CDS English 3 Sep 2023 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is “Verb”.

Key Points

• The word "pranced" describes the action carried out by the subject, which is "the artist". The artist is doing the action of prancing.
• A verb is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, or happen.
• The word "pranced" falls right in line with these specifications, and indicates an action performed by the artist.
• It is not naming a person, place, or thing which is the role of a noun, nor is it modifying a noun like an adjective would, or modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb as an adverb would do.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is “Preposition”.

Key Points 

• "In" is a word that indicates the relationship between the fork and knife and the cutlery box.
• In English grammar, a preposition is a word that shows a relationship, usually in terms of space or time, between words in a clause or phrase.
• "In" does not describe an action (verb), connecting words/clauses (conjunction), or determining or limiting a noun (determiner).
• This sentence suggests a spatial relationship, clarified by the preposition "in".

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is “Adverb”.

Key Points 

• "Slowly" is modifying the verb "came". It is talking about how she performed the action of coming up to the door.
• An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
• In this case, "slowly" is not a quality or feature attributed to a person, place, or thing (adjective), an action (verb), or a term that stands in for a noun (pronoun).
• It provides additional information about the manner of the action she is doing, specifically, the speed or pace of the action.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “Interjection”.

Key Points 

• "Oh no!" is an expression of surprise or a sudden emotion. It doesn't denote a place or time relationship (preposition), a specific item (article), or a person, place, idea, or thing (noun).
• An interjection is a part of speech that shows the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone or be placed before or after a sentence.
• In this case, "Oh no!" is used as a standalone phrase, expressing an emotional reaction.
• They often lack a link with the other parts of a sentence and are found in many languages, including English.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is “Pronoun”.

Key Points 

• "They" is standing in as a reference for a specific group of people who are going to attend the function.
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in sentences, making them less repetitive and mechanic.
• The word "They" is not a name of any person, place, or thing (noun), modifying any noun/pronoun (adjective), or denoting an action (verb), nor it is a linking word (conjunction).
• The use of "They" in this sentence gives information about who "are all going to attend the function", replacing the specific names of the individuals involved.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is “Adjective”.

Key Points

• "Dull" is modifying the noun "clouds". It specifies the kind of clouds being mentioned i.e., they were "dull".
• In the English language, an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent.
• Example: The pencil wrote with a dull point.
• By using the descriptive word "dull", more information is given about the quality of the clouds.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is “Preposition”.

Key Points 

• The word "over" indicates the relationship between the principal and the meeting. He is presiding "over" the meeting.
• The word "over", in this case, is a preposition, as it is used before a noun (the meeting), to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.
• It is not naming a person, place, or thing i.e., a noun, or serving as a verb or an adjective.
• This usage of "over" expresses a type of functional relationship between the principal and the meeting.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is “Verb”.

Key Points 

• The term "permit" explains the action executed by the cash machines, which is to allow people to withdraw money.
• A verb is a word or phrase that describes an action, condition or experience.
• "Permit" is not a name of a person, place, or thing (noun), nor is it modifying any noun/pronoun (adjective) or verb, adjective, or adverb (adverb).
• It fits well with the definition of a verb, indicating the action performed by the cash machines.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is “Adverb”.

Key Points 

• The word "loosely" here is modifying the verb "based". It outlines how the novel is based on his childhood in England.
• An adverb can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences, and other adverbs.
• "Loosely" in this context is not acting as an action word (verb), a descriptive for a noun/pronoun (adjective), or a marker for a person, place, or thing (noun).
• Thus, the word "loosely" serves to give us more information about the way in which the novel is based on his childhood in England.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “Noun”.

Key Points 

• "Playtime" represents a specific thing in the sentence, which is the time during which the children play.
• A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea.
• Here, "playtime" is not serving the function of an action word (verb), modifier (adjective), or a placeholder for a noun (pronoun).
• The use of "playtime" provides a crucial detail to completely comprehend the circumstances of the children.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is “proscription”.

Key Points

• The word 'proscription'  is used to indicate the act of prohibiting, denouncing, or outlawing something. It is the most appropriate choice for the context as it refers to the banning of the play by the government.
• "Prescription" refers to written instructions from a medical practitioner about the use and dosage of specific medicine, hence is not suitable here.
• "Proscribing" is a grammatical error here as we need a noun to complete the sentence, not a verb.
• "Screening" usually refers to a testing or evaluation situation, hence does not fit here.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “devastating”.

Key Points

• A 'devastating' flood refers to a flood that causes severe destruction or damage, which fits the context perfectly where Ravi is reminiscing about a severe flood event from the past.
• 'Ravage' is usually used as a verb and would hence not fit grammatically into this sentence.
• 'Salubrious' refers to something healthy or beneficial, which goes against the context of a harmful event like a flood.
• 'Ameliorative' means improving or making something better, so it cannot denote a disaster like a flood.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “leave”.

Key Points 

• In the context, 'leave' implies Davis’s action of departing from the forest guest house after dark. It is the only verb that is suitably placed in the future tense to match the syntax of this sentence.
• 'Stay' would mean Davis will continue to remain in the guest house after dark, which contradicts the phrase 'not sure whether he should'.
• 'Left' and 'Leaves' are unjustifiable in this context because they are in the wrong tense.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “behaved”.

Key Points 

• 'Behaved' holds the correct tense (past) and meaning suitable to the context of the sentence that talks about how people acted responsibly in the past during a difficult situation.
• 'Behaves' and 'Behaving' are in the wrong tense for the context of the sentence which is in the past.
• 'Belief' is not an action, it is a state of mind or an opinion, thus doesn’t fit in this context.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “strides”.

Key Points 

• 'Strides' here means significant progress or advances, that suit the context of Criminal law making improvements in facilitating access to justice for women.
• 'Stand', 'Aside', 'Walk' don’t portray the sense of progression/advancement/evolution as 'Strides' does.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is “offences”.

Key Points 

• 'Offences' is the most appropriate term to describe wrongful acts or infringements, which aligns with the context of laws being made to deal with issues related to women’s rights and personal safety.
• 'Terror', 'Criminals', 'Difficulties' don’t specifically denote wrongful acts against women, thus are not suitable here.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is “purview”.

Key Points 

• 'Purview' refers to the scope of influence or activity of something; in this context, it refers to the jurisdiction of the act.
• 'Review', 'View', 'Limits' do not hold the particular implication of scope of influence or jurisdiction as 'Purview' does.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'

The correct answer is “premised”.

Key Points

• 'Premised' means based upon; in the context of the sentence, it refers to the foundation of a sovereign Indian nation was built on the idea of equality.
• 'Promised', 'Looked', 'Depend' do not fit into the context that seeks to convey foundation/basis.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is "instil". 

Key Points

• The sentence requires a verb that means "to gradually impart or infuse an idea or feeling into someone's mind."
• The correct word that conveys this meaning is "instil."
• The word "instil" is correctly used to describe the process of infusing or instilling feelings, attitudes, or virtues over time.
• The phrase "continues to" suggests an ongoing action, making "instil" the right choice because it is in the present tense and reflects a continuous process.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Additional Information

• "Install" typically refers to placing or fixing equipment or software in position for use.
• "Installs" is the third-person singular present tense form of "install," used when referring to someone performing the action of installation.
• "Installed" is the past tense and past participle of "install," indicating that the action of installation has already been completed.

The correct answer is “evidence”.

Key Points

• 'Evidence' here implies that Women’s autobiographies serve as testimony to their increasing literary interest. It fits perfectly into the context.
• 'Subsistence', 'Insistence', 'Dependence' do not denote the connotation of proof or confirmation as 'Evidence' does.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e., RQPS.

Key Points

• "While plays with mythological content continued to be in vogue" (R) is the introductory phrase that sets the context.
• Following this, "One could not overlook the diminishing religiosity which" (Q) logically points out a noticeable observation during the time.
• "Was gradually engulfing the society with its concomitant" (P) describes the effect of the diminishing religiosity on society.
• "Implication for the stage from the third decade of the twentieth century**" (S)** places the entire statement in the specific historical context.

Therefore, the correct answer is: While plays with mythological content continued to be in vogue, one could not overlook the diminishing religiosity which was gradually engulfing the society with its concomitant implication for the stage from the third decade of the twentieth century.

