English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The term "contradicts" means to assert the opposite of a statement or to be in conflict with it. (विरोधाभास करना)
• Example: The evidence presented in court contradicts the defendant's earlier statement.
• Here, the second sentence suggests that successive failures are not necessarily successive stepping stones to success. This negates or opposes the idea conveyed in the first sentence, which says failure is a stepping stone to success.
• Hence, the second sentence contradicts the wisdom of the first sentence. (यह विरोधाभास करता है)

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Contrasts (विपरीतता दिखाना): To compare two things in a way that highlights their differences, rather than opposing or negating them.
• Example: The vibrant colors of the flowers contrast beautifully with the dull gray walls.
• Option 3: Confirms (पुष्टि करना): To establish the truth or correctness of something.
• Example: The manager confirmed that the meeting would take place as scheduled.
• Option 4: Qualifies (सीमित करना या योग्य बनाना): To modify, limit, or add conditions to a statement or situation.
• Example: The statement was qualified with additional details to clarify its meaning.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "contradicts" means to assert the opposite of a statement or idea, or to deny its truth. It suggests disagreement or incompatibility. (विरोध करना)
• Example: Her statement contradicts the evidence provided by the witnesses.
• "Corroborates" refers to the act of confirming or supporting a statement or theory with additional evidence or facts. (समर्थन करना)
• Example: The fingerprints found at the scene corroborated the suspect's confession.
• Hence, we can infer that 'contradicts' is the correct word to describe the relationship between the two sentences, as S2 denies or challenges the truth of S1.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Corroborates (समर्थन करना): Suggests agreement or support for the first sentence.
• Example: The witness corroborates the defendant's alibi.
• Option 3: Correlates (संबंधित करना): Implies a mutual relationship or connection between the two sentences.
• Example: The increase in sales correlates with the rise in marketing efforts.
• Option 4: Coincides (समान होना): Indicates that the two sentences occur at the same time or agree completely.
• Example: The festival coincides with the harvest season.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The phrase "establishes limits" refers to defining boundaries or constraints regarding a particular assertion or concept. (सीमाओं को स्थापित करना)
• Example: The study establishes limits on what can be achieved with the current technology.
• In this context, the second sentence ("There can be no knowledge of what existed before the Big Bang") does not contradict or explain the first sentence but instead places a limitation on the claim made in the first sentence ("The origin of the universe has been traced to the Big Bang").
• Therefore, the second sentence qualifies the first by highlighting the boundaries of our understanding.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: Contradicts the assertion made in the first (पहले दिए गए कथन का खंडन करना): This means that the second sentence directly opposes or refutes the first.
• Example: If the second sentence had stated, "The universe did not originate from the Big Bang," it would contradict the first sentence.
• Option 2: Explains the basis behind the first (पहले के पीछे का आधार समझाना): This means that the second sentence provides a reason or rationale for the assertion made in the first.
• Example: "The Big Bang is considered the origin of the universe because of the cosmic microwave background radiation" would explain the basis of the first sentence.
• Option 4: Confirms the assertion made in the first (पहले दिए गए कथन की पुष्टि करना): This means that the second sentence reinforces or supports the claim made in the first.
• Example: "Scientific evidence supports the theory of the Big Bang as the origin of the universe" would confirm the first statement.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "Reiterates" means to repeat something for emphasis or clarity. It refers to the act of saying or doing something again to reinforce a point. (दोहराना)
• Example: The teacher reiterated the importance of submitting assignments on time.
• "Annuls" refers to officially declaring something invalid or void, typically in legal or formal contexts. (निरस्त करना)
• Example: The court annulled the marriage due to lack of proper documentation.
• The first sentence (S1) states that the highest clouds are the most fascinating, while the second sentence (S2) supports this idea by explaining that we are most drawn to things beyond our reach. This reiterates the axiom in S1.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Annuls (निरस्त करना): This means to invalidate or cancel something formally.
• Example: The government annulled the outdated law to introduce a new one.
• Option 3: Contradicts (विरोध करना): This refers to stating the opposite of what is said or denying a statement.
• Example: His actions contradict his earlier statements about honesty.
• Option 4: Contrasts (विपरीत दिखाना): To compare two things to highlight their differences.
• Example: The bright colors of her dress contrast sharply with the dull background.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "correlates" means to have a mutual relationship or connection in which one thing affects or depends on another. (संबंधित होना)
• Example: A high level of education often correlates with better job opportunities.
• Here, S2 ("The two-stroke engine has been phased out to protect the environment") is related to S1 ("A four-stroke engine is more efficient than a two-stroke engine") because the environmental concerns associated with two-stroke engines support the point that four-stroke engines are more efficient and environmentally friendly. (दोनों वाक्य एक दूसरे से संबंधित हैं।)
• Hence, the second sentence correlates to the first sentence in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Contradicts (विरोधाभास करना): To assert the opposite of what is stated; to go against something.
• Example: His actions contradict his words as he promised to help but never showed up.
• Contrasts (विपरीत दिखाना): To compare in such a way as to emphasize differences.
• Example: The bright colors of the painting contrast sharply with the dark frame.
• Confirms (पुष्टि करना): To establish the truth or correctness of something.
• Example: The scientist’s findings confirm the earlier hypothesis.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "provides additional information to what is contained in the first."

