CDS English 01 Sept 2024 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. clear.

Key Points

• The word "equivocal" means something that is open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous or uncertain. (अस्पष्ट)
• Example: The politician's answers remained equivocal, leaving the audience confused about his true stance.
• "Clear" refers to something that is easy to perceive, understand, or interpret; unambiguous. (स्पष्ट)
• Example: Her instructions were clear, so everyone knew exactly what to do.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'equivocal' is 'clear'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. clear.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Obscure (अस्पष्ट): Not discovered or known about; uncertain.
• Example: The details of the agreement remain obscure to the public.
• Ambiguous (अस्पष्ट): Open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.
• Example: The phrase was ambiguous and could be understood in different ways.
• Vague (अस्पष्ट): Not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided.
• Example: His vague answers made it difficult to understand his real intentions.

The correct answer is: Obedient.

Key Points

• The word "mutinous" means refusing to obey the orders of a person in authority; rebellious. (विद्रोही)
• Example: The sailors became mutinous and refused to follow the captain's orders.
• "Obedient" refers to someone who is willing to comply with orders or requests; submissive to another's will. (आज्ञाकारी)
• Example: The obedient dog quickly followed its owner's commands.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'mutinous' is 'obedient'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Obedient.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Unruly (अनियंत्रित): Disorderly and disruptive and not amenable to discipline or control.
• Example: The unruly crowd was difficult for the police to manage.
• Contumacious (ढीठ): Stubbornly or willfully disobedient to authority.
• Example: The contumacious defendant refused to accept the court's authority.
• Seditious (राजद्रोही): Inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.
• Example: The leader was arrested for making seditious speeches against the government.

The correct answer is: Amiable.

Key Points

• The word "belligerent" means hostile and aggressive. (युद्धकारी, आक्रामक)
• Example: His belligerent attitude made it difficult to resolve the conflict peacefully.
• "Amiable" refers to having or displaying a friendly and pleasant manner. (मिलनसार)
• Example: She is known for her amiable nature and always makes everyone feel welcome.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'belligerent' is 'amiable'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Amiable.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Bellicose (युद्धप्रिय): Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.
• Example: The bellicose statements from the politicians did not help ease the tension.
• Antagonistic (विरोधी): Showing or feeling active opposition or hostility toward someone or something.
• Example: His antagonistic behavior towards his colleagues created a hostile work environment.
• Combative (लड़ाकू): Ready or eager to fight or argue.
• Example: The combative stance he took during the debate surprised everyone.

The correct answer is: Reticent.

Key Points

• The word "effusive" means expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner. (उत्साही)
• Example: She was effusive in her thanks to everyone who supported her during the difficult time.
• "Reticent" refers to being reserved or not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily. (मितभाषी)
• Example: He was reticent about his personal life, preferring to keep his thoughts to himself.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'effusive' is 'reticent'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Reticent.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Exuberant (उत्साही): Filled with or characterized by a lively energy and excitement.
• Example: The children were exuberant as they ran through the park.
• Profuse (अत्यधिक): Abundant; in great amount.
• Example: She offered profuse apologies for her late arrival.
• Voluble (वाचाल): Speaking or spoken incessantly and fluently.
• Example: He was a voluble speaker, captivating the audience with his eloquence.

The correct answer is: virtuous.

Key Points

• The word "iniquitous" means something that is grossly unfair and morally wrong. (अन्यायपूर्ण)
• Example: The dictator's iniquitous actions led to widespread suffering and injustice.
• "Virtuous" refers to having or showing high moral standards. (सदाचारी)
• Example: Mother Teresa was known for her virtuous and selfless nature.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'iniquitous' is 'virtuous'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: virtuous.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Preposterous (अabsurd or ridiculous. (बेतुका)
• Example: The idea that the earth is flat is completely preposterous.
• Execrable (अत्यंत घृणित): Extremely bad or unpleasant.
• Example: The food at the restaurant was execrable, and I would never go back there.
• Revolting (घृणित): Causing intense disgust.
• Example: The smell coming from the garbage dump was absolutely revolting.

The correct answer is 'contributes'.

Key Points

• The word "contributes" means to help in causing or bringing about something. (योगदान देना)
• Working in dim light can negatively impact eye health, potentially leading to issues such as glaucoma.
• The other options: "precipitates," "eradicates," and "eliminates" do not fit the context as appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Complete Sentence: Working in dim light contributes to eye issues such as glaucoma.

Additional Information

• Precipitates (त्वरित करना): means to cause an event or situation to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely.
• Eradicates (समूल नष्ट करना): means to destroy completely; put an end to.
• Eliminates (समाप्त करना): means to completely remove or get rid of something.

The correct answer is 'opulent'.

Key Points

• The word "opulent" means ostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish. (धनी)
• He owns several sports cars, which indicates a very luxurious lifestyle.
• The other options: "occult," "ocular," and "obscure" do not fit the context as appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Complete Sentence: He owns several sports cars and has an opulent lifestyle.

Additional Information

• Occult (गुप्त): means supernatural, mystical, or magical beliefs, practices, or phenomena.
• Ocular (नेत्र संबंधी): means related to the eye or vision.
• Obscure (अस्पष्ट): means not discovered or known about; uncertain.

The correct answer is 'which'.

Key Points

• The word "which" is used to introduce non-restrictive relative clauses. (जो)
• In this sentence, "which" is used to provide additional information about the medicines.
• The other options: "what," "when," and "who" do not fit the context as appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Sentence: Those medicines, which are used to treat kidney infection, have been withdrawn from the market.

Additional Information

• What (क्या): used to ask for information about something.
• When (कब): used to ask about time.
• Who (कौन): used to ask about a person.

The correct answer is 'Excessive'.

Key Points

• The word "excessive" is an adjective that means more than is necessary, normal, or desirable.
• In this context, it describes the intake of sugar that is more than the healthy amount.
• The other options: "Access," "Excess of," and "Excessively" do not fit the context as appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Sentence: Excessive intake of sugar can cause health problems.

Additional Information

• Access: means the ability to approach or enter a place.
• Excess of: is a noun phrase that indicates an amount of something that is more than necessary.
• Excessively: is an adverb that means to a greater degree than is necessary, normal, or desirable.

The correct answer is 'excruciating'.

Key Points

• The word "excruciating" means intensely painful.
• It accurately describes the extreme pain caused by a leg injury.
• The other options: "hurting," "consuming," and "protracting" do not convey the same intensity of pain.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Sentence: She suffered excruciating pain because of the leg injury.

Additional Information

• Hurting: means causing pain or injury.
• Consuming: means completely filling one’s mind and attention.
• Protracting: means lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual.

The correct answer is 'are'.