Additional Information

• Option 1) PQRS: This sequence does not start with a suitable introductory phrase and disrupts the flow of the sentence.
• Option 3) QPSR: This arrangement places the actions and effects out of logical order, creating confusion and a disjointed structure.
• Option 4) QRPS: This sequence misplaces the time context at the end and does not make the sentence easy to comprehend.

The correct answer is "SQPR".

Key Points

• Segment S - This is the initial subject introduction. It sets the context by presenting capitalism as more than just an economic system.
• Segment Q - It follows the above point by further identifying capitalism as an independent ideology. The term "one that" indicates there is more to come, setting the stage for additional descriptive details.
• Segment P - A continuation of the details started in segment Q. It starts explaining the characteristics of the ideology (capitalism) such as defending private property and emphasizing competition.
• Segment R - A further continuation of the details from segment Q, this adds another feature of the ideology of capitalism suggesting prosperity results from self-interest.

Complete Sentence: "Capitalism, for instance, is sometimes treated not merely as an economic system but also as an ideology in its own right, specifically one that defends private property, emphasizes the virtues of competition, and suggests that general prosperity will result from the pursuit of self-interest."

The correct answer is "PRSQ".

Key Points

• Segment P - This is the main subject of the sentence, and it appropriately starts the sentence by indicating what we will be discussing, namely, the equality provisions in the Constitution.
• Segment R - This offers an elaboration or a specific viewpoint about the subject introduced in segment P. It communicates the idea that these provisions are more than just protective against discrimination.
• Segment S - This flows naturally as a continuation of segment R. It clarifies who the "neutrality" applies to, which is "all citizens," providing additional information about the context in which these equality provisions operate.
• Segment Q - This segment introduces another dimension of the equality provisions. Using the contrasting conjunctive "nor," it states another aspect of these provisions' reach and applicability, suggesting they extend beyond individual rights.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Complete Sentence: "The equality provisions in the Constitution are not merely anti-discriminatory, based on the assumption of neutrality of the state towards all citizens, nor are they confined to individuals as bearers of rights."

The correct answer is "SQRP".

• Segment S - This serves as a proper opening statement, establishing the context by stating that the year was challenging for the university due to pandemic.
• Segment Q - Following segment S, this part shows a contrast by indicating how the university dealt with the given challenge. The use of "but" signals a change in direction from the initial challenge.
• Segment R - This continues from segment Q, introducing the solution that the university adopted to overcome the challenge. It transitions neatly into the final part of the sentence by stating that these were innovations, and their purpose was to ensure something, prompting segment P to clarify what was ensured.
• Segment P - This segment concludes the sentence by specifying what the innovations ensured, providing the intended message that despite the challenges faced during the pandemic, the university still managed to maintain a seamless learning-teaching process.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Rearranged sentence: "The pandemic year was a challenge for the university, but it took it in its stride, pulling through with enough innovations to ensure that the learning-teaching process continued seamlessly.

The correct answer is "QRSP".

Key Points

• Segment Q - This is the subject of the sentence and is the starting point of the chronological event described. It sets up the context about the Dramatic Performances Act's effect, which is ending something.
• Segment R - This segment logically follows Q. It completes the sentence started in segment Q by specifying what it was that ended, i.e., the "political activism". Further, it also adds informative details indicating the scarcity of political activism demonstrated.
• Segment S - This part gives us the setting where this event happened - the Bengali public theatre. The remaining part leads onto further information about what happened with some plays, setting the stage for segment P.
• Segment P - This concludes the sentence by explaining the situation of some plays even after the Act brought the end of direct political activism. The plays with even the slightest seditious intent were banned or 'proscribed'.

Therefore, the correct answer is "QRSP".

Rearranged sentence: "The Dramatic Performances Act effectively marked the end of direct political activism, what little had been demonstrated, in the Bengali public theatre, although some plays continued to be proscribed at the slightest hint of any seditious intent."

The correct answer is "QPSR".

Key Points

• Segment Q - This clause is clearly the start of the sentence. It announces that a problem is being addressed.
• Segment P - This segment logically follows Q and provides substance to the initial problem stated. It explains what this tendency is aimed at - moderation and compromise within multiparty systems.
• Segment S - This segment follows the phrase introduced in segment P ('multiparty'), and it provides further elaboration of the problem in these systems—namely, their domination by the political centre.
• Segment R - This final part completes the sentence by detailing the consequences of the central political domination in multiparty systems, which is an inability to offer clear alternative ideologies.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Rearranged Sentence: "A final problem is that the tendency towards moderation and compromise may mean that multiparty systems are so dominated by the political centre that they are unable to offer clear ideological alternatives."

The correct answer is "SQRP".

Key Points

• Segment S: This is the introductory statement setting the context about the favourable aspects of the criminal justice administration, particularly towards women.
• Segment Q: This extension from S clarifies what those favourable provisions are and states that they still rely on observations, indicating there is more to come about these observations.
• Segment R: This segment gives us the specifics on what these observations entail, i.e., the observation of the rules of procedure and evidence enacted by implementing agencies.
• Segment P: This statement refers to the point in time when these observations take place, offering a crucial detail about these observations - indicating they take place even after an offence has been committed.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Rearranged Sentence: "The criminal justice administration with all its favourable provisions for women still is dependent on the observations of the rules of procedure and evidence by the implementing agencies even after an offence has been committed."

The correct answer is "QRSP".

Key Points

• Segment Q: This starts the sentence by clearly identifying the primary subject, which is the theatre management. It describes their action of appreciation, setting a context for further elaboration of what exactly they appreciated.
• Segment R: This goes next, as it logically follows segment Q by specifying what the theatre management appreciated - the popularity of certain themes.
• Segment S: This is a continuation of the theatre management's actions started in segment Q. It signifies a focus on staging plays with something specific, leading nicely to segment P.
• Segment P: This part follows naturally from S and concludes the sentence by identifying what type of plays are being emphasized for staging - plays with similar contents, aiming to earn more revenues due to the assumed popularity of such contents.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 1".

Rearranged Sentence: "The theatre management appreciated the popularity of such themes and emphasised staging plays with similar contents to earn more revenues."

The correct answer is "PRSQ".

Key Points

• Segment P: This sets up the subject of the sentence, which is 'The Supreme Court'. The phrase describes the supreme court in a very dignified way ('in its majesty') and it creates an expectation for further information on what the supreme court did.
• Segment R: This part uses 'and' to continue the description of the Supreme Court from segment P and introduces the action associated with the subject - the Supreme Court has expounded - indicating there's yet to be information on what exactly is being expounded.
• Segment S: This sets up for the final segment by indicating what was expounded: the semantic sweep. However, it leaves open what this sweep refers to, leading logically to the next piece - segment Q.
• Segment Q: This finishes the sentence by letting us know what the semantic sweep refers to - Article 21 dealing with the right to life.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Rearranged sentence: "The Supreme Court in its majesty and magnanimity has expounded profoundly the semantic sweep of Article 21 which deals with the right to life."

The correct answer is "QSRP".

Key Points

• Segment Q: It serves as an introductory statement, highlighting a specific focus on the legitimacy of a political entity.
• Segment S: This part connects directly with segment Q to complete the sentence about legitimacy, and it introduces the other side of the issue – it provides little knowledge about certain circumstances.
• Segment R: This continues from S, adding detail to the "circumstances" mentioned earlier. It explains that these circumstances are situations where political authority is challenged.
• Segment P: This part completes the idea by specifying what may cause the political authority to be challenged - unpopular policies or a discredited leader or government.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

The correct answer is 'Completely different matter'.

Key Points

• 'Another kettle of fish' is an idiom used to describe a situation or matter that is entirely different from the previously mentioned one.
• It's usually applied in situations to highlight the difference in complexity, nature, or type.
• In the sentence, "I always preferred to study Physics and Mathematics, now choosing Economics and Literature for further studies is another kettle of fish", the speaker is expressing that the choice of studying Economics and Literature is entirely different from what they previously preferred, i.e., Physics and Mathematics.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Slightly different matter' doesn't capture the essence of the idiom, as it insinuates only a minor difference while the idiom indicates a completely different situation.
• 'Completely difficult matter' may not always be accurate, as the 'another kettle of fish' idiom doesn't necessarily communicate difficulty but rather distinctiveness.
• 'Doing things in a hurry' is not related to the context of the idiom, which focuses on the difference in matters, not the pace at which they are conducted.

