English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is "RQSP".

Key Points

• Sentence R follows the opening statement.
• Sentence Q balances out the previous statement and gives definition of Oncogenes.
• Sentence S explains the regular function of oncogenes which adds to the understanding of what happens when they mutate.
• Sentence P explicates the consequences of oncogenes mutations: uncontrolled cell division leading to tumour formation.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Correct Paragraph: Mutations are random changes to the base sequence of genes. Most genes do not cause cancer if they mutate. The few genes that can become cancer-causing after mutating are known as oncogenes. In a normal cell, oncogenes are involved in the control of cell cycle and cell division. This is why mutations in them can result in uncontrolled cell division and therefore tumour formation. Several mutations must occur in the same cell for it to become a tumour cell.

The correct answer "SQRP".

Key Points

• Sentence S connects directly with S1, extending the thought about writing as an everyday occurrence and bridging it with the advent of technology, specifically computers.
• Sentence Q builds on the connection established in Sentence S and introduces the solution enabled by computers - application programs to enhance writing.
• Sentence R provides a specific example of the application programs mentioned in Sentence Q, the Word Processor, establishing its relevance and popularity.
• Sentence P elaborates on the capabilities and utilities of the Word Processor - what it does and how it supports writing.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Complete Paragraph: For most people, writing is an everyday occurrence. When computers have affected our life styles and work patterns, this activity is also not left out. Many application programs have been developed to make writing easier and smooth operation. One such most popular program is Word Processor. A word processing software provides a general set of tools for entering, editing and formatting text. Nearly all the document types that we use in our daily lives can be created in a word processor.

The correct answer is "PQRS".

Key Points

• Sentence P extends the idea of social networking presented in S1, making a note that social networking is most popular online, preparing the reader for the discussion of online social networking.
• Sentence Q then naturally follows P, as it begins the exploration of how online social networking functions, stating that websites are commonly used.
• Sentence R gives a name to these websites, further streamlining the subject of discussion.
• Sentence S explains what function these social networking websites serve, acting like a virtual community of internet users, which goes hand in hand with S6, discussing the community members and their shared interests.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option PQRS".

The correct answer is "RSPQ".

Key Points

 

• The passage discusses the influence of economic globalisation on the principles of enterprise capitalism and its impact on public policy and trade union activity.
• S1 introduces the topic by stating that the principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended beyond the USA due to economic globalisation.
• R elaborates on how globalisation has promoted marketisation in various ways.
• S explains one of the responses of governments to promote marketisation, which is reducing tax levels to attract 'inward' investment.
• P highlights the consequence of this trend on public spending, particularly on welfare budgets.
• Q further discusses the consequences of promoting product and labour flexibility, mentioning that it often leads to trade union activity.
• Finally, S6 concludes the passage by stating that these pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.

Therefore the correct answer is 'option 4'.

Correct paragraph: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalization. Globalisation has promoted marketization in a variety of ways. Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment. Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets. Moreover, the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity. Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.

The correct answer is "QPSR".

Key Points

• We start with Q: They reflect tribals' natural spirit, unconditional love, and innate energy at every stage of their life.

Then we have, P: The tribal area of Chhatisgarh always resonated with the sound of traditional tribal songs and music.

Next we have, S: The forest areas and tribal settlements of Chhatisgarh began the revolt against the British at the very beginning of the freedom struggle, much before the urban areas.

Finally we have, R: Initially, the tribal songs in their dialects, reverberated with the rebellion of their area, and then with the movement that was prevalent in the country.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Complete Paragraph: 

Traditional songs and music form the identity of the tribal culture. They reflect tribals' natural spirit, unconditional love, and innate energy at every stage of their life. The tribal area of Chhatisgarh always resonated with the sound of traditional tribal songs and music. The forest areas and tribal settlements of Chhatisgarh began the revolt against the British at the very beginning of the freedom struggle, much before the urban areas. Initially, the tribal songs in their dialects reverberated with the rebellion of their area, and then with the movement that was prevalent in the country. These tribal songs, on one hand, glorified their hero and on the other, inspired their fellow tribes- man to participate in the freedom struggle.

The correct answer is "RQSP".

