CDS English 21 April 2024 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. agitation.

Key Points

• The word "equanimity" means mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation. (समता)
• Example: She accepted the news of her transfer with equanimity.
• "Agitation" refers to a state of anxiety or nervous excitement. (उत्तेजना)
• Example: He was in a state of agitation before the exam results were announced.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'equanimity' is 'agitation'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. agitation.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Tranquillity (शांति): The quality or state of being calm and peaceful.
• Example: The tranquillity of the countryside was a welcome change from the city.
• Composure (धैर्य): The state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself.
• Example: Despite the chaos around her, she maintained her composure.
• Placidity (शांतता): The quality of being calm and peaceful.
• Example: The placidity of the lake was soothing to her mind.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. subdued.

Key Points

• The word "vehement" means showing strong and often angry feelings; very emotional. (उग्र)
• Example: She was vehement in her opposition to the new policy.
• "Subdued" refers to something that is quiet, controlled, and not very noticeable; it often describes a calm or restrained state. (शांत)
• Example: His voice was subdued as he delivered the sad news.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'vehement' is 'subdued'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. subdued.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Ardent (उत्साही): Very enthusiastic or passionate.
• Example: He is an ardent supporter of the local football team.
• Fervent (उत्कट): Having or displaying a passionate intensity.
• Example: She gave a fervent speech about the importance of education.
• Impassioned (भावुक): Filled with or showing great emotion.
• Example: His impassioned plea for justice moved everyone in the courtroom.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. admirable.

Key Points

• The word "nefarious" means wicked or criminal. (दुष्ट या आपराधिक)
• Example: The organization was known for its nefarious activities, including fraud and theft.
• "Admirable" refers to something deserving respect or approval. (प्रशंसनीय)
• Example: Her dedication to helping others is truly admirable.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'nefarious' is 'admirable'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: admirable.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Flagitious (दुष्ट): Shockingly brutal or cruel.
• Example: The flagitious crimes committed by the gang shocked the entire community.
• Execrable (घृणित): Extremely bad or unpleasant.
• Example: The food at the restaurant was execrable, and I vowed never to eat there again.
• Abominable (घृणास्पद): Causing moral revulsion.
• Example: The abominable conditions in the prison were finally exposed by the media.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. affluent.

Key Points

• The word "indigent" means lacking money or resources; poor. (गरीब)
• Example: The charity organization provides food and shelter to indigent families.
• "Affluent" refers to having a great deal of money; wealthy. (धनी)
• Example: The affluent neighborhood is known for its luxurious houses and high standard of living.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'indigent' is 'affluent'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: affluent.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Pretentious (दिखावटी): Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance or merit than is actually possessed.
• Example: His pretentious attitude makes it hard for others to take him seriously.
• Impecunious (निर्धन): Having little or no money.
• Example: The impecunious artist struggled to make ends meet.
• Ruined (विनाश): Reduced to a state of decay, collapse, or disintegration.
• Example: The old castle was now a ruined structure, with only a few walls still standing.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. tranquil.

Key Points

• The word "turbulent" means characterized by conflict, disorder, or confusion; not controlled or calm. (अशांत)
• Example: The turbulent weather caused many flight delays and cancellations.
• "Tranquil" refers to something that is calm, peaceful, and free from disturbance. (शांत)
• Example: The lake was tranquil, with not a single ripple disturbing its surface.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'turbulent' is 'tranquil'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. tranquil.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Capricious (मनमौजी): Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.
• Example: His capricious nature makes it difficult to predict his actions.
• Desolate (उजाड़): Deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness.
• Example: The once bustling town is now desolate and abandoned.
• Obstreperous (उद्धत): Noisy and difficult to control.
• Example: The obstreperous crowd was difficult for the police to manage.

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. if it snows.

Key Points

• The sentence is in the future tense as indicated by "I shall not be going".
• The correct form should use the simple present tense after "if" to indicate a future possibility.
• "If it snows" is the correct usage of the simple present tense to indicate a conditional future event.
• Other options do not correctly follow the grammatical rules for conditional sentences in English.

Therefore, the correct answer is if it snows.

Additional Information

• Option 1: if it may snow - The use of "may" is incorrect because it is not typically used in conditional sentences to indicate a future possibility.
• Option 2: if it snow - This is grammatically incorrect because "snow" should be in the third person singular form "snows".
• Option 4: if snowed - This is incorrect because "snowed" is the past tense form and does not fit the future conditional context.

The correct answer is 'Option 4' i.e. No fewer.

Key Points

• The phrase "No fewer" is used to emphasize that the number is large.
• "No fewer than" is often used in formal contexts to stress the quantity.
• The word "fewer" is used with countable nouns, such as passengers.
• In the context of the sentence, "No fewer than a hundred passengers" correctly emphasizes the large number of passengers killed.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Correct sentence: No fewer than a hundred passengers were killed in the recent train accident.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Less - "Less" is used with uncountable nouns. Since "passengers" is a countable noun, "less" is inappropriate here.
• Option 2: No less - "No less" is used with uncountable nouns and does not fit well with the countable noun "passengers".
• Option 3: Fewest - "Fewest" is a superlative form and does not fit the context of emphasizing a large number.

The correct answer is 'Option 2' i.e. 'is'.

Key Points

• The subject "Each of these paintings" is singular, which means it requires a singular verb.
• Option 1 "are" is a plural verb and does not agree with the singular subject.
• Option 3 "be" is an incorrect form for this sentence structure.
• Option 4 "should" does not fit contextually as it changes the meaning of the sentence.
• Therefore, the correct verb form is "is" which is singular and agrees with the subject "Each of these paintings".

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Correct sentence: Each of these paintings is made by a famous painter.

Additional Information

• Option 1: "are" - This is a plural verb and is not suitable because the subject "Each of these paintings" is singular.
• Option 3: "be" - This form is incorrect for this sentence structure. "Be" is generally used in the subjunctive mood or infinitive form.
• Option 4: "should" - This word suggests a recommendation or obligation, which changes the intended meaning of the sentence.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. extremely.

Key Points

• The sentence aims to describe the population density of an area.
• The adjective "dense" is used to describe the noun "population".
• The appropriate adverb should intensify the adjective "dense".
• "Extremely" is the correct adverb that fits contextually and grammatically to emphasize the density of the population.

Therefore, the correct answer is extremely.

Additional Information

• Option 2: totally - This word means 'completely' but doesn't fit well with "dense population" in this context.
• Option 3: tangentially - This word means 'in a way that relates only slightly to a matter' and does not make sense in this context.
• Option 4: languidly - This word means 'slowly and in a relaxed manner' and is not appropriate to describe population density.

The correct answer is 'Option 4' i.e. 'is affected'.

Key Points

• The sentence discusses the impact or influence of speech disorders on reading ability in young children.
• "Affected" is the past participle form of the verb "affect," which means to influence or impact.
• "Is affected" is the correct passive form used to indicate that reading ability is being influenced by speech disorders.
• The use of "is affected" properly aligns with the need to express how reading ability is influenced, fitting both grammatical and contextual needs.

Therefore, the correct answer is: is affected

Additional Information

• Option 1: effected Means "brought about" or "executed," which doesn’t fit the context of indicating influence.
• Option 2: affected While "affected" means influenced, it lacks the auxiliary verb "is" needed to complete the passive construction.
• Option 3: is effected means "is caused" or "is brought about," which again is incorrect in this context of showing an influence rather than a result.

The correct answer is 'Option 2' i.e. insurmountable.

