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The correct answer is Lord Lawerence.

Key Points 

• High courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865 during the time of Lord John Lawrence.

Additional Information

• The Indian High Court Act of 1861, vested in Queen of England to issue letters patent to erect and establish High Courts of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
• The Indian High Court Act of 1861 created the High Courts of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
• The objective of this act was to effect a fusion of the Supreme Courts and the Sadar Adalats in the three Presidencies.
• The jurisdiction and powers exercised by these courts were to be assumed by the High Courts.
• The Charter of High Court of Calcutta was issued on 14^th May 1862.
• The Charter of High Courts of Madras and Bombay was issued on June 26, 1862.
• Lord John Lawrence
• He was the Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869.
• During his tenure, the three high courts in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1865.
• Lord Canning
• Government of India Act 1858 changed the name of the post of Governor-General of India to Viceroy of India.
• Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.
• He was the Viceroy from 1858 to 1864.
• Lord Mayo
• He was the Viceroy from 1869 to 1872.
• Lord Ripon
• He was the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884.
• Lord Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India.
• India got independence during his time.

The correct answer is Bombay.

Key Points

• The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay.

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Additional Information

• The Indian National Congress
• It was founded on 28 December 1885 in Bombay.
• On 28 December 1885, 72 social reformers, journalists and lawyers congregated for the first session of the Indian National Union at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay; the conference was renamed as the Indian National Congress.
• It was founded by A.O. Hume.
• The first session was presided by W.C. Banerjee.
• The Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence against Britain.

The correct answer is 1907.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress was split into two groups in 1907.

Additional Information

• Surat Split
• The Indian National Congress was split into two groups in 1907 at Surat.
• The years from 1885-1905 was known as the period of the moderates because they dominated the Indian National Congress.
• The moderates were the leaders of INC who used petitions, prayers, meetings, leaflets, pamphlets, memorandum and delegations to present their demands to the British government.
• Gradually, dissatisfaction arose among people due to the lack of any achievements by the Moderates.
• The Extremists wanted to go against the British violently as the peaceful manners have not yielded any results.
• In the 1907 session of Surat, the Extremists were led by Lal Bal Pal i.e. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
• The Moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
• This session was presided by Rash Bihari Ghosh who at first was opposed by the Extremists but later they accepted his presidency.
• The session was suspended and the congress was split into two parts.
• This event in Indian history is known as Surat Split.
• In 1916, they reunited with the Congress in the Lucknow session.
• This session was presided by A.C. Majmudar.

The correct answer is Sunga.

Key Points

• Pushyamitra founded the Sunga dynasty around 185 B.C.

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Additional Information

• Pushyamitra assassinated Brihadratha, the last Mauryan ruler, at a military parade and assumed royal power.
• The Sunga dynasty replaced the Mauryan dynasty which was founded by Chandragupta Maurya.
• Pushyamitra was a Brahman.
• Pushyamitra is supposed to have ruled over the cities of Pataliputra, Ayodhya, and Vidisha and perhaps over Jalandhara and Shakala as well.
• He was succeded by Agnimitra.
• The Shunga history after Pushyamitra is largely uncertain.
• The Chola Empire was founded by Vijayalaya.
• He took over the Tanjore kingdom in the 8^th century and led to the rise of the mighty Cholas by defeating the Pallavas.
• Their reign began in the 9^th century when they defeated the Pallavas to come into power.
• This rule stretched over for over five long centuries until the 13^th century.
• Uthiyan Cheralathan is considered the founder of the Chera dynasty.
• He was popularly known as Vanavaramban.
• The Cheras were also known as ‘Keralaputras’ in history.
• The Chera kingdom occupied the region of a narrow strip between the sea and the mountains of the Konkan range.

The correct answer is Kachi.

Key Points

• The capital of the Pallavas was Kanchi or Kanchipuram.

