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The correct answer is 1962.

Key Points

• The India- China war took place in 1962.​

Additional Information

• India was attacked on October 20, 1962, in what famously came to be known as the Sino-India war of 1962.
• The war continued for about a month and ended on November 21, after China declared a ceasefire.
• When China announced that it would be occupying Tibet, India sent a letter of protest proposing negotiations on the Tibet issue.
• China was more active in deploying troops on the Aksai Chin border.
• India was so concerned about its relations with China that it did not even attend a conference for the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan because China was not invited.
• In 1954, China and India concluded the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence i.e. Panchsheel principles.
• Under this agreement, India acknowledged Chinese rule in Tibet.
• Chinese maps showed some 120,000 square kilometres of Indian territory as Chinese.
• China felt humiliated by the reception Dalai Lama obtained in India when he fled there in March 1959.
• Tensions increased between the two nations when Mao stated that the Lhasa rebellion in Tibet was caused by Indians.
• China's perception of India as a threat to its rule of Tibet became one of the most prominent reasons for the Sino-Indian War.
• On October 20, 1962, China's People's Liberation Army invaded India in Ladakh, and across the McMahon Line in the then North-East Frontier Agency.
• The Chinese also cut Indian telephone lines, preventing the defenders from making contact with their headquarters.
• India, thinking that war would not take place, did not prepare itself for the war.
• The war ended on November 21, after China declared a ceasefire.
• According to China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector.

The correct answer is Bangladesh.

Key Points

• In 1971, India won the war against Pakistan that resulted in the birth of Bangladesh.

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Additional Information

• Throughout 1970-71, Pakistan faced a civil war, where the country’s populous eastern part was controlled by civil and defence personnel from the western region officials who had no regard for the Bangla language, customs and heritage.  
• The failure of Urdu- and Punjabi-speaking West Pakistanis to understand Bengali nationalist aspirations was the result of a sense of superiority and arrogance.
• The Bengali resentment over injustice and humiliation was not just cultural it was also a result of the economic marginalisation of East Pakistan.
• Foreign exchange earned from the export of East Pakistani jute was used to import equipment for the industrialisation of West Pakistan.
• The foreign aid was diverted to West Pakistan projects.
• In 1970, the Awami League (East Pakistan) under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won 169 out of 313 Parliamentary seats in Pakistan, but he was denied the office of prime minister.
• Mujib had a clear overall majority in the House to become the Prime Minister.
• Pakistan’s military dictator General Yahya Khan arrested Mujib and imposed martial law on East Pakistan.
• At 11.30 pm on March 25, Operation Searchlight began simultaneously across the whole of East Pakistan.
• At least 26,000 people were killed, according to Pakistan’s Hamoodur Rahman Commission; Bangladesh, however, claims that as many as 3,000,000 were killed by Pakistani soldiers in a brutal campaign of rape, murder and pillage.
• Some 10 million refugees fled to India.
• India declared support for the Awami League, opened the East Pakistan border, and BSF offered limited aid to the Bengali resistance.
• The Indian leadership decided not to directly intervene but chose to get involved.
• The Army’s Eastern command took over responsibility for East Pakistan operations on April 29 and, on May 15, launched Operation Jackpot, a full-fledged operation to recruit, train, arm, equip, supply and advise Mukti Bahini fighters engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Pakistan military.
• India also launched a global diplomatic offensive to help create Bangladesh.
• The Pakistan Air Force launched pre-emptive strikes on airfields in Western India on December 3, 1971, India responded by formally declaring war in the wee hours of December 4.
• By 16 December, 13 days after the war broke out, Pakistan’s commander General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi surrendered Dacca to Indian Lieutenant-General J.S. Aurora.
• Post victory, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, was quick to announce a ceasefire.
• She made it clear to the world that India’s ambitions were not territorial, nor revengeful or expansionist.

The correct answer is the League of Nations.

Key Points

• The predecessor of the United Nations was the League of Nations.