Key Points

• The word "insurmountable" means something that is impossible to overcome, which fits the context of extreme difficulty in arranging funds.
• The other options (big, gigantic, large) do not convey the same level of difficulty as "insurmountable".
• Using "insurmountable" emphasizes the significant challenge faced in the situation.
• It accurately reflects the severity of the difficulty in the given context.

Therefore, the correct answer is insurmountable.

Additional Information

• Big: This word means large in size or extent but does not necessarily convey the idea of difficulty.
• Gigantic: This word means extremely large, which again refers to size rather than the level of difficulty.
• Large: Similar to "big," this word refers to size and does not capture the sense of an overwhelming challenge.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. visibly.

Key Points

• The sentence describes the condition of the school building.
• The word used to fill in the blank should appropriately describe the extent to which the building is dilapidated.
• "Visibly" means something that can be seen clearly, which fits the context of describing a dilapidated building.
• The other options do not fit well in the context of describing the dilapidation of the building.

Therefore, the correct answer is visibly.

Additional Information

• Little: This option does not fit the context as it means "small in size or amount," which does not convey the extent of dilapidation.
• Deeply: While it can mean "profoundly," it is not commonly used to describe something that can be seen visually as dilapidated.
• Satisfactorily: This word means "in a satisfactory manner," which is not suitable for describing a dilapidated building.

The correct answer is 'Option 2' i.e. scenic.

Key Points

• The blank in the sentence is followed by the word "beauty," which is a noun.
• Adjectives are used to describe nouns, and "scenic" is an adjective.
• The word "scenic" specifically means "having beautiful natural scenery," which fits the context of the sentence perfectly.
• Other options do not fit grammatically or contextually in the sentence.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct sentence: Ranikhet is a place of remarkably scenic beauty.

Additional Information

• Scenery: Refers to the natural features of a landscape, but it is a noun and does not fit the grammatical structure of the sentence.
• Scene: Refers to a place where an event occurs or a part of a play or movie, but it is also a noun and does not fit the context.
• Scenically: An adverb that describes how something is done, but it is not appropriate for describing a noun.

The correct answer is 'evade'.

Key Points

• The word "evade" means to escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery.
• In the context of the sentence, the criminal avoids being captured, making "evade" the most appropriate choice.
• The other options: "invade," "slip," and "run away" do not fit as precisely in terms of meaning.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Sentence: The criminal on the run managed to evade capture by the police officer.

Additional Information

• Invade: means to enter a place, situation, or sphere of activity in large numbers, especially with intrusive effect.
• Slip: means to slide unintentionally for a short distance, typically losing one's balance.
• Run away: means to leave a place or person secretly and suddenly, suggesting more a sense of fleeing than avoiding capture cleverly.

The correct answer is 'Option 2' i.e. embarking.

Key Points

• The word "embarking" means to begin a journey or project, which fits the context of starting an ambitious project.
• "Sailing" typically refers to the act of traveling by boat, which doesn't fit the context of starting a new project.
• "Adventuring" suggests a sense of going on an adventure, but it is not typically used in the context of starting a structured project.
• "Concurring" means to agree or happen at the same time, which does not fit the context of beginning a project.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct sentence: I am embarking on the ambitious project of learning one new language every year.

Additional Information

• Sailing: Refers to the act of traveling by boat. It does not fit the context of starting a new project.
• Adventuring: Suggests going on an adventure, which implies a less structured and more spontaneous activity than starting a project.
• Concurring: Means to agree or to happen at the same time. It does not convey the sense of beginning something new.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Careful not to offend or upset others.

Key Points

• The phrase "Walking on eggshells" means being very careful not to offend or upset someone. (किसी को नाराज या परेशान न करने के लिए बहुत सावधान रहना)
• Example: Since the argument, I've been walking on eggshells around my boss.
• "Careful not to offend or upset others" means taking great care in one's actions and words to avoid causing offense or distress. (किसी को नाराज या परेशान न करने के लिए बहुत सावधानी बरतना)
• Example: He is always careful not to offend or upset others, especially during sensitive discussions.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Careful not to offend or upset others.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Walking with great care (बहुत सावधानी से चलना): Moving with extreme caution.
• Example: He was walking with great care on the icy road to avoid slipping.
• Making a noisy entry (शोरगुल करते हुए प्रवेश करना): Entering a place with a lot of noise.
• Example: The children made a noisy entry into the classroom, disrupting the ongoing lesson.
• Undertaking an uncomfortable journey (असुविधाजनक यात्रा करना): Going on a journey that is not comfortable.
• Example: They were undertaking an uncomfortable journey through the desert.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. To make money for oneself by way of dishonest means.

Key Points

• The phrase "Feather your own nest" means to enrich oneself at the expense of others, typically in a dishonest or unethical manner. (अपने घोंसले को पंख देना)
• Example: The corrupt official was found to be feathering his own nest with public funds.
• Option 2: To make money for oneself by way of dishonest means accurately captures the essence of the idiom. (बेईमानी से अपने लिए पैसे बनाना)
• Example: He used his position to feather his own nest, taking bribes and kickbacks.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. To make money for oneself by way of dishonest means.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: To make one's lodgings comfortable (अपने आवास को आरामदायक बनाना)
• Example: She spent the weekend feathering her own nest with new furniture and decorations.
• Option 3: To look at something with a lot of pleasure (किसी चीज को बहुत आनंद के साथ देखना)
• Example: He feathered his own nest by admiring his art collection every evening.
• Option 4: To make something more important than it really is (किसी चीज को वास्तव में जितना महत्वपूर्ण है उससे अधिक महत्वपूर्ण बनाना)
• Example: She has a tendency to feather her own nest, making small achievements seem like major accomplishments.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Difficult to describe or classify.

Key Points

• The idiom "Neither fish nor fowl" means something that is difficult to describe or classify; it does not fit neatly into a specific category. (न तो मछली और न ही पक्षी)
• Example: The new gadget is neither fish nor fowl, as it is a mix of a phone and a tablet.
• "Difficult to describe or classify" refers to something that cannot be easily categorized or defined. (वर्णन या वर्गीकृत करने में कठिन)
• Example: The artwork was difficult to describe or classify, blending elements of both traditional and modern styles.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. Difficult to describe or classify.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Neither this or that (न यह और न वह): Refers to something that does not belong to one category or another.
• Example: His opinion was neither this or that, making it hard to understand his stance.
• Option 3: Strict rules and regulations (कठोर नियम और विनियम): Refers to rigid guidelines and protocols.
• Example: The school is known for its strict rules and regulations.
• Option 4: Feel awkward because of unfamiliarity (अपरिचित होने के कारण अजीब महसूस करना): Refers to the feeling of discomfort due to not being familiar with something.
• Example: She felt awkward because of unfamiliarity with the new workplace.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. The obvious problem that is being avoided.

Key Points

• The idiom "Elephant in the room" refers to an obvious problem or issue that everyone is aware of but chooses to ignore. (कमरे में हाथी)
• Example: During the meeting, everyone avoided talking about the elephant in the room - the company's declining profits.
• Obvious problem that is being avoided means a glaring issue that people are unwilling to discuss. (स्पष्ट समस्या जिसे नजरअंदाज किया जा रहा है)
• Example: The tension between the two team members was the obvious problem that was being avoided in the discussion.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. The obvious problem that is being avoided.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• The important topic (महत्वपूर्ण विषय): A subject that holds significant importance.
• Example: Climate change is the important topic of our time.
• The unavoidable mind-set (अपरिहार्य मानसिकता): A way of thinking that cannot be avoided.
• Example: The unavoidable mind-set in the office was one of urgency and stress.
• The prized possession in the room (कमरे में कीमती सामान): An object of great value in the room.
• Example: The painting on the wall was the prized possession in the room.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. 'The opportunity has passed'.