The correct answer is 'Not taking a decision'.

Key Points

• 'Sitting on the fence' is an idiom that means not making a decision or choice among options or possibilities, essentially remaining neutral.
• It often implies an avoidance of commitment or a lack of decisiveness.
• The sentence "He criticised the participants for sitting on the fence and not contributing in finalising the report" tells us that the speaker was criticizing the participants for not deciding and thereby not contributing to finalizing the report.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Not following the rules' doesn't represent the correct interpretation of 'sitting on the fence', which pertains to indecision, not disobedience to rules.
• 'Taking sides' is more or less the opposite of 'sitting on the fence'. When one takes a side, they've made a decision and are no longer 'on the fence'.
• 'Showing no respect to the Chair' isn't aligned with the idiom as it suggests disrespect or non-compliance to authority, not indecisiveness.

The correct answer is 'Tried hard'.

Key Points

• The idiom used in this sentence is "strained every nerve".
• This idiom means to make a very great effort or to try very hard.
• It is used to convey the idea of applying oneself fully and concentrating hard on the task at hand.
• In this context, "He strained every nerve to understand the discourse on Philosophy" indicates he worked very hard to grasp or comprehend the philosophical discussion.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Criticized' suggests a negative reaction or disapproval to the given discourse, which does not match with the idiom's meaning.
• 'Tried half heartedly' implies a lack of full effort or enthusiasm, which is in contrast to the vigorous effort the idiom communicates.
• 'Raised questions' implies doubts or confusion about the discourse content, but the idiom is about exerting effort to understand, not necessarily about questioning or challenging the content. Hence, this option is also incorrect.

The correct answer is 'Confused'.

Key Points

• The idiom used in the sentence is "at sea".
• The phrase "at sea", used metaphorically, means to be confused, perplexed, or not sure what to do.
• This idiomatic expression originally comes from the literal meaning of a ship being at sea and unable to find its way, hence the metaphorical meaning of feeling lost or confused.
• In this sentence, "When it comes to using technology, she is completely at sea" conveys that she is utterly confused or unsure as to how to use technology.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Relaxed' suggests that the person is at ease with using technology, which contradicts the meaning of the idiom "at sea".
• 'Comfortable' implies that the person is very familiar with or adept with using technology, again conflicting with the actual meaning of being "at sea".
• 'Prepared' usually signifies that the person is ready or equipped to use technology, which doesn't reflect the idiom's context of confusion or uncertainty.

The correct answer is 'Ability to speak confidently'.

Key Points

• The idiom "gift of the gab" is used in the sentence.
• "Gift of the gab" refers to the natural talent or ability to speak easily and confidently in a way that makes people want to listen to you and believe you.
• It implies an individual's ability to engage others in conversation, convince, or persuade them through articulation.
• In the sentence, "He is not a great scholar but he has the gift of the gab", it implies that despite not being academically outstanding, he excels at speaking confidently.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Ability to write creatively' implies an individual's writing skills, which doesn't capture the essence of 'gift of the gab' which is about speaking skills.
• 'Ability to read fluently' denotes competence in reading well, which isn't linked to the verbal communication talent which 'gift of the gab' refers.
• 'Ability to convince' is somewhat related, as someone with the gift of the gab may indeed be convincing. However, the key tenet of the idiom is fluent and confident speech, making 'Ability to speak confidently' a more precise definition.

The correct answer is 'Change of ownership'.

Key Points

• The phrase used in the sentence is "changed hands".
• The idiom "changed hands" primarily refers to the transfer of ownership or possession from one person to another.
• It is generally used in the context of buying, selling, or exchanging items, property, businesses, etc.
• In this sentence, "This car belonged to Ravi, but recently it changed hands" indicates that the car that once belonged to Ravi is now owned by someone else.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Change of driver' could be misinterpreted as the car continuing to be owned by the same person but simply driven by another, which does not convey the full meaning of the idiom.
• 'Change of mechanic' and 'Change of machinery' deal with alterations in mechanical possession or machinery equipped in the car, but neither appropriately expresses the shift in ownership implied by "changed hands".

The correct answer is 'Having multiple tasks to complete'.

Key Points

• The phrase used in the sentence is "irons in the fire".
• The idiom 'irons in the fire' refers to having several ongoing projects, tasks, or commitments concurrently.
• It is generally used in the context of juggling multiple tasks or responsibilities at once.
• In this sentence, "He turned down the new assignment; he felt that he already had too many irons in the fire" suggests that he declined the new task because he already had too many tasks or commitments to handle.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Having involvement in illegal activities' is incorrect because the idiom ‘irons in the fire’ does not suggest illegality.
• 'Having problems in completing tasks' is not entirely accurate, as the idiom does not necessarily imply difficulty or trouble in completion; rather, it indicates the volume or number of simultaneous tasks.
• 'Having financial hurdles' is not related with the phrase because it implies financial problems, which is not the context here.

The correct answer is 'Movement of professionals to another country for better prospect'.

Key Points

• The phrase "brain drain" is used in this context.
• 'Brain drain' refers to the departure or emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country to another, usually due to factors like better job opportunities, a higher salary, more advanced research facilities, or a higher standard of living.
• It usually involves scientists, doctors, engineers, other professionals with significant expertise and qualifications.
• So, the sentence "Something should be done to stop the brain drain of Indian scientists to other countries." means that some steps should be taken to prevent Indian scientists from moving to other countries for preferable conditions or opportunities.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Movement of professionals to another country for higher studies' is not fully accurate, as the term 'brain drain' applies to professionals who have already achieved a level of education and are moving primarily for improved job prospects or work conditions.
• 'Movement of professionals to another country for security' can be a potential cause for brain drain, but it is not the overwhelmingly common reason compared to the search for better career opportunities or improved living conditions.
• 'Movement of professionals to another country for excursion' suggests a temporal visit or short stay, which doesn't resonate with the core concept of 'brain drain' which implies a long-term or permanent move.

The correct answer is 'To be in good mental and physical state'.

Key Points

• "As right as rain" idiom means feeling perfectly well or in excellent health, both physically and mentally.
• It's often used to indicate that someone has recovered from an illness or is feeling well after a period of uncertainty or discomfort.
• In the given sentence, "I just need to take rest and then I'll be as right as rain" the speaker suggests that they will recover and feel better after taking some rest.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'To be physically active' is not a comprehensive interpretation of the phrase; it overlooks the mental well-being aspect which is encompassed in being "as right as rain".
• 'To be able to recall the past events' is not the correct interpretation as the phrase doesn't pertain to memory recall.
• 'To be able to work for long-hours' may be a result of feeling well or being "as right as rain" but the capacity to work long hours is not directly implied by the phrase itself.

The correct answer is 'Something which I don't understand'.

Key Points

• 'It’s all Greek to me' is an idiom that denotes something that's difficult to understand because it's complex or incomprehensible. It's like trying to understand a language you don't know, hence the reference to Greek.
• It expresses confusion or an inability to comprehend a certain piece of information, context, or conversation.
• The sentence "It is all Greek to me" suggests that the speaker finds something completely incomprehensible or difficult to understand.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• The option 'Something which I don't believe' isn't suitable as the phrase doesn't pertain to belief or non-belief, but rather to the inability to understand.
• 'Something which I don't accept' is not the correct interpretation as the phrase doesn't relate to acceptance or non-acceptance.
• 'Something which I don't recognize' isn't correct as the phrase is about understanding, not recognition or familiarity.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The sentence expresses the benefit of reading newspaper regularly in relation to staying updated with current affairs.
• However, the phrase "to be update with current affairs" is grammatically incorrect.
• The error is in the preposition and the form of the word 'update'. It should be 'updated' not 'update'.
• The correct phrase should be "to be updated with current affairs". The form "updated" is the past participle of the verb "update," which is necessary in this context as we are talking about a state of being (being updated).

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 3’.

