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Concept

• BMI  stands for Body mass index, which measures body fat based on the height and weight of men and women.
• Increased BMI is usually associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension & dyslipidemia.
• BMI is widely used to know whether a person has a healthy weight equivalent to height or not.

Explanation

• The amount of weight gain during pregnancy is important for the health of the pregnancy and for the long-term health of the baby.
• Weight Gain Recommendations For Women Pregnant With One Baby 

Pre-pregnancy weight Recommended weight gain:  Underweight (BMI below 18.5) about 13 to 18 kg, Healthy weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9) about 11 to 16 kg), Overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) about 7 to 11 kg, and Obese (BMI 30 or more) about 5 to 9 kg.

Additional InformationCarrying twins or other multiples, weight Recommended weight gain

• Underweight (BMI below 18.5) 50 to 62 lbs. (about 23 to 28 kg)
• Healthy weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9) 37 to 54 lbs. (about 17 to 25 kg)
• Overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) 31 to 50 lbs. (about 14 to 23 kg)
• Obese (BMI 30 or more) 25 to 42 lbs. (about 11 to 19 kg)

Concept

• During pregnancy, the internal genital tract undergoes anatomical and physiological changes to accommodate the changes and development of the fetus.
• In the first trimester, the baby begins to grow and the mother experiences increased urination, changes in skin and hair, and a thickening waistline.

Explanation

• Striae gravidarum (SG) are irregular, pink, atrophic linear scars that represent one of the most common connective tissue changes during pregnancy.
• Striae gravidarum is common during the first pregnancy and usually present during the third trimester.

Additional InformationLinea nigra is a dark line that develops on the stomach during pregnancy. It usually extends from your belly button to the pubic area. The linea nigra is caused by an increase in hormones and fades once the baby is born.

Brownish pigmentation of the face, often occurring in pregnancy. It usually disappears after delivery. It is also seen in some women who take progestational oral contraceptives.

 Pregnancy is a common cause of palmar erythema. It's estimated that it occurs in about two-thirds of lighter-skinned pregnant women and up to one-third of darker-skinned pregnant women. This may happen because of changes to your blood vessels related to an increase in estrogen production during pregnancy.

Explanation

• Rh incompatibility occurs when the mother's blood type is Rh negative and her fetus' blood type is Rh positive.
• During pregnancy, red blood cells from the unborn baby can cross into the mother's blood through the placenta.
• Antibodies from Rh-negative mother may enter the bloodstream of her unborn Rh-positive infant, damaging the red blood cells (RBCs).
• AntiD 300mcg/ml Injection is indicated to prevent infections. It prevents antibodies from forming after a person with Rh-negative blood receives a transfusion with Rh-positive blood, or during pregnancy when a mother has Rh-negative blood and the baby is Rh-positive.

Important Points Rh incompatibility can cause symptoms ranging from very mild to deadly. In its mildest form, Rh incompatibility causes the destruction of red blood cells. There are no other effects.

After birth, the infant may have:

• Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
• Low muscle tone (hypotonia) and lethargy

Additional Information Complications may include:

• Brain damage due to high levels of bilirubin (kernicterus)
• Fluid buildup and swelling in the baby (hydrops fetalis)
• Problems with mental function, movement, hearing, speech, and seizures

Explanation

• Hydrops fetalis is a serious condition. It occurs when abnormal amounts of fluid build up in two or more body areas of a fetus or newborn.
• There are two types of hydrops fetalis: immune and nonimmune.
• Immune hydrops fetalis is often a complication of a severe form of Rh incompatibility, which can be prevented. This is a condition in which a mother with an Rh-negative blood type makes antibodies to her baby's Rh-positive blood cells, crossing the placenta.
• Nonimmune hydrops fetalis is more common. It accounts for up to 90% of cases of hydrops.
• The condition occurs when a disease or medical condition affects the body's ability to manage fluid.
• There are three leading causes for this type, heart or lung problems, alpha thalassemia, and genetic or developmental problems, including Turner syndrome.

Additional InformationThalassemia is an inherited (i.e., passed from parents to children through genes) blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called haemoglobin. there are two types of thalassemia: Major and Minor.