Key Points

• The idiom "The ship has sailed" means that a particular opportunity is no longer available. (अवसर अब उपलब्ध नहीं है)
• Example: He waited too long to apply for the job, and now the ship has sailed.
• Opportunity has passed refers to a chance or possibility that is no longer available. (अवसर चला गया)
• Example: By the time he made up his mind, the opportunity had passed, and the position was filled.

Therefore, the correct answer is: The opportunity has passed.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• The matter is carried over (मामला आगे बढ़ा दिया गया): This means that the issue or matter is postponed or delayed.
• Example: Due to time constraints, the matter was carried over to the next meeting.
• The matter is decided (मामला तय हो गया): This means that a decision has been made regarding the issue.
• Example: After much discussion, the matter was finally decided.
• Seeking new opportunities (नए अवसरों की तलाश): This means actively looking for new chances or possibilities.
• Example: After leaving his job, he started seeking new opportunities in different fields.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RPQS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with the subject "The Constitution," which is correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the subject, "lays down certain directive principles of state policy" (RP) continues the logical sequence, making it clear what the Constitution lays down.
• The next part, "which though not justiciable are fundamental to the governance of the country," starts the explanation about the directive principles, indicated by (P).
• Ending with "and it is the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws" (QS) completes the sentence by stating the state's responsibility.

Therefore, the correct answer is RPQS.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): This option starts with "directive principles of state policy which though not justiciable are fundamental to the governance of the country and it is the duty." This sequence is incomplete and does not make sense grammatically.
• Option 2 (QRPS): This option starts with "the Constitution lays down certain fundamental to the governance of the country," which makes the sentence incorrect as the explanation starts too early, missing contextual flow.
• Option 4 (SPRQ): This option starts with "of the state to apply these principles in making laws directive principles which," which creates a fragmented and confusing sentence structure.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. QSRP

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "the geo-political and geo-economic landscape" which sets the context, indicated by Q.
• Next, "in a multipolar world is dynamic" continues the sentence explaining the nature of the landscape, indicated by S.
• Following this, "where aspects related to application of military force" starts the clause explaining the region of dynamics, indicated by R.
• Finally, "are evolving rapidly" completes the thought, indicating the ongoing changes, represented by P.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSRP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QRSP): This sequence creates an incomplete sentence structure, making it difficult to understand the role of dynamics and evolution in the context.
• Option 3 (SPRQ): This sequence begins with "in a multipolar world is dynamic," which does not make a coherent beginning of the sentence.
• Option 4 (SQRP): This sequence also constructs a fragmented description with "in a multipolar world is dynamic", disrupting the intended flow of information.

The correct Answer is Option (4) i.e. QRPS

Key Points

• Upon re-evaluating the jumbled sentence parts, the correct order to form a coherent and meaningful sentence is:
• (Q) India has participated actively in multilateral forums: This introduces the subject and states the action.
• (R) relating to disarmament, non-proliferation and: This specifies the focus areas of the participation.
• (P) international security, taking into account its national security interests and priorities: This further explains the context of participation, mentioning the broader topic of international security and India's own concerns.
• (S) in the international security arena: This part ties everything together by specifying the field in which these activities are carried out.
• When combined in this order, the sentence reads as follows: "India has participated actively in multilateral forums relating to disarmament, non-proliferation and international security, taking into account its national security interests and priorities in the international security arena."

Therefore, the most appropriate option is: 4) QRPS.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e**. RPQS.**

Key Points

• The correct sentence needs to make logical sense and be grammatically correct.
• "Children in the age group of 5-8 years" is the subject that needs to be linked to what is said about them.
• The phrase "are directly linked" (R) must be followed by what they are linked to, which is the "formal education system" (P) through (Q) and finally "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan" (S).
• The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a formal education initiative, making S the logical conclusion to the sequence.

Therefore, the correct answer is RPQS.

Additional Information

• Option 1: RPSQ  "linked to the formal education system through (P)" should come after discussing who is linked. Misplaces the object "a close coordination with the" making it grammatically incorrect.
• Option 2: QSPR: Begins with "a close coordination with the," which disrupts the logical order, leading to a grammatically incorrect sentence.
• **Option 4: QRPS:**Starting with "a close coordination with the" again breaks the logical linkage and the flow of information.

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. SRQP

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "yoga is being," which introduces the subject and the action, indicated by S.
• Next, "practised as part of healthy lifestyle" describes how yoga is being used, indicated by R.
• Following this, "and has become part of" connects the practice of yoga to a broader context, indicated by Q.
• Finally, "our spiritual heritage" completes the thought by adding the cultural significance, represented by P.

Therefore, the correct answer is SRQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): This sequence incorrectly starts with "our spiritual heritage," failing to frame the subject and action initially.
• Option 2 (PRSQ): This sequence starts with "our spiritual heritage" followed by "practised as part of healthy lifestyle," which is contextually and logically disjointed.
• Option 3 (SRPQ): This sequence places "part of" before "our spiritual heritage," creating an awkward and incomplete sentence structure.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. SRQP

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "she who has been in trouble," which introduces the subject and context, indicated by S.
• Next, "would know the trouble" continues with an assertion about knowledge of trouble, indicated by R.
• Following this, "better than the one" compares the knowledge of trouble, indicated by Q.
• Finally, "who has been troubling" completes the thought by specifying the entity being known, represented by P.

Therefore, the correct answer is SRQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PSQR): This sequence starts with "who has been troubling," which leaves the subject unclear and disrupts the logical flow.
• Option 2 (SPRQ): This sequence makes sense in parts but incorrectly connects some fragments, making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 4 (PQRS): This sequence doesn't follow a logical flow and context, making the sentence fragmented and confusing.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. QSPR

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "the speaker reiterated before the audience," which introduces the subject and action, indicated by Q.
• Next, "all that glitters is not gold" accurately specifies what was reiterated, indicated by P.
• Following this, "the fact that the old epithet" begins to explain the context of the epithet, indicated by S.
• Finally, "is still valid" completes the explanation by affirming the current relevance of the epithet, represented by R.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSPR.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QRPS): This sequence incorrectly places "is still valid" before "the fact that the old epithet," disrupting the logical flow.
• Option 3 (RPSQ): This sequence starts with "is still valid," which leaves the subject and action unclear and makes the sentence fragmented.
• Option 4 (SPQR): This sequence incorrectly starts with "the fact that the old epithet," which makes the explanation less coherent without proper introduction.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. RQSP

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "the second scenario suggested," which introduces the context and the proposition, indicated by R.
• Next, "that the population will peak" follows up by explaining what the scenario suggested, indicated by Q.
• Following this, "at 8.5 billion by 2040" provides the specific detail related to the peak, indicated by S.
• Finally, "a decade sooner than 2050" completes the thought by placing the timeline in context, represented by P.

Therefore, the correct answer is RQSP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PSQR): This sequence incorrectly starts with "a decade sooner than 2050," leaving the context unclear and disrupting the logical flow.
• Option 3 (RPSQ): This sequence places "a decade sooner than 2050" before specifying the population peak, making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 4 (PRSQ): This sequence starts with "a decade sooner than 2050" and does not follow a logical flow, making the sentence fragmented and confusing.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RQPS

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "peace is always the only alternative," which sets up the primary assertion, indicated by R.
• Next, "not only during war and" continues by introducing a conditional statement regarding times of war, indicated by Q.
• Following this, "turbulent times" specifies difficult conditions, indicated by P.
• Finally, "but also during peaceful times" completes the thought by extending the conditional statement to include peaceful periods, represented by S.