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Additional Information

• The League of Nations was established in 1919 after World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles.
• Its objective was to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.
• It was supposed to be a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare.
• The League of Nations has its origins in the Fourteen Points speech of President Woodrow Wilson, part of a presentation given in January 1918 outlining his ideas for peace after the carnage of World War I.
• Despite some early successes, the League of Nations was not able to prevent World War II.
• As of 20 April 1946, the League of Nations ceased to exist, having handed over all of its assets to the United Nations, and having granted the new UN Secretariat full control of its Library and archives.

Important Points

• United Nations (UN)
• It was founded in 1945.
• Members- 193
• The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations.
• It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, US.
• Purposes of UN:
• To maintain international peace and security,
• To develop friendly relations among nations,
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems,
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
• Secretary-General- António Guterres
• Secretariat- New York City, USA
• ASEAN 
• ASEAN stands for Association of South-East Asian Nations.
• It was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand.
• It was established by the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration).
• Founding Fathers of ASEAN- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
• Members of ASEAN- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia.
• Secretariat- Jakarta, Indonesia
• Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States.
• 2021 chair- Brunei Darussalam
• SAARC
• It stands for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
• It was established in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.
• Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007.
• Its objectives are:
• to promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life,
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region,
• to provide all individuals with the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potentials,
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia,
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems,
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields,
• to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries,
• to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests,
• to cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes.
• The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Members of SAARC are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan.
• Secretary-General- Esala Ruwan Weerakoon
• Arab League
• It is a loose alliance of nearly two dozen Arab countries that have pledged to cooperate on economic and military affairs, among other matters.
• It was founded in 1945.
• The League makes decisions on a majority basis, but there is no mechanism to compel members to comply with resolutions.
• It has been criticized for its internal conflicts and collective inaction on important international issues.
• Headquarters- Cairo, Egypt

The correct answer is H.J. Kania.

Key Points

• The first Chief Justice of India was H.J. Kania.
• The Current (50^th) Chief Justice of India is D.Y. Chandrachud.

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Additional Information

• The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is someone who is the senior-most or chief Judge of the Supreme Court.
• CJI is the highest-ranking officer of the Indian federal judiciary.
• The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution.
• Appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of India should be of the seniormost Judge of the Supreme Court considered fit to hold the office.
• The Union Minister of Law at the appropriate time, seek the recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice of India for the appointment of the next Chief Justice of India.
• Whenever there is any doubt about the fitness of the seniormost Judge to hold the office of the Chief Justice of India, consultation with other Judges as envisaged in Article 124 (2) of the Constitution would be made for the appointment of the next Chief Justice of India.
• After receipt of the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Minister of Law will put up the recommendation to the Prime Minister who will advise the President in the matter of appointment.
• Powers of the CJI
• The President has to consult the CJI when appointing judges.
• The CJI is the head of the collegium that decides the appointment of judges.
• He is responsible for allocating the cases and appointing constitutional benches.
• He is known as the master of the roster.
• He swears in the President of India.
• In case the office of President and Vice President are both vacant, the CJI acts as the President of the country.
• The Constitution of India has given the power to the Parliament to decide the salaries, allowances, privileges, leave and pension of the judges of the Supreme Court as well as the CJI.
• However, this cannot be altered to their disadvantage after they have been appointed.
• It can be altered only when there is a financial emergency.
• The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice and not more than 30 other Judges appointed by the President of India.
• Supreme Court Judges retire upon attaining the age of 65 years.
• To be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be:
• A citizen of India and must have been, for at least five years,
• A Judge of a High Court or two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years,
• Or an advocate of a High Court or two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years
• or he must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
• A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting.
• This address must be presented to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
• Source:-https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/memosc.pdf
• Source:- https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/chapter%207.pdf

The correct answer is M.C. Mahajan.

Key Points

• The third Chief Justice of India was M.C. Mahajan.

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Additional Information

• The first Chief Justice of India was H.J. Kania.
• Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud has been appointed as the new Chief Justice of India on 9^th November 2022.
• Justice Chandrachud is the 50^th CJI and has taken over the post from Justice U.U Lalit who served a brief term as India's 49^th Chief Justice.