Key Points

• The verb "are" is the correct form of the verb "to be" in the context of the sentence.
• The subject of the sentence, "The country's politics," refers to political activities and power dynamics, which is treated as a plural noun phrase, requiring the plural verb "are."
• Options 2, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "The country's politics are complex, with more than ten parties competing for power."

Additional Information

• Option 3: "is" is incorrect because "politics" in this context refers to activities and dynamics, which takes a plural verb.
• Option 2: "am" is incorrect because "am" is used with the first person singular, not third person singular.
• Option 4: "were" is incorrect because "were" is the past tense form of "are," which is not appropriate in this context.

The correct answer is 'must have'.

Key Points

• The phrase "must have" is used to indicate a requirement or necessity.
• The job advertisement is stating a requirement that the applicant must have three years' experience.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Complete Sentence: "The job advertisement stipulates that the applicant must have three years' experience."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "have" is incorrect because it does not clearly indicate necessity.
• Option 2: "had" is incorrect because it is past tense and does not fit the requirement context.
• Option 3: "shall have" is incorrect because it is not commonly used in job advertisements to indicate requirements.

The correct answer is 'is expected'.

Key Points

• The verb phrase "is expected" is in the passive voice and is appropriate for reporting news.
• The sentence describes a situation that is anticipated, so the present passive construction "is expected" is required.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Complete Sentence: "Newspapers have reported heavy flooding in the coastal areas. The damage is expected to be extensive."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "expected" is incorrect because it lacks a helping verb.
• Option 2: "is expecting" is incorrect; the sentence requires a passive construction.
• Option 3: "has been expected" is incorrect as it does not fit the context of the sentence.

The correct answer is 'four of whom'.

Key Points

• The phrase "four of whom" correctly refers to the men mentioned in the sentence.
• The sentence structure is correct when using "whom" to refer back to a previously mentioned group.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "The local bank was robbed by a group of men, four of whom were armed."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "four of these" is incorrect because "these" is not the proper pronoun in this context.
• Option 3: "four of those" is incorrect as it does not correctly refer back to the men.
• Option 4: "four whom" is incorrect due to missing the preposition "of."

The correct answer is 'underwent'.

Key Points

• The verb "underwent" is the past tense form of the verb "undergo."
• The sentence describes a series of actions that occurred over a period in the past ("in the past two decades"), so the past tense "underwent" is required.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "The country underwent several economic changes in the past two decades."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "had undergone" is incorrect because it implies a completed action before another past event, which is not indicated here.
• Option 3: "will be undergoing" is incorrect; it implies a future action, which does not fit the context.
• Option 4: "have been undergoing" is incorrect because it implies an action continuing into the present, which is not indicated here.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• The idiom "A watched pot never boils" means that time seems to pass very slowly when one is waiting for something to happen. (बेचैन प्रतीक्षा समय को लंबा खींच देती है)
• Example: Just relax and stop checking the clock; remember, a watched pot never boils.
• Desperate anticipation makes time drag on refers to the feeling that time moves slower when you are eagerly waiting for something. (बेचैन प्रतीक्षा समय को लंबा खींच देती है)
• Example: When you're waiting for an important call, it feels like desperate anticipation makes time drag on.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Surveillance destroys creativity (निगरानी रचनात्मकता को नष्ट करती है): The idea that being constantly watched can hinder creative processes.
• Example: She felt that surveillance destroys creativity, as she couldn't freely express her ideas under constant watch.
• To experience failure due to over eagerness (अधिक उत्सुकता के कारण विफलता का अनुभव करना): Trying too hard and ending up failing because of it.
• Example: He experienced failure due to over eagerness when he rushed through his project without proper planning.
• To have no chance of achieving something (कुछ हासिल करने का कोई मौका नहीं होना): Being in a situation where success is impossible.
• Example: With no proper training, he had no chance of achieving his goal of winning the marathon.

The correct answer is 'To make an extra effort to secure one's position'.

Key Points

• The idiom "Look to your laurels" means to be careful to maintain one's success, reputation, or position because others may challenge it.
• It suggests staying alert and making continued efforts to protect what one has achieved.
• Therefore, the meaning "To make an extra effort to secure one's position" is the most appropriate.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 do not convey the actual meaning of the idiom.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Example Sentence: "The champion must look to his laurels as many new players are competing strongly."

Additional Information

• Option 2: refers to appearance or suitability, which is unrelated to the idiom.
• Option 3: means physically guarding trophies, which is a literal and incorrect interpretation.
• Option 4: means self-praise, which is not the meaning of the idiom.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• The phrase "play devil's advocate" means to pretend to be against an idea in order to discuss it more carefully. (शैतान का वकील बनना)
• Example: In the meeting, she played devil's advocate to help us see the potential flaws in our plan.
• "To pretend to be against an idea in order to discuss it more carefully" refers to the act of challenging a popular opinion or viewpoint to test its validity. (किसी विचार का विरोध करने का दिखावा करना ताकि उसे अधिक सावधानी से चर्चा किया जा सके)
• Example: He often pretends to be against our proposals just to make us think more deeply about them.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To try to defeat someone by tricking them (किसी को धोखा देकर हराने की कोशिश करना)
• Example: He tried to defeat his opponent by tricking him into making a mistake.
• To perform with a lot of skills (बहुत कौशल के साथ प्रदर्शन करना)
• Example: The pianist performed with a lot of skills, impressing everyone in the audience.
• To delay doing something (कुछ करने में देरी करना)
• Example: He tends to delay doing his homework until the last minute.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. To be in the same unpleasant situation.

Key Points

• The idiom "Be in the same boat" means to be in the same unpleasant situation as someone else. (एक ही स्थिति में होना)
• Example: When the company announced layoffs, all employees realized they were in the same boat.
• Explanation: The correct meaning of the idiom "Be in the same boat" is to be in the same unpleasant situation as someone else. (एक ही स्थिति में होना)
• Example: We are all in the same boat, facing tough times during the pandemic.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2 i.e. To be in the same unpleasant situation.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: To say two things in the same breath (एक ही बार में दो बातें कहना)
• Example: He said he was busy and available at the same time, which is like saying two things in the same breath.
• Option 3: To do something that is dangerous (खतरनाक काम करना)
• Example: Climbing that cliff without proper gear is to do something that is dangerous.
• Option 4: To pretend to be something that you are not (दिखावा करना)
• Example: He pretends to be a doctor, but he is not; he is just pretending to be something that he is not.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• The phrase "Tilt at windmills" means to waste time dealing with enemies and problems that do not exist. (बिना किसी वास्तविक दुश्मन या समस्या से लड़ने में समय बर्बाद करना)
• Example: He is always tilting at windmills, fighting for causes that no one else cares about.
• "Waste time dealing with enemies and problems that do not exist" refers to engaging in futile or imaginary battles. (काल्पनिक दुश्मनों और समस्याओं से निपटने में समय बर्बाद करना)
• Example: Don Quixote, the famous literary character, spent his time tilting at windmills, imagining them to be giants.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To be young and inexperienced (युवा और अनुभवहीन होना): Refers to someone who lacks experience due to their young age.
• Example: At the age of 20, she was too young and inexperienced to handle such responsibilities.
• To celebrate good news (अच्छी खबर का जश्न मनाना): Refers to rejoicing or having a celebration when something positive happens.
• Example: They decided to celebrate good news by throwing a party.
• To blow hot air (बकवास करना): Refers to talking a lot without saying anything meaningful.
• Example: He always blows hot air during meetings, but never contributes anything useful.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. PSQR