Thalassemia signs and symptoms can include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Facial bone deformities
• Slow growth
• Abdominal swelling
• Dark urine

Explanation

• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that may cause problems for your baby if you contract it during pregnancy.
• Syphilis is caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum.
• Syphilis during pregnancy can cause problems for your baby, like miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and death after birth.
• In acquired infection, after an initial incubation period of 3–90 days.
• The mother can transmit the infection transplacentally to the fetus or during passage through the birth canal by contact of the newborn with a genital lesion.
• Breastfeeding does not result in the transmission of syphilis unless an infectious lesion is present on the breast.
• Polymerase-chain-reaction- (PCR-) based tests and immunoglobulin M immunoblotting tests have been developed, but they are not largely used in clinical practice.

Additional Information

• The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies that are stuck to the surface of red blood cells. Many diseases and drugs can cause this to happen. These antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells and cause anaemia.
• ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.

Explanation

• Kegel exercises are simple clench-and-release exercises that can do to make the muscles of the pelvic floor stronger.
• it also helps to reduce urinary incontinence and can be practised anywhere anytime.
• The pelvis is the area between your hips that holds reproductive organs.
• A weak pelvic floor may lead to issues such as the inability to control the bowels or bladder.
• Many factors can weaken the pelvic floor in women, such as pregnancy, childbirth, ageing, and weight gain.
• To strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, sit comfortably and squeeze the muscles 10 to 15 times.

Additional InformationCauses weak pelvic floor muscles:

These factors include overweight or obesity, chronic constipation or chronic straining to have a bowel movement, heavy lifting, and chronic coughing from smoking or health problems. Getting older. The pelvic floor muscles can weaken as women age and during menopause

Explanation

• The male sex accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens.
• The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into the epididymis, located along the posterior surface of each testis.
• The epididymis leads to vas deferens, that ascend to the abdomen and loop over the urinary bladder.
• It receives a duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.

Additional InformationThe urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called the urethral meatus.

The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra). The prostate's primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

The spermatic cord is the cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and surrounding tissue that runs from the deep inguinal ring down to each testicle.

Explanation

• Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period.
• Respectful maternity care which refers to care organized for and provided to all women in a manner that maintains their dignity, privacy, and confidentiality.
• Ensures freedom from harm and mistreatment, and enables informed choice and continuous support during labor and childbirth is recommended.

 Additional Information

Safe maternity care refers to ensuring that the care women receive helps them to feel physically and psychologically secure, enabling a positive birth experience.

Respectful maternity and newborn care is an approach that focuses on individual and human rights. It frames aspects related to ethics, rights, and interpersonal relationships, including the respect for women and newborns' fundamental human rights, such as autonomy, dignity, decision-making, and preferences

Explanation

• Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of medicine.
• It aims to preserve health and wellness by keeping the mind, body, and spirit in balance and preventing disease rather than treating it.
• Shodhana refers to the detoxification of the body for the prevention of diseases.
• Shodhana therapy is an Ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants.

Additional Information Hydrotherapy is any method that uses water to treat a variety of symptoms throughout your body. 

Regimental therapies are mostly nonmedicinal techniques or procedures by which Unani physicians modulate the patient's habitat, lifestyle, and dietary habits of the patient. 

The traditional Chinese treatment is known as fire therapy. Based on a Chinese belief, the traditional practice involves the use of fire wherein hot needles are inserted into acupuncture points on the body. It also involves the use of heated cups for vacuum cupping.

Concept

• Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters.
• It involves strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause.
• It also involves a systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.

Explanation

• Disaster preparedness consists of a set of measures undertaken in advance by governments, organizations, communities, or individuals.
• For better response and coping with the immediate aftermath of a disaster, whether it be human-induced or caused by natural hazards.

Additional Information

• Mitigation is defined as sustained action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards and their effects.
• National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is an apex Body of the Government of India, with a mandate to lay down policies for disaster management. NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India on 23 December 2005.
• The Disaster Management Act of 2005 (DMA 2005) is an act passed by the government of India for the 'efficient management of disasters and other matters connected to it.