Key Points

• Following the introduction about the clan in S1, sentence R makes a logical continuation, as it elaborates on how the clan structure is organized, where the clan name is passed down patrilineally.
• Next, sentence Q provides further details about what constitutes a clan in the Gonds community- a unilateral group whose members bear the same clan name. This expands on the concept introduced in sentence R.
• Sentence S is an appropriate follow-up, as it gives cultural details: the term the Gonds use to refer to their clan - 'Pari'.
• Finally, sentence P outlines the belief system of the Gonds regarding their clan system before transitioning into S6, which discusses the male-oriented nature of the patronymic tradition.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Complete Sentence: The social group wider than the family in the social structure of the Gond community is the clan. The clan being patrilineal - a man passes on his clan name to his children. The clan among the Gonds is a unilateral group consisting of family members which bear the same clan-name. The Gonds use the term 'Pari' to express their group. The members of the clan believed that they have descended from a common ancestor. It is only the male who automatically takes the patronymic on birth, preserves it till death, and it is carried forward by his children.

The correct answer is "RSPQ".

Key Points

• Sentence R should come immediately after S1 as it outlines why there's abundant precipitation in the equatorial zone due to high temperature, humidity, and unstable air, further explaining the reason for this condition.
• Next, sentence S follows logically as it gives more details about the role of trade winds from both hemispheres contributing to the upward motion of air, causing precipitation.
• The passage then progresses to sentence P that touches on the intensified effect of the ascending air currents during tropical storms in various parts of the world. This is related to the upward motion of air mentioned in sentence S and tells us how this process can be further amplified.
• Lastly, sentence Q rounds off the sequence before S6 as it pinpoint how over land areas, the precipitation mostly occurs from very common and active thunderstorms in the equatorial regions. This sets up well for phrase S6, noting the nature of these rainfalls: heavy, intermittent, convective showers

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Complete Paragraph: The equatorial zone is generally an area of abundant precipitation (over 200 centimetres annually). This high level of precipitation is due to the equatorial belt's high temperature, high humidity and highly unstable air. The trade winds from both the hemispheres converge and give rise to a general upward motion of air. The ascending air currents become intensified locally in the tropical storms that produce abundant precipitation in the Caribbean, the southwest Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the China Sea. Over the land areas, most of the precipitation occurs from the thunderstorms that are very frequent and active in the equatorial regions. It is to be noted that a larger part of the precipitation in this region falls as heavy intermittent convective showers accompanied by thunder and lightning.

The correct answer is "QSPR".

Key Points

• Sentence Q should come immediately after S1 as it describes what the period of transformation was characterized by – the transition from feudalism to capitalism – this maintains the topic coherence.
• Next, sentence S specifies the dynamics of the new capitalist mode of production where factories and machineries were controlled by the capitalist class, further breaking down the capitalist system introduced in Q.
• Sentence P follows suit, further detailing how the capitalist society had two main polarized classes - capitalists and workers. This lays out the structure of the society in this era.
• Lastly, sentence R elaborates on the workers' condition in the capitalist society, where their labor is crucial to production yet provides insufficient compensation. This sets up perfectly for sentence S6, explaining that the wages they received were inadequate for comfortable survival.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Complete Paragraph: The period branded as the era of the Industrial Revolution was essentially a period of transformation. It marked the beginning of the final phase of the broader transformation from feudalism to capitalism and capitalism made its presence felt all over the Europe. In the capitalist mode of production, the factories and heavy machineries were owned and controlled by the capitalist class. A definite polarization of industrial society between two main classes capitalists and workers - was visible. Actual production in the factories was done by the workers but the workers had very little and so for survival, they were required to continuously sell this labor power for wages. This wage was however, not enough to keep the worker properly clothed or fed and thus, the Industrial Revolution could not solve the problem of distribution.

The correct answer is: SPRQ.

Key Points

• S1: "There exists a close relationship between meteorology and climatology."
• This sentence announces the topic and signals that the paragraph will define or compare the two fields. The reader now expects a definition or discussion of meteorology and climatology.
• S: “Meteorology, the physics of the lower atmosphere, studies the individual phenomenon of the atmosphere.”
• This directly begins the treatment of one of the two fields named in S1. It supplies a clear definition of meteorology, so it naturally follows S1.
• Follow S with P (a restatement):
• P: “In other words, it is concerned with the study of the characteristics and behaviour of the atmosphere.”
• The phrase “In other words” signals a paraphrase or clarification of the immediately preceding sentence. That makes P the correct immediate follow-up to S (it restates and expands the definition of meteorology).
• Next comes R, which introduces climatology and contrasts it with meteorology.
• R: “Climatology, on the other hand, is concerned with the discussion of the component elements of climate as well as the factors which determine and control its distribution.”
• The connective “on the other hand” explicitly contrasts climatology with meteorology (which we just described). So R must come after the meteorology sentences (S and P).
• Finish the middle sequence with Q, which sets up the two-part explanation given in S6.
• Q: “The function of climatology is two-fold.”
• The phrase “two-fold” is a direct signal that specifics will follow. S6 begins with “First, … Second, …”, so Q must immediately precede S6 to create a coherent transition into the detailed two-part description.
• Then S6 (given) completes the paragraph by enumerating the two functions signalled in Q: the meteorological aspect and the climatological aspect.