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "the essence of human resource development is," which should logically be followed by part (P).
• The next part, "education which plays a significant and" (S) continues the idea by explaining the importance of education.
• Following that, "remedial role in" (Q) fits appropriately to continue explaining the essence of human resource development.
• Ending with, "balancing the socio-economic fabric of the country" (R) completes the sentence by mentioning the ultimate impact of education in human resource development.

Therefore, the correct answer is PSQR.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (PQSR): This option starts with "remedial role in education," leading to confusion as it doesn't follow a complete thought directly.
• Option 3 (RSQP): This option starts with "education which plays," equally making the sentence incomplete and ambiguous.
• Option 4 (RQSP): This option starts with "balancing the socio-economic," which fragments the sentence and distorts its meaning.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. SRQP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "financing for gender equality," which identifies the main topic and is correctly indicated by part (S).
• Following the main topic, "is central to mitigate gender inequalities and" (R) continues the logical sequence, explaining the importance of financing for gender equality.
• The next part, "gender budgeting is a critical strategy" (Q) adds more detail to how financing can help in this context.
• Ending with, "in this endeavour" (P) completes the sentence by referring back to the overall goal of the strategy mentioned.

**Therefore, the correct answer is **SRQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QPRS): This option starts with "gender budgeting is a critical strategy," which does not immediately introduce the main topic and makes the sentence less cohesive.
• Option 2 (QRPS): This option starts with "is central to mitigate gender inequalities," creating a fragment that does not properly introduce the main topic.
• Option 4 (SPRQ): This option starts with "in this endeavour," making the sentence structure awkward and the meaning unclear.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. RQPS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "fruit and vegetables," which introduces the main topic of the sentence and is correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the main topic, "are essential ingredients for a wholesome and" (Q) completes the thought, explaining the importance of fruit and vegetables.
• The next part, "balanced diet and are vital items of" (P) further elaborates on their significance.
• Ending with, "mass consumption" (S) concludes the sentence by highlighting their role in the broader context.

**Therefore, the correct answer is **RQPS.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (RPSQ):** This option places "balanced diet and are vital items of" in a sequence that disrupts the logical flow of the sentence.**
• Option 3 (SRPQ):** This option starts with "mass consumption," which doesn't properly introduce the subject of the sentence.**
• Option 4 (SQRP):** This option disrupts the logical sequence by starting with "are essential ingredients for," making the sentence unclear and confusing.**

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. SPQR

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "India's position is reflected in decisions," which properly introduces the subject of the sentence and is correctly indicated by part (S).
• Following the introduction, "relating to the reduction of greenhouse gases" (P) provides context to the type of decisions being referred to.
• The next part, "and extending financial support to" (Q) continues the idea by explaining another aspect of the decisions India's position reflects.
• Ending with, "developing countries" (R) completes the sentence by specifying who the financial support is intended for.

**Therefore, the correct answer is **SPQR.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (SRPQ):** This option disrupts the logical flow by placing "and extending financial support to" before "relating to the reduction of greenhouse gases," making the sentence less coherent.**
• Option 3 (PRSQ):** This option starts with "relating to the reduction of greenhouse gases," which doesn't properly introduce the main subject of the sentence.**
• Option 4 (RSPQ):** This option begins with "developing countries," which disrupts the logical structure and clarity of the sentence.**

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. RSQP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "once all requisite documents are received from the beneficiaries," introducing the condition required for the next action to take place and is correctly indicated by part (R) followed by (S).
• Following the condition, "all efforts are made to process the" (Q) states the action that will be taken once the condition is met.
• The next part, "disbursement of pension expeditiously" (P) completes the thought by specifying the exact process to be expedited.

Therefore, the correct answer is RSQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QPSR): This option begins with "all efforts are made to process the" which introduces the action before the condition, making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 3 (PRSQ): This option starts with "disbursement of pension expeditiously," disrupting the logical structure by stating the process before introducing the condition and action.
• Option 4 (SPQR): This option begins with "the beneficiaries," which does not introduce the necessary condition first, making the sentence structure awkward.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. QSRP

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "Combating poverty continues to elude humanity because," which introduces the ongoing issue and sets up the reason for it, correctly indicated by part (Q) followed by (S).
• Following the introduction, "understanding poverty is more important" (R) explains the key reason for why poverty continues to elude humanity.
• The next part, "than interpreting it" (P) completes the thought by comparing the importance of understanding poverty over merely interpreting it.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSRP.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (PRSQ): This option begins with "than interpreting it," which doesn’t provide a logical starting point for the sentence.
• Option 3 (SRQP): This option disrupts the logical flow by placing "to elude humanity because" immediately after "combating poverty continues," making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 4 (RSPQ): This option starts with "understanding poverty is more important," which does not effectively introduce the ongoing issue before explaining it, thus breaking the logical structure.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RPSQ

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "The National Education Policy-2020 envisages a restructuring of existing curriculum," which introduces the main subject and action, and is correctly indicated by part (R) followed by (P).
• Following the introduction, "and pedagogy in schools and colleges" (S) specifies where the restructuring will take place.
• The next part, "following the liberal approach" (Q) completes the thought by explaining the approach that will guide the restructuring.