Therefore, the correct answer is RQPS.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (RPSQ): This sequence incorrectly places "turbulent times" before "not only during war and," which disrupts the logical flow of the sentence.
• Option 2 (PRSQ): This sequence starts with "turbulent times," leaving the primary assertion unclear and making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 4 (SPQR): This sequence incorrectly starts with "but also during peaceful times," which makes the sentence fragmented and confusing without proper context.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. RQSP

Key Points

• The sentence logically begins with "'population bomb' related narratives mobilised," which introduces the main subject and action, indicated by R.
• Next, "many policies and behaviours" specifies what was mobilised by the narratives, indicated by Q.
• Following this, "that shaped the lives of" explains the impact of these policies and behaviours, represented by S.
• Finally, "generations of Indian women" completes the thought by specifying who was impacted, indicated by P.

Therefore, the correct answer is RQSP.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (PSQR): This sequence incorrectly starts with "generations of Indian women," making the sentence less coherent without proper context.
• Option 3 (RPSQ): This sequence places "many policies and behaviours" at the end, disrupting the logical flow of the sentence.
• Option 4 (PQRS): This sequence starts with "generations of Indian women" and does not follow a logical flow, making the sentence fragmented and confusing.

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. 'RSPQ'. 

Key Points

• The correct sequence of the sentences is:
• S1: The Attorney-General of India is appointed by the President of India.
• R: Any person qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court can be appointed for the post.
• S: The duty of the Attorney-General is to give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred to him or assigned to him by the President, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under the Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
• P: In the performance of his duties, the Attorney-General shall have the right of audience in all courts in the territory of India.
• Q: The Attorney-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
• S6: He shall receive such remuneration as the President may determine.

Therefore, the correct sequence is: 'RSPQ'.

The correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is Option 2) 'SPRQ'

Key Points

• The sequence S, P, R, and Q ensures the text flows logically, discussing shareholding first, then purpose, followed by initial contribution, and ending with equal shareholding.
• Sentence S directly connects with S1 by discussing India's and other members' equal shareholding.
• The concluding S6 about India being the largest borrower fits well after mentioning the purpose and initial contributions.
• The order SPRQ connects the ideas logically about shareholding, purpose, contributions, and individual shares.

Therefore, the correct answer is: SPRQ.

Additional Information

• **Option 1) PQSR:**Misplacement of Q and S disrupts logical flow. Doesn't clearly connect with S1 or lead smoothly into S6.
• Option 3) QSRP: Begins with shareholding without context. Doesn't establish a clear logical sequence.
• Option 4) RSQP: Starts with financial contribution, skipping over mention of shareholding which is critical in linking to S1. Disrupts flow from purpose to shareholding.

The correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Key Points

• The sentence starting with "It has come after 34 years" (Q) logically follows the introduction sentence S1, providing a timeline context.
• The information sequence should first cover the timeline and then move to the aims and objectives of the policy.
• After establishing the timeline (Q), the sentence (S) which talks about the aim to transform India logically follows.
• The sentences should then go into specifics, with P providing objectives related to access, equity, quality, affordability, and accountability.
• Finally, R elaborates on the specific focuses like unique capabilities, ethical values, critical thinking, and rootedness in India.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSPR.

Additional Information

• Option 1: PRSQ
• This option starts with objectives (P), which should logically follow the introduction of the policy.
• Misplaces the timeline context (Q) which should come immediately after S1.
• Option 3: RQSP
• Begins with an emphasis on unique capabilities (R), which is too specific to follow directly from S1.
• Misplaces the general aim and access-related objectives.
• Option 4: SQRP
• Starts with a general aim (S) after S1, but then places the timeline context (Q) incorrectly after discussing aims and objectives.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "better" modifies the verb "sings" by explaining how the action was performed, which is a characteristic of an adverb.
• Adverbs often answer the questions how, when, where, and to what extent. In this case, "better" is answering "how" the action was performed.
• The word "better" is an irregular form of the adverb "well".
• Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, further specifying or qualifying the action or characteristic they are describing.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. In the given sentence, there is no word being used to directly modify a noun in this manner.
• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. In the sentence, "settings" is an example of a noun. "Better," however, is not a noun.
• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "sings" is the verb, indicating the action being taken. "Better" serves to modify how the action is performed, not to act as an action itself.

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Noun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "dailies" refers to daily newspapers, which is a type of noun.
• Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. In this case, "dailies" is a thing (newspapers).
• The word "dailies" is a plural form of "daily," which is used as a noun to mean newspapers that are published every day.
• Nouns can be subjects or objects in a sentence. Here, "dailies" is the object of the preposition "in."

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. "Dailies" is not used to describe another noun here.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, often answering how, when, where, or to what extent. "Dailies" does not modify any verb, adjective, or adverb here.
• Determiner: A determiner is a word that introduces a noun and identifies it in detail, such as "the," "a," "an," "this," "those," etc. "Dailies" is not a determiner in this context.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e 'Gerund'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "Smoking" is used as a noun in this sentence, which is a characteristic of a gerund.
• Gerunds are verb forms that function as nouns, often ending in -ing.
• The word "smoking" names the activity and serves as the subject of the sentence.
• Gerunds can act as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 3.

Additional Information

• Participle: A participle is a verb form used as an adjective. In the given sentence, "smoking" is not used to describe a noun.
• Infinitive: An infinitive is the base form of a verb, often preceded by "to". "Smoking" is not in this form.
• Verb: A verb expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "is" is the verb, not "smoking".

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Pronoun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "one" serves as a pronoun in the sentence, standing in place of a previously mentioned noun.
• Pronouns are used to avoid repeating the same nouns over and over again. In this sentence, "one" is used to refer to a specific item or choice without naming it again.
• The word "one" helps in making the sentence concise and avoids redundancy.
• Pronouns can take the place of nouns to help with sentence variety and clarity.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "made" is the verb, indicating the action being taken.
• Number: A number indicates quantity or order. "One" can sometimes be a number, but in this context, it is used as a pronoun.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. In this case, "one" does not function as an adverb.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e 'Determiner'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "some" is used to modify the noun "water" by indicating an unspecified quantity, which is a characteristic of a determiner.
• Determiners often answer the questions how many or which one. In this case, "some" is answering "how much" water is in the bottle.
• The word "some" is commonly used as a determiner to indicate an indefinite quantity.
• Determiners can modify nouns to specify a quantity or to clarify which particular item is being referred to.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 3.

Additional Information

• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In the given sentence, "some" is not modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb.
• Conjunction: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. In the sentence, "some" is not performing this function.
• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "some" is not indicating an action, occurrence, or state of being.

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Interjection'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "Hurray!" is an exclamation of joy or triumph, which classifies it as an interjection.
• Interjections are words or phrases that express strong emotion or sudden bursts of feeling and are often followed by an exclamation mark.
• Unlike conjunctions, adjectives, and interrogatives, interjections stand alone and are not grammatically related to other parts of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Conjunction: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. "Hurray!" is not functioning as a conjunction in this sentence.
• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. "Hurray!" is not modifying any noun but expressing a feeling.
• Interrogative: An interrogative word is used to ask questions (e.g., who, what, when). "Hurray!" is not used to ask a question.