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Additional Information

• The Pallavas were the emperors of the Dravidian country and rapidly adopted Tamil ways.
• Simhavishnu is considered the founder of the Pallava dynasty.
• Earlier Pallava kings ruled from the 4^th century but it was Simhavishnu who revived the dynasty.
• Mahendravarman I (ruled 600 AD – 630 AD)
• He was the son of Simhavishnu.
• He was a great poet and composed Vichitrachita and Mahavilasa Prahasana.
• Mahendravarman died in battle with the Chalukyas.
• Narasimhavarman I ( ruled 630 AD – 668 AD) son and successor of Mahendravarman sent a naval expedition to Sri Lanka and reinstated the Sinhalese Prince Manivarma.
• He is considered to be the greatest ruler of the Pallavas.
• He also founded the city of Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram which is named after him.
• He defeated and killed Pulakesin II (Chalukya King) in 642 AD.
• He took over Vatapi, the Chalukya capital and assumed the title ‘Vatapikonda’.
• Hiuen Tsang visited the Pallava kingdom during his reign in about 640 AD and he describes the people living in his kingdom as happy.
• Their territories extend from the northern part of Andhra Pradesh to River Kaveri in the South.
• The last ruler of the Pallava dynasty was Aparajitavarman who was killed in battle with the Cholas.

The correct answer is 5.

Key Points

The Delhi Sultanate was ruled over by **five dynasties.**​

• These five dynasties were: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).

Additional Information

• The Slave Dynasty
• The Slave Dynasty ruled the Sub-continent for about 84 years.
• It was the first Muslim dynasty that ruled India.
• Qutub-ud-din Aibak, a slave of Muhammad Ghori, who became the ruler after the death of his master, founded the Slave Dynasty.
• He built Qutub Minar in Delhi.
• The next important king of the Slave dynasty was Shams-ud-din Iltutmush, who himself was a slave of Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
• Razia Begum, the capable daughter of Iltutmush, was the first and the only Muslim lady who ever adorned the throne of Delhi.
• Finally, the youngest son of Iltutmush, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud became Sultan in 1245.
• During his reign, the main power remained in the hands of Balban, his Prime Minister.
• On the death of Mahmud, Balban directly took over the throne and ruled Delhi.
• The Khilji Dynasty
• After the death of Balban, the sultanate became weak and there were several revolts.
• The nobles placed Jalal-ud-din Khilji on the throne.
• The rule of the Khilji dynasty started in 1290 A.D.
• Ala-ud-din Khilji, a nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khilji hatched a conspiracy and killed Sultan Jalal-ud-din and proclaimed himself as the Sultan in 1296.
• Ala-ud-din Khilji was the first Muslim ruler whose empire covered almost the whole of India up to its extreme south.
• Ala-ud-din died in 1316 A.D., and with his death, the Khilji dynasty came to an end.
• The Tughlaq Dynasty
• Ghyasuddin Tughlaq, who was the Governor of Punjab during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khilji, ascended the throne in 1320 A.D. and founded the Tughlaq dynasty.
• Feroz Tughlaq succeeded Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq.
• After he died in 1388, the Tughlaq dynasty came virtually to an end.
• Although the Tughlaqs continued to reign till 1412, the invasion of Delhi by Timur in 1398 may be said to mark the end of the Tughlaq empire.
• Sayyid Dynasty
• The Sayyid dynasty was founded by Khizar Khan.
• The Sayyids ruled from about 1414 A.D. to 1450 A.D.
• Lodhi Dynasty
• Bahlul Lodi was the first king and the founder of the Lodhi dynasty.
• Bahlul extended the effective boundaries of his empire to the borders of Bengal.
• Sikandar Lodhi (reigned 1489–1517), continued his father’s expansion policy.
• He gained control of Bihar and founded the modern city of Agra on the site known as Sikandarabad.
• Ibrahim Lodhi ascended the throne in 1517 after the death of Sikandar Lodhi.
• Ibrahim Lodhi was killed at Panipat in 1526 A.D. by Babar.
• This marked the beginning of the Mughal Sultanate.

The correct answer is Khizar Khan.

Key Points

• The Sayyid dynasty was founded by Khizar Khan.