Important Points

• The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is someone who is the senior-most or Chief Judge of the Supreme Court.
• CJI is the highest-ranking officer of the Indian federal judiciary.
• The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution.
• Appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of India should be of the seniormost Judge of the Supreme Court considered fit to hold the office.
• The Union Minister of Law at the appropriate time, seek the recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice of India for the appointment of the next Chief Justice of India.
• Whenever there is any doubt about the fitness of the seniormost Judge to hold the office of the Chief Justice of India, consultation with other Judges as envisaged in Article 124 (2) of the Constitution would be made for the appointment of the next Chief Justice of India.
• After receipt of the recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Minister of Law will put up the recommendation to the Prime Minister who will advise the President in the matter of appointment.
• Powers of the CJI
• The President has to consult the CJI when appointing judges.
• The CJI is the head of the collegium that decides the appointment of judges.
• He is responsible for allocating the cases and appointing constitutional benches.
• He is known as the master of the roster.
• He swears in the President of India.
• In case the office of the President and Vice President are both vacant, the CJI acts as the President of the country.
• The Constitution of India has given the power to the Parliament to decide the salaries, allowances, privileges, leave and pension of the judges of the Supreme Court as well as the CJI.
• However, this cannot be altered to their disadvantage after they have been appointed.
• It can be altered only when there is a financial emergency.
• The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice and not more than 30 other Judges appointed by the President of India.
• Supreme Court Judges retire upon attaining the age of 65 years.
• To be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be:
• A citizen of India and must have been, for at least five years,
• A Judge of a High Court or two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years,
• Or an advocate of a High Court or two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years
• or he must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
• A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting.
• This address must be presented to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
• Source:- https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/memosc.pdf
• Source:- https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/chapter%207.pdf

The correct answer is Woodrow Wilson.

Key Points

• Woodrow Wilson was the main architect of the League of Nations.

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Additional Information

• The League of Nations was an international organization created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
• It was first proposed by American President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for equitable peace.
• The League of Nations has its origins in the Fourteen Points speech of President Woodrow Wilson, part of a presentation given in January 1918 outlining his ideas for peace after the carnage of World War I.
• The idea of the League was grounded in the broad, international revulsion against the unprecedented destruction of the First World War and the contemporary understanding of its origins.
• The League of Nations was established in 1919 after World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles.
• Its objective was to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.
• It was supposed to be a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare.
• Despite some early successes, the League of Nations was not able to prevent World War II.
• As of 20 April 1946, the League of Nations ceased to exist, having handed over all of its assets to the United Nations, and having granted the new UN Secretariat full control of its Library and archives.

Important Points

• United Nations (UN)
• It was founded in 1945.
• Members- 193
• The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations.
• It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, US.
• Purposes of UN:
• To maintain international peace and security,
• To develop friendly relations among nations,
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems,
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
• Secretary-General- António Guterres
• Secretariat- New York City, USA

The correct answer is Roosevelt.

Key Points

• The New Deal was a set of domestic policies enacted under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Additional Information

• The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression (1929) by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• It aimed to restore prosperity to Americans.
• It was a program of administration between 1933 and 1939 to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government’s activities.
• The New Deal generally embraced the concept of a government-regulated economy aimed at achieving a balance between conflicting economic interests.
• Programs under New Deal:
• The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) brought relief to farmers by paying them to curtail production, reducing surpluses, and raising prices for agricultural products.
• The Public Works Administration (PWA) reduced unemployment by hiring the unemployed to build new public buildings, roads, bridges, and subways.
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work.
• The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established codes to eliminate unfair practices, establish minimum wages and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of collective bargaining.
• The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) brought cheap electricity to people in seven states.
• The Home Owners’ Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief to the unemployed.
• The Securities Act of 1933 provided government oversight of stock trading.
• The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) protected depositors’ bank accounts.
• The New Deal established federal responsibility for the welfare of the U.S. economy and the American people.
• The New Deal restored the faith of people in American democracy.

The correct answer is 5.

Key Points

• The Bahamani kingdom disintegrated into five independent sultanates in 1526.