Key Points

• The statement "provides additional information" means that the second sentence gives more relevant details that complement or enhance the first sentence without contradicting it. (अतिरिक्त जानकारी प्रदान करता है)
• Example: S1: Lions are known as the king of the jungle. S2: Tigers, another big cat, are also apex predators.
• In this question, S2 adds information about another bird, i.e., the Great Indian Bustard, which is the state bird of Rajasthan, enhancing the context of national and state birds.
• Example: S1: The peacock is India’s national bird. S2: The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Rajasthan.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Provides contradictory information (विरोधाभासी जानकारी प्रदान करता है): This means the second sentence conflicts with or opposes the information in the first sentence.
• Example: S1: The peacock is India’s national bird. S2: The peacock is not India’s national bird.
• Option 3: Provides less information (कम जानकारी प्रदान करता है): This means the second sentence gives less detail or is incomplete compared to the first sentence.
• Example: S1: The peacock is India’s national bird. S2: The peacock is a bird.
• Option 4: Provides escalatory information (उत्तरोत्तर जानकारी प्रदान करता है): This means the second sentence intensifies or builds on the first sentence with more specific or advanced details.
• Example: S1: The peacock is India’s national bird. S2: It is worshipped in India and holds cultural significance.

The correct answer is: Option 2.

Key Points

• The word "contradicts" means to assert the opposite of a statement made by someone or something; it involves expressing or implying the denial of something. (विरोध करना)
• Example: The witness contradicted the defendant's story, stating that they were not present at the scene of the incident.
• In the context of the question, the second sentence directly opposes the first statement. While the first sentence suggests that field games are generally more popular than individual sports, the second sentence mentions that an individual sport (tennis) is more popular than a field game (hockey).
• Example: "Field games are generally more popular than individual sports" is contradicted by "Across the world, tennis is more popular than hockey."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Reiterates (पुनः पुष्टि करना): To say something again, often for emphasis or clarity.
• Example: The teacher reiterated the instructions to ensure everyone understood them.
• Contrasts with (विरोधाभास): To compare in a way that highlights differences.
• Example: The bright colors of the flowers contrasted with the dull, gray sky.
• Reinforces (मजबूत बनाना): To strengthen or support an idea, feeling, or situation.
• Example: The statistics reinforce the claim that education is key to economic growth.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "correlates" means to have a mutual relationship or connection, where one thing directly corresponds or is linked to another. (आपस में संबंधित होना)
• Example: In studies, researchers often find that exercise correlates with improved mental health.
• "Contrasts" refers to showing differences between two things, often highlighting opposite qualities. (विरोधाभास)
• Example: The lush greenery of the forest contrasts sharply with the barren urban landscape.
• Hence, the second sentence in the question is connected to the first sentence in terms of its mutual relationship between ecological recovery and environmental degradation caused by urbanization.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Disputes (विवाद करना): Disputing implies arguing against or challenging the truth or validity of something.
• Example: The witness disputed the claims made by the defendant in court.
• Option 3: Contrasts (विरोधाभास): Contrasts highlight differences between two subjects.
• Example: The dark clouds contrasted with the bright sunlight streaming through gaps.
• Option 4: Contradicts (विरोध करना): Contradicting means asserting the opposite or denying the truth of a statement.
• Example: His actions contradict his earlier promises to protect the environment.