Correct Sentence: You should read the newspaper regularly to be updated with current affairs.

Additional Information

• (a): "You should" is grammatically correct and fits well in this context because it gives advice to the reader about reading the newspaper.
• (b): "read the newspaper regularly" is also grammatically correct and meaningful. The adverb "regularly" correctly modifies the verb "read", indicating how often one should perform this action.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, there is an error in the sentence, as explained above. Thus, option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• The sentence describes the speaker's plan to visit their grandparents in the future.
• The sentence is structured in the passive voice, which is grammatically right in this case. The active form of the sentence would be "We will visit our grandparents this weekend."
• The verb tenses in context to the stated event are correctly used.
• The preposition "by" is used properly in presenting the object 'us' in the passive sentence structure.
• Consequently, there is no grammatical error found in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• (a): "Our grandparents" is a correct possessive noun phrase, and it serves well as a subject in the passive voice.
• (b): "will be visited" is the correct future passive form of the verb "visit."
• (c): "by us this weekend" is also grammatically correct. The preposition "by" is used correctly to indicate the doer in a passive sentence, and "this weekend" correctly indicates the time of the action.

The correct answer is '(a)'.

Key Points

• The sentence implies that the task or process, presumably related to the fair distribution of quality education, is not yet complete.
• The phrase "the task is from done" contains an error in the preposition. The preposition 'from' should be replaced by 'far from'.
• The correct phrase should be "the task is far from done", which means the task is nowhere near completion.
• Therefore, 'far' is the correct preposition to use in this context, as it shows the extent to which the task is yet to be done.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Correct Sentence: However, the task is far from done, particularly in ensuring equity in the distribution of quality education.

Additional Information

• (b): "particularly in ensuring equity in" is grammatically correct. The word 'particularly' is used to stress that a specific thing is more relevant or important than others.
• (c): "the distribution of quality education" is also grammatically correct and semantically meaningful. It correctly portrays the idea of providing quality education to all equally.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(b)'.

Key Points

• The sentence is suggesting that the university is adopting certain measures for the welfare of the students and staff.
• However, the phrase "is expunging revenue generation" is semantically incorrect in this context. The verb "expunge" means to remove or erase something completely, which is incorrect in this setting. The university would want to increase, not erase, revenue generation opportunities.
• "Is exploring revenue generation" should be the correct expression, suggesting that the university is examining or investigating various ways to generate revenue.
• Therefore, 'exploring' is the correct word to use in place of 'expunging', preserving the meaningful context of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Correct Sentence: Looking ahead, the university is exploring revenue generation opportunities to add more facilities for students and staff.

Additional Information

• (a): "Looking ahead, the university" is both grammatically correct and contextually appropriate. It sets the future-looking tone of the sentence.
• (c): "opportunities to add more facilities for students and staff" is also grammatically correct. It correctly portrays how the university plans to use the revenue it generates.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The sentence is providing information about a requirement for a job application.
• However, the phrase "must received by Friday" is grammatically incorrect. The modal verb 'must' requires an infinitive verb form for proper sentence construction.
• The correct phrase should be "must be received by Friday". The auxiliary verb 'be' is necessary in this context as we are talking about the obligation of completion of a passive action (the receiving of the application by Friday).
• Therefore, 'be' is the correct word to insert here to make the sentence grammatically correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Correct Sentence: If you are interested in applying for the job, your application must be received by Friday.

Additional Information

• (a): "If you are interested in" is grammatically correct. It correctly introduces the condition under which the following advice is applicable.
• (b): "applying for the job, your application" is also grammatically correct. The phrase correctly identifies what exactly the interested party should send.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• The sentence discusses the major threat of climate change, particularly its impacts on food systems and the livelihoods of poor farmers.
• The phrase "Perhaps the biggest threat today" correctly introduces the subject and is grammatically accurate.
• The phrase "is the impact of climate change on food" is also grammatically correct.
• The phrase "systems and livelihoods of poor farmers" accurately describes the areas that climate change impacts.
• Thus, there is no grammatical error found in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• (a): "Perhaps the biggest threat today" is grammatically correct and appropriate in this context, as it offers an opinion about a pressing contemporary issue, which is climate change.
• (b): "is the impact of climate change on food" is also grammatically correct. It rightly points to one of the consequences of climate change, i.e., it's impact on food.
• (c): "systems and livelihoods of poor farmers" is grammatically correct as well. It further describes areas that suffer due to climate change, thus making the statement more precise and informative.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The sentence commends India's ability to demonstrate resilience and achieve significant recovery amid a volatile global environment.
• The phrase "demonstrated admirable resilence" has a spelling error. The word 'resilence' is supposed to be 'resilience'.
• Therefore, the corrected phrase should be "demonstrated admirable resilience".

Thus, the correct answer is- 'Option 3'.

Correct Sentence: In such a volatile global environment, it is heartening that India demonstrated admirable resilience and achieved robust recovery.

Additional Information

• (a): "In such a volatile global environment" is grammatically correct. It sets the context for the statement, appropriately describing the global situation.
• (b): "it is heartening that India" is also grammatically correct. The word 'heartening' correctly expresses the positive sentiment towards India's actions.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(b)'.

Key Points

• The sentence conveys the task of drafting an email to a friend to apologize for not being able to attend his birthday party.
• The phrase "expressing you regret" is grammatically incorrect.
• The possessive adjective 'your' should be used instead of 'you' before the noun 'regret'.
• Therefore, the corrected phrase should be "expressing your regret".

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Correct Sentence: Write an email to your friend expressing your regret for not being able to attend his birthday party.

Additional Information

• (a): "Write an email to your friend" is grammatically correct and serves as a proper prompt for the action required.
• (c): "to attend his birthday party" is also grammatically correct and completes the context of the instruction successfully by providing the event for which the regret is being expressed.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is '(a)'.

Key Points

• The error in question is present in part (a) of the sentence.
• The misuse of the verb "appear" in the context confuses the meaning of the sentence. The verb 'appear' means to come into sight, to seem, which doesn't fit well here.
• Instead, it should be 'Migrating elephant herds like'. This sentence structure implies that the migrating elephant herds have a preference.
• The correct aspect of the sentence should be: "Migrating elephant herds like West Bengal so much..."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Correct Sentence: Migrating elephant herds like West Bengal so much that they spend more time here than in the neighbouring states from where they cross over.

Additional Information

• There's no grammatical or contextual error in part (b) of the sentence. It correctly conveys the point that the elephants spend more time in West Bengal.
• Part (c) of the sentence is also grammatically correct, detailing the elephants' migratory passage from the neighbouring states to West Bengal.
• As a result, options (2) (b), (3) (c), and (4) (d) represent incorrect choices, because the error is in part (a), and not in parts (b), (c), nor is there no error at all.

The correct answer is '(a)'.

Key Points

• The sentence states that letters written by the speaker's mother to their father thirty years ago are neatly placed under a pile of clothes in the cupboard.
• The phrase "Trucked neatly under the pile of clothes" is incorrect. The correct verb should be 'tucked', not 'trucked'. 'Tucked' means to put or fit in snugly or securely.
• Therefore, the corrected phrase should be "Tucked neatly under the pile of clothes".

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Correct Sentence: Tucked neatly under the pile of clothes in the cupboard are the letters written by my mother to my father thirty years ago.

Additional Information

• (b): "in the cupboard are the letters written" is grammatically correct. The phrase correctly identifies where the letters are stored.
• (c): "by my mother to my father thirty years ago" is also grammatically correct. It gives the reader precise information on the content and the age of the letters.
• (d): This option suggests that there is no error in the sentence. However, as demonstrated above, there is an error in the sentence, so option (d) is not correct.

The correct answer is 'Ideal'.

Key Points

• The word 'utopian' pertains to an imagined place or state of things where everything is perfect. (आदर्श)
• Example: His ideas about the future society are utopian, bearing no resemblance to reality.
• The word 'Ideal' is the best or most suitable example of something. (आदर्श)
• Example: The school promotes an ideal image of a student who is both academically adept and socially responsible.
• Hence, the correct synonym for 'utopian' is 'Ideal'.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Realistic' refers to the acceptance of situations as they are in reality. (यथार्थवादी)
• Example: His plans for the business are realistic, taking into account various constraints.
• 'Practicable' suggests that something is achievable or feasible. (सम्पादनीय)
• Example: The ideas proposed in the meeting are practicable and can be implemented immediately.
• 'Materialistic' is a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. (भौतिकवादी)
• Example: The extravagant lifestyle of modern society represents a materialistic approach."