Additional Information

• The Bahmani kingdom was established in south India by Hasan Gangu by revolting against the Delhi Sultanate in 1347. 
• His kingdom stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, included the whole of Deccan up to the river Krishna with its capital at Gulbarga.
• The Bahmani kingdom reached its peak under the guidance of Mahmud Gawan, who served with a great distinction as Prime Minister of three Bahamni Sultans for about twenty-three years from 1458 to 1481 AD.
• After the death of Muhammad Shah III in 1482 the Bahamani kingdom became weak.
• By the year 1526, the Bahmani kingdom had disintegrated into five independent sultanates.
• They were Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Berar, Golkonda and Bidar:
• Out of the fragments of the Bahamani kingdom, five independent Muhammadan kingdoms in the Deccan were formed.
• They were:
• The Adil Shahi dynasty, with its capital at Bijapur, founded in 1489 by a son of Amurath Il, Sultan of the Ottomans.
• It was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1686-1688.
• The Kutab Shahi dynasty, with its capital at Golconda, founded in 1512 by a Turkomdn adventurer.
• It was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687-1688.
• The Nizam Shahi dynasty, with its capital at Ahmednagar, founded in 1490 by a Brahman renegade from the Vijayanagar Court.
• The Imad Shahi dynasty of Berar, with its capital at Ellichpur, founded in 1484 also by a Hindu from Vijayanagar.
• It was annexed by Ahmednagar.
• The Barid Shahi dynasty, with its capital at Bidar, founded 1492-1498 by a Turk or Georgian slave.

The correct answer is Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah.

Key Points

• Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah of the Qutb Shahi dynasty founded the city of Hyderabad.

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Additional Information

• The Bahmanis sent Quli Qutb-ul-Malik to the Deccan in 1463, to quell some anarchy.
• He succeeded, and the Bahmani Sultan of that time made him the head of the area, in a decision he would rue for all time.
• This Quli Qutb-ul-Malik is the founder of the Quli Qutb Shah dynasty.
• Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah of this Qutb Shahi dynasty founded the city of Hyderabad in 1589-94 south of the Musi River, 8km from the Golconda Fort, and built a bridge over the river to connect the fort to the city (it is now called Purana Pul).
• The city was originally called Bhagyanagar after Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah's wife Bhagyamati.
• It became popular as a hub of diamond and pearl trading, and lore has it that pearls would be sold spread out on the streets.
• Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah also constructed Charminar in 1591 reportedly as a tribute to divine help in avoiding an epidemic.
• Hyderabad in present-day is the capital city of the Indian State of Telangana.
• Governor of Telangana- Tamilisai Soundararajan
• Chief Minister of Telangana- K. Chandrashekar Rao

Source:-https://hmda.gov.in/hyderabad-history.php

The correct answer is T.V. Rajeswar.

Key Points

• T.V. Rajeswar was awarded the Padma Vibhushan and not Padma Shri in 2012.
• He was awarded in the discipline of Civil service.

Additional Information

• The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India announced annually on the eve of Republic Day.
• The awards are given in three categories:-
• Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service)
• Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order)
• Padma Shri (distinguished service).
• The awards recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an element of public service is involved.
• The Padma Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.
• The Padma awards for the year 2012 were announced on the eve of India’s 63^rd Republic Day.
• The President approved 109 awards including one duo case (counted as one) and 14 in the category of Foreigners/ NRIs/ PIOs/ Posthumous.
• The Padma Awards 2012 comprise 5 Padma Vibhushan, 27 Padma Bhushan and 77 Padma Shri Awards.
• Ms Laila Tyebji was awarded the Padma Shri in Arts-Handicrafts discipline.
• Shri Syed Mohammed Arif was awarded the Padma Shri for his contribution to Badminton.
• Smt. Jhulan Goswami was awarded the Padma Shri for her contribution to women's cricket.
• For 2021, The Ministry of Home Affairs announced the awardees of the Padma Awards on January 25, 2021.
• A total of 119 Padma Awards are announced for this year.
• They include- 7 Padma Vibhushan awardees, 10 Padma Bhushan awardees & 102 Padma Shri awardees.