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Participle'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "having" is derived from the verb "have" and is used here in its participle form to indicate a completed action.
• A participle often functions as an adjective, but it can also be part of a participle phrase that provides more information about the subject of the sentence.
• In this sentence, "having finished her work" is a participle phrase that describes the condition under which Sharmila left home.
• Participles can be either present (ending in -ing) or past (usually ending in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Auxiliary verb: An auxiliary verb is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice. "Having" here is not used as an auxiliary verb.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, explaining how, when, where, or to what extent. "Having" does not perform this function in the sentence.
• Conjunction: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. "Having" is not used as a conjunction in this context.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "around" modifies the verb "moves" by explaining how the action was performed, which is a characteristic of an adverb.
• Adverbs often answer the questions how, when, where, and to what extent. In this case, "around" is answering "where" the teacher moves.
• The word "around" is commonly used as an adverb to indicate location or direction.
• Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, further specifying or qualifying the action or characteristic they are describing.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. In the given sentence, there is no word being used to directly modify a noun in this manner.
• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. In the sentence, "teacher" and "class" are examples of nouns. "Around," however, is not a noun.
• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "moves" is the verb, indicating the action being taken. "Around" serves to modify how or where the action is performed, not to act as an action itself.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e 'Adjective'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "cantankerous" describes the noun "men" by explaining a characteristic of the men, which is a function of an adjective.
• Adjectives often answer questions like which one, what kind, and how many. In this case, "cantankerous" is answering "what kind" of men they are.
• The word "cantankerous" is used to describe a quality or characteristic, which is a common role of adjectives.
• Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns, further specifying or qualifying the noun they are describing.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 4.

Additional Information

• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. In the sentence, "roar" is the verb, indicating the action being taken. "Cantankerous" serves to modify the noun, not to act as an action itself.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, often explaining how, when, where, or to what extent. "Cantankerous" does not modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb in this sentence.
• Determiner: A determiner introduces a noun and specifies it in terms of definiteness, quantity, or possession. "Cantankerous" does not serve this function in the sentence.

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Noun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "fountainhead" is a noun because it refers to a person, place, thing, or idea.
• Nouns are often used as the subject or object in a sentence, and in this case, "fountainhead" serves as a metaphorical noun representing the origin or source of democracy.
• The word "fountainhead" does not describe a verb, adjective, or another adverb, which rules out the possibility of it being an adverb or adjective.
• Nouns can be identified by their ability to be preceded by articles (a, an, the) or determiners (this, that, these, those), and in this sentence, "the fountainhead" fits this structure.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. In the given sentence, there is no word being used to directly modify a noun in this manner.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. The underlined word does not perform any of these functions in the sentence.
• Interjection: An interjection is a word used to express an emotion or sentiment. The word "fountainhead" does not serve this purpose in the sentence.

The correct answer is 'Option(3)' i.e. 'we have learnt to bear general and universal physical fear'.

Key Points

• The passage begins by stating, "Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it."
• This indicates that the primary tragedy is the fact that we have come to endure and live with this pervasive physical fear.
• The author elaborates that this sustained fear overshadows the problems of the human heart, which should be a writer's focus, implying this endurance of fear is tragic.

Therefore, the correct answer is - we have learnt to bear general and universal physical fear.

Additional Information

• We are unable to bear pain (Option 1): This is not supported by the passage, which speaks about our ability to bear fear, not an inability to bear pain.
• We have forgotten the problems of the human heart (Option 2): While this is a concern of the author, it stems from the larger tragedy of enduring fear.
• The fear of the spirit (Option 4): This option is not mentioned in the context provided by the passage.

The correct answer is 'Option(2)' i.e. 'The problems of a heart in conflict with itself'.

Key Points

• The passage explains that due to the prevailing physical fear, writers have forgotten "the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing."
• The author emphasizes the importance of writing about "the old verities and truths of the heart" such as love, honor, pity, pride, compassion, and sacrifice.

Therefore, the correct answer is - The problems of a heart in conflict with itself.

Additional Information

• The lessons of life (Option 1): While related, the passage specifically mentions "the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself" as what needs to be relearned.
• To be afraid (Option 3): This is contrary to the passage; the author criticizes the state of being afraid and wants writers to forget this fear.
• To be fearless (Option 4): While the author does suggest that writers should not be afraid, this option does not capture the specific aspect of needing to relearn the problems of the heart.

The correct answer is 'Option(3)' i.e. 'universal truths'.

Key Points

• The author states that good writing must focus on "the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths" such as love, honor, pity, pride, compassion, and sacrifice.
• These universal truths are essential to ensure that any story is not ephemeral and doomed.

Therefore, the correct answer is - universal truths.

Additional Information

• Stories of love and lust (Option 1): The passage criticizes writing that focuses on lust over love, favoring deeper universal truths.
• Stories of victories (Option 2): The author dismisses victories without hope or compassion and instead emphasizes issues of the heart.
• Ephemeral facts (Option 4): The passage asserts that without universal truths, a story is ephemeral and doomed, making this the opposite of what the author advocates.

The correct answer is 'Option(4)' i.e. 'of his spirit, born of his soul'.

Key Points

• The author states, "I believe man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice."
• This indicates that the author believes the true reason man will prevail is due to his spirit and soul, which possess qualities like compassion and sacrifice.

Therefore, the correct answer is - of his spirit, born of his soul.

Additional Information

• Of his inexhaustible voice (Option 1): The author explicitly states that this is not the reason for man's immortality.
• Of his endurance (Option 2): While endurance is mentioned, the author focuses on the qualities of man's spirit and soul as the reason for his immortality.
• Of his mortal life (Option 3): This is contrary to the idea presented by the author, who speaks about man's immortality and spiritual qualities.

The correct answer is 'Option(3)' i.e. 'tiny'.

Key Points

• The word "puny" is used in the context of describing man's voice: "that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking."
• "Puny" generally means small or weak. In this context, it refers to the voice being small or seemingly insignificant but persistent.

Therefore, the correct answer is - tiny.

Additional Information

• Brave (Option 1): This does not fit the context or common meaning of "puny."
• Daring (Option 2): This is not synonymous with "puny."
• Doomed (Option 4): This also does not convey the meaning of "puny."

The correct answer is "Option 1" i.e. "they do not understand the multidimensional character of change."

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes that people experience ambivalence about the meanings, form, and consequences of educational change, implying a lack of understanding.
• It states that change often is not conceived of as being multidimensional, which directly points to the core issue being the multidimensional character.
• The author mentions that ignorance of the separate dimensions of change explains phenomena in the field of educational changes.
• The multidimensional character of change includes elements such as goals, skills, philosophy, or beliefs, which are not typically clear to the individuals involved.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "they see the certainty in the change" – This is incorrect because the passage suggests uncertainty and ambivalence about change, not certainty.
• Option 3: "they are ambiguous in their decision" – This is not a direct reason provided in the passage. The passage focuses on a fundamental misunderstanding rather than just decision-making ambiguity.
• Option 4: "it takes time and hard work" – While true, the passage does not specify that time and effort are the primary reasons for misunderstanding change, but rather the multidimensional nature is the core issue.

The correct answer is "Option 2" i.e. "there is clarity regarding its aspects."

Key Points

• The passage suggests that people experience ambivalence about educational changes because the different aspects of these changes are experienced in a diffuse, incoherent manner.
• It specifically mentions that the meaning of an educational change can be clarified by identifying and describing its separate dimensions.
• The author indicates that ignorance of these dimensions explains why some people accept innovations they do not understand.
• The emphasis on the need for clarity regarding various dimensions of change implies that such clarity would lead to better acceptance and understanding.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "they find meaning of the innovation in their use" – This option focuses on practical application but does not address the need for a clear understanding of the innovation's aspects, as mentioned in the passage.
• Option 3: "they themselves learn to innovate in their contexts" – Although learning to innovate is valuable, the passage emphasizes understanding the multidimensionality of changes rather than the action of innovating.
• Option 4: "they work with their immediate and distant colleagues" – Collaboration is important, but the passage stresses the need for clarity regarding the aspects of innovation over the act of working with others.