The correct answer is 'Ineffectual'.

Key Points

• The word 'nugatory' refers to having no value, importance, or effect; worthless or futile. (निष्फल)
• Example: His attempts to solve the issue were nugatory without the required resources.
• The word 'Ineffectual' means not producing any significant or desired result. (निष्फल)
• Example: Her efforts to convince her parents were ineffectual.
• Hence, the correct synonym for 'nugatory' is 'Ineffectual'.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Explicit' refers to something clearly stated or shown; forthright in expression. (स्पष्ट)
• Example: The instructions were explicit, leaving no room for confusion."
• 'Implicit' suggests something that is implied, rather than directly expressed. (निहित)
• Example: There was an implicit agreement between the two parties."
• 'Composite' means made up of various parts or elements. (संयुक्त)
• Example: The team is a composite of professionals from different disciplines."

The correct answer is 'Shivered'.

Key Points

• The word 'convulsed' refers to suffering violent involuntary contractions of the muscles, producing contortion of the body or limbs. (ऐंठना)
• Example: The girl convulsed in pain when she accidentally hit her foot against the table.
• The word 'Shivered' refers to shaking slightly and uncontrollably as a result of being cold, frightened, or excited. (कांपना)
• Example: He shivered in the cold winter night without any warm clothes.
• Hence, the correct synonym for 'convulsed' is 'Shivered'.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Crouched' refers to adopting a position where the knees are bent and the upper body is brought forward and down. (झुकना)
• Example: The cat crouched, ready to pounce on the mouse.
• 'Shouted' suggests saying something very loudly. (चिल्लाना)
• Example: He shouted to get everyone's attention in the crowded market.
• 'Cried' means to shed tears, typically as an expression of distress, pain, or sorrow. (रोना)
• Example: The baby cried due to hunger.

The correct answer is 'Contented'.

Key Points

• The word 'complacent' refers to being uncritically satisfied with oneself or one's achievements. (आत्मसंतुष्ट)
• Example: Despite his success, he's not complacent about his future; he continues to strive for more.
• The word 'Contented' means feeling or expressing happiness or satisfaction. (संतुष्ट)
• Example: She looked around the room with a contented smile, happy with the decoration.
• Hence, the correct synonym for 'complacent' is 'Contented'.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Discontented' refers to being dissatisfied, especially with one's circumstances. (असंतुष्ट)
• Example: The workers were discontented with the low wages.
• 'Ignorant' suggests lacking knowledge or awareness in general. (अज्ञानी)
• Example: People are often ignorant about the customs and traditions of other cultures.
• 'Unsure' means lacking confidence in one's abilities or ideas. (अनिश्चित)
• Example: He was unsure about his decision to switch jobs.

The correct answer is 'inadequate'.

Key Points

• The word 'derisory' refers to something that is so small or unimportant that it is not worth considering; it can also mean mockingly contemptuous or ridiculous. In Hindi, it translates to 'uphaas ka vishay' (उपहास का विषय) or 'avmanjanak' (अवमानजनक).
• Example: The compensation offered by the company for the damage was derisory.
• The word 'inadequate,' means insufficient for a specific requirement; not enough. Its Hindi meaning is 'aparyapt' (अपर्याप्त).
• Example: The resources provided for the project were inadequate, causing delays in its completion.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Partial' refers to liking or supporting something more than something else; not fair or impartial. In Hindi, it translates to 'pakshapat' (पक्षपात).
• 'Full' refers to having all the necessary or appropriate parts, qualities, or specified characteristics. In Hindi, it translates to 'poorn' (पूर्ण).
• 'Derogatory' means expressing a low opinion of someone or something; showing a lack of respect. In Hindi, it translates to 'apmaanjanak' (अपमानजनक).

The correct answer is 'mitigated'.

Key Points

• The word 'defused' means to make a dangerous or tense situation calmer. In Hindi, it translates to 'sankat se nikalna' (संकट से निकलना).
• Example: The quick thinking of the mediator defused the escalating argument between the parties.
• The word 'mitigated', implies to make something less severe, serious, or painful. Its Hindi meaning is 'kam karna' or 'ghatana' (कम करना / घटाना).
• Example: Government initiatives are expected to mitigate the effects of the economic crisis.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Mediated' means intervening between parties to promote reconciliation, settlement, or compromise. In Hindi, it translates to 'bichbhaav karna' (बीचभाव करना).
• 'Activated' refers to causing a system or device to start functioning. In Hindi, it translates to 'sakriya karna' (सक्रिय करना).
• 'Narrated' refers to giving a spoken or written account of connected events. It translates into Hindi as 'katha sunana' (कथा सुनाना).

The correct answer is 'faced many problems'.

Key Points

• The word 'floundered' means to be in serious difficulty, struggle mentally or physically, or to move clumsily or ineffectively. In Hindi, it translates to 'sankat mein hona' or 'pareshani mein hona' (संकट में होना / परेशानी में होना).
• Example: The young swimmer floundered in the deep water as he was not accustomed to the depth.
• The phrase 'faced many problems',implies encountering multiple difficulties or challenges. Its Hindi meaning is 'kai samasyaon ka samna karna' (कई समस्याओं का सामना करना).
• Example: Due to the unexpected situation, the team faced many problems in completing the project.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Glided through' means to move smoothly and continuously along. In Hindi, it translates to 'asani se guzarna' (आसानी से गुजरना).
• 'Floated through' signifies to pass through easily and lightly, sometimes without much notice or effort. Its Hindi counterpart is 'asani se aage badhna' (आसानी से आगे बढ़ना).
• 'Succeeded' denotes achieving the desired aim or result. In Hindi, it translates to 'safalta paana' (सफलता पाना).

The correct answer is 'concision'.

Key Points

• The word 'brevity' means concise and exact use of words in writing or speech. It's a quality which is associated with expressing something in a quick and clear way without any unnecessary details. In Hindi, brevity translates to 'sanchipthta' (संचिप्तता).
• Example: The professor appreciated the student's brevity, as he explained the complex process in one sentence.
• The word 'concision', means the quality of being short and clear, and expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words. Its Hindi meaning is also 'sanchipthta' (संचिप्तता).
• Example: The concision of her speech impressed the audience, as she effectively communicated her ideas without dragging them out.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Lengthiness' refers to something that is unusually long in a way that is unnecessary, often causing impatience or annoyance. In Hindi, lengthiness translates to 'lambapan' (लम्बापन).
• 'Permanence' refers to the state of lasting or remaining unchanged indefinitely. In Hindi, it translates to 'sthaayitva' (स्थायित्व).
• 'Exemplary' refers to being so good that it could be used as an example worth imitating. In Hindi, it translates to 'adarsh' (आदर्श).

The correct answer is 'dull'.

Key Points

• The word 'obtuse' refers to someone being slow to understand or lacking in quickness of sensibility or intellect. In Hindi, it translates to 'manda' (मंद).
• Example: Despite the clear explanation, he was too obtuse to grasp the concept.
• The word 'dull' is used to denote someone who is not sharp, intense, or exciting; it can also refer to a slow-minded or stupid individual. Its Hindi meaning is 'nirjeev' or 'manda' (निर्जीव / मंद).
• Example: He is a dull student and often struggles to keep up with the class.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Sensitive' refers to someone capable of perceiving or feeling things easily or being easily hurt or offended. In Hindi, it translates to 'sensitive' or 'samvedansheel' (संवेदनशील).
• 'Careful' means being cautious or vigilant to avoid potential danger or accidents. In Hindi, it translates to 'sambhal kar' or 'savdhani se' (संभाल कर / सावधानी से).
• 'Quick-witted' describes a person who is able to think and respond quickly and effectively. Its Hindi counterpart is 'tez dimag wala' (तेज दिमाग़ वाला).

The correct answer is 'emerged'.

