This membrane can obstruct breathing.

Heart damage: The diphtheria toxin may spread through the bloodstream and damage other tissues in the body. For example, it can damage the heart muscle, causing such complications as inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis).

Nerve damage: The toxin can also cause nerve damage. Typical targets are nerves in the throat, where poor nerve conduction may cause difficulty swallowing. Nerves to the arms and legs also may become inflamed, causing muscle weakness.

Explanation

• A child's normal weight is somewhere between 2.5 and 3.5 kg. If the weight is slightly more than 3.5 kg it is also considered to be normal.
• Baby weighs less than 2.5 kg, he or she is said to have a low birth weight.
• The daily fluid requirements can be approximated to 120-150ml/kg/24 hours in premature, 100ml/kg/24 hours in neonates (term)
• On the first day, the daily fluid requirement is 60ml and increased to 100ml/day on the third day respectively.

Additional Information The detail of fluid requirement in normal neonates based on birth weight is as follows :

Explanation

• A stoma is a new opening for stool to pass from the body) during surgery. The stool starts to pass from the stoma soon after surgery.
• A skin barrier adheres to your peristomal (around the stoma) skin, helping protect your skin from stoma output, and attaching the pouch to your body.
• In a two-piece system, the skin barrier is separate from the pouch whereas in a one-piece system they are combined together.
• Skin barriers include:
• Standard wear: Best for colostomy.
• Extended wear: Designed to provide greater protection from stoma output for people living with an ileostomy or urostomy as output can cause skin irritation.
• The skin barrier applied on a stoma primarily contains zinc oxide.

Additional Information Colostomy care pouch changing steps:

There are 3 steps for changing the pouch i.e. Remove Pouch, Clean Around Stoma, Apply New Pouch

Explanation

• A newborn infant, or neonate, is a child under 28 days of age.
• The purpose of newborn assessment is to detect potentially fatal or disabling conditions in newborns as early as possible, often before the infant displays any signs or symptoms of a disease or condition.
• Assess circulation by checking the pulse, and the temporary swelling of an artery as blood passes through with each heartbeat and cold and clammy skin.
• Capillary refill is also part of a circulation assessment, which is the time it takes for blood to return to a finger or toe after the blood supply is pinched off.

Additional Information Components of newborn assessment:

• Vital signs: Temperature
• General appearance. Physical activity, muscle tone, posture, and level of consciousness or whether or not an infant is awake and alert.
• Skin
• Head and neck
• Face
• Mouth
• Lungs
• Heart sounds and femoral (in the groin) pulses

Concept

• A birth injury describes any type of harm to a baby before, during, or shortly after delivery.
• There are many different types of birth injuries that can vary in severity, affect specific areas of the body, and cause lifelong disability and impairments.

Explanation

• A spinal cord injury disrupts the connection of nerves between the brain and the rest of the body.
• This damage is caused by trauma to a specific area of the spinal cord.
• Neonatal spinal cord injury is a rare complication of birth trauma by difficult delivery.
• The typical manifestations are often catastrophic, including decreased or absent movement, loss of reflexes, apnea or periodic breathing, and a lack of response to painful stimulation.

Additional Information Phrenic nerve injury: Injury to one phrenic nerve leads to paralysis of the ipsilateral diaphragm, often leading to symptoms of dyspnea, which may improve with time. If both phrenic nerves are injured, both diaphragms are affected.

A nerve injury can affect the brain's ability to communicate with muscles and organs.

An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull. It's usually caused by a blood vessel that bursts in the brain.