The correct answer is "Option 2" i.e**. "Objective reality may be influenced by subjective thinking and considerations."**

Key Points

• The passage states that objective reality is often defined by individuals and groups.
• It points out the danger that the so-called objective reality might only reflect the subjective conceptions of the producers of change.
• The author warns that what is perceived as objective might just be a glorified version of subjective ideas.
• The author suggests a method to address this issue by asking double questions, indicating the need to scrutinize the sources and influences behind the perceived objective reality.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2."

Additional Information

• **Option 1: "**Objective reality is a collective reality which may have many problems" – This option does not accurately capture the specific caution about subjective influence that the author emphasizes.
• Option 3: "Objective reality is the collective influence of all people" – While reality is affected by groups and interactions, the caution is particularly about subjective biases, not just the collective influence of people.
• Option 4: "Objective considerations are part of the subjective reality and thus they are interrelated" – This option is misleading as it suggests an interrelation rather than the specific caution about the risk of subjective biases compromising objective reality.

The correct answer is "Option 3" i.e. "Components and dimensions."

Key Points

• The word 'whole' suggests something that is complete and undivided.
• "Components" refers to individual parts that make up a larger whole, thus directly opposing the idea of something that is wholly integrated.
• "Dimensions" also refers to distinct aspects or elements of a larger whole, implying separation rather than a complete entity.
• Both these terms are used in the passage to describe separate parts of educational changes that need to be understood.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3."

Additional Information

• **Option 1: "**Version and ramifications" – These words do not directly imply parts of a whole.
• Option 2: "Phenomena and programmes" – These refer to occurrences and plans, respectively, not specifically parts of a whole.
• Option 4: "Conceptions and programmes" – These refer to ideas and plans, not parts of a whole.

The correct answer is "Option 4" i.e. "Change has to be conceptualised collectively in its many dimensions, and dealt with objectively."

Key Points

• The author emphasizes that educational change is often not understood because it is experienced subjectively in a diffuse manner.
• To better understand and implement change, it is necessary to identify and describe its separate dimensions, making the change process more coherent.
• The author highlights the importance of considering the objective reality of change and acknowledges the danger that this objective reality might just reflect the subjective views of its producers.
• The practice of posing double questions is suggested to ensure that the objective nature of change is scrutinized for any subjective biases.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Change is subjective and warrants objectivity from conceptualisation to implementation" – While this captures the need for objectivity, it does not encompass the author's emphasis on the multidimensional nature of change.
• Option 2: "Subjectivity cannot be ruled out by describing the main dimensions of change" – This option highlights the persistence of subjectivity but ignores the author's focus on clarifying dimensions for better understanding.
• Option 3: "It is difficult to conceptualise the change which satisfies all sections with understanding" – This is a broader statement that does not specifically address the author's detailed points about the multidimensional aspects and the necessity for objective reality.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. at night.

Key Points

• The preposition "at" is used to indicate a specific point in time, which fits the context of the sentence.
• "At night" is a common phrase used to describe activities or events occurring during the nighttime.
• The preposition "in" is typically used for larger periods of time (e.g., in the morning, in the afternoon), not for specific points like night.
• The prepositions "on" and "into" do not fit the context of time in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is at night.

Additional Information

• Option 1: "in" - This preposition is used for larger periods of time, such as "in the morning" or "in the afternoon," and is not suitable for "night."
• Option 3: "on" - This preposition is used for days and dates, such as "on Monday" or "on the 5^th of July," and is not suitable for "night."
• Option 4: "into" - This preposition is generally used to indicate movement or direction, such as "into the room," and does not fit the context of time.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. in.

Key Points

• In English, the preposition 'in' is commonly used with parts of the day, such as 'in the morning', 'in the afternoon', and 'in the evening'.
• The preposition 'at' is typically used with specific times, such as 'at 7 AM' or 'at noon'.
• The preposition 'on' is generally used with days and dates, such as 'on Monday' or 'on July 4^th'.
• The other options 'along' and the absence of a preposition do not fit the context of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 4.

Additional Information

• at: This preposition is used for specific points in time, like 'at 7 AM'.
• on: This preposition is used with days and dates, such as 'on Monday' or 'on July 4^th'.
• along: This preposition is used to indicate movement in a line parallel to a reference point, like 'along the river'.
• The absence of a preposition would make the sentence grammatically incorrect and incomplete.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. on.

Key Points

• The preposition "on" is used to indicate that something is in a position above something else and touching it.
• In the context of the sentence, "on" is the most appropriate preposition as it indicates that the mark is physically located on the surface of the wall.
• The preposition "on" is commonly used to describe the placement of objects on surfaces, such as walls, tables, and floors.
• Other prepositions like "by," "into," and "from" do not accurately describe the relationship between the mark and the wall in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is: on

Additional Information

• By: Indicates proximity or location next to something but not necessarily touching it. Example: "The chair is by the table."
• Into: Indicates movement from outside to a point inside something. Example: "She walked into the room."
• From: Indicates the point of origin or starting point of something. Example: "He came from the city."

The correct answer is '2' i.e. by.

Key Points

• When discussing modes of transportation, "by" is commonly used to indicate the means of travel.
• The phrase "by bus" is a standard expression in English to describe using a bus as the mode of transportation.
• "On bus" is not idiomatic in English; it would be correct to say "on a bus" if referring to being physically on the bus.
• The other options ("at bus" and "with bus") are grammatically incorrect and do not convey the intended meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is by.

Additional Information

• On: This preposition is used for surfaces or positions. Example: "The book is on the table." It is not suitable for modes of transportation in this context.
• At: This preposition is used to indicate a specific location or point. Example: "She is at the bus stop." It is not suitable for indicating the means of transportation.
• With: This preposition is used to indicate accompaniment or possession. Example: "She went with her friend." It is not suitable for indicating the means of transportation.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'' i.e. 'to'.

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we are looking for a preposition that correctly fits the context.
• The preposition "to" is used to indicate the direction of an action or the recipient of an action, which fits perfectly in this context.
• The phrase "polite to someone" is a standard expression in English.
• Other prepositions such as "about," "by," and "of" do not fit grammatically or contextually in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'to'.

Additional Information

• About: This preposition is used to indicate the subject of a conversation or a topic, which does not fit in this context.

Example: We talked about the weather.

• By: This preposition is used to indicate the agent performing an action, usually in a passive sentence. It does not fit here.

Example: The book was written by the author.

• Of: This preposition is used to indicate belonging or a connection between two entities. It does not fit in this context.

Example: The color of the sky is blue.

The correct answer is 'Option 4'' i.e. with you.

Key Points

• The phrase "fed up" is commonly used with the preposition "with".
• "Fed up with" means being annoyed or tired of something or someone.
• Other prepositions do not convey the correct meaning in this context.
• Correct usage: "I'm fed up with you."

Therefore, the correct answer is with.

Additional Information

• By: Typically used to indicate the agent performing the action of the verb. Example: "The book was written by her."
• At: Used to indicate a specific location or time. Example: "I'll meet you at 5 PM."
• Until: Used to indicate a point in time up to which something occurs. Example: "I will wait until you arrive."