Key Points

• The word 'transpired' refers to something that happened or took place. (घटित हुआ).
• Example: What transpired between them was left a mystery, and we could only guess about their conversation.
• The word 'emerged' is used to denote something coming out, becoming apparent or to become known. (उभर कर आना / सामने आना).
• Example: Details about the mysterious incident emerged only after a lengthy investigation.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Exchanged' refers to giving something and receiving something of the same kind in return. (आदला-बदली).
• 'Was spoken' indicates that words or phrases were uttered or used by someone in speech. (बोलना).
• 'Merged' implies combining or uniting to form a single entity. (मिलाना / संयुक्त करना).

The correct answer is "RQSP".

Key Points

• Sentence R follows the opening statement.
• Sentence Q balances out the previous statement and gives definition of Oncogenes.
• Sentence S explains the regular function of oncogenes which adds to the understanding of what happens when they mutate.
• Sentence P explicates the consequences of oncogenes mutations: uncontrolled cell division leading to tumour formation.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Correct Paragraph: Mutations are random changes to the base sequence of genes. Most genes do not cause cancer if they mutate. The few genes that can become cancer-causing after mutating are known as oncogenes. In a normal cell, oncogenes are involved in the control of cell cycle and cell division. This is why mutations in them can result in uncontrolled cell division and therefore tumour formation. Several mutations must occur in the same cell for it to become a tumour cell.

The correct answer "SQRP".

Key Points

• Sentence S connects directly with S1, extending the thought about writing as an everyday occurrence and bridging it with the advent of technology, specifically computers.
• Sentence Q builds on the connection established in Sentence S and introduces the solution enabled by computers - application programs to enhance writing.
• Sentence R provides a specific example of the application programs mentioned in Sentence Q, the Word Processor, establishing its relevance and popularity.
• Sentence P elaborates on the capabilities and utilities of the Word Processor - what it does and how it supports writing.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Complete Paragraph: For most people, writing is an everyday occurrence. When computers have affected our life styles and work patterns, this activity is also not left out. Many application programs have been developed to make writing easier and smooth operation. One such most popular program is Word Processor. A word processing software provides a general set of tools for entering, editing and formatting text. Nearly all the document types that we use in our daily lives can be created in a word processor.

The correct answer is "PQRS".

Key Points

• Sentence P extends the idea of social networking presented in S1, making a note that social networking is most popular online, preparing the reader for the discussion of online social networking.
• Sentence Q then naturally follows P, as it begins the exploration of how online social networking functions, stating that websites are commonly used.
• Sentence R gives a name to these websites, further streamlining the subject of discussion.
• Sentence S explains what function these social networking websites serve, acting like a virtual community of internet users, which goes hand in hand with S6, discussing the community members and their shared interests.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option PQRS".

The correct answer is "RSPQ".

Key Points

• The passage discusses the influence of economic globalisation on the principles of enterprise capitalism and its impact on public policy and trade union activity.
• S1 introduces the topic by stating that the principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended beyond the USA due to economic globalisation.
• R elaborates on how globalisation has promoted marketisation in various ways.
• S explains one of the responses of governments to promote marketisation, which is reducing tax levels to attract 'inward' investment.
• P highlights the consequence of this trend on public spending, particularly on welfare budgets.
• Q further discusses the consequences of promoting product and labour flexibility, mentioning that it often leads to trade union activity.
• Finally, S6 concludes the passage by stating that these pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.

Therefore the correct answer is 'option 4'.

Correct paragraph: The principles of enterprise capitalism have been extended far beyond the USA through the impact of economic globalization. Globalisation has promoted marketization in a variety of ways. Governments reduce tax levels in the hope of attracting 'inward' investment. Strong downward pressure has also been exerted on public spending, and particularly welfare budgets. Moreover, the need to promote product and labour flexibility has often led to trade union activity. Such pressures have helped to shape what is sometimes called the 'new' political economy.

The correct answer is "QPSR".

Key Points

• We start with Q: They reflect tribals' natural spirit, unconditional love, and innate energy at every stage of their life.
  

Then we have, P: The tribal area of Chhatisgarh always resonated with the sound of traditional tribal songs and music.

Next we have, S: The forest areas and tribal settlements of Chhatisgarh began the revolt against the British at the very beginning of the freedom struggle, much before the urban areas.

Finally we have, R: Initially, the tribal songs in their dialects, reverberated with the rebellion of their area, and then with the movement that was prevalent in the country.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Complete Paragraph: 

Traditional songs and music form the identity of the tribal culture. They reflect tribals' natural spirit, unconditional love, and innate energy at every stage of their life. The tribal area of Chhatisgarh always resonated with the sound of traditional tribal songs and music. The forest areas and tribal settlements of Chhatisgarh began the revolt against the British at the very beginning of the freedom struggle, much before the urban areas. Initially, the tribal songs in their dialects reverberated with the rebellion of their area, and then with the movement that was prevalent in the country. These tribal songs, on one hand, glorified their hero and on the other, inspired their fellow tribes- man to participate in the freedom struggle.

The correct answer is "RQSP".

Key Points

• Following the introduction about the clan in S1, sentence R makes a logical continuation, as it elaborates on how the clan structure is organized, where the clan name is passed down patrilineally.
• Next, sentence Q provides further details about what constitutes a clan in the Gonds community- a unilateral group whose members bear the same clan name. This expands on the concept introduced in sentence R.
• Sentence S is an appropriate follow-up, as it gives cultural details: the term the Gonds use to refer to their clan - 'Pari'.
• Finally, sentence P outlines the belief system of the Gonds regarding their clan system before transitioning into S6, which discusses the male-oriented nature of the patronymic tradition.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Complete Sentence: The social group wider than the family in the social structure of the Gond community is the clan. The clan being patrilineal - a man passes on his clan name to his children. The clan among the Gonds is a unilateral group consisting of family members which bear the same clan-name. The Gonds use the term 'Pari' to express their group. The members of the clan believed that they have descended from a common ancestor. It is only the male who automatically takes the patronymic on birth, preserves it till death, and it is carried forward by his children.

The correct answer is "RSPQ".

Key Points

• Sentence R should come immediately after S1 as it outlines why there's abundant precipitation in the equatorial zone due to high temperature, humidity, and unstable air, further explaining the reason for this condition.
• Next, sentence S follows logically as it gives more details about the role of trade winds from both hemispheres contributing to the upward motion of air, causing precipitation.
• The passage then progresses to sentence P that touches on the intensified effect of the ascending air currents during tropical storms in various parts of the world. This is related to the upward motion of air mentioned in sentence S and tells us how this process can be further amplified.
• Lastly, sentence Q rounds off the sequence before S6 as it pinpoint how over land areas, the precipitation mostly occurs from very common and active thunderstorms in the equatorial regions. This sets up well for phrase S6, noting the nature of these rainfalls: heavy, intermittent, convective showers

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Complete Paragraph: The equatorial zone is generally an area of abundant precipitation (over 200 centimetres annually). This high level of precipitation is due to the equatorial belt's high temperature, high humidity and highly unstable air. The trade winds from both the hemispheres converge and give rise to a general upward motion of air. The ascending air currents become intensified locally in the tropical storms that produce abundant precipitation in the Caribbean, the southwest Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the China Sea. Over the land areas, most of the precipitation occurs from the thunderstorms that are very frequent and active in the equatorial regions. It is to be noted that a larger part of the precipitation in this region falls as heavy intermittent convective showers accompanied by thunder and lightning.

The correct answer is "QSPR".

Key Points

• Sentence Q should come immediately after S1 as it describes what the period of transformation was characterized by – the transition from feudalism to capitalism – this maintains the topic coherence.
• Next, sentence S specifies the dynamics of the new capitalist mode of production where factories and machineries were controlled by the capitalist class, further breaking down the capitalist system introduced in Q.
• Sentence P follows suit, further detailing how the capitalist society had two main polarized classes - capitalists and workers. This lays out the structure of the society in this era.
• Lastly, sentence R elaborates on the workers' condition in the capitalist society, where their labor is crucial to production yet provides insufficient compensation. This sets up perfectly for sentence S6, explaining that the wages they received were inadequate for comfortable survival.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Complete Paragraph: The period branded as the era of the Industrial Revolution was essentially a period of transformation. It marked the beginning of the final phase of the broader transformation from feudalism to capitalism and capitalism made its presence felt all over the Europe. In the capitalist mode of production, the factories and heavy machineries were owned and controlled by the capitalist class. A definite polarization of industrial society between two main classes capitalists and workers - was visible. Actual production in the factories was done by the workers but the workers had very little and so for survival, they were required to continuously sell this labor power for wages. This wage was however, not enough to keep the worker properly clothed or fed and thus, the Industrial Revolution could not solve the problem of distribution.