The correct answer is: Option 1, i.e., "corroborates the first".

Key Points

• The word "corroborate" means to confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding. (पुष्टि करना)
• Example: The witness's statement corroborated the evidence presented in court.
• The word "dispute" refers to disagreement or questioning the truth of something. (विवाद करना)
• Example: The two parties disputed the ownership of the property.
• Hence, we can infer that the second sentence "The Indian diaspora is a model of success across the world" supports and strengthens the first sentence by providing evidence of Indian emigration leading to successful outcomes.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Disputes the first (पहले को विवादित करता है): Indicates disagreement or contradiction with the first sentence.
• Example: If S2 stated "The Indian diaspora has faced numerous challenges with little success," it would dispute S1.
• Option 3: Is a logical consequence of the first (पहले का तार्किक परिणाम है): Indicates that S2 follows logically from S1.
• Example: S2 could be: "This emigration has led to cultural exchange and increased global influence of India."
• Option 4: Has no logical dependence on the first (पहले पर कोई तार्किक निर्भरता नहीं है): Indicates no connection between the two sentences.
• Example: If S2 stated "The Taj Mahal is one of the wonders of the world," it would have no logical dependence on S1.

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. 'contrasts with the first'.

 

Key Points

• S1: "Bottled water is safer than tap water." This sentence makes an assertion that tap water is less safe or potentially harmful compared to bottled alternatives.
• S2: "In many countries tap water is fed to babies." This sentence presents a factual practice. Since babies are the most vulnerable demographic regarding health and hygiene, feeding them tap water implies the water is of high safety standards.
• The second sentence (S2) contrasts with the first (S1) because it provides an example of tap water being trusted for the most sensitive use-case, which contradicts the idea that it is "less safe" than bottled water.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'contrasts with the first'.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1. asserts the first: This would mean the second sentence reinforces the claim that bottled water is safer, which it does not.
• Option 2. confirms the first: Similar to assertion, this would require S2 to prove S1 is true.
• Option 4. is an extension of the first: An extension would add more details about why bottled water is safer, rather than shifting the focus to the safety of tap water for babies.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. QPRS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the subject "the suggestions received from the field," which is correctly indicated by part (Q).
• Following the subject, "and the outcome in cases selected in prior years" (P) continues the logical sequence, providing additional context.
• The next part, "formations are reviewed by a cross-functional committee" is indicated by (R), explaining the process.
• Ending with "to refine the scenarios and parameters" (S) completes the sentence with the purpose of the review.

Therefore, the correct answer is QPRS.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (PQRS): This option starts with "and the outcome in cases selected in prior years the suggestions received from the field," which makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.
• Option 3 (SQPR): This option starts with "to refine the scenarios and parameters and the suggestions received from the field," which disrupts the logical flow of the sentence.
• Option 4 (RSQP): This option starts with "formations are reviewed by a cross-functional committee to refine the scenarios and parameters the suggestions received," which creates a fragmented sentence structure.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RPQS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the subject "The various categories of water," which is correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the subject, "pollution control equipment broadly include" (RP) continues the logical sequence, making it clear what is being included.
• The next part, "wastewater treatment plants," starts specifying the equipment involved, indicated by (P).
• Ending with "drinking water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants" (QS) completes the sentence by listing the remaining equipment.