The correct answer is 'Option 3'' i.e. about the project.

Key Points

• The preposition "about" is used to indicate the subject of a discussion or conversation.
• In the context of the sentence, "We had a discussion" suggests a conversation regarding a specific topic.
• "About" is the most appropriate preposition to connect the discussion with the topic, which is "the project."
• Other prepositions like "beneath," "with," and "in" do not correctly convey the relationship between the discussion and the project.

Therefore, the correct answer is about.

Correct sentence: We had a discussion about the project.

Additional Information

• "Beneath" is used to indicate a lower position or location, which is not relevant to the context of the discussion.
• "With" is used to indicate association or accompaniment, but it does not correctly convey the subject of the discussion.
• "In" is used to indicate location or inclusion, which does not fit the context of discussing a topic.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'' i.e. of.

Key Points

• The phrase "capable of" is a standard collocation in English.
• It is used to indicate that someone has the ability or capacity to do something.
• Using "of" in this context correctly links the adjective "capable" with the action "winning."
• Other prepositions like "on," "at," or "until" do not fit the context or meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is of.

Additional Information

• Option 1: on - Generally used to indicate a surface or a specific day/date. It does not convey the intended meaning here.
• Option 2: at - Used to indicate a specific location or point in time. It does not fit the context of capability.
• Option 4: until - Used to denote a point in time up to which something continues. It is not appropriate for this context.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. into many languages.

Key Points

• The preposition "into" is used to indicate movement or transformation from one state to another.
• In the context of translation, "into" is the correct preposition to use when describing the change from one language to another.
• Other prepositions like "with," "on," and "along" do not convey the correct meaning in this context.
• The phrase "translated into many languages" is a standard expression in English.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'into'.

Additional Information

• Option 2: with - This preposition is used to indicate association or accompaniment, not transformation. Example: "He traveled with his friends."
• Option 3: on - This preposition is used to indicate position or location. Example: "The book is on the table."
• Option 4: along - This preposition is used to indicate movement in a line or direction. Example: "They walked along the river."

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. 'during'.

Key Points

• The sentence talks about meeting a family at a specific time when the speaker was on holiday.
• The preposition "during" is used to indicate a period or duration of time within which something happens.
• "During" fits correctly in the context as it specifies the time frame of the holiday when the meeting occurred.
• Other prepositions like "while," "into," and "by" do not fit the context as accurately as "during."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'during'.

Additional Information

• While: This preposition is used to indicate something happening at the same time as another event. "While" would imply simultaneous actions, which isn't the case here.
• Into: This preposition generally indicates movement or transformation. It does not fit the context of meeting someone during a holiday.
• By: This preposition is used to indicate the means or the agent performing an action or the proximity to a location or time. It does not appropriately indicate the timeframe of the holiday.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. a.

Key Points

• "Recession" refers to a specific economic event and should therefore include the definite article "the".
• "During recession" does not specify which recession, making the phrase vague.
• The correct phrase should be "During the recession" to provide proper context and clarity.
• Using definite articles with specific events is a common grammatical rule to ensure sentences are clear and correctly structured.

Therefore, the correct answer is- a.

Additional Information

• Option b: "many companies were compelled" is correct because it follows the correct structure and meaning.
• Option c: "to decrease their workforce" is correct because it accurately describes what companies did during the recession using proper verb and noun agreement.
• Option d: "No error" is incorrect because there is an error in part (a).

The correct answer is 'C' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• The phrase "due towards" is incorrect. The correct phrase should be "due to".
• "Due to" is a prepositional phrase that is used to give a reason or cause for something.
• In the given sentence, "due to" should be used to indicate the cause of the politicians parting ways.
• Therefore, the correct sentence should read: "The politicians parted ways due to ideological differences."

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct sentence:

The politicians parted ways due to ideological differences.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (a): "The politicians" - This part is correct as it correctly identifies the subject of the sentence.
• Option 2 (b): "parted ways" - This part is also correct as it correctly describes the action taken by the politicians.
• Option 4 (d): "No error" - This option is incorrect because there is an error in part (c) of the sentence.

The correct answer is 'C' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• In the third part of the given sentence, the verb form 'to described' is incorrect.
• The correct infinitive form should be 'to describe' instead of 'to described'.
• Infinitives are formed with 'to' followed by the base form of the verb.
• Using 'described' after 'to' makes the structure grammatically incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct sentence: The murder was too abominable to describe.

Additional Information

• If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words "not/but, not, or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also, etc." the verb is singular.
• Example: Either Sita or Geeta is to blame for the accident.
• If the subjects are both plurals and are connected by the words "not/but, not, or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also, etc." the verb is plural.
• Example: Not only dogs but also cats are available at the shelter.

The correct answer is 'C' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• In the third part of the given sentence, the plural form of the verb 'have' is incorrect.
• The subject of the sentence is 'Each new word', which is singular.
• When the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular to maintain subject-verb agreement.
• Therefore, the singular form of the verb 'has' should be used in place of the plural form 'have'.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct sentence:

Each new word in this book has a different meaning.

Additional Information

• If the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular to ensure correct subject-verb agreement.
• Option 1 (a) and Option 2 (b) do not contain any grammatical errors.
• Option 4 (d) is incorrect because there is an error in the sentence.
• The correct singular form of the verb 'has' should be used to match the singular subject 'Each new word'.

The correct answer is 'C' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• The verb 'are' is incorrect because it does not agree with the singular subject 'news.'
• 'News' is an uncountable noun and should be treated as singular.
• The correct verb form for singular 'news' is 'is,' not 'are.'
• The sentence should read: "The news regarding the earthquake survivors is very disturbing."

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct sentence: The news regarding the earthquake survivors is very disturbing.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (a): 'The news regarding' is correct. 'News' is a singular noun and 'regarding' is correctly used to indicate the subject matter.
• Option 2 (b): 'The earthquake survivors' is correct. It correctly identifies the group of people affected by the earthquake.
• Option 4 (d): 'No error' is incorrect because there is an error in part (c).

The correct answer is 'A' i.e. the part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• The term "equipments" is incorrect because "equipment" is an uncountable noun and does not have a plural form.
• Uncountable nouns like "equipment" are treated as singular and do not take an "s" at the end.
• The correct form should be "This equipment" or "These pieces of equipment" if you want to emphasize multiple items.
• Using the correct form ensures proper grammatical structure and clarity in the sentence.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Correct sentence: These pieces of equipment must have cost a fortune.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (b): "must have" is correct as it indicates a strong possibility or assumption about the past.
• Option 3 (c): "cost a fortune" is correct as it means something is very expensive.
• Option 4 (d): "No error" is incorrect because there is indeed an error in the sentence, as explained.

The correct answer is 'Option (c)' i.e. 'doesn't he?'

Key Points

• The tag question "doesn't he?" does not match the main clause.
• The tag should be "does he?" because the main clause is negative ("doesn't").
• In English, a negative statement is followed by a positive tag question, and vice versa.
• The correct formula is "Prateek doesn't look well today, does he?"

Therefore, the correct answer is- doesn't he?

Additional Information

• Option 1 - a (Prateek doesn't): This part is correct and sets up a negative statement.
• Option 2 - b (look well today): This part is correctly describing how Prateek appears.

The correct answer is 'B' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• In the second part of the given sentence, the singular form of the verb 'was' is incorrect.
• The structure of the sentence indicates that we are referring to "one of the most eloquent speeches," which implies a comparison among multiple speeches.
• The correct form should be "one of the most eloquent speeches" to ensure grammatical accuracy and clarity.
• Therefore, the correct form should be "one of the most eloquent speeches".