Hence, the correct answer is: SPRQ.

The correct answer is "QSPR".

Key Points

• Sentence Q should come immediately after S1 as it reemphasizes the major transformations happening in the eighteenth century Europe, supporting S1's statement.
• Next, sentence S discusses a specific event, the Treaty of Paris, that put an end to the Seven Years War. This detail fits appropriately after the broad changes highlighted in sentence Q, bringing us into more specific developments in the historical sequence of the eighteenth century.
• Sentence P naturally follows the information in sentence S, explaining the immediate aftermath of the Treaty of Paris, which is that Europe experienced about three decades without significant conflicts.
• Finally, sentence R segues into sentence S6, stating that the peace brought by the Treaty was not permanent, setting up for the assertion made in sentence S6 that Britain emerged victorious in establishing colonial supremacy.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Complete Paragraph: Europe was going through a political, social, economic, and cultural transformation in the eighteenth century. This century saw far reaching changes which were to leave behind an enduring legacy. The Treaty of Paris (1763) brought an end to the Seven Years War. Thereafter, the European continent had been free from bloody conflicts for about three decades. However, the Treaty of Paris could not bring peace to Europe forever. Great Britain emerged victorious in the contest for colonial supremacy in Europe and from that moment Britain concentrated more on her colonial possessions.

The correct answer is 'vulnerable'.

Key Points

• The word 'invincible' denotes something or someone that cannot be defeated, conquered, or overcome. ('अजेय' or 'अपराजेय').
• Example: The Greek demigod Hercules was considered invincible due to his superhuman strength.
• The word 'vulnerable' in English pertains to someone or something that is open to attack, harm, or damage. ('संवेदनशील' or 'आलोचनीय').
• Example: Newborn animals are vulnerable and heavily rely on their parents for protection.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Impregnable', means something that cannot be entered by force or attack. ('अभेद्य').
• 'Unbeatable', refers to someone or something that cannot be defeated. ('अपराजित').
• 'Insurmountable', refers to something that cannot be overcome or conquered. ('अदूरधर्यंत बड़ी बाधा').

The correct answer is 'evaporation'.

Key Points

• The word 'condensation' refers to the process by which water vapor in the air becomes liquid water. ('संघनन')
• Example: During a hot shower, you can see condensation when the bathroom mirror fogs up due to the water vapor in the air turning into liquid on the cooler surface of the mirror.
• The word 'evaporation' refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state. ('वाष्पीकरण')
• Example: Puddles of water dry up due to evaporation, transforming the liquid water into water vapor that mixes with the air.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Constriction', involves a narrowing or tightening of a channel or opening. ('संकुचन').
• 'Abridgement', refers to the act of shortening or condensing something such as a book or a speech without losing its core message. ('संक्षेप').
• 'Recapitulation', is the act of summarizing or concisely repeating the main points of something. ('संक्षेप').

The correct answer is 'obstructed'.

Key Points

• The word 'ushered' in means to guide or lead someone towards a specific direction or introduce a new idea, era, development, or transformation. ('कोई नया विचार या युग का शुरुआत में मार्गदर्शन करना' or 'मार्गदर्शन करना').
• Example: The invention of the internet ushered in an era of global connectivity.
• The word 'obstructed' means to block or put obstacles in the path of progress or movement. ('रूकावट उत्पन्न करना').
• Example: The fallen tree obstructed the road, halting traffic for several hours.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Led', means to guide or direct along a path. ('नेतृत्व करना' or 'मार्गदर्शन करना').
• 'Conducted', means to guide or direct, often in the context of a group or an event. ('नियामक' or 'आयोजन करना').
• 'Directed', means to guide, control, or command. ('निर्देशित करना').

The correct answer is 'illuminated'.

Key Points

• The word 'obfuscated' in English refers to making something less clear and harder to understand, usually intentionally. ('अस्पष्ट').
• Example: The contract was drafted with legal terms that obfuscated its true implications.
• The word 'illuminated' in English refers to making something clear and easy to understand. ('प्रकाशित' or 'स्पष्ट').
• Example: The professor illuminated complex scientific concepts with day-to-day examples.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Mystified', means making something complicated or obscure to the point of confusion. ('रहस्यमय').
• 'Obscured', refers to making something unclear or less distinct. ('धुंधला').
• 'Muddled', means to mix up in a confused or disordered manner. ('गुमराह').