The correct answer is: SPRQ.

Key Points

• S1: "There exists a close relationship between meteorology and climatology."
• This sentence announces the topic and signals that the paragraph will define or compare the two fields. The reader now expects a definition or discussion of meteorology and climatology.
• S: “Meteorology, the physics of the lower atmosphere, studies the individual phenomenon of the atmosphere.”
• This directly begins the treatment of one of the two fields named in S1. It supplies a clear definition of meteorology, so it naturally follows S1.
• Follow S with P (a restatement):
• P: “In other words, it is concerned with the study of the characteristics and behaviour of the atmosphere.”
• The phrase “In other words” signals a paraphrase or clarification of the immediately preceding sentence. That makes P the correct immediate follow-up to S (it restates and expands the definition of meteorology).
• Next comes R, which introduces climatology and contrasts it with meteorology.
• R: “Climatology, on the other hand, is concerned with the discussion of the component elements of climate as well as the factors which determine and control its distribution.”
• The connective “on the other hand” explicitly contrasts climatology with meteorology (which we just described). So R must come after the meteorology sentences (S and P).
• Finish the middle sequence with Q, which sets up the two-part explanation given in S6.
• Q: “The function of climatology is two-fold.”
• The phrase “two-fold” is a direct signal that specifics will follow. S6 begins with “First, … Second, …”, so Q must immediately precede S6 to create a coherent transition into the detailed two-part description.
• Then S6 (given) completes the paragraph by enumerating the two functions signalled in Q: the meteorological aspect and the climatological aspect.

Hence, the correct answer is: SPRQ.

The correct answer is "QSPR".

Key Points

• Sentence Q should come immediately after S1 as it reemphasizes the major transformations happening in the eighteenth century Europe, supporting S1's statement.
• Next, sentence S discusses a specific event, the Treaty of Paris, that put an end to the Seven Years War. This detail fits appropriately after the broad changes highlighted in sentence Q, bringing us into more specific developments in the historical sequence of the eighteenth century.
• Sentence P naturally follows the information in sentence S, explaining the immediate aftermath of the Treaty of Paris, which is that Europe experienced about three decades without significant conflicts.
• Finally, sentence R segues into sentence S6, stating that the peace brought by the Treaty was not permanent, setting up for the assertion made in sentence S6 that Britain emerged victorious in establishing colonial supremacy.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 2".

Complete Paragraph: Europe was going through a political, social, economic, and cultural transformation in the eighteenth century. This century saw far reaching changes which were to leave behind an enduring legacy. The Treaty of Paris (1763) brought an end to the Seven Years War. Thereafter, the European continent had been free from bloody conflicts for about three decades. However, the Treaty of Paris could not bring peace to Europe forever. Great Britain emerged victorious in the contest for colonial supremacy in Europe and from that moment Britain concentrated more on her colonial possessions.

The correct answer is 'vulnerable'.

Key Points

• The word 'invincible' denotes something or someone that cannot be defeated, conquered, or overcome. ('अजेय' or 'अपराजेय').
• Example: The Greek demigod Hercules was considered invincible due to his superhuman strength.
• The word 'vulnerable' in English pertains to someone or something that is open to attack, harm, or damage. ('संवेदनशील' or 'आलोचनीय').
• Example: Newborn animals are vulnerable and heavily rely on their parents for protection.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Impregnable', means something that cannot be entered by force or attack. ('अभेद्य').
• 'Unbeatable', refers to someone or something that cannot be defeated. ('अपराजित').
• 'Insurmountable', refers to something that cannot be overcome or conquered. ('अदूरधर्यंत बड़ी बाधा').

The correct answer is 'evaporation'.

Key Points

• The word 'condensation' refers to the process by which water vapor in the air becomes liquid water. ('संघनन')
• Example: During a hot shower, you can see condensation when the bathroom mirror fogs up due to the water vapor in the air turning into liquid on the cooler surface of the mirror.
• The word 'evaporation' refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state. ('वाष्पीकरण')
• Example: Puddles of water dry up due to evaporation, transforming the liquid water into water vapor that mixes with the air.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Constriction', involves a narrowing or tightening of a channel or opening. ('संकुचन').
• 'Abridgement', refers to the act of shortening or condensing something such as a book or a speech without losing its core message. ('संक्षेप').
• 'Recapitulation', is the act of summarizing or concisely repeating the main points of something. ('संक्षेप').

The correct answer is 'obstructed'.

Key Points

• The word 'ushered' in means to guide or lead someone towards a specific direction or introduce a new idea, era, development, or transformation. ('कोई नया विचार या युग का शुरुआत में मार्गदर्शन करना' or 'मार्गदर्शन करना').
• Example: The invention of the internet ushered in an era of global connectivity.
• The word 'obstructed' means to block or put obstacles in the path of progress or movement. ('रूकावट उत्पन्न करना').
• Example: The fallen tree obstructed the road, halting traffic for several hours.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Led', means to guide or direct along a path. ('नेतृत्व करना' or 'मार्गदर्शन करना').
• 'Conducted', means to guide or direct, often in the context of a group or an event. ('नियामक' or 'आयोजन करना').
• 'Directed', means to guide, control, or command. ('निर्देशित करना').

The correct answer is 'illuminated'.

Key Points

• The word 'obfuscated' in English refers to making something less clear and harder to understand, usually intentionally. ('अस्पष्ट').
• Example: The contract was drafted with legal terms that obfuscated its true implications.
• The word 'illuminated' in English refers to making something clear and easy to understand. ('प्रकाशित' or 'स्पष्ट').
• Example: The professor illuminated complex scientific concepts with day-to-day examples.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Mystified', means making something complicated or obscure to the point of confusion. ('रहस्यमय').
• 'Obscured', refers to making something unclear or less distinct. ('धुंधला').
• 'Muddled', means to mix up in a confused or disordered manner. ('गुमराह').

The correct answer is 'adoration'.

Key Points

• The word 'abomination' means something that causes disgust or loathing. ('घृणास्पद' or 'घिनौना').
• Example: For animal rights activists, the practice of hunting for sport is an abomination.
• The word 'adoration' signifies a deep love and respect for someone or something. ('पूजा' or 'प्रेम').
• Example: The fans' adoration for their favorite singer was evident by the large number of people at his concert.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Abhorrence', refers to a feeling of strong repugnance or disgust. ('घृणा').
• 'Termination', refers to an act of ending, typically officially. ('समापन').
• 'Detestation', refers to intense dislike. ('नफरत').

The correct answer is 'observance'.

Key Points

• The word 'infraction' refers to a violation or breach of a rule, agreement, or a set of standards. ('उल्लंघन').
• Example: Parking in a no-parking zone is an infraction that can result in a fine.
• The word 'observance' refers to the adherence to or compliance with a rule, law, or custom. ('पालन करना').
• Example: The observance of traffic rules can significantly reduce road accidents.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Transgression', refers to an act that goes against a law, code, or standard of conduct. ('उल्लंघन').
• 'Breach', refers to an act of breaking or failing to comply with a rule or formal agreement. ('उल्लंघन').
• 'Acceptance', refers to the action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered. ('स्वीकार').

The correct answer is 'appreciate'.

Key Points

• The word 'denounce' implies publicly declaring something to be wrong or evil. ('निंदा करना').
• Example: The organization denounces all forms of violence and advocates for peaceful dialogue.
• The word 'appreciate' signifies recognizing the value of someone or something, expressing gratitude or positive recognition. ('सराहना करना' or 'कीमती समझना').
• Example: The boss appreciated her employee's hard work and dedication.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Criticise', means to point out the faults or shortcomings in a disapproving way. ('आलोचना करना').
• 'Censure', refers to express severe disapproval of something in a formal statement or way, usually in public. ('निंदा').
• 'Comment', refers to express an opinion or reaction regarding something. ('टिप्पणी').