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Correct sentence: It was one of the most eloquent speeches delivered by Swami Vivekananda.

Additional Information

• Option A: "It was one  - This part is correct as it sets the context for a selection among many.
• Option C: "delivered by Swami Vivekananda" - This part is also correct as it provides the detail of who delivered the speech.
• Option D: "No error" - This option is incorrect because there is an error in part B of the sentence.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. a.

Key Points

• The phrase "He suffered" should be in the past continuous tense to indicate an ongoing condition.
• "Suffered" should be changed to "was suffering" to accurately reflect that the fever was ongoing at the time of the interview.
• Present continuous tense better fits the context of the sentence describing a state during a specific past event.
• Changing "suffered" to "was suffering" makes the sentence grammatically correct and contextually appropriate.

Therefore, the correct answer is- a.

Additional Information

• Option b: "When he was interviewed" is correct, describing the specific time at which the suffering occurred.
• Option c: "For the job" is correct, specifying the purpose of the interview.
• Option d: "No error" is incorrect because there is an error in part (a).

The correct answer is 'D' i.e. No error.

Key Points

• The sentence "She forced herself to eat." is grammatically correct.
• There are no errors in subject-verb agreement, tense, or pronoun usage in the sentence.
• The word "forced" is correctly used as a past tense verb.
• The reflexive pronoun "herself" correctly refers back to the subject "She".

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Correct sentence: She forced herself to eat.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (a): "She forced" is correct as it properly uses the past tense verb "forced".
• Option 2 (b): "herself" is correct as it is the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the subject "She".
• Option 3 (c): "to eat" is correct as it properly follows the verb "forced" to indicate the action.
• Option 4 (d): "No error" is the correct choice because the sentence is grammatically accurate.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. thrilling.

Key Points

• The word "exhilarating" means something that makes one feel very happy, animated, or elated. (उत्तेजक)
• Example: The roller coaster ride was an exhilarating experience.
• "Thrilling" refers to something that causes excitement and pleasure; very exciting. (रोमांचक)
• Example: The thrilling movie kept the audience on the edge of their seats.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. thrilling.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Peaceful (शांत): Free from disturbance; tranquil.
• Example: The peaceful garden was a perfect place for meditation.
• Prominent (प्रमुख): Important; famous.
• Example: She is a prominent figure in the fashion industry.
• Eager (उत्सुक): Wanting to do or have something very much.
• Example: The students were eager to learn about the new project.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. beheaded.

Key Points

• The word "decapitated" means to cut off the head of a person or animal. (सिर काट देना)
• Example: In ancient times, criminals were often decapitated as a form of capital punishment.
• "Beheaded" refers to the act of cutting off the head, especially as a form of execution. (सिर काट देना)
• Example: The traitor was beheaded at dawn for his crimes.
• Hence, the word "beheaded" is nearest in meaning to "decapitated".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. beheaded.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Dismissed (बर्खास्त किया): To send away or allow to leave; to remove from employment or office.
• Example: The employee was dismissed for misconduct.
• Kidnapped (अपहरण किया): To take someone away illegally by force, typically to obtain a ransom.
• Example: The child was kidnapped from the playground.
• Discharged (रिहा किया): To release from confinement, custody, or care.
• Example: The patient was discharged from the hospital after a week.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. dark and dirty.

Key Points

• The word "dingy" means something that is dark, dull, and dirty. (अंधेरा और गंदा)
• Example: The basement was dingy and filled with cobwebs.
• "Dark and dirty" refers to something that lacks light and is unclean. (अंधेरा और गंदा)
• Example: The alley was dark and dirty, making it look unsafe.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. dark and dirty.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Hazy (धुंधला): Something that is not clear, often due to mist or fog.
• Example: The view from the hilltop was hazy due to the morning fog.
• Pale (फीका): Lacking strong color; light in color.
• Example: Her face turned pale when she heard the bad news.
• Cloudy (बादलों से घिरा): Covered with clouds; not clear.
• Example: The sky was cloudy, indicating that it might rain soon.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. meticulous.

Key Points

• The word "fastidious" means very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail. (अत्यधिक सावधान)
• Example: She dressed with fastidious care, ensuring every detail of her outfit was perfect.
• "Meticulous" refers to showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise. (सूक्ष्म)
• Example: He was meticulous in recording every detail of the experiment.
• Hence, we can infer that "fastidious" is nearest in meaning to "meticulous".

Therefore, the correct answer is: meticulous.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Inattentive (असावधान): Not paying attention to something.
• Example: The teacher scolded the inattentive student for not listening to the lesson.
• Boring (उबाऊ): Not interesting; tedious.
• Example: The lecture was so boring that several students fell asleep.
• Uninteresting (अरोचक): Not arousing interest.
• Example: The book was uninteresting, and I couldn't get past the first chapter.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. crippling.

Key Points

• The word "debilitating" means causing serious impairment of strength or ability to function. (कमजोर करने वाला)
• Example: The patient was suffering from a debilitating condition that left her bedridden for months.
• "Crippling" refers to something that causes severe damage or impairment, making it difficult to function normally. (अपंग करने वाला)
• Example: The accident had a crippling effect on his ability to walk.
• Hence, we can infer that the word 'crippling' is nearest in meaning to 'debilitating'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. crippling.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Sad (दुखी): Feeling or showing sorrow; unhappy.
• Example: She felt sad after hearing the bad news.
• Strange (अजीब): Unusual or surprising; difficult to understand or explain.
• Example: It was strange to see him behaving so differently.
• Critical (गंभीर): Expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments.
• Example: The report was critical of the government's policies.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. 'expands the first'.

Key Points

• S1: "Civics classes focus on citizenship and governance." This sentence states what civics classes focus on.
• S2: "The subject develops concepts that enable the reader to apply knowledge about government and the state to the idea of participative citizenship." This sentence provides additional information about the benefits and applications of studying civics.
• The second sentence (S2) expands on the first sentence (S1) by explaining that the study of citizenship and governance in civics leads to the development of concepts useful for applying knowledge about government and the state to participative citizenship. It adds more detail and depth to the initial statement.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'expands the first'.

Additional Information

• Option 2. contrasts with the first: This would imply that the second sentence presents an opposing idea, which is not the case here.
• Option 3. proposes a solution: This would suggest that the second sentence offers a remedy or answer to a problem, which it does not.
• Option 4. states an effect: This would indicate the second sentence shows a result or consequence of the first, but here it is primarily expanding on the initial idea rather than presenting a direct effect.

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. 'offers a contrast to the first'.

Key Points

• S1: "China has made rapid economic strides but at the cost of democracy." This sentence states that China's economic growth came at the expense of democratic principles.
• S2: "India has followed a path towards rapid economic growth, but by abiding by the norms of a democratic polity." This sentence highlights that India achieved economic growth while adhering to democratic norms.
• The second sentence (S2) offers a contrast to the first sentence (S1) by showing that while China sacrificed democracy for economic growth, India managed to achieve economic growth while maintaining democratic principles. It presents a different approach to achieving a similar goal.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'offers a contrast to the first'.

Additional Information

• Option 1. negates the first: This would imply that the second sentence denies or contradicts the first, which is not the case here.
• Option 2. explains what is stated in the first: This would suggest that the second sentence clarifies or elaborates on the first, which it does not.
• Option 4. confirms the first: This would indicate that the second sentence supports or reaffirms the first, but here it presents a contrasting idea instead.

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. 'establishes the first'.