Therefore, the correct answer is RPQS.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): This option starts with "pollution control equipment broadly include wastewater treatment plants, drinking water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants." This sequence does not logically introduce the subject first.
• Option 2 (QSRP): This option starts with "include wastewater treatment plants drinking water treatment plants and the various categories of water pollution control equipment broadly." This sequence is confusing and lacks clarity.
• Option 4 (SRQP): This option starts with "drinking water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants the various categories of water include wastewater treatment plants pollution control equipment broadly." This sequence creates a fragmented sentence.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. SQRP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "some new composite criteria of classification" (S), establishing the subject clearly.
• Next, "were notified in 2020" (Q) provides the key timing and action, forming a complete main clause (SQ).
• Following this, "with guidelines to" (R) introduces the purpose logically.
• Ending with "facilitate the present and prospective entrepreneurs for manufacturing and service units" (P) completes the sentence by specifying the objective.

Therefore, the correct answer is SQRP.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1 (RPQS): Starts with "facilitate the present... were notified," creating an illogical action-before-event sequence.
• Option 2 (SQPR): Ends abruptly with "entrepreneurs," missing "for manufacturing and service units" connection.
• Option 4 (QSPR): Begins with "for manufacturing... criteria," resulting in fragmented grammar.

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. SQRP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "the policy seeks to educate and" (S), establishing the main subject and intent of the policy.
• Next, "equip potential entrepreneurs, both within and" (Q) logically continues the policy's goal of equipping entrepreneurs from diverse backgrounds.
• Then, "outside the formal education system" (R) specifies the scope, including those beyond formal education.
• Finally, "in the entrepreneurship domain" (P) completes the thought by focusing on the specific area of entrepreneurship.

Therefore, the correct answer is SQRP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): Starts with "outside the formal education system the policy seeks," which disrupts the subject-verb flow and lacks context.
• Option 2 (SRPQ): Begins "in the entrepreneurship domain the policy seeks," creating an illogical start without proper subject introduction.
• Option 3 (RSQP): Leads with "outside the formal education system equip," forming a fragmented phrase without a clear subject.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RPQS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the subject: "National Skill Development Corporation under the aegis of MSDE has been," which is correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the subject, "organizing Rozgar Melas across the nation for," (RP) continues the logical sequence, explaining the action being undertaken.
• The next part, "providing suitable job opportunities in the private sector to the youth," indicated by (Q), adds further clarity to the purpose of Rozgar Melas.
• Ending with, "to give impetus to the employment initiatives in the country," (S) completes the sentence by stating the ultimate objective of the initiative.

Therefore, the correct answer is RPQS.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (SRQP): This option starts with "to give impetus to the employment initiatives in the country," which creates a sentence that is incomplete and grammatically incorrect.
• Option 2 (PQSR): This option starts with "providing suitable job opportunities in the private sector to the youth," which disrupts the logical flow and misses the subject.
• Option 4 (QSPR): This option starts with "providing suitable job opportunities in the private sector to the youth to give impetus," which creates a fragmented sentence structure.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. QPSR.

Key Points

• The sentence starts with Part Q, "India is moving from women's development," which sets the subject and the initial premise of the transition. (भारत महिला विकास से आगे बढ़ रहा है)
• Example: The nation is moving from traditional methods to digital solutions.
• The phrase "moving from... to..." requires Part P to follow, "to women-led development and the dream of New India," completing the directional shift. (महिला नेतृत्व वाले विकास और न्यू इंडिया के सपने की ओर)
• Example: We are transitioning from a passive role to an active leadership position.
• Part S, "is where women are empowered, strong," acts as a descriptive clause defining the 'New India' mentioned in the previous part. (जहाँ महिलाएँ सशक्त और मजबूत हैं)
• Example: A successful society is where every citizen has equal rights.
• Finally, Part R, "and an equal partner in the country's overall development," concludes the sentence by adding a final attribute to the role of women. (और देश के समग्र विकास में एक समान भागीदार हैं)
• Example: Education makes a person a wise thinker and a responsible citizen.
• Therefore, the correct answer is- QPSR.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings:

• Option 1 (QPRS): Incorrect because Part R cannot logically follow Part P without the qualifying description found in Part S. (तार्किक क्रम का अभाव)
• Option 3 (SQPR): Incorrect because the sentence cannot start with "is where" without a preceding subject or context. (अधूरा वाक्य विन्यास)
• Option 4 (PSRQ): Incorrect as it starts with a prepositional phrase "to women-led..." which lacks a proper introductory main clause. (मुख्य उपवाक्य की कमी)

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. QPSR

Key Points

• Start with (Q): "Ujjwala 2.0 was launched in 2021" sets the subject and timeframe clearly.
• Follow with (P): "to provide additional one crore LPG" begins the purpose clause right after the main clause.
• Then (S): "connections to adult women of poor" completes the object, linking LPG with its beneficiaries.
• End with (R): "households under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana" finalizes the noun phrase and specifies the scheme.

Therefore, the correct sequence is QPSR, forming: “Ujjwala 2.0 was launched in 2021 to provide additional one crore LPG connections to adult women of poor households under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.”

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QSRP): Places "connections to adult women of poor" before completing the purpose, causing a disjointed structure and delaying the scheme specification.
• Option 2 (SRPQ): Starts with a fragmentary object ("connections…") without a main clause, making the sentence ungrammatical until later.
• Option 3 (PSQR): Begins with the infinitive clause "to provide…" but lacks an introductory subject, resulting in a dangling purpose clause.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. QRSP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the subject "environmental impact assessment", correctly indicated by part (Q).
• Following the subject, "is a planning tool to integrate environmental" (R) provides the main verb and predicate, establishing the function of EIA.
• Next comes "concerns into the developmental" indicated by (S), which logically continues the object of integration.
• Ending with "process from the initial stage of planning" (P) completes the prepositional phrase, specifying the scope and timing.

Therefore, the correct answer is QRSP, forming: "Environmental impact assessment is a planning tool to integrate environmental concerns into the developmental process from the initial stage of planning."

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QSRP): Places the noun "environmental impact assessment" first but follows with a fragment ("concerns into the developmental") before introducing the verb, resulting in an ungrammatical start.
• Option 3 (SPQR): Begins with a prepositional fragment ("concerns into the developmental"), lacking a subject-verb foundation and leading to incoherence.
• Option 4 (QPSR): Interrupts the predicate with a long prepositional phrase before completing the object, breaking natural flow and readability.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. QPRS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the part Q, "hours of content are shown in a way," which introduces the subject of the sentence.
• Following this, P, "that may push the viewers," logically connects to Q, explaining the impact of the content shown.
• The next part, R, "think that they are watching a," continues the logical sequence by describing the viewers' perception.
• Finally, S, "programme rather than an advertisement," completes the sentence by clarifying what the viewers might think.

Therefore, the correct answer is QPRS.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (SQPR): This option starts with "programme rather than an advertisement hours of content are shown," which makes the sentence grammatically incorrect and illogical.
• Option 3 (SQRP): This option starts with "programme rather than an advertisement think that they are watching a," which creates a fragmented sentence lacking flow.
• Option 4 (RSQP): This option starts with "think that they are watching a programme rather than an advertisement hours of content are shown," which disrupts the logical sequence.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. RSPQ

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "The Ministry extends financial support to individuals," which is correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the subject, "group of individuals and cultural organisations" (S) continues the idea, explaining whom the Ministry supports.
• The next part, "engaged in performing visual and literary arts" (P) describes the type of individuals or organisations the Ministry supports.
• Ending with "in the field of intangible heritage" (Q) completes the sentence by specifying the area of focus for the Ministry's support.

Therefore, the correct answer is RSPQ.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (QPSR): This option starts with "in the field of intangible heritage engaged in performing visual and literary arts," which creates an incomplete and disconnected sentence.
• Option 3 (RQPS): This option starts with "The Ministry extends financial support to individuals in the field of intangible heritage," but it disrupts the logical flow of describing whom the Ministry supports.
• Option 4 (PSQR): This option starts with "engaged in performing visual and literary arts in the field of intangible heritage," which eliminates the subject and leads to a confusing sentence structure.