The correct answer is 'suppressed'.

Key Points

• The term 'fostered' refers to the act of encouraging the development or growth of ideas or qualities. ('पालन-पोषण करना' or 'बढ़ावा देना').
• Example: The school fostered a sense of community among its students.
• The term 'suppressed' refers to the act of preventing the dissemination or development of information, feelings, or actions. ('दबाना' or 'रोकना').
• Example: The government attempted to suppress the news to avoid public outrage.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Cultivated', denotes the act of trying to acquire or develop a quality or skill. ('विकसित करना').
• 'Endorsed', signifies approval or support for something or someone. ('समर्थन करना').
• 'Incubated', means to develop slowly without outward or perceptible signs. ('उत्पादन').

The correct answer is 'humility'.

Key Points

• The term 'self-aggrandisement' refers to the act of increasing your own power, status, or wealth, often in an arrogant or boastful manner. ('स्वयं की महिमा बढ़ाना').
• Example: The politician's self-aggrandisement turned many potential supporters away.
• The term 'humility' refers to the quality of being humble and modest, not thinking one's self superior to others. ('विनम्रता' or 'नम्रता').
• Example: Despite his fame and wealth, the actor was known for his humility and kindness.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• 'Exaggeration', refers to the act of making something seem better, larger, worse, etc. than it really is. ('अतिशयोक्ति').
• 'Upliftment', signifies the act or process of improving the living conditions, status, etc. of a particular group or society. ('उन्नति').
• 'Elevation', refers to height above a given level, especially sea level or it also means the act of increasing the amount or level of something. ('ऊंचाई' or 'बढ़ोतरी').

The correct answer is 'denial'.

Key Points

• The word 'assertion' refers to a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. ('स्थापना' or 'दावा').
• Example: He continued to make his assertion of innocence despite the evidence against him.
• The word 'denial' refers to a statement or assertion that something is not true or does not exist. ('इनकार' or 'नकार').
• Example: Despite video evidence of the event, he remained in denial about what had occurred.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Insistence', refers to the act of insisting or demanding something firmly. ('दृढ़ निश्चय').
• 'Averment', refers to the declaration of a statement as a fact. ('प्रमाणीकरण').
• 'Statement', refers to a fixed or definite written or spoken expression. ('बयान').

The correct answer is 'components'.

Key Points

• The word "components" reflects the meaning of constituents, parts, or elements that combine to form a system or a whole (घटक).
• The elements such as objectives, ideology, programmes, leadership, and organisation can be comprehended as different 'components' creating a social movement as a whole.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• "Constituent" often refers to an essential part of something, but it is more commonly used in the context of a member of a constituency or a fundamental element in a system (तत्व).
• "Pieces" usually refer to a part of a whole but mostly in the context of physical entities. It's not commonly used in the context of societal or abstract frameworks (टुकड़े).
• "Ingredient" typically refers to one of the substances that are combined to make a particular dish or component. (घटक).

The correct answer is 'Influencing'.

Key Points

• The word 'Influencing' is having an impact on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. ('प्रभावित करना').
• In the context of the given sentence, the social elements like objectives, ideology, programmes, leadership, and organisation are not in isolation but they affect each other meaning they have an influence on each other.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Opposing' (विरोधी) means resisting or combating something.
• 'Effecting' (प्रभावित करना) means causing (something) to happen.
• 'Familiarising' (परिचित करना) means making (someone) aware or conversant with something.

The correct answer is 'narrow'.

Key Points

• The word 'narrow' means Limited in extent, amount, or scope. (संकीर्ण)
• In the context of the sentence, the objectives of the movement initially focus on specific or local issues but then shift to broader aims of social transformation.
• Therefore, the most appropriate word to fill in the blank would be "narrow," as it contrasts with "broad aims" in the following part of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Scanty' (अल्प) means small or insufficient in quantity or amount.
• **'wide' (**चौड़ा ) means is having a great extent from side to side; broad.
• 'Confine' (सीमित करना) means keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits.

The correct answer is "for".

Key Points

• The word "for" is a preposition used to indicate the purpose or intended goal of something or someone. ("के लिए").
• In the context of the sentence, the word "for" would indicate the aim or goal of social transformation.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Additional Information

• "By" is a preposition used to express agency or who has done the action in a sentence. ("द्वारा".)
• "With" is a preposition used to indicate accompanying or associating. ("के साथ").
• "And" is a conjunction used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses of the same type. ("और").

The correct answer is 'bogged down'.

Key Points

• The phrase "bogged down" refers to being slowed down, to become too involved in small details, or to face difficulty progressing with something. It carries a negative connotation, suggesting an inability to move forward or progress due to obstacles or complications. ("अधिक जटिल होना").

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

• 'Turns into' means to become or start to be something. ("में बदल जाता है").
• 'Turn out' refers to the end result or how something ultimately becomes. ("निकलना").
• 'Bogged out' is not commonly used in English and does not have a specific meaning. Hence, it's not a correct choice.

The correct answer is 'undergoes'.

Key Points

• The term 'undergoes' is used to indicate that someone or something experiences or goes through something. It refers to experiencing a process of change, development, or transformation. ("अनुभव करता है" or "सहन करता है").

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Went' ("गया") is the past form of 'go', indicating a move or departure.
• 'Proceeds' ("आगे बढ़ता है") indicates an advancement or progression. While ideology can proceed or develop, the term might not capture the full scope of the change or adaptation ideology can experience.
• 'Precedes' ("पहले होना") means to come before something in time, position, or rank.

The correct answer is 'mobilise'.

Key Points

• The term 'mobilise' is used to denote organising and encouraging a group of people to take collective action in pursuit of a particular objective. ("संगठित करना" or "उत्साहित करना").

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'sustain'.

Key Points

• The term 'sustain' is used to indicate the ability to maintain or continue something over a long period. ("बनाए रखना" or "निरंतरता").

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 4'.

Additional Information

• 'Threaten' ("धमकी देना") involves expressing an intention to cause harm or damage.
• 'Bluster' ("डींग हांकना") refers to talking in a loud, aggressive, or indifferent way.
• 'Blow' ("फूंकना") can refer to moving or carrying something by the force of the wind or a current of air.

The correct answer is 'which'.

Key Points

• 'Which' is a pronoun used to refer back to something previously mentioned or easily identified. ("जिसे" or "जो").
• In the context of the statement: "Leadership which initiates or emerges in the course of the growth of the movement plays a crucial role in ideology and objectives, evolving strategies and programmes and maintaining the spirit of the participant."
• Here, 'which' refers back to 'leadership', identifying a characteristic or action related to it.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Where" ("जहां") is used when referring to a particular place.
• 'How' ("कैसे") is typically used to ask about the manner in which something happens or is done.
• 'More' ("अधिक") is used to specify a greater amount or degree of something.

The correct answer is 'articulating'.

Key Points

• 'Articulating' means expressing an idea or feeling fluently and coherently or putting an idea into words. ("स्पष्ट रूप से व्यक्त करना")
• In the context of the statement, "Leadership plays a crucial role in articulating ideology and objectives, evolving strategies and programmes, and maintaining the spirit of the participant." This suggests that leadership is essential in clearly expressing or defining the ideology and objectives.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 3'.

Additional Information

• 'Supersedes' ("बदल देना" or "पदोन्नति करना"), is used to indicate taking the place of a person or thing previously in authority or use; supersede.
• 'Assumption' ("मान्यता") means a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. It's inappropriate here as the Leadership is not assuming but expressing the ideology and objectives.
• 'Supposition' ("अनुमान") refers to an uncertain belief or idea that is used as the basis for a decision or reasoning.

The correct answer is "in spite of".

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in the blank is "in spite of".
• The sentence "He persevered in spite of difficulties," indicates that he continued to push forward even though there were difficulties.
• The phrase "in spite of" is used to express a contrast where an action is taken or a situation exists, regardless of a potential barrier or hurdle.

Therefore, the correct answer is "option 4".

Complete Sentence: He persevered in spite of difficulties.