Therefore, the correct answer is RPSQ.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (SRQP): This option disrupts the logical flow by placing "following the liberal approach" before "the National Education Policy-2020 envisages," making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 2 (PQRS): This option starts with "and pedagogy in schools and colleges," which doesn't properly introduce the main subject of the sentence.
• Option 4 (RQSP): This option disrupts the logical structure by separating "a restructuring of existing curriculum" from "following the liberal approach," making the sentence less clear.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. QSRP

Key Points

• The sentence starts with "America's physiography is," introducing the main subject and setting the stage for further explanation, indicated by part (Q).
• Following the subject, "dominated by the Andes Mountains" (S), explains a key feature of America's physiography.
• Then "in the west and" (R) specifies the location of the Andes Mountains.
• The final part, "the Amazon Basin in the central north" (P), completes the picture by highlighting another major feature in a different region.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSRP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (RSPQ): This option disrupts the logical structure by starting with "dominated by the Andes Mountains," which does not properly introduce the subject.
• Option 2 (SPRQ): This option starts with "dominated by the Andes Mountains," which, again, does not introduce the subject adequately.
• Option 4 (PQRS): This option begins with "the Amazon Basin in the central north," which doesn't introduce the main subject and disrupts the logical flow.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. RQPS

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "historically and culturally Indian society," which introduces the main subject and context, correctly indicated by part (R).
• Following the introduction, "has been eclectic" (Q) describes a key characteristic of Indian society.
• Then "encompassing a great many" (P) further elaborates on the scope of this eclectic nature.
• The final part, "differences and contradictions" (S) completes the thought by specifying what is encompassed.

Therefore, the correct answer is RQPS.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (RSQP): This option disrupts the logical flow by placing "differences and contradictions" too early, making the sentence less coherent.
• Option 3 (PQRS): This option starts with "encompassing a great many," which doesn't properly introduce the main subject of the sentence.
• Option 4 (PQSR): This option begins with "encompassing a great many" and places "differences and contradictions" at the end, which disrupts the logical structure.

The correct answer is Option (2)

Key Points

• The sentence begins with "the Siddha system is," which is correctly indicated by part (Q).
• Following the introductory phrase, "considered one of the ancient comprehensive medical systems of India" (QSPR) continues the logical sequence, making clear what the Siddha system is considered to be.
• The next part, "is considered" needs to come after the introductory part to maintain the correct grammatical structure, continuing with the explanation about the Siddha system.
• Ending with "to be a form of age-old experiential wisdom" (SPR) completes the sentence by stating what the Siddha system is considered to be.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSPR.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (RPSQ): This option starts with "systems of India and is considered the Siddha system," which makes the sentence incorrect as it creates logical inconsistencies.
• Option 3 (PSQR): This option starts with "one of the ancient comprehensive medical the Siddha system," which makes the sentence structure awkward and confusing.
• Option 4 (PRSQ): This option starts with "is considered one of the ancient comprehensive medical systems of India to be a form of age-old experiential wisdom," which creates grammatical and logical issues.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. QSRP

Key Points

• Sentence Q mentions the issuance of Positive Indigenization Lists, setting the context.
• Sentence S follows by explaining the intention to ban imports in a staggered manner, linking the lists to indigenous production.
• Sentence R discusses the aim to encourage indigenization and reduce dependence on imports, connecting it logically to the intention mentioned in S.
• Sentence P provides the result of these actions by mentioning the opportunity it gives to the Indian industry, leading to the final outcome described in S6.

Therefore, the correct answer is QSRP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PSRQ): This option incorrectly starts with the result, failing to provide the necessary context first.
• Option 2 (QPRS): This option provides a sequence that jumps from the lists to the potential of the industry, missing the connections in between.
• Option 4 (SRPQ): This option starts with the staggering of bans, followed by opportunities, but lacks the initial context set by the issuance of the lists.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. SQRP

Key Points

• Sentence S talks about incorporating several special provisions in the Constitution, which logically follows the mention of "special dispensation" for underprivileged communities in S1.
• Sentence Q provides a specific example by mentioning the reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, connecting it to the special provisions mentioned in S.
• Sentence R continues by referencing the specific articles of the Constitution, giving detailed information about the provision mentioned in Q.
• Sentence P introduces another community (the Anglo-Indian community), indicating the sensitivity of the Constitution makers to their problems as well, which adds depth to the context started in S1 and leading towards the conclusion in S6.

Therefore, the correct answer is SQRP.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (SPRQ): This option introduces the Anglo-Indian community after the special provisions, which breaks the logical flow of connecting the reservation of seats to the specific articles.
• Option 3 (QPRS): This option places the specific provision before mentioning the general special provisions, which is a reverse order of detailed to general.
• Option 4 (QRSP): This option jumps to the specific articles before setting up the broader context of sensitivity towards the Anglo-Indian community and the overall special provisions.

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. RSQP

Key Points

• Sentence R describes the intention to catalyse startup culture and innovation, which logically follows the introduction of Startup India in S1.
• Sentence S provides a historical context about the launch of Startup India in 2016 and its objectives, giving specific details about the programmes rolled out to support entrepreneurs.
• Sentence Q articulates the vision of transforming India into a country of job creators, connecting the narrative from the initiatives to the broader goal.
• Sentence P explains the management structure of these programmes, tying up the details about implementation and oversight.

Therefore, the correct answer is RSQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQSR): This option starts with the management structure, which is premature as the context about the initiatives and objectives has not been set up yet.
• Option 2 (PSQR): This option incorrectly places the management structure before detailing the vision and intentions of Startup India, disrupting the narrative flow.
• Option 3 (PSRQ): This sequence places the implementation details before explaining the intentions and vision, which affects the coherence of the passage.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. PRSQ

Key Points

• Sentence P mentions that the Livestock Census has been conducted quinquennially by all States/UTs since its inception, which logically follows the historical context of S1.
• Sentence R describes that this five-yearly census provides disaggregated information, following the detail about its periodic nature mentioned in P.
• Sentence S specifies the main objectives of the census, providing further detail on what information the census collects, which logically follows R.
• Sentence Q mentions the 20^th Livestock Census and the involvement of the Animal Husbandry Departments, leading naturally to the concluding idea in S6 about the use of tablet computers for data collection.

Therefore, the correct answer is PRSQ.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (PSQR): This option incorrectly places Q before the objectives and disaggregated information provided by the census, upsetting the logical flow.
• Option 3 (QRSP): This sequence places the recent specific instance of the 20^th census before establishing the general purpose and disaggregated information, which is less logical.
• Option 4 (QSPR): This order incorrectly places Q first, followed by the objectives, before establishing the periodic nature and purpose, disrupting the coherence.

The correct answer is Option (3) i.e. RQSP

Key Points

• Sentence R discusses the realization for a sustainable strategy for poverty alleviation based on productive employment opportunities. This sets the context for the measures needed for rural welfare.
• Sentence Q elaborates on the primary objective of governmental efforts, which is the welfare of the rural population, logically following the sustainable strategy idea mentioned in R.
• Sentence S reinforces that ensuring rural welfare has been a key objective of India's planned development, following the primary objective mentioned in Q.
• Sentence P details the design of policies and programmes aimed at alleviating rural poverty, which fits well after establishing the key objective and ensuring rural welfare described in S.

Therefore, the correct answer is RQSP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PRSQ): This option places the policies and programmes before discussing the overall goal of rural welfare, disrupting the logical sequence.
• Option 2 (QPSR): This sequence places Q as primary objective, then policies, but it fits less logically before discussing strategies for alleviation and stating rural welfare goals.
• Option 4 (SRPQ): This option disrupts the sequence by mentioning rural welfare before the overall primary objective and sustainable strategy, which makes the flow less coherent.

The correct answer is Option (4) i.e. RSPQ

Key Points

• Sentence R highlights the biggest challenge posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, which was the reverse migration of urban migrants/poor.
• Sentence S provides the reason for this migration, which was the temporary shutting down of industries and other sectors.
• Sentence P describes the living conditions of these urban migrants who moved to save housing costs.
• Sentence Q explains their need for decent and affordable rental housing near their workplaces, logically following the description of their current living conditions in P.

Therefore, the correct answer is RSPQ.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): This option incorrectly places the living conditions of migrants before discussing the challenges and reasons for migration, disrupting the logical flow.
• Option 2 (SRQP): This sequence places the reason for migration first, but follows it with the need for housing before discussing the challenge, affecting the coherence.
• Option 3 (QSRP): This order starts with the need for housing, but doesn't build up the context logically from the challenges and reasons for migration.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. QPSR

Key Points

• Sentence Q mentions over 500 newspapers and several news services subscribing to PTI, including many overseas news entities. This provides scale and reach of PTI's network.
• Sentence P talks about PTI's news services in English and Hindi, showing the languages offered to its broad subscriber base mentioned in Q.
• Sentence S specifically names 'Bhasha' as PTI's Hindi language news service, providing further detail on the services mentioned in P.
• Sentence R shifts the focus to PTI's satellite delivery system, setting up for S6 which mentions the growing preference for satellite reception among subscribers.

Therefore, the correct answer is QPSR.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (QRSP): This option incorrectly breaks the flow by discussing the satellite delivery system (R) before naming the Hindi news service (S), making it less logical.
• Option 3 (RPSQ): This sequence starts with PTI's satellite delivery system (R), which disrupts the logical progression from subscribers, services, and then delivery system.
• Option 4 (RQSP): This order also incorrectly prioritizes the satellite delivery system (R) over the subscribers and services, which disrupts the natural flow of information.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. SRQP

Key Points

• Sentence S states that in 1975, the NSD became an autonomous organisation, which provides historical context following its establishment in 1959 mentioned in S1.
• Sentence R elaborates on the objective of NSD, which is to train students in various aspects of theatre, providing the rationale for its establishment.
• Sentence Q mentions the screening process for eligible applicants, which logically fits after discussing the training objectives and the autonomy of the institution.
• Sentence P describes the training duration that students undergo post admission, which follows naturally after discussing the screening process in Q.

Therefore, the correct answer is SRQP.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PQRS): This sequence disrupts the logical order by presenting the training details and screening process before mentioning the historical context and objectives.
• Option 3 (QSRP): Although it starts with the screening process, it does not follow the order of establishing the historical context and objectives first, making it less coherent.
• Option 4 (RSPQ): This sequence correctly mentions the objectives and autonomy, but places the training details before the screening process, affecting the logical flow.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. QPRS

Key Points

• Sentence Q establishes the significance of the Gaganyaan Programme as a pivotal moment in India's space endeavors, which logically follows the introduction of the programme in S1.
• Sentence P describes the creation of a new vertical within ISRO, indicating a structural change that supports the growth mentioned in Q.
• Sentence R explains the role of the new vertical, including the short-term goal of demonstrating human space flight to Low Earth Orbit.
• Sentence S introduces the Human Spaceflight Centre, a specific new ISRO centre formed for Low Earth Orbit flights, supporting the activities described in R.

Therefore, the correct answer is QPRS.

Additional Information

• Option 2 (QSRP): This sequence starts correctly with Q but disrupts the logical progression by placing R after S, which doesn't follow the order of establishing the new vertical and then its role.
• Option 3 (RSPQ): This sequence incorrectly starts with R, breaking the context established in S1 and Q. It also places P and S in the wrong order, affecting the logical sequence.
• Option 4 (SPRQ): This order starts with S, which is specific and detailed, disrupting the broad context and significance provided by Q and P first.

The correct answer is Option (2) i.e. QRPS

Key Points

• Sentence Q follows S1 logically by elaborating on the youth population, describing them as dynamic and vibrant, which sets the context for the importance of youth in India.
• Sentence R explains the objectives of the Department of Youth Affairs, aiming to tap into the potential of the youth for personality development and nation building, building on the information in Q.
• Sentence P follows by detailing the recognition of adolescents as an important segment, which aligns with the aims mentioned in R.
• Sentence S details the supportive role of other Ministries and State Governments, which ties into the broader efforts mentioned in P and leads naturally to the facilitative role mentioned in S6.

Therefore, the correct answer is QRPS.

Additional Information

• Option 1 (PSRQ): This sequence disrupts the logical flow by starting with P, which is too specific before providing the broader context of youth mentioned in Q and R.
• Option 3 (RPQS): This order disrupts the logical order by starting with R, which explains objectives without first introducing the importance of youth as done in Q.
• Option 4 (SPRQ): This sequence begins with S, which concerns the support from other Ministries and State Governments, misplacing the broader context necessary before this detail.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "Consequently" modifies the entire sentence by explaining the result or effect, which is a characteristic of an adverb.
• Adverbs often answer the questions how, when, where, and why. In this case, "Consequently" is explaining "why" the situation poses a threat to agriculture and human health.
• The word "Consequently" ends in -ly, which is a common suffix for adverbs, although not all words that end in -ly are adverbs.
• Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire sentences, further specifying or qualifying the action, characteristic, or the situation they are describing.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. In the given sentence, there is no word being used to directly modify a noun in this manner.
• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. The underlined word is not a noun.
• Verb: A verb is a word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being. The underlined word is not a verb.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adjective'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "only" limits the noun "answer" by indicating that it is the singular, exclusive response, which is a function of an adjective.
• Adjectives typically describe, modify, or limit nouns. In this case, "only" serves to limit the noun "answer".
• Adjectives often provide information about quantity, quality, size, and so on. Here, "only" provides information about the quantity of the answers by implying it as the sole one.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. The underlined word is not a noun.
• Determiner: Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. In this case, "His" is the determiner, specifying whose answer it was.
• Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. "Only" does not replace a noun in this sentence.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Infinitive verb'.

Key Points

• The underlined words "To swim" form an infinitive verb. An infinitive verb is the base form of a verb preceded by the word "to." In this case, "to swim" is the infinitive form of the verb "swim."
• Infinitives function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence. Here, "to swim" functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.
• Infinitive verbs often answer the question "what" or "why" and can describe an action, intention, or state in a general sense.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Participle: A participle is a form of a verb used as an adjective or to form verb tenses (e.g., "swimming," "swum"). "To swim" is not a participle in this sentence.
• Gerund: A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions as a noun (e.g., "swimming"). "To swim" is not a gerund because it is in the infinitive form.
• Adjective: An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The underlined words "to swim" do not describe or modify a noun but, instead, constitute an action.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e 'Conjunction'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "except" is used to introduce a piece of information that is an exception to what has been stated. It connects two parts of the sentence: "I didn't tell him anything" and "I needed the money."
• Conjunctions are words that connect clauses, sentences, or words. In this case, "except" is used to show exclusion and connect the main clause with the exception clause.
• Conjunctions can be coordinating, subordinating, or correlative. "Except" functions as a subordinating conjunction in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 4.

Additional Information

• Adjective: An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The word "except" does not describe any noun here.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The word "except" does not modify any verb, adjective, or adverb in this sentence.
• Preposition: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. Although "except" can sometimes function as a preposition, in this sentence, it acts as a conjunction.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "thereafter" is an adverb that means "after that time" or "from then on."
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. In this case, "thereafter" modifies the verb phrase "gave birth," specifying when the action took place relative to the previous event of marrying.
• Adverbs often provide information about time, place, manner, degree, or frequency. "Thereafter" specifically provides information about time.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 4.

Additional Information

• Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. "Thereafter" does not take the place of a noun in this sentence.
• Determiner: A determiner is a word that introduces a noun and identifies it in detail (e.g., "her," "the"). "Thereafter" is not introducing or identifying any noun.
• Adjective: An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The word "thereafter" is modifying the verb phrase "gave birth," not a noun.

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e 'Possessive Pronoun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "his" is a possessive pronoun. It shows ownership or possession, indicating that the class belongs to "him".
• Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownership and include words such as "his," "her," "their," "our," "my," etc.
• In the sentence, "his" modifies the noun "class," showing that the class belongs to the boy being referred to.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 1.

Additional Information

• Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. "His" is not a noun; instead, it shows ownership of the noun "class."
• Reflexive Pronoun: A reflexive pronoun reflects back to the subject of the sentence and ends in "-self" or "-selves" (e.g., "himself," "themselves"). "His" is not a reflexive pronoun.
• Numeral Adjective: A numeral adjective (or adjective of number) describes the number of nouns (e.g., "one," "two," "several"). "His" does not describe a number; it shows possession.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adjective'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "mighty" is an adjective that describes the noun "river." It gives more information about the river, specifically its powerful and impressive nature.
• Adjectives are words that describe, modify, or give more information about a noun or pronoun. In this case, "mighty" describes "river."
• Adjectives can provide information about size, shape, age, color, origin, or material of nouns. Here, "mighty" provides an idea of the river's strength and grandeur.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers questions such as how, when, where, and to what extent. "Mighty" does not modify any verb in this sentence.
• Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. "Mighty" describes a noun but is not a noun itself.
• Pronoun: A pronoun takes the place of a noun. "Mighty" does not replace a noun; it describes one.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Pronoun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "himself" is a pronoun, specifically a reflexive pronoun. It is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence.
• Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same. Examples include "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves."
• In the sentence, "himself" refers back to the implied "one," indicating that the money is not for this person individually.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. "Himself" is not a noun; it is a pronoun referring back to the subject.
• Verb: A verb is a word that describes an action, state, or occurrence. "Himself" does not describe any action or state.
• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, often answering questions like how, when, where, or to what extent. "Himself" does not modify any verb, adjective, or adverb.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "always" is an adverb. It modifies the verb "be" by indicating the frequency of the action.
• Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often answer questions such as how, when, where, and to what extent.
• In this sentence, "always" tells us how often one should be disciplined.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Preposition: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. "Always" does not show a relationship between nouns or pronouns.
• Adjective: An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. "Always" does not describe a noun or pronoun; it modifies a verb.
• Determiner: A determiner introduces a noun and specifies it as known or unknown. Examples include "a," "the," "this," and "that." "Always" is not a determiner.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e 'Noun'.

Key Points

• The underlined word "river" is a noun. It names a physical feature, specifically a natural stream of water flowing into a larger body of water, in this case, a tributary of the Cauvery.
• Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. In this sentence, "river" is the subject of the clause "that flows through the village."
• As the subject, "river" performs the action described by the verb "flows."

Therefore, the correct answer is- Option 2.

Additional Information

• Pronoun: A pronoun takes the place of a noun in a sentence. "River" does not take the place of a noun; it is the noun itself.
• Verb: A verb describes an action, state, or occurrence. "River" is not a verb; it does not describe an action.
• Adjective: An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. "River" is not describing a noun; it is the noun being described by the rest of the sentence.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the essence of a walking tour is not about seeing the landscape or pursuing the picturesque views.
• Instead, it is about the pleasure derived from the walk itself, the freedom, the meditative silence, and the peace one experiences from such an activity.
• The author emphasizes that a walking tour is a means to attain certain jolly humours and spiritual repletion, which align with the idea of longing for pleasure.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes that a walking tour should be gone upon alone because freedom is of the essence.
• The author explains that being alone allows one to stop, go on, and follow different paths as desired, without having to match someone else's pace or be influenced by their decisions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that walking and talking at the same time can spoil the experience of a walking tour.
• The author cites Hazlitt, who states that when he is in the country, he wishes to vegetate like the country and does not see the wit in walking and talking at the same time.
• The presence of voices talking can jar on the meditative silence of the morning, which is integral to the experience of the walking tour.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The passage describes the end of a walking tour as culminating in a "peace that passes comprehension."
• This implies a state of deep, delightful peace experienced after much motion in the open air.
• The author emphasizes that the reward of a walking tour is not in the landscape but in the meditative and peaceful state of mind achieved by the end of the journey.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "dilettantes" refers to individuals who engage in an art or a field of knowledge superficially or without serious commitment.
• In the context of the passage, "canting dilettantes" likely refers to people who pretend to have a deeper appreciation or understanding of landscapes seen from a railway train, but without genuine passion or interest.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The passage states that academic history relies on formal analysis, which is rational and systematic, as opposed to impressionistic and informal interpretations.
• While responding to evidence impressionistically and informally falls within the broader category of interpretation, it is not strictly considered part of historical analysis according to the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that the genres of academic and popular history vary from being logically systematic to being impressionistic.
• This indicates a range from objective (formal and systematic) analysis to subjective (impressionistic and informal) assertions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is Option 1: 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• The passage states that historians come from a widely varying range of philosophical traditions which influence their ways of posing questions and answers.
• The varying philosophies lead to different analytical priorities, causing historians to rely on similar data but arrive at conflicting conclusions due to different interpretations.
• The passage does not mention primary data and evidence or current political developments influencing conflicting conclusions.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1: 1 and 2 only.

The correct answer is Option 3: Deterministic relationship.

Key Points

• Deterministic relationship refers to the notion that all events and human actions are ultimately shaped by external causes, aligning with the passage's description of positivism as seeking deterministic relationships within problems.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3: Deterministic relationship.

The correct answer is Option 2: Post-modernist approach emphasises interaction among aspects of a problem.

Key Points

• The passage mentions that post-modernism rejects the positivist separation of problems into discrete sub-problems and instead emphasizes interaction among aspects of a problem.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2: Post-modernist approach emphasises interaction among aspects of a problem.

The correct answer is 'While'.

Key Points

• The word "while" is used to indicate that two actions are happening at the same time.
• The sentence describes an action (seeing Nandini) that occurred simultaneously with her waiting for the bus.
• Options 1, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence: "I saw Nandini while she was waiting for the bus."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "during" is incorrect because it is used to indicate a period of time in which something happens, not simultaneous actions.
• Option 3: "on" is incorrect; it is a preposition typically used to indicate a surface or a day/date, not simultaneous actions.
• Option 4: "for" is incorrect because it is used to indicate a purpose or a duration of time, not simultaneous actions.

The correct answer is 'by'.

Key Points

• The preposition "by" is used to indicate a deadline or the latest time by which something must be done.
• In this context, it means the sauce must be used before or on 23^rd September.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 do not fit the context of indicating a deadline.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "This sauce has to be used by 23^rd September."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "for" is incorrect because it does not indicate a deadline.
• Option 3: "into" is incorrect in this context, as it does not convey the correct meaning of a deadline.
• Option 4: "with" is incorrect as it does not fit the context of indicating a deadline.

The correct answer is 'until'.

Key Points

• The preposition "until" is used to indicate a point in time when something will stop or end.
• In this context, the sentence specifies the time ("10:30 p.m.") until which the action (working on the report) will continue.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "I'll be working on this report until 10:30 p.m."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "during" is incorrect because "during" is used to indicate a period of time in which an event happens, not a specific end time.
• Option 2: "since" is incorrect because "since" is used to indicate the starting point of an action that continues up to the present.
• Option 4: "in" is incorrect because "in" is used to indicate a point within a period of time, not an end time.

The correct answer is 'little'.

Key Points

• The determiner "little" is used to indicate a small amount of something uncountable.
• In this context, "energy" is an uncountable noun, so the determiner "little" is appropriate.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "I have little energy left to complete the work."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "few" is incorrect because "few" is used with countable nouns.
• Option 2: "many" is incorrect because "many" is used with countable nouns.
• Option 4: "any" is incorrect because it doesn't fit the context of having a small amount of energy left.

The correct answer is 'some'.

Key Points

• The determiner "some" is used to indicate an unspecified amount or number of something.
• In the context of the sentence, "some" is appropriate to describe the non-specific amount of trouble the speaker had in finding the house.
• Options 1, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence: "I had some trouble finding the house."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "any" is incorrect because "any" is typically used in negative sentences or questions.
• Option 3: "few" is incorrect because "few" is used to refer to a small number of countable items, not an amount of trouble.
• Option 4: "all" is incorrect because "all" refers to the whole quantity or extent, which does not fit the context of the sentence.

The correct answer is 'Most'.

Key Points

• The determiner "Most" is used to indicate the majority of a group.
• The sentence describes a characteristic of a majority of officers, so "Most" is the appropriate determiner.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "Most of these officers are very well-trained."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Much" is incorrect because "Much" is used with uncountable nouns, not with countable nouns like "officers".
• Option 2: "Not" is incorrect because it does not fit logically or grammatically in the sentence.
• Option 4: "One" is incorrect because it indicates a single officer, not a majority.

The correct answer is 'the'.

Key Points

• The article "the" is used when referring to something specific or known to both the speaker and listener.
• In this context, "the dentist" refers to a specific dentist known to the speaker.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are not appropriate articles or determiners for this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "I don't like going to the dentist."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "these" is incorrect because "these" is a demonstrative pronoun used for plural nouns.
• Option 2: "an" is incorrect because "an" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound, and "dentist" starts with a consonant sound.
• Option 4: "no article" is incorrect because the sentence requires an article for proper grammatical structure.

The correct answer is 'on'.

Key Points

• The preposition "on" is commonly used when referring to lists, such as an endangered list.
• The sentence describes the placement of the African elephant on an endangered list, which fits the context appropriately.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Complete Sentence: "They placed the African elephant on their endangered list."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "in" is incorrect because it implies being inside something, which does not fit the context of a list.
• Option 2: "at" is incorrect because it denotes a specific point or location, which is not applicable here.
• Option 3: "about" is incorrect because it implies being related to something, which does not fit the context.

The correct answer is 'The'.

Key Points

• The definite article "The" is used before a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to.
• In this sentence, "The" is appropriate because we are talking about a specific industry, which is "travel industry."
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "The travel industry is changing rapidly."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "An" is incorrect because "an" is used before words that start with a vowel sound.
• Option 2: "A" is incorrect; "a" is used before words that start with a consonant sound, but it does not specify the particular travel industry.
• Option 4: "no article" is incorrect because the sentence needs a definite article to specify the industry.

The correct answer is 'an'.

Key Points

• The determiner "an" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.
• The abbreviation "MP" stands for "Member of Parliament," which starts with a vowel sound.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "She is an MP from Rajasthan."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "any MP" is incorrect because "any" is not a suitable determiner in this context.
• Option 2: "a MP" is incorrect because the correct article before a word starting with a vowel sound is "an."
• Option 4: "no article" is incorrect because an article is needed before the abbreviation "MP."

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect use of the word "what" in place of "that".
• The correct phrase should be "Everything that happened", ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "Everything that happened was because of my actions."

Additional Information

• A: "Everything" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "was because of my actions." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect usage of the word "could" in part B.
• The correct modal verb to use with "while others didn't" is "couldn't" for consistency.
• The correct phrase should be "could write well while others couldn't," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part C of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Correct Sentence: "Some people could write well while others couldn't."

Additional Information

• A: "Some people" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• B: "could write well" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect preposition "until."
• The correct preposition should be "before."
• The correct phrase should be "before they are able to," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Correct Sentence: "The police are working hard before they are able to arrest the culprits."

Additional Information

• A: "The police are working hard," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "arrest the culprits." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect use of the pronoun "their" to refer to the singular noun "South Korea."
• The correct pronoun should be "its" to match the singular noun.
• Thus, the error is located in part C of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Correct Sentence: "Since he was going to live in South Korea for some time, he thought he should learn something about its culture."

Additional Information

• A: "Since he was going to live in South Korea for some time," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• B: "he thought he should" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect use of the verb "are" instead of "is".
• The subject "success" is singular and should be followed by the singular verb "is".
• The correct phrase should be "is largely due to," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "The company's phenomenal success is largely due to the new director and his team."

Additional Information

• A: "The company's phenomenal success," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "the new director and his team." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect usage of the verb "am owning".
• The verb "own" is a stative verb and should be used in the simple present tense.
• The correct phrase should be "I own", ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part A of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Correct Sentence: "I own two houses in Bengaluru."

Additional Information

• B: "a two houses," – This part of the sentence has an issue with the article "a" before "two houses". However, the primary error lies in part A.
• C: "in Bengaluru." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the use of the preposition "onto" instead of "to."
• The correct preposition to use when referring to being taken to a location like a hospital is "to".
• The correct phrase should be "taken to hospital," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part C of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Correct Sentence: "A boy was injured in the accident and was taken to hospital."

Additional Information

• A: "A boy was injured," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• B: "in the accident and was taken," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the misuse of the contraction "who's" which should be "whose".
• "Who's" is a contraction for "who is" or "who has," whereas "whose" is a possessive pronoun.
• The correct phrase should be "whose books," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Correct Sentence: "Mr. Malhotra is a historian whose books have won international acclaim."

Additional Information

• A: "Mr. Malhotra is a historian," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "have won international acclaim." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the incorrect use of the article "it" before the clause "when I break."
• The clause should be restructured for grammatical correctness.
• The correct phrase should be "I hate it when I break out in hives," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Correct Sentence: "I hate it when I break out in hives."

Additional Information

• A: "I hate it" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "in hives." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The subject-verb agreement rule states that when subjects are joined by "either...or," the verb must agree with the subject closer to it.
• In this sentence, "his friends" is plural, so the correct verb should be "are" instead of "is."
• Therefore, the error is located in part C of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: Either Vikas or his friends are going to cook dinner.

Additional Information

• A: "Either Vikas" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• B: "or his friends" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is: ill-tempered.

Key Points

• The word "cantankerous" means bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative. (झगड़ालू)
• Example: The cantankerous old man yelled at the children for playing near his house.
• "ill-tempered" refers to someone who is easily angered or irritable. (चिड़चिड़ा)
• Example: His ill-tempered demeanor made it difficult for anyone to approach him.
• Hence, we can infer that the nearest meaning of 'cantankerous' is 'ill-tempered'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: ill-tempered.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Polite (विनम्र): Showing good manners towards others.
• Example: She is very polite and always greets everyone with a smile.
• Weak (कमजोर): Lacking physical strength or power.
• Example: After the illness, he felt very weak and could barely walk.
• Serious (गंभीर): Showing deep thought or consideration.
• Example: Her serious expression showed that she was thinking deeply about the issue.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "pernicious" means something that is harmful or having a detrimental effect. (हानिकारक)
• Example: Smoking has a pernicious effect on health.
• "Harmful" refers to something causing or likely to cause harm. (हानिकारक)
• Example: The chemicals in the factory are harmful to the workers.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Innocuous (अहानिकर): Not harmful or offensive.
• Example: The joke was meant to be innocuous, but some people took offense.
• Positive (सकारात्मक): Characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance.
• Example: She has a positive outlook on life.
• Tricky (चालाक): Difficult to deal with or handle.
• Example: Solving this puzzle is quite tricky.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "verbose" means using more words than are needed; being overly wordy. (शब्दाडंबरपूर्ण)
• Example: His speech was so verbose that it became difficult to follow his main point.
• "Exaggerate" means to describe something as larger or greater than it really is. (बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर कहना)
• Example: He tends to exaggerate his achievements to impress others.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Short (संक्षिप्त): Brief in length or duration.
• Example: She gave a short but impactful speech.
• Informal (अनौपचारिक): Casual or relaxed in style or manner.
• Example: They had an informal meeting at the coffee shop.
• Succinct (संक्षिप्त): Clearly and briefly expressed.
• Example: Her explanation was succinct and to the point.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. deep.

Key Points

• The word "resonant" means a sound that is deep, clear, and continuing to sound or ring. (गूंजने वाला)
• Example: The resonant tone of the bell echoed throughout the valley.
• "Deep" refers to a sound that is low in pitch, rich, and strong. (गहरा)
• Example: His deep voice made him an excellent radio presenter.
• Hence, we can infer that the nearest in meaning to 'resonant' is 'deep'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. deep.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Soft (मुलायम): A sound that is gentle and not loud.
• Example: She spoke in a soft whisper that was barely audible.
• Harsh (कठोर): A sound that is unpleasantly rough or jarring.
• Example: The harsh sound of the alarm woke everyone up abruptly.
• Quivering (काँपता हुआ): A sound that is trembling or shaking with a slight rapid motion.
• Example: Her voice was quivering as she gave the emotional speech.

The correct answer is: imbecilic.

Key Points

• The word "doltish" means someone who is stupid or foolish. (मूर्ख)
• Example: His doltish comments during the meeting embarrassed everyone.
• "Imbecilic" refers to behavior that is extremely foolish or stupid. (मूर्खतापूर्ण)
• Example: His imbecilic decisions led the project to fail.
• Hence, we can infer that the word 'imbecilic' is nearest in meaning to 'doltish'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: imbecilic.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Wise (बुद्धिमान): Having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment.
• Example: The wise old man gave us valuable advice.
• Clever (चतुर): Quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas; intelligent.
• Example: She is very clever at solving puzzles.
• Precocious (अल्पायु में प्रवीण): Having developed certain abilities or proclivities at an earlier age than usual.
• Example: The precocious child was reading books meant for older children.

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• The word "anarchism" means:
• Absence of government and/or authority (सरकार और/या अधिकार का अभाव)
• Chaos and disorder in the absence of government (सरकार की अनुपस्थिति में अराजकता और अव्यवस्था)
• Absence of government and/or authority (सरकार और/या अधिकार का अभाव): A situation where there is no recognized governing body or system of rules.
• Example: After the administration's collapse, society experienced a period of complete absence of government and authority.
• **Chaos and disorder in the absence of government (**सरकार की अनुपस्थिति में अराजकता और अव्यवस्था): A situation where there is extreme confusion and lack of order due to the lack of a governing body.
• Example: The sudden removal of the governing officials led to chaos and disorder across the city.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e., Both 1 and 2.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. 1 only.

Key Points

• The word "pristine" means:
• In the original condition (मूल अवस्था में)
• Example: The ancient artifacts were found in pristine condition, untouched by time.
• "Pristine" does not mean:
• In the defiled condition (दूषित स्थिति में)
• Example: The term 'pristine' cannot be used to describe something that is damaged or spoiled.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 i.e., 1 only