The correct answer is 'adoration'.

Key Points

• The word 'abomination' means something that causes disgust or loathing. ('घृणास्पद' or 'घिनौना').
• Example: For animal rights activists, the practice of hunting for sport is an abomination.
• The word 'adoration' signifies a deep love and respect for someone or something. ('पूजा' or 'प्रेम').
• Example: The fans' adoration for their favorite singer was evident by the large number of people at his concert.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Abhorrence', refers to a feeling of strong repugnance or disgust. ('घृणा').
• 'Termination', refers to an act of ending, typically officially. ('समापन').
• 'Detestation', refers to intense dislike. ('नफरत').

The correct answer is 'observance'.

Key Points

• The word 'infraction' refers to a violation or breach of a rule, agreement, or a set of standards. ('उल्लंघन').
• Example: Parking in a no-parking zone is an infraction that can result in a fine.
• The word 'observance' refers to the adherence to or compliance with a rule, law, or custom. ('पालन करना').
• Example: The observance of traffic rules can significantly reduce road accidents.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Transgression', refers to an act that goes against a law, code, or standard of conduct. ('उल्लंघन').
• 'Breach', refers to an act of breaking or failing to comply with a rule or formal agreement. ('उल्लंघन').
• 'Acceptance', refers to the action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered. ('स्वीकार').

The correct answer is 'appreciate'.

Key Points

• The word 'denounce' implies publicly declaring something to be wrong or evil. ('निंदा करना').
• Example: The organization denounces all forms of violence and advocates for peaceful dialogue.
• The word 'appreciate' signifies recognizing the value of someone or something, expressing gratitude or positive recognition. ('सराहना करना' or 'कीमती समझना').
• Example: The boss appreciated her employee's hard work and dedication.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Criticise', means to point out the faults or shortcomings in a disapproving way. ('आलोचना करना').
• 'Censure', refers to express severe disapproval of something in a formal statement or way, usually in public. ('निंदा').
• 'Comment', refers to express an opinion or reaction regarding something. ('टिप्पणी').

The correct answer is 'suppressed'.

Key Points

• The term 'fostered' refers to the act of encouraging the development or growth of ideas or qualities. ('पालन-पोषण करना' or 'बढ़ावा देना').
• Example: The school fostered a sense of community among its students.
• The term 'suppressed' refers to the act of preventing the dissemination or development of information, feelings, or actions. ('दबाना' or 'रोकना').
• Example: The government attempted to suppress the news to avoid public outrage.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Cultivated', denotes the act of trying to acquire or develop a quality or skill. ('विकसित करना').
• 'Endorsed', signifies approval or support for something or someone. ('समर्थन करना').
• 'Incubated', means to develop slowly without outward or perceptible signs. ('उत्पादन').

The correct answer is 'humility'.

Key Points

• The term 'self-aggrandisement' refers to the act of increasing your own power, status, or wealth, often in an arrogant or boastful manner. ('स्वयं की महिमा बढ़ाना').
• Example: The politician's self-aggrandisement turned many potential supporters away.
• The term 'humility' refers to the quality of being humble and modest, not thinking one's self superior to others. ('विनम्रता' or 'नम्रता').
• Example: Despite his fame and wealth, the actor was known for his humility and kindness.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Exaggeration', refers to the act of making something seem better, larger, worse, etc. than it really is. ('अतिशयोक्ति').
• 'Upliftment', signifies the act or process of improving the living conditions, status, etc. of a particular group or society. ('उन्नति').
• 'Elevation', refers to height above a given level, especially sea level or it also means the act of increasing the amount or level of something. ('ऊंचाई' or 'बढ़ोतरी').

The correct answer is 'denial'.

Key Points

• The word 'assertion' refers to a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. ('स्थापना' or 'दावा').
• Example: He continued to make his assertion of innocence despite the evidence against him.
• The word 'denial' refers to a statement or assertion that something is not true or does not exist. ('इनकार' or 'नकार').
• Example: Despite video evidence of the event, he remained in denial about what had occurred.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Insistence', refers to the act of insisting or demanding something firmly. ('दृढ़ निश्चय').
• 'Averment', refers to the declaration of a statement as a fact. ('प्रमाणीकरण').
• 'Statement', refers to a fixed or definite written or spoken expression. ('बयान').