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Additional Information

• The Sayyids ruled the Delhi Sultanate from about 1414 A.D. to 1450 A.D.
• They were the successors of the Tughluq dynasty.
• The first Sayyid ruler of Delhi was Khizr Khan (reigned 1414–21), who was earlier the governor of Punjab.
• Mubarak Shah succeeded Khizr Khan and ruled till his assassination in 1434.
• Muḥammad Shah and Alam Shah the next two successors of Mubarak Shah proved incapable.
• Alam Shah abandoned Delhi for Badaun in 1448, and three years later Bahlul Lodi, ruler of Punjab, seized Delhi and inaugurated the Lodi dynasty.

The correct answer is Ramanuja

Key Points

• Ramanuja is considered the earliest exponent of the Bhakti Movement.

Additional Information 

• The development of the Bhakti movement took place in Tamil Nadu between the seventh and twelfth centuries.
• The Bhakti movement was responsible for many rites and rituals associated with the worship of God by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs of the Indian subcontinent.
• The wave of the Bhakti movement started in South India.
• It was a socio-religious reform movement in medieval India.
• It was led by the Alvars who were the devotees of Lord Vishnu and the Nayanars who were devotees of Lord Shiva.
• They travelled to various places singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods.
• It declined around the 10^th century but it was revived as an ideological and philosophical movement by Acharyas.
• Sri Ramanuja Acharya was an Indian philosopher and is recognized as the most important saint of Sri Vaishnavism.
• Sant Ramanuja Acharya systematized and propounded the Vishishtadvaita philosophy.
• Vishishtadvaita philosophy
• It means Qualified Non-dualism or Non-dualism of the Qualified.
• It grew out of the Vaishnava (worship of the God Vishnu) movement.
• Ramanuja was the first to make the cornerstone of his system the identification of a personal God with the brahman, or Absolute Reality.
• As a personal God, brahman possesses all the good qualities to a perfect degree.
• For him, the relation between the infinite and the finite is like that between the soul and the body. Hence, non-duality is maintained.
• Brahman (Supreme Reality) is regarded as personal and compassionate.
• Revelation, consequently, is viewed as the gracious self-manifestation of the divine to those who open themselves in loving contemplation.

The correct answer is Vijaylakshmi Pandit.

Key Points

• In 1953 Vijaylakshmi Pandit became the first woman to be elected president of the UN General Assembly. ​

Additional Information

• Vijaylakshmi Pandit was the daughter of Motilal Nehru.
• The eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly elected Madam Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, of India, as its President.

Important Points

• The United Nations (UN)
• It was founded in 1945.
• Members- 193
• The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations.
• It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, US.
• Purposes of UN:
• To maintain international peace and security,
• To develop friendly relations among nations,
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems,
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
• Secretary-General- António Guterres
• Secretariat- New York City, USA
• United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
• It was established in 1945 under the Charter of the United Nations.
• The General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations.
• It provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter.
• It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law.
• The Assembly meets from September to December each year (main part), and thereafter, from January to September (resumed part), as required.
• During the resumed part of the session, the Assembly considers current issues of critical importance to the international community in the form of high-level thematic debates organized by the President of the General Assembly, in consultation with the membership.
• Functions and powers
• The Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to States on international issues within its competence.
• It has also initiated actions political, economic, humanitarian, social and legal which have benefitted the lives of millions of people throughout the world.
• According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may:
• Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States
• Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General
• Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament
• Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it
• Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations
• Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields
• Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries
• Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs
• The Assembly may also take action in cases of a threat to the peace, breach of peace or act of aggression when the Security Council has failed to act owing to the negative vote of a permanent member.
• Under its rules of procedure, the President, Vice-Presidents and Chairs of the Main Committees are elected at least three months in advance of the start of the new session.
• The Assembly elected His Excellency Volkan Bozkir of Turkey as its President for the 75^th session.
• Honourable Abdulla Shahid was elected as President of the 76^th session of the General Assembly.

Source:- https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/background.shtml

The correct answer is 1954.

Key Points

• Prime Minister of India and China signed Panchasheel in 1954.

Additional Information

• The Panchsheel Agreement is a set of principles that govern relations between states.
• It is also known as the Five Principles of Coexistence.
• It was first codified during an agreement between Indian and China in 1954.
• It served as the foundation for India-China relations.
• The Five Principles of the Panchsheel Agreement are:-
• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence