AFCAT 17th Feb 2024 (Shift 2) Memory Based Paper. (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is 3) Intermittent.

Key Points

• The word "relentless" means to be persistent, unyielding, or unrelenting in one's actions or efforts. It implies a continuous and unwavering nature, often associated with determination or perseverance.
• Examples:
• Despite facing numerous obstacles, he showed relentless determination to achieve his goals.
• The relentless rain poured down for days without stopping.
• While all the options may share some similarities with "relentless" in terms of persistence or continuity, "intermittent" is the direct opposite.
• "Intermittent" refers to something that occurs at irregular intervals or stops and starts periodically. It implies a lack of consistency or continuity.
• Example: The intermittent rain showers made it challenging to plan outdoor activities.
• Therefore, the antonym for "relentless" is 3) Intermittent.

Additional Information

• Now let's examine the other options:
• Constant: This word refers to something that remains the same or unchanging over a period of time. It is similar to the meaning of "relentless" in terms of consistency.
• Example: The constant humming of the refrigerator could be heard throughout the house.
• Persistent: This word also shares a similar meaning to "relentless" as it suggests the act of continuing with an action or effort despite obstacles or setbacks. However, "persistent" may imply a less intense or prolonged level of determination compared to "relentless."
• Example: The persistent student kept asking questions until he fully understood the topic.
• Unabating: This word means continuing without weakening or diminishing in intensity. It is similar in meaning to "relentless," emphasizing the absence of a decrease or cessation in something.
• Example: The storm's unabating winds rattled the windows throughout the night.

The correct answer is: Option 2.

Key Points

• The idiom "Beat around the bush" means to avoid getting to the point of an issue. (किसी मुद्दे पर सीधे न आना)
• Example: Stop beating around the bush and tell me what you really think.
• "To avoid getting to the point of an issue" means to speak or act in a roundabout manner to delay or avoid discussing the main topic. (मुख्य मुद्दे पर चर्चा करने में देरी करना या बचना)
• Example: Instead of addressing the problem directly, he kept avoiding getting to the point of the issue.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 2.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: To speak rashly (बिना सोचे समझे बोलना): To speak without considering the consequences.
• Example: He often speaks rashly, which gets him into trouble.
• Option 3: To speak abusively (गाली-गलौज करना): To use offensive or insulting language.
• Example: He was criticized for speaking abusively to his colleagues.
• Option 4: To speak convincingly (विश्वासपूर्वक बोलना): To speak in a manner that persuades others.
• Example: She spoke so convincingly that everyone agreed with her plan.

The correct answer is 'somniloquist.'

 Key Points

• ​Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Ventriloquist: a person, especially an entertainer, who can make their voice appear to come from somewhere else, typically a dummy of a person or animal. (एक व्यक्ति, विशेष रूप से एक मनोरंजनकर्ता, जो अपनी आवाज़ को कहीं और से आने के लिए प्रकट कर सकता है, आमतौर पर किसी व्यक्ति या जानवर की एक डमी।)
• Interlocutor: a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation. (एक व्यक्ति जो संवाद या बातचीत में भाग लेता है।)
• Somniloquist: someone who talks while asleep. (कोई जो सोते समय बात करता है।)
• Soliloquist: the act or custom of talking to oneself or talking when alone. (अकेले में बात करने या बात करने की क्रिया या रिवाज।)
• Therefore, the correct option is 'somniloquist.'

Additional Information

• Let us discuss some other one-word substitutions:

The correct answer is 'Eliminate.'

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Key Points  

• Let us see the meaning of Eradicate:
• Eradicate: to destroy or get rid of something completely. ((रोग आदि) को जड़ से उखाड़ देना, पूर्णतया उन्‍मूलित कर देना)
• Example: Scientists have completely eradicated some diseases, such as smallpox.​
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Dedicate: to give all your energy, time, efforts, etc. to something. (किसी काम में अपनी शक्ति, समय आदि लगाना)
• Eliminate: to remove somebody/something that is not wanted or needed. (अवांछित या अनावश्‍यक व्‍यक्ति या वस्‍तु को हटा देना)
• Complicate: to make something difficult to understand or deal with. (समझने या व्‍यवहार में दुर्बोध बना देना; उलझा देना)
• Indicate: to show that something is probably true or exists. (किसी बात के संभवतः सत्‍य या अस्‍तित्‍व में होने का संकेत करना, बताना, दिखाना)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the correct synonyms for the following word from the given four alternatives is 'Eliminate.'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is Financially successful

 

• Midas Touch is an idiom used to refer to a person who has the gift of making money easily.
• It has its origins in Greek mythology.
• Example - Mark Zuckerberg has Midas Touch, he started his company in a garage, and look where he is today!

 

• Synonyms for Midas Touch are- Golden touch
• Antonyms for Midas Touch are- Kiss of death

Hence, the correct answer is- Financially successful

The correct answer is 'To make one appear guilty.'

Key Points 

• The meaning of the proverb 'To frame a person' is to make a person seem to be guilty of a crime by providing false information. (Proverb 'To frame a person' का अर्थ है झूठी जानकारी प्रदान करके किसी व्यक्ति को अपराध का दोषी बनाना।)
• ​Example: It looked like somebody was trying to frame him.
• ​Therefore, the most appropriate meaning of the given proverb is 'To make one appear guilty.'
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is Feeling bored.

Key Points 

• Let’s look at the meaning and example of the given idiom:
• Twiddling one’s thumbs: be bored or idle because one has nothing to do. (ऊब या बेकार हो क्योंकि किसी के पास करने के लिए कुछ नहीं है)
• Example: I have been sitting here for goodness knows how long twiddling my thumbs
  

Hence, the correct choice is option 3.

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. “To fail.”

 

Key Points 

• Let’s look at the meaning of the given idiom/ phrase:
• The phrase ‘Go to the wall’ means 'to be defeated, or losing in a conflict, or to fail in a task.'
• Example:
• ​Ranjan tried different ways to make his business successful but eventually, he went to the wall.
• Hence, the only possible answer is option 3 ‘To fail’, which exactly resembles the meaning of the given idiom/ phrase.

 

Correct meaning: To fail.

The correct answer is "Although". 

Key Points

• Here, the sentence is trying to juxtapose or contrast two contradictory ideas: being clever and still making mistakes.
• For such scenarios, you need a conjunction that signifies contrast or contradiction.
• "Although" is a conjunction used to contrast two ideas, which fits perfectly here.
• After "although," we can directly use a subject and a verb, which corresponds to the pattern of the sentence.
• Given these explanations, "although" is the most suitable choice to fill in the blank.
• So, the correct sentence is: "Although she is clever, she often makes mistakes."
• This sentence accurately expresses the contrast between being clever and making mistakes.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3". 

Additional Information

• Despite: "Despite" is a preposition that denotes contrast, but it cannot be used here because it requires a noun or noun phrase after it, not a clause.
• You'd need to say "Despite being clever, she...," which isn't one of the choices.
• Since: "Since" can be used to imply a cause-and-effect situation, but in this sentence, we need an idea of contrast, so "since" is not appropriate.
• Yet: "Yet" can also express contrast, but usually when it's used on its own, it tends to appear at the beginning of the second clause, not the first.

The correct option is are staying

Key Points

When there are 2 different subjects that are joined by either____or/ neither____nor / not only____but also/ or ,and are different in numbers, the subject closer to the verb decides whether the verb will be singular or plural.

• Examples-
• ​There is / are either some boys (subject closer to the verb ) or a girl in the class.
• Neither the ministers nor the King (subject closer to the verb) have / has been arrested.
• Not only Sapna but also her friends (subject closer to the verb) has / have come.
• Here, the subject closer to the verb is 'Raju' and thus the verb ‘are’ will be replaced by ‘is’ to agree with the singular subject.

Hence the correct sentence is:** Neither Amit nor Raju is staying with his parents in Mumbai.**

The correct answer is- 'error lies in the part-A'

Key Points

• Using 'predicted' in place of 'predict' to make the sentence correct.
• We know that 'have, has, had' are the helping verbs of perfect tense and they always take the third form of the verb(V₃).
• Structure of Present Perfect: Sub + has/have + V₃ + object
• Example: Ram has gone to market.

The correct sentence is- Experts have predicted that within ten years ethanol will emerge as the primary automatic fuel in the world.

The correct answer is 'Apparent'.

Key Points

• The most appropriate antonym of the given word 'Obscure' is 'Apparent'.
• Obscure: not easy to see or understand. (जो आसानी से दिखाई न पड़े या समझ में न आए, धुँधला या दुर्बोध)
• Example: For some obscure reason, he decided to give up his well-paid job, to become a writer.
• Apparent: that seems to be real or true but may not be. (वास्‍तविक जैसा, आभासी)
• Example: It quickly became apparent to us that our teacher could not speak French.
  

Correct Answer: Apparent.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Blurred: unable to see or be seen clearly. (स्पष्ट रूप से देखने या देखने में असमर्थ)
• Cloudy: (used about the sky, etc.) full of clouds. [(आकाश) मेघाच्‍छन्‍न; बादलों से ढका]
• Veiled: not expressed directly or clearly because you do not want your meaning to be obvious. (अप्रत्‍यक्ष या अस्‍पष्‍ट)

The correct answer is "cripple"

Key Points 

• Let's look at the meaning of the word which is given in the question:
• Impair- weaken or damage (something, especially a faculty or function).
• Example: The injury of Butler will impair the English batting lineup.
• Let's look at the meaning of the selected word:
• cripple- weaken or damage.
• Example: Developing countries are crippled by their debts.
• Hence, the correct answer is "option 1"

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of the other words:
• Repair- to rectify what is impaired**.**
• Vapid- insipid, bland taste
• Diminish- make or become less.

Hinglish 

• Meanings in Hindi:
• Impair- कमजोर करना या ख़राब करना .
• Example: The injury of Butler will impair the English batting lineup.
• cripple- कमजोर करना .
• Example: Developing countries are crippled by their debts.
• Repair- कुछ ख़राब है उसको ठीक करना .
• Vapid- फीका
• Diminish-कम होना

The correct answer is -'Elevate'

Key Points 

• ANTONYM means the word with opposite meaning.
• Demote means to move to lower rank.

The antonym for the word forthright is:

1. Break: It is neither the synonym nor antonym of demote.
   

2. Elevate: It is the opposite to demote.
   

3. Disregard: It is neither the synonym nor antonym of demote.
   

4. Sack: It has the same meaning as demote.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2)

The correct answer is 'dialect'.

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Dialect' is a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
• 'Slang' is a type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal.
• 'Jargon' means special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand.
• 'Lingo' is a foreign language or local dialect.
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is 'A' i.e. this part of the sentence has an error.

Key Points

• When referring to animals, the pronoun 'that' is more appropriate than 'who'.
• Therefore, it should be 'The deer that was injured...'
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Correct sentence: The deer that was injured has been sent to the rehabilitation centre.

Here the correct answer is A.

Key Points:-

• In the above-given sentence, the error is in part A.
• It is so because the preposition 'of' is never used with despite.
• 'In spite of' and 'despite' mean the same, the only difference being that preposition 'of' is not used with despite.
• Meaning of In spite of and despite - Without being affected by the particular factor mentioned.
• For Examples:-
• In spite of being late, he was allowed to enter the office.
• Despite being late, he was allowed to enter the office.
• Therefore, 'of' will be removed from the above-given sentence.

Hence, the correct sentence is 'Despite her fear, she wrapped her arms around him'.

• ऊपर दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि भाग A में है ।
• ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि पूर्वसर्ग 'of' का despite के साथ कभी भी प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
• 'In spite of' और 'despite' का अर्थ एक ही है, केवल अंतर यह है कि 'of' पूर्वसर्ग का प्रयोग despite के साथ नहीं किया जाता है।
• In spite of और despite का अर्थ - उल्लेखित विशेष कारक से प्रभावित हुए बिना ।
• उदाहरण के लिए:-
• In spite of being late, he was allowed to enter the office.
• Despite being late, he was allowed to enter the office.
• अतः ऊपर दिए गए वाक्य में से 'of' हटा दिया जाएगा।
  

​

इसलिए, सही वाक्य है  'Despite her fear, she wrapped her arms around him'.

The correct answer is "QSRP"

Key Points

• The first part should contain information about when Beethoven composed music. Part Q fulfills that role by describing that transitional period as being between the Classical and the Romantic eras.
• A comma at the end of part Q signifies additional information about Beethoven's music. S is the logical next sequence since it informs us that Beethoven's work was divided into three parts.
• Part R completes the end of S joining phrase 'three periods' together. It also starts a new sentence which presumably starts to describe the three periods one by one, starting with the first.
• The characterization of the first period which was between 1794 and 1800 is given by part P joined with the latter half of the given question.

The correct sentence is : Beethoven composed music in the transitional period Q. between the Classical and the Romantic eras, S. and his work has been divided into (roughly) three R. periods. The first period, between 1794 and 1800, P. is characterized by traditional 18th-century techniques and sounds.

The correct answer is "crucial."

Key Points

• 'Crucial' means decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.
• In this context, considering the importance of homelessness as a social issue, it is indeed crucial for society to work on improving the conditions of the homeless for social welfare and equality.
• Thus, 'crucial' is the word that best suits the context of the sentence.
• The complete sentence should be: "Improving the conditions of the homeless is a crucial task for society as a whole."

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4". 

Additional Information

• 'Negligible': This means so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering which contradicts the urgency and importance of the issue at the hand.
• 'Insignificant': This similarly suggests that the task is of little importance, once again contradicting the tone implied in addressing such a serious social concern.
• 'Burdensome': This term implies that the task is difficult or annoying, and it has a generally negative connotation.
• The word "burdensome" could be used in this context, but it's a bit more negative and not as inspiring or hopeful as "crucial".

Here the correct answer is Garrulous.

Key Points:-

• The above-given pair of words i.e. Extravagant: Frugal are antonyms of each other.
• Thus, we need an antonym for Reticent.
• Reticent*(adjective)* - not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily.
• For Example - She was extremely reticent about her personal affairs.
• Introverted, diffident, and taciturn are synonyms of Reticent.
• The correct antonym of Reticent is Garrulous.
• Garrulous*(adjective)* - excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters.
• For Example - He met a garrulous cab driver.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 3.

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Therefore, the correct pair will be Extravagant: Frugal:: Reticent: Garrulous.

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• ऊपर दिए गए शब्दों की जोड़ी यानी Extravagant: Frugal एक दूसरे के विलोम हैं।
• इस प्रकार, हमें reticent के लिए एक एंटोनिम की आवश्यकता है।
• Reticent*(विशेषण)* - किसी के विचारों या भावनाओं को आसानी से प्रकट नहीं करना।
• उदाहरण के लिए - She was extremely reticent about her personal affairs.
• Introverted, diffident, और taciturn 'reticent' के पर्यायवाची हैं।
• Reticent का सही विलोम garrulous है ।
• Garrulous*(विशेषण)* - अत्यधिक बातूनी, विशेष रूप से तुच्छ मामलों पर।
• उदाहरण के लिए - He met a garrulous cab driver.
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

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अत: सही युग्म होगा  Extravagant: Frugal:: Reticent: Garrulous.

The correct answer is "loyal."

Key Points

• A "loyal" friend is someone who is faithful and consistent, someone who can be counted on - this is exactly what the rest of the sentence describes.
• It suggests that the person has always been supportive when needed which implies loyalty.
• So, the appropriate word that fits best in the context of the sentence is 'loyal'.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3". 

Additional Information

• A "fair-weather" friend is one who is only a friend when circumstances are pleasant or profitable.
• An "unreliable" friend would not consistently be there in times of need– that's directly opposite to the expectation set up in the rest of the sentence.
• A "disloyal" friend would be untrustworthy and not supportive, again contradicting the idea the sentence puts forward - being there in times of need.

The correct answer is "PQRS"

Key Points

• The sentence starts with  "A Swiss company" which is a noun and a noun is followed by a verb.
• "has" is an auxiliary verb in part P, so part P will come next.
• Part Q will be the next part because it states where the water battery is located which was mentioned in Part P
• Part R, Part S and the rest of the sentence provide further details about the giant water battery.

Hence, the complete sentence: A Swiss company P: has built what is being called a giant water battery Q:  deep under the Alps R: that provides energy storage capacity S: equivalent to 400,000 electric car batteries

Additional Information

• I n a grammatically correct sentence, nouns and pronouns are generally followed by a verb or an auxiliary verb.
• Examples:
• She goes to the market.
• India is a country full of talent.
• They have a huge box of fruits.

The correct answer is "The duties of the merchant include paying taxes and adhering to laws."

Key Points

• Option ‘2’ is correct.
• From the passage’…. He recommends that rulers consult with merchants and other experts when setting tax rates and policies and be transparent about their tax policies and the revenue they generate from them. "Special taxes on merchants, including taxes on their sales, profits, and imports/exports….’
• This indicates that merchants are expected to pay taxes on their commercial activities and adhere to the laws and regulations governing trade and commerce. According to the text, merchants have a duty to report their earnings accurately and to pay the required taxes on time.
• Thus, we can say option "2" is the correct answer in this context.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect because there isn't sufficient supportive information in the passage to consider them to be the right answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "The duties of the merchant include paying taxes and adhering to laws."

The correct answer is "Punishments include mulct​s."

Key Points

• Option ‘4’ is correct.
• From the passage’…. The text also advises rulers to impose fines on merchants who engage in fraudulent or deceptive practices, such as misrepresenting the quality or quantity of their goods.….’
• This indicates that the Arthashastra advises rulers to impose fines on those who fail to pay their taxes, as well as on those who engage in other forms of wrongdoing, such as breaking contracts or engaging in fraudulent or deceptive practices.
• Mulct is a legal term that refers to a fine or penalty that is imposed as a form of punishment or retribution. It can also refer to the act of imposing such a fine or penalty. The term is often used in the context of civil or criminal law and can be applied to individuals or organizations that are found to have engaged in wrongdoing or violated the law in some way.
• Thus, we can say option "4" is the correct answer in this context.
• Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect because there isn't sufficient supportive information in the passage to consider them to be the right answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "Punishments include mulcts."

Additional Information:

Mulct is a term used to refer to a fine or penalty imposed by a legal authority for an offense or wrongdoing. It is a form of punishment that requires the offender to pay a sum of money as a penalty for their actions.

In the context of the Arthashastra mentioned in the passage, mulcts are the recommended punishment for merchants who engage in fraudulent or deceptive practices or who default on their taxes. The text emphasizes the importance of maintaining a stable and predictable system of taxation, but also recognizes that there may be some individuals who seek to evade or cheat on their taxes.

To deter such behavior, the Arthashastra suggests imposing fines or mulcts on tax defaulters. These fines could be based on the value of the goods involved in the trade or the distance traveled to sell them, as well as on other factors such as the nature of the offense or the degree of fraud involved.

The use of mulcts as a form of punishment for tax defaulters was a common practice in many ancient societies, including in India during the time of the Arthashastra. The idea behind this punishment is to deter individuals from engaging in illegal or unethical behavior and to ensure that the system of taxation remains fair and just for all.

The correct answer is "trade in goods that are difficult to transport."

Key Points

• Option ‘3’ is correct.
• From the passage’…. merchants were divided into four categories based on the nature of their business: those who traded in locally produced goods, those who traded in imported goods, those who traded in both locally produced and imported goods, and those who provided services such as moneylending or transportation. These merchants are also considered to be at a higher risk, because their goods may be difficult to move or sell in other locations..….’
• This indicates that there were several merchants in ancient India who traded in goods that were difficult to transport, as mentioned in the Arthashastra, as they were able to transport goods that were necessary for the growth and development of the economy.
• Thus, we can say option "3" is the correct answer in this context.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect because there isn't sufficient supportive information in the passage to consider them to be the right answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "trade in goods that are difficult to transport."

 

Confusion Points 

• When we consider the statement "trade in goods that are difficult to transport," it refers to a category of merchants who deal with goods that pose challenges in terms of transportation. In the context of the passage, this category could include merchants who provide services such as moneylending.
• Money lending can be considered a trade involving goods that are difficult to transport. Based on that perspective, option 3) "trade in goods that are difficult to transport" would be the most accurate choice among the given options.

The correct answer is ​**"the cost of their products and the distance they must travel to sell them."**

Key Points

• Option ‘3’ is correct.
• The passage tells us that "The Arthashastra suggests taxing merchants based on the value of their goods and the distance travelled to sell them."
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect because there isn't sufficient supportive information in the passage to consider them to be the right answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "​the cost of their products and the distance they must travel to sell them."

The correct answer is "Merchants play a crucial role in the economy and society."

Key Points

• Option ‘2’ is correct.
• Reading the first line and the last line of the given passage – it is very clear that the topic is related to "Merchants played a crucial role in the ancient Indian economy, as they facilitated the exchange of goods and services and contributed to the growth and development of the region."
• Thus, in this context, we can say that option "2" is the correct answer.
• Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect because there isn't sufficient supportive information in the passage to consider them to be the right answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "Merchants play a crucial role in the economy and society."

The correct answer is option (1) "Stretched".

Key Points

• The context implies that the 'boundary' of ambition must be pushed or extended to its limits, which is what 'stretched' signifies.
• 'Stretched' fits well in the sentence accurately describing how the potential and limits of ambition can be tested without breaking or losing value.
• The other options do not provide similar depth or context: 'Scaled' lacks the metaphorical significance, 'Compromised' negates ambition's expansion, and 'Monitored' denotes observation rather than extension.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Stretched".

The complete passage: "In 'Wings of Fire,' Dr. Abdul Kalam expounds on the necessity of the boundary of human aspiration. This boundary or the furthest extent to which ambition can be stretched must be explicitly articulated. The operation of the mission wouldn't be  ____ (2)____ without contemplation of this boundary. This process validates the precision and repeatability of the mission, the key to  ____ (3)____for any scientific pursuit."

Additional Information

• Stretched: (खींचा हुआ) - Extended or forced to extend over, across, or beyond a limitation.
• Example: She stretched her arms above her head.
• Scaled: (प्रमाणित) - Altered in proportion; measured according to scale.
• Example: The architect provided a scaled drawing of the proposed building.
• Compromised: (समझौता किया) - Settled a dispute by mutual concession.
• Example: They compromised to divide the housework evenly.
• Monitored: (निगरानी की) - Kept under systematic review.
• Example: Her health condition was closely monitored by the doctors.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e., 'Fruitful'.

Key Points

• The term 'Fruitful' aligns with the context, as it signifies that the mission's operation would not be successful or effective without considering the boundary of ambition.
• Dr. Kalam's philosophy often focused on productivity and beneficial outcomes, making 'Fruitful' a good fit in this scenario.
• Comparatively, 'Comprehensive' hints at broad coverage rather than effectiveness, 'Justifiable' conveys being right rather than being effective, and 'Sustainable' suggests long-term endurance rather than immediate effectiveness.
• Considering the entire context of the passage and the emphasis on effectiveness and productive results, 'Fruitful' is the most appropriate option.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Fruitful'.

The complete passage: "In 'Wings of Fire,' Dr. Abdul Kalam expounds on the necessity of the boundary of human aspiration. This boundary or the furthest extent to which ambition can be stretched must be explicitly articulated. The operation of the mission wouldn't be fruitful without contemplation of this boundary. This process validates the precision and repeatability of the mission, the key to  ____ (3)____for any scientific pursuit."

Additional Information

• Fruitful: (फलदायी) - Producing good or helpful results; productive.
• Example: It was a fruitful discussion that led to the solution of the problem.
• Comprehensive: (व्यापक) - Covering completely or broadly; inclusive.
• Example: He has a comprehensive knowledge of the subject.
• Justifiable: (योग्य) - Capable of being justified; that can be shown to be or can be defended as being just, right, or warranted.
• Example: The expenditure was justifiable given the company's surplus funds.
• Sustainable: (सतत) - Capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect on the environment.
• Example: The use of renewable energy sources is more sustainable than fossil fuels.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e., 'Success'.

Key Points

• The term 'Success' fits the context correctly as the passage speaks about the importance of precision and repeatability in scientific pursuits.
• Both qualities are often crucial contributors to the success of any project or mission.
• 'Compliance' implies adherence to rules or standards, which is not the key outcome the passage refers to.
• 'Sustainability' denotes long-term viability rather than the result of precision and repeatability, which are immediately beneficial.
• 'Duplication' usually denotes copying and does not convey the importance of precision and repeatability towards achieving an overarching goal.
• In the context of a mission as mentioned in the passage, 'Success' correctly captures the result of precision and repeatability.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Success'.

The complete passage: "In 'Wings of Fire,' Dr. Abdul Kalam expounds on the necessity of the boundary of human aspiration. This boundary or the furthest extent to which ambition can be stretched must be explicitly articulated. The operation of the mission wouldn't be fruitful without contemplation of this boundary. This process validates the precision and repeatability of the mission, the key to  success for any scientific pursuit."

Additional Information

• Success: (सफलता) - The accomplishment of an aim or purpose.
• Example: His hard work led to his success in the examination.
• Compliance: (अनुपालन) - The act of conforming to, abiding by, or obeying a rule, law, or demand.
• Example: The restaurant was closed due to non-compliance with health and safety regulations.
• Sustainability: (सततता) - The ability to maintain at a certain rate or level.
• Example: The organization focuses on promoting environmental sustainability.
• Duplication: (प्रतिकृति) - The action or procedure of duplicating, or making an exact copy of something.
• Example: Duplication of the document ensures there is a backup in case the original is lost.
• ​Precision: (परिशुद्धता) - The quality or state of being accurate, exact, or careful.
• Example: The job requires a high degree of precision to avoid mistakes.

The correct answer is Disraelli.

Key Points

• Attributing the quote to Benjamin Disraeli highlights an understanding of the deeper, systemic issues that lead to the dramatic events like the rise and fall of empires, moving beyond simplistic explanations.
• Disraeli, a prominent British politician and a prime minister, known for his involvement and commentary on imperial affairs, would have been keenly aware of the complexities of governing an empire and the multifaceted causes leading to unrest.

Implications of the Quote

• The statement emphasizes the importance of understanding historical events' socio-political, economic, and cultural contexts. It warns against oversimplification and highlights how seemingly minor issues can become the focal point for much broader discontent. In the case of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and indeed in the analysis of the rise and fall of empires more generally, it's a reminder that the roots of such monumental events are often deep, involving long-standing grievances and systemic issues rather than isolated incidents.

This quote serves as a profound commentary on the complexity of historical causes and the dangers of reductionism when explaining events as significant as revolutions and the reconfiguration of empires.

The correct answer is Vindhya Range.

Key Points

• The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka is located in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh.
• It is located near Abdullaganj town and inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary (Southern edge of Vindhya Range).
• It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

Additional Information 

• Bhimbetka was discovered by archaeologist V S Wakankar in 1957.​
• It was one of the oldest paintings in India and the world.
• The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site of the Paleolithic age.
• These cave paintings show tremendous similarity to the aboriginal rock paintings of the Savanna regions of Australia, the paintings done by pygmies of the Kalahari Desert, and the Paleolithic Lascaux cave paintings of France.

The correct answer is Edward Jenner.

Key Points 

• Edward Jenner, an English physician, is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine.
• In 1796, Jenner performed an experiment in which he inoculated a young boy with material from cowpox lesions.
• This process, known as vaccination (derived from the Latin word "vacca," meaning cow), provided immunity against smallpox.
• Jenner's groundbreaking work laid the foundation for modern immunology and vaccination practices, saving countless lives and leading to the eventual eradication of smallpox, which was declared by the World Health Organization in 1980.

Additional Information

• Alexander Fleming:
• Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist.
• He is best known for his accidental discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928.
• Penicillin revolutionized medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.
• Robert Koch:
• Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist.
• He is considered one of the founders of modern bacteriology and is known for his groundbreaking work on identifying the causative agents of various infectious diseases.
• Koch is famous for his discoveries of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and cholera.
• Louis Pasteur:
• Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist.
• He is renowned for his contributions to the understanding of microbial fermentation, pasteurization, and the development of vaccines.
• Pasteur's work in vaccine development includes the rabies vaccine, which was a significant milestone in the prevention of rabies.

The correct answer is Harivansh Rai Bachchan.

Key Points

• Madhushala - The House of Wine is a book of 135 "quatrains": verses of four lines (Ruba'i) by Hindi poet and writer Harivansh Rai Bachchan.
• The original book in Hindi, Madhushala, was conceptualized and written in 1933-34, with its first publication in 1935.
• The highly metaphorical work played an important role in the Chhayavaad (romantic) literary movement of early 20th-century Hindi poetry.
• Harivansh Rai Bachchan was an Indian poet and writer of the Nayi Kavita literary movement (romantic upsurge) of early 20th-century Hindi literature.
• He was also a poet of the (Hindi Kavi Sammelan).

The correct answer is Iron

Key Points 

• Siderite is an ore of Iron. Its chemical formula is FeCO3
• Though it contains only 48% Iron, it is a valuable iron mineral, since it does not contain any sulfur or phosphorus.​

Additional Information

• Some Ores of Iron:-

Some facts about Iron:-

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The Annual Financial Statement, commonly known as the Union Budget, is presented by the Union Finance Minister on behalf of the President of India, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• As per Article 113 of the Indian Constitution, no money shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India except under the authority of a warrant issued by the President.
• The demands for grants are presented to Parliament along with the Annual Financial Statement and are subject to the President's recommendation. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 2

Key Points

• Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21st Oct. 1951 at Delhi and he became its first President. Hence, Pair 1 is correctly matched.
• C. Rajagopalachari parted ways with the Congress in 1957 after being disillusioned by the path it was taking. He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959, which favoured classical liberal principles and free enterprise. Hence, Pair 2 is incorrectly matched.
• Babu Jagjivan Ram resigned from the Cabinet and the Congress Party on 2 February 1977. He formed his own party, ‘Congress for Democracy’ (CFD) on 5 February 1977. Hence, Pair 3 is correctly matched.
• Acharya Narendra Dev was instrumental in the establishment of the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 as a radical faction working within the Indian National Congress. Hence, Pair 4 is incorrectly matched.
• The Congress Socialist Party under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra Dev played a major role in the Quit India Movement (1942).
• Hence Only Two is Correct.

The correct answer is a-1, b-3, c-4, d-2

Key Points

Agro based industries (Silk weaving, Food processing)

• Agro based industries involve the processing of raw materials derived from agriculture.
• Examples include silk weaving (from silkworms) and food processing (from crops and produce).

Mineral based industries (Iron manufacturing)

• Mineral based industries deal with the extraction and processing of minerals from the earth.
• Iron manufacturing is a prime example where iron ore is processed to produce iron and steel.

Marine based industries (Sea food processing)

• Marine based industries involve the extraction and processing of products from the sea.
• Seafood processing is an example, where fish and other sea products are harvested and processed for consumption.

Forest based industries (Furniture, Pulp and paper)

• Forest based industries utilize forest resources such as wood and other plant materials.
• Examples include furniture making and the production of pulp and paper from wood.

The correct answer is 'USA'

Key Points

• The Geysers Geothermal Complex:
• The United States is home to The Geysers Geothermal Complex, located in Northern California, which is one of the largest geothermal power plants in the world.
• The Geysers, consisting of multiple power plants, has a combined installed capacity of over 1,500 megawatts (MW).
• Geothermal energy is a significant renewable resource in the USA, particularly in the western states, including California, Nevada, and Utah.

Additional Information

• India:
• India has a potential for geothermal energy, particularly in regions like the Himalayas and the western part of the country, but it does not host one of the world's largest geothermal power plants.
• Russia:
• Russia has significant geothermal resources, especially in regions like Kamchatka, but likewise does not host one of the largest geothermal power plants globally.
• Germany:
• Germany is known for its advancements in renewable energy, including geothermal, but it does not have one of the world's largest geothermal power plants.

The Correct answer is Krishnadevaraya

Key Points

• Krishnadevaraya was the ablest emperor of Vijayanagara empire.
• He belongs to Tuluva dynasty.
• Balakrishna temple was built by the ruler Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara period in the year 1513 A.D.
• He erected this temple in honour of winning the battle and subsequent annexure of Utkala or the eastern reign of Udayagiri. This place is currently known as Orissa.
• Krishnadevaraya led the Vijayanagara armies against the Bahamani sultans and the Gajapatis of Odisha.
• He crowned the Bahmani sultan at Gulbarga and assumed the title “Establisher of Yavana Kingdom”( Yavana raja Pratishtapaka).
• He wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu and Jambavati Kalyana in Sanskrit.
• In his court eight great scholars were present, known as Ashtadiggajas.​

Additional Information Vijayanagara Empire(1336-1672):

• Founders- Harihara and Bukka.
• The four important dynasties are Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu.
• Devaraya 2 was the greatest ruler of sangama dynasty.
• Venkata 1 belongs to Tuluva dynasty.
• Ramaraya of Aravidu dynasty was an able commander.
• During his reign the great battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi (1565) took place.
• In 1586 Venkata 2 came to throne.
• He shifted his capital to Chandragiri and beautified it.
• Foreign travellers who visited Vijayanagara
• Nicolo De conti(Italian) 1420- Devaraya 1
• Abdurr Razzak(Persian) 1443- Devaraya 2
• Dominigo paes(Portugese) 1520- Krishnadevaraya
• Nuniz(Portugese) 1535- Achyutadevaraya

The correct answer is Vijaya Bank

Key Points

• Nationalisation of banks
• Indira Gandhi's government nationalized the 14 biggest commercial lenders on 20 July 1969.
• RBI Governor at that time was LK Jha who was the 8th governor of the bank.
• The tenure for which he served in the RBI was from 01 July 1967 to 03 May 1970.
• It started with the nationalization of 14 major lenders that accounted for 85 percent of bank deposits in the country at that time. Six more banks were later nationalized in 1980.
• The ICICI Bank is Private sector Bank, not a Nationalised Bank
• ICICI Bank was established in 1994 by ICICI Limited, an Indian financial institution, and was its wholly-owned subsidiary.

Additional Information

• On 19th July 1969, a major process of nationalization was carried out and 14 major commercial banks in India were nationalized.
• The following banks were nationalized in 1969

1. Allahabad Bank
2. Bank of Baroda
3. Bank of India
4. Bank of Maharashtra
5. Canara Bank
6. Central Bank of India
7. Dena Bank
8. Indian Bank
9. Indian Overseas Bank
10. Punjab National Bank
11. Syndicate Bank
12. UCO Bank
13. Union Bank of India
14. United Bank of India

The correct answer is Akashteer Control and Reporting System

In News

• The Indian Army has initiated the induction of control and reporting systems as part of 'Project Akashteer' to enhance its air defense capabilities, aiming to provide an unparalleled level of situational awareness and control.

Key Points

• 'Project Akashteer' is geared towards ensuring the safety of friendly aircraft and engaging hostile ones in contested airspace.
• This initiative falls within the broader context of the 'Year of Technology Infusion' in 2024, signaling the Army's commitment to bolstering its technological capabilities.
• Developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative, 'Akashteer' seeks to digitize air defense control and reporting processes, enhancing operational efficiency and integration.
• The deployment of 'Akashteer' commenced with the dispatch of the first batch of control centers from BEL-Ghaziabad, indicating the tangible progress of the project.
• 2024 has been declared as the 'Year of Technology Absorption' by the Indian Army, reflecting its commitment to integrating niche technologies and systems into its inventory to meet present and future defense requirements.

The correct answer is South China Sea. 

In News

• The maritime cooperative activity involving the defense forces of the US, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines will take place in the South China Sea.

Key Points

• Specifically, the activity will occur in Manila's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the South China Sea.
• Participating vessels include the USS Mobile, HMAS Warramunga, JS Akebono, and two Philippine warships.
• The activity aims to strengthen the interoperability of the countries' armed forces and support a free and open Indo-Pacific.
• The joint statement reaffirms the final and legally binding nature of the 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal Award.
• This initiative comes amid rising tensions in the region due to China's growing assertiveness and territorial disputes.

The correct answer is Mandapam, Tamil Nadu

In News

• The Indian Coast Guard Aquatic Centre was inaugurated in Mandapam, Tamil Nadu

Key Points

• Indian Coast Guard Director General Rakesh Pal inaugurated the Indian Coast Guard Aquatic Centre at ICGS Mandapam near Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu
• The ICG Chief Rakesh Pal is on a four-day visit to the maritime force's bases in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Puducherry.
• Additionally, he made a maiden visit to Chennai for a review of operational preparedness and infrastructure development in the region.
• As part of his ongoing visit to the Eastern Region, DG Rakesh Pal visited ICG Station Krishnapatnam and reviewed infrastructure projects firsthand.

The correct answer is 1 only

Key Points

Solar Rooftop

• A solar photovoltaic (PV) system mounted on a rooftop of a building is a mini-power requirement or feeds into the grid. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• The size of the installation varies significantly depending on the availability of space, the amount of electricity consumed by the property and the ability or willingness of the owner to invest the capital required. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• In December 2015, the government launched the first phase of the grid-connected rooftop solar programme to incentivise its use in residential, institutional and social areas.
• The second phase, approved in February 2019, had a target of 40GW of cumulative rooftop solar capacity by 2022, with incentives in the form of central financial assistance (CFA).
• As of November 2021, of the phase 2 target of 4GW set for the residential sector, only 1.1GW had been installed.
• It aims to achieve a cumulative capacity of 40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar Projects by the year 2022.
• In a grid-connected rooftop or small Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system wherein the DC power is generated from the SPV, the panel is converted to AC power using the power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid.

Important Points

The major objective of the programme includes:

• To promote the grid-connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.
• To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuel-based electricity generation and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.
• To create an enabling environment for investment in the solar energy sector by the private sector, state government and individuals.
• To create an enabling environment for the supply of solar power from rooftops and small plants to the grid.

The correct answer is greater than the speed of sound.

Key Points

• When a source of sound travels faster than the speed of sound, a shock wave is generated which gives rise to a sonic boom.
• These shock waves carry with them a huge amount of energy and pressure difference and those waves create a very loud and strong sound which is called sonic boom.
• It generates huge amounts of sound energy. It almost feels like the sound of thunder.
• The shock wave creates a cone of pressurized air molecules. As the cone spreads across the landscape along the flight path, it produces a continuous sonic boom along the entire width of the cone's base.
• The rapid release of pressure following the build-up by the shock wave is heard as a sonic boom.
• It is the sudden change in pressure (rate of change) that makes the sonic boom audible.

The correct answer is a - (iv), b - (i), c - (v), d - (ii), e - (iii).

Concept:

• The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs.
• It enables us to see the wonderful world and the colors around us. On closing the eyes, we can identify objects to some extent by their smell, taste, sound they make, or by touch.
• It is, however, impossible to identify colors while closing the eyes. Thus, of all the sense organs, the human eye is the most significant one as it enables us to see the beautiful, colourful world around us.

Explanation:

Parts of an eye:

The adult human eyeball is nearly spherical in structure. It consists of tissues present in three concentric layers

i) Outermost fibrous layer composed of sclera and cornea.

ii) Middle layer consists of choroid, ciliary muscles and iris.

iii) Innermost layer consists of retina

Outermost layer-

• Sclera:
• It is an opaque outermost layer, composed of dense connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eyeball and protects all the inner layers of the eyeball.
• Cornea:
• The cornea is a thin transparent, front part of sclera, which lacks blood vessels, but is rich in nerve endings. These nerve endings are in charge of the involuntary reflex of closing the eyelid in response to touch, preventing foreign particles from entering and causing damage to the eye.
• The cornea and lens work together to help in focusing light rays on the back of the eye.

Middle layer-

Choroid:

• It is a pigmented layer (bluish) present beneath the sclera. It contains numerous blood vessels and nourishes the sclera.
• The choroid layer is thin over the posterior two-thirds of the eyeball, but it becomes, thick in the anterior part to form the ciliary muscles.

Ciliary muscles:

• Ciliary muscles holds the lens in position, stretching and relaxation of ciliary muscles changes the focal length of the lens for accommodation.

Iris:

• Iris forms a pigmented circle of muscular diaphragm attached to the ciliary body in front of the lens.
• The pigment present in it gives characterstic colour to the eyes.
• Iris controls the amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting its size. The iris is a thin membrane that controls the pupil, which in turn controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

Pupil:

• It is the aperture surrounded by the iris.
• The cornea bends light rays so that they pass freely through the pupil, which allows light into the eye.

Innermost layer

• Retina:
• The retina is a delicate membrane having enormous number of light-sensitive cells.
• The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electrical signals.
• Retina acts as screen for the image.

The correct option is Copper is a better conductor of heat.

Key Points

• The stainless steel utensils have copper bottoms because copper is a better conductor of heat.
• Stainless steel cookware generally comes with copper bottoms.
• Copper is a good conductor of heat.
• Copper is able to heat soon as compared to only steel.
• Copper has good conductivity than steel and is able to hot quickly.
• Due to this reason, stainless cookware mostly comes with copper bottoms.

Additional Information

• Copper is an element that has the chemical formula Cu.
• It comes under group 11 of the periodic table.
• It has the atomic number 29.
• Copper has a shiny or lustrous brown color.
• Copper has the property to be ductile and malleable.
• It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Copper is used in metallurgy, electric wires, etc.

The correct answer is 'Sarve Santu Niramaya'

In News

• The Army Medical Corps celebrated its 260th Raising Day on 3rd April 2024.

Key Points

• Established in 1764, the Corps has a rich history of providing medical services to Army personnel, both serving and veterans, as well as their families.
• The Corps has demonstrated selfless service to the nation, showcasing dedication and sacrifice in both combat and peacekeeping missions.
• The Corps motto, 'Sarve Santu Niramaya' (Let All be Free from Disease), encapsulates its commitment to ensuring the health and well-being of all.
• The Raising Day event was attended by high-ranking officials including Chief of Army Staff Gen Manoj Pande and Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari.
• The Corps has excelled in various medical care domains, including participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) activities on foreign soil.

The correct answer is Option 1.

In News

• News: IAF’s 10-Day Mega Exercise ‘Gagan Shakti’ Set To Begin.

Key PointsExercise Gagan Shakti:

• The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to commence a 10-day exercise to test its capabilities and preparedness for high-intensity operations. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• During the exercise, known as ‘Gagan Shakti-2024,’ the IAF will mobilize all its bases and assets across the country.
• The exercise is being conducted at various locations across the country, including the Pokhran Field Firing Range in Jaisalmer.
• It was last held in 2018, during which the IAF completed over 11,000 sorties during the two-phase air manoeuvres.
• Gagan Shakti is the biggest IAF war exercise after Vayu Shakti.

The correct answer is INS Dega, Visakhapatnam

In News

• The Indian Navy de-inducted the UH-3H helicopter after 17 years of service during a ceremony at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam, on June 28, 2024, presided over by Vice Admiral Sameer Saxena.

Key Points

• The UH-3H helicopter, introduced in 2007 and inducted into INAS 350 in 2009, will be replaced by the Sea King 42C helicopter to maintain operational capabilities.
• The UH-3H played a significant role in Special Operations, Search and Rescue (SAR) missions, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations, and the security of offshore installations.
• Known for its advanced SAR capabilities and logistical support, the UH-3H was crucial during natural disasters, saving many lives and providing relief.
• The UH-3H helicopter was a key asset in Indian Naval Aviation, embodying the motto "Strength, Valour, and Perseverance" and contributing to the security of India's maritime boundaries.
• As a tribute, one UH-3H will be permanently displayed in Visakhapatnam, inspiring future generations. A commemorative plaque was handed over to the State Government by Vice Admiral Saxena and received by Shri K. Mayur Ashok, IAS, Joint Collector of Visakhapatnam.

Correct Answer: Rafale

In News

• An Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent participated in Exercise Red Flag 2024 at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska.

Key Points

• The IAF contingent participated with the Rafale aircraft.
• This was the first time the IAF Rafale aircraft participated in Exercise Red Flag.
• The exercise included Beyond Visual Range (BVR) combat exercises as part of Large Force Engagements (LFE).
• The IAF crew were involved in mission planning and assumed the role of Mission Leaders for designated missions during the exercise.
• Indian Air Force completed participation in Exercise Red Flag 2024 at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, showcasing Rafale jets in advanced aerial combat scenarios alongside multiple international air forces.
• This was the second edition of Ex Red Flag 2024, held four times in a year by the US Air Force.
• The exercise included Air Forces of Singapore, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany and US.

The correct answer is India's Strategic Culture and Imperative for Contemporary National Security.

Key Points

• The theme of the capstone seminar was "India's Strategic Culture and Imperative for Contemporary National Security".
• The seminar marked the culmination of the No. 3 Warfare & Aerospace Strategy Program (WASP).
• This edition of WASP saw tri-service participation for the first time, including officers from the Indian Air Force, Navy, Army, and a research scholar.
• Participants underwent training in various fields such as Strategy, Military History, Civil-Military relations, Aerospace Power, Information Warfare, Technology, and Hybrid Warfare.

Important Points

• The program was guided by an external faculty of accomplished practitioner-scholars.
• Graduates of the program received a PG diploma in Strategic Studies from Rashtriya Raksha University.
• The keynote address was delivered by Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari.
• The seminar included presentations on 'Examining International Relations through India's Strategic Culture' and 'Military Outlook through Strategic Partnerships'.

The correct answer is option 3.

In News

• The Hindu: India test-fires Agni-V ballistic missile with multiple warhead technology under Mission Divyastra.

Key PointsMission Divyastra:

• Mission Divyastra is the first flight test of an indigenously developed Agni-5 missile equipped with MIRV technology by India’s Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• MIRV stands for Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle. It’s a type of missile technology that allows a single missile to carry multiple nuclear warheads, each of which can be directed to a different target. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• This technology significantly increases the effectiveness and destructive capability of ballistic missiles.
• Basics of MIRV:
• Multiple Warheads: Unlike older missile designs that carry a single nuclear warhead, a MIRV-equipped missile can carry several warheads, often up to a dozen or more. Each of these warheads can be assigned a different target.
• Independently Targetable: The key feature of MIRV technology is that each warhead can be directed to a different target independently of the others. This is achieved through sophisticated guidance and delivery systems.
• Re-entry Vehicle: After the missile is launched and reaches a certain point in its trajectory, the warheads are released. Each warhead is housed in its re-entry vehicle, which protects it as it re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere. The re-entry vehicle is designed to withstand the intense heat and friction generated during re-entry.
• Agni V :
• Agni-V is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and is the successor to the Agni-III missile.
• Range: Agni-V has a confirmed range of over 5,000 kilometers, with some reports suggesting 7,000 kilometers. This extended range places significant parts of Asia and Europe within its reach, allowing India to target all of China from bases located in central and southern India.  Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Propulsion and Stages: It is a three-stage missile that uses solid fuel for propulsion. The use of composite motor casing in the second and third stages helps reduce the missile’s weight, enhancing its range and payload capacity.
• Mobility and Deployment: Agni-V is designed for road mobility, using a canister-launch system. This feature significantly increases its operational flexibility and reduces reaction times for launch, as it can be fired from a pre-surveyed launch location without the need for a pre-built launch site.
• Guidance and Control: The missile employs an advanced guidance system, including a ring laser gyroscope-based inertial navigation system (RLG-INS) and a micro inertial navigation system (MINGS) as a backup. These systems are capable of interacting with both Indian and non-Indian satellite navigation systems, ensuring high accuracy.
• MIRV Capability: Agni-V is expected to feature Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry multiple nuclear warheads, each capable of striking different targets.

Additional Information

• Agni missiles are long-range, nuclear weapons capable of surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.
• The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and tested in 1989.
• After its success, the Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance.
• It was designated as a special program in India’s defense budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development.
• Variants of Agni missiles:
• Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a range of 700-800 km.
• Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a range of more than 2000 km.
• Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a range of more than 2,500 Km
• Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
• Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
• Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an ICBM with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.

The correct answer All four.

In News

• The Hindu: President approves four Kirti Chakras, 11 Shaurya Chakras for armed forces and CAPF personnel.

Key Points

Gallantry Awards:

• Shaurya Chakra: The Shaurya Chakra is an Indian military decoration that is awarded for acts of gallantry, courageous action, or self-sacrifice while not engaged in direct action with the enemy. It is one of the peacetime gallantry awards and is ranked third in precedence among the peacetime gallantry awards, after the Ashoka Chakra and the Kirti Chakra. Hence pair 1 is correct.
• Kirti Chakra: The Kirti Chakra is also a peacetime gallantry award and is the second-highest peacetime gallantry award in India. It is awarded for conspicuous bravery, courageous action, or self-sacrifice in the face of the enemy. It ranks just below the Ashoka Chakra in the order of precedence for peacetime gallantry awards.  Hence pair 2 is correct.
• Param Veer Chakra: The Param Vir Chakra is the highest military honor in India, awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valor or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air. It is the highest award for gallantry in India and is equivalent to the Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor.  Hence pair 3 is correct.
• Vir Chakra: The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air. It is the third in precedence in the wartime gallantry awards, after the Param Vir Chakra and the Maha Vir Chakra. The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of bravery and courage during times of conflict.  Hence pair 4 is correct.

​ 

Additional InformationParam Vir Chakra (PVC):

• Description: The Param Vir Chakra is the highest military decoration awarded for the most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valor or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy.
• Equivalent: Comparable to the Victoria Cross (UK) and the Medal of Honor (USA).
• Precedence: Highest among all gallantry awards in India.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians of either sex in all walks of life.

Maha Vir Chakra (MVC):

• Description: The Maha Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air.
• Precedence: Second-highest in wartime gallantry awards after the Param Vir Chakra.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians of either sex in all walks of life.

Vir Chakra (VrC):

• Description: The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air.
• Precedence: Third-highest in wartime gallantry awards after the Param Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians of either sex in all walks of life.

Ashoka Chakra Award:

• Description: The Ashoka Chakra is India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action, or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield.
• Equivalent: Comparable to the Param Vir Chakra.
• Precedence: Highest among peacetime gallantry awards.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians.

Kirti Chakra:

• Description: The Kirti Chakra is awarded for conspicuous bravery, courageous action, or self-sacrifice in the face of the enemy.
• Precedence: Second-highest peacetime gallantry award after the Ashoka Chakra.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians.

Shaurya Chakra:

• Description: The Shaurya Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry, courageous action, or self-sacrifice while not engaged in direct action with the enemy.
• Precedence: Third-highest peacetime gallantry award after the Ashoka Chakra and Kirti Chakra.
• Awarded: To officers/personnel of all ranks of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, and also to civilians.

Given:

a : b = 2 : 3

b : c = 6 : 7

c : d = 14 : 25

d : e = 1 : 2

Formula used:

Combine all ratios step-by-step by matching common terms

Calculations:

a : b = 2 : 3

b : c = 6 : 7 ⇒ make b same in both ratios:

LCM of 3 and 6 = 6

a : b = 4 : 6, b : c = 6 : 7 ⇒ a : b : c = 4 : 6 : 7

c : d = 14 : 25 ⇒ match c = 14

a : b : c = 4 : 6 : 7 ⇒ multiply all by 2 to get c = 14

a : b : c = 8 : 12 : 14

⇒ c : d = 14 : 25 ⇒ a : b : c : d = 8 : 12 : 14 : 25

d : e = 1 : 2 ⇒ match d = 25

Multiply both terms by 25 ⇒ d : e = 25 : 50

⇒ a : b : c : d : e = 8 : 12 : 14 : 25 : 50

∴ a : e = 8 : 50 = 4 : 25

Given:

40 men × 6 hrs/day × 20 days = 200 sharks

Formula used:

Total work (in man-hours) = Men × Hours/day × Days

Use unitary method to find required days

Calculations:

Man-hours for 200 sharks = 40 × 6 × 20 = 4800

⇒ 1 shark = 4800 ÷ 200 = 24 man-hours

⇒ 300 sharks = 300 × 24 = 7200 man-hours

25 men working 4 hours/day = 25 × 4 = 100 man-hours/day

Days required = 7200 ÷ 100 = 72 days

∴ 25 men will take 72 days to catch 300 sharks working 4 hours a day

Given:

Length of each carriage = 40 m.

Total number of carriages = 45.

Length of engine = 120 m.

Speed of train = 54 km/hr.

Length of bridge = 1200 m.

Formula Used:

Time = Total Distance / Speed

Calculation:

Total length of train = Length of engine + (Number of carriages × Length of each carriage)

⇒ Total length = 120 + (45 × 40)

⇒ Total length = 120 + 1800

⇒ Total length = 1920 m

Total distance to pass the bridge = Length of train + Length of bridge

⇒ Total distance = 1920 + 1200

⇒ Total distance = 3120 m

Speed of train in m/s = (54 × 1000) / 3600

⇒ Speed = 15 m/s

Time = Total Distance / Speed

⇒ Time = 3120 / 15

⇒ Time = 208 s

The time taken by the train to pass the bridge is 208 seconds.

Given:

HCF of two numbers = 7

LCM of two numbers = 210

One number = 35

Formula Used:

Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Other number = (Product of two numbers) / (Given number)

Calculation:

Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

⇒ Product = 7 × 210

⇒ Product = 1470

Other number = Product / Given number

⇒ Other number = 1470 / 35

⇒ Other number = 42

The other number is 42.

Given:

Fractions to compare: (5/6), (11/12), (7/18), (11/21)

Formula Used:

To compare fractions, find their LCM (Least Common Multiple) of denominators and convert all fractions to have the same denominator. The fraction with the largest numerator is the largest fraction.

Calculation:

Denominators: 6, 12, 18, 21

LCM of denominators = 252

Convert each fraction to have the denominator 252:

(5/6) = (5 × 42)/(6 × 42) = 210/252

(11/12) = (11 × 21)/(12 × 21) = 231/252

(7/18) = (7 × 14)/(18 × 14) = 98/252

(11/21) = (11 × 12)/(21 × 12) = 132/252

Compare numerators: 210, 231, 98, 132

Largest numerator = 231

⇒ Largest fraction = (11/12)

The largest fraction is (11/12).

Given:

Average weight of five students = 58 kg

Weight of one student misread = 46 kg

Actual weight of the student = 66 kg

Formula Used:

New Average = (Total weight with correction) / Number of students

Calculation:

Total weight (original) = Average weight × Number of students

⇒ Total weight = 58 × 5

⇒ Total weight = 290 kg

Corrected total weight = Original total weight + Difference in misread weight

⇒ Corrected total weight = 290 + (66 - 46)

⇒ Corrected total weight = 290 + 20

⇒ Corrected total weight = 310 kg

New Average = Corrected total weight / Number of students

⇒ New Average = 310 / 5

⇒ New Average = 62 kg

The new average weight is 62 kg.

Given:

Selling price with 10% profit = SP.

Selling price with 12.5% loss = SP - 18.

Formula Used:

Profit or Loss% = ((SP - CP)/CP) × 100

Cost Price (CP) relationship for given conditions:

For 10% profit: SP = CP × (110/100)

For 12.5% loss: SP - 18 = CP × (87.5/100)

Calculation:

From the first condition:

SP = CP × (110/100)

⇒ CP = (SP × 100) / 110

From the second condition:

SP - 18 = CP × (87.5/100)

Substituting CP = (SP × 100) / 110 into the second condition:

SP - 18 = ((SP × 100) / 110) × (87.5/100)

SP - 18 = (SP × 87.5) / 110

⇒ SP × 110 - 18 × 110 = SP × 87.5

⇒ 110SP - 1980 = 87.5SP

⇒ 110SP - 87.5SP = 1980

⇒ 22.5SP = 1980

⇒ SP = 1980 / 22.5

⇒ SP = 88

Now, calculate SP for 30% profit:

SP (30% profit) = CP × (130/100)

CP = (SP × 100) / 110 = (88 × 100) / 110 = 80

SP (30% profit) = 80 × (130/100) = 104

The selling price of the article for a 30% profit is 104.

Given:

Amount deposited for 5 years = 400

Amount deposited for 4 years = 500

Total Simple Interest received = 200

Time for the first amount = 5 years

Time for the second amount = 4 years

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = Principal × Rate × Time

Total SI = SI for the first amount + SI for the second amount

Calculation:

SI for the first amount = 400 × Rate × 5

SI for the second amount = 500 × Rate × 4

Total SI = 200

⇒ 400 × Rate × 5 + 500 × Rate × 4 = 200

⇒ Rate × (400 × 5 + 500 × 4) = 200

⇒ Rate × (2000 + 2000) = 200

⇒ Rate × 4000 = 200

⇒ Rate = 200 / 4000

⇒ Rate = 0.05

The rate of interest is 0.05 or 5%.

Given:

Word: WORKSPACE

Total letters = 9

Vowels = O, A, E (3 vowels)

Consonants = W, R, K, S, P, C (6 consonants)

Condition: Vowels must always be together

Calculations:

If vowels are together, treat them as one unit

So total units = 6 consonants + 1 vowel group = 7 units

Ways to arrange these 7 units = 7!

Ways to arrange 3 vowels within the group = 3!

7! = 5040

3! = 6

Total ways = 5040 × 6 = 30240

∴ Total arrangements = 30240

Given:

Expression: [{(486)² ÷ (27)²} × 15] ÷ 12

Formula Used:

Follow the BODMAS rule (Brackets, Orders (powers/roots), Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).

Calculation:

[{(486)2 ÷ (27)2} × 15] ÷ 12 = ?

[{(486 ÷ 27)2} × 15] ÷ 12 = ?

[{(18)2} × 15] ÷ 12 = ?

[324 × 15] ÷ 12 = ?

4860 ÷ 12 = ?

? = 405

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Given:

Man completes work in 10 days ⇒ Efficiency = 1/10

Woman completes work in 20 days ⇒ Efficiency = 1/20

Man works at 60% efficiency ⇒ Effective efficiency = 60% of 1/10 = 0.6/10 = 3/50

Woman works at 50% efficiency ⇒ Effective efficiency = 50% of 1/20 = 0.5/20 = 1/40

Formula used:

Total work = 1 (unit)

Combined efficiency = (3/50 + 1/40)

Calculations:

LCM of 50 and 40 = 200

⇒ 3/50 = 12/200, 1/40 = 5/200

⇒ Combined efficiency = (12 + 5)/200 = 17/200

Time = Total work ÷ Combined efficiency = 1 ÷ (17/200) = 200/17 days

∴ Time taken to complete the work ≈ 200/17 days

Given:

In 6 years, amount becomes 3/5 times more ⇒ Interest = 3/5 of principal

Let principal = P ⇒ SI = (3/5)P

Time = 6 years

We need to find CI on ₹12,000 for 3 years at same rate

Formula used:

Simple Interest: SI = (P × R × T) ÷ 100

Compound Interest: A = P$(1 + \frac{r}{100})^t$

CI = A - P

Calculations:

SI = (3/5)P = (P × R × 6) ÷ 100

⇒ (3/5)P = (6PR) ÷ 100

⇒ Multiply both sides by 100: 60P = 6PR ⇒ R = 10%

Now for CI on ₹12,000 for 3 years at 10%:

A = 12000 × (1 + 10/100)³ = 12000 × (1.1)³ = 12000 × 1.331 = ₹15,972

CI = 15972 - 12000 = ₹3,972

∴ Compound Interest = ₹3,972

Given:

Ratio of ages of Priya and her mother = 31:38

At the time of Priya's birth, her mother's age was 21 years.

Calculation:

Let the present age of Priya = x

Present age of Priya's mother = (x × 38) / 31

At Priya's birth, her mother's age = Present age of mother - Present age of Priya

⇒ 21 = ((x × 38) / 31) - x

⇒ 21 = (38x / 31) - x

⇒ 21 = (38x - 31x) / 31

⇒ 21 = 7x / 31

⇒ x = (21 × 31) / 7

⇒ x = 93

Present age of Priya = 93 years

Present age of Priya's mother = (93 × 38) / 31

⇒ Present age of Priya's mother = 3546 / 31

⇒ Present age of Priya's mother = 114 years

The present ages of Priya and her mother are 93 years and 114 years respectively.

Given:

A coin is tossed 4 times.

We need the probability of getting at least one head.

Formula Used:

Probability of at least one head = 1 - Probability of no heads.

Probability of no heads = (Probability of tail)ⁿ, where n = number of tosses.

Calculation:

Probability of tail = 1/2

n = 4

Probability of no heads = (1/2)⁴

Probability of no heads = 1 / (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)

Probability of no heads = 1/16

Probability of at least one head = 1 - (1/16)

⇒ Probability of at least one head = (16/16) - (1/16)

⇒ Probability of at least one head = 15/16

The probability of getting at least one head is 15/16.

Given:

Passing percentage = 36%

Marks obtained = 160

Marks required to pass = 160 + 20 = 180

Formula Used:

Passing Marks = (Passing Percentage × Maximum Marks) / 100

Calculation:

Let Maximum Marks = x

Passing Marks = 36% of x

⇒ (36 × x) / 100 = 180

⇒ 36 × x = 180 × 100

⇒ x = (180 × 100) / 36

⇒ x = 500

The maximum marks are Rs 500.

Given:

Original Price (P) = ₹2,500

First Discount = 12.5%

Second Discount = 8%

Formula used:

Final Price = Price after First Discount × (1 - Second Discount/100)

Price after First Discount = Original Price × (1 - First Discount/100)

Calculation:

Price after First Discount:

⇒ ₹2,500 × (1 - 12.5/100)

⇒ ₹2,500 × 0.875

⇒ ₹2,187.50

Final Price:

⇒ ₹2,187.50 × (1 - 8/100)

⇒ ₹2,187.50 × 0.92

⇒ ₹2,012.50

∴ The final price of the product is ₹2,012.50, and the correct answer is option (1).

Given:

Simplify the following expression:

{(17 × 4 - 12 ÷ 3) × 2 + 15} ÷ 5

Formula used:

Follow the BODMAS rule:

Bracket → Order → Division → Multiplication → Addition → Subtraction

Calculation:

{(17 × 4 - 12 ÷ 3) × 2 + 15} ÷ 5

⇒ {(68 - 4) × 2 + 15} ÷ 5

⇒ {(64) × 2 + 15} ÷ 5

⇒ {128 + 15} ÷ 5

⇒ 143 ÷ 5

⇒ 28.6

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

Given:

Initial capital ratio of A : B : C = 5 : 4 : 6

After 6 months, A withdraws half of his capital.

After 6 months, B increases his capital by 25%.

C keeps his investment unchanged for 1 year.

Total profit at the end of 1 year = ₹76,000

Calculations:

Let the initial capitals be 5x, 4x, and 6x for A, B, and C respectively.

The investments are for a period of 1 year (12 months).

A's investment:

For the first 6 months: 5x

Capital withdrawn = 5x / 2 = 2.5x

Remaining capital for the next 6 months = 5x - 2.5x = 2.5x

A's effective investment = (5x × 6) + (2.5x × 6)

⇒ 30x + 15x = 45x

B's investment:

For the first 6 months: 4x

Capital increased by 25% = 4x + (4x × 25/100) = 4x + x = 5x

New capital for the next 6 months = 5x

B's effective investment = (4x × 6) + (5x × 6)

⇒ 24x + 30x = 54x

C's investment:

C's investment remains unchanged = 6x

C's effective investment = 6x × 12 = 72x

Ratio of effective investments (A : B : C):

45x : 54x : 72x

Divide by 9x:

5 : 6 : 8

Sum of ratios = 5 + 6 + 8 = 19

Share of B in the profit:

B's share = (B's ratio / Sum of ratios) × Total profit

⇒ B's share = (6 / 19) × 76,000

⇒ B's share = 6 × (76000 / 19)

⇒ B's share = ₹24,000

Given:

The amount doubles itself under compound interest in 15 years.

Formula used:

For compound interest: A = P(1 + r)^t

Where,

A = Final amount, P = Principal amount

r = Rate of interest, t = Time

Calculation:

Given the amount doubles every 15 years, we use the doubling time concept.

1024 = 2¹⁰, so the amount doubles 10 times.

Each doubling takes 15 years.

⇒ Total time = 15 × 10 = 150 years

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

Given:

The length, breadth, and height of a cuboid are increased by 15%, 20%, and 30% respectively.

Formula used:

Percentage change in volume = [(1 + change in length) × (1 + change in breadth) × (1 + change in height) - 1] × 100

Calculation:

Initial changes:

⇒ Change in length = 15% = 0.15

⇒ Change in breadth = 20% = 0.20

⇒ Change in height = 30% = 0.30

Applying formula:

⇒ Percentage change = [(1 + 0.15) × (1 + 0.20) × (1 + 0.30) - 1] × 100

⇒ Percentage change = [1.15 × 1.20 × 1.30 - 1] × 100

⇒ Percentage change = [1.794 - 1] × 100

⇒ Percentage change = 79.4%

∴ The correct answer is option (1): 79.4% increase.

The pattern followed here is as follows :

Hence, “LIJG” is the odd one among given alternatives.

After arranging the letters of each word, we get

1. EIMASJN - JASMINE

2. NGMOA - MANGO

3. OMRAPEGTEAN - POMEGRANATE

4. NABAAN - BANANA

Mango, Pomegranate and Banana are fruits but Jasmine is a flower.

Hence, ‘EIMASJN’ is the odd one among the given options.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting in a straight line facing south, but not necessarily in the same order.

1) F is fourth to one of extreme ends in row.

Case(i) :

Case(ii) :

2) A is second to right of F and B is third to left of A.

Case(i) :

Case(ii) :

 

3) A sits fourth to right of D and G is immediate left of D.

Case(i) :

Case(ii) :

4) Only two people sit between E and F and E sits to one of left of C.

5) As many people sits between C and H same as sits between G and F.

Hence, the correct answer is "C".

The logic followed here is:-

Therefore, option 3 will complete the pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

1. Square is a place where gram is cultivated.
2. Triangle is a place where maize is cultivated.
3. Circle is a place where rice is cultivated.
4. Rectangle is a place where wheat is cultivated.

The logic is;

where all the four figures intersept is the place.

Hence, H is the only point where all four crops are cultivated.

Preparing the family tree using the following symbol:

According to the given information,

Hence, Kamini is the sister in law of Raghav.

The pattern followed here is,

(9 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 5 + 6) × 5 = 25 × 5 = 125

(3 + 7 + 0 + 1.5 + 4 + 2.5) × 5 = 18 × 5 = 90

Similarly, we have:

(8 + 0.5 + 0 + 3 + 1 + 9.5) × 5 = 22 × 5 = 110

Hence, 110 is the correct answer.

The pattern is:

2 + 7 + 8 = 112 → 2 × 7 × 8 = 112

4 + 7 + 9 = 252 → 4 × 7 × 9 = 252

From here we get ‘+’ means ‘×’

Similarly,

9 + 9 + 9 = ? → 9 × 9 × 9 = 729

Hence, the correct answer is ’729’.

The logic follows here is:

i) Rohit walked 15 km towards the east.

ii) He took the right turn and walked 25 km.

iii) He then took a left turn and walked 25 km.

iv) He took a left turn walked 25 km.

v) He took a right turn and walked 10 km.

vi) He took a left turn and walked 20 km.

vii) He took a left turn and walked 35 km.

Drawing the diagram as per the given information.

Here, HB = GF = 20km

AB = 15km

We have to calculate the distance AH.

Use Pythagoras theorem to find the distance AH.

(Hypotenus)² = (Base)² + (Height)²

⇒ (AH)² = (15)² + (20)²

⇒ (AH)2 = 225 + 400

⇒ (AH)2 = 625

⇒ AH = $\sqrt625$

⇒ AH = 25 km

Therefore, Rohit is 25km far from the starting point.

Hence, the correct answer is "25km".

‘Elegant’ is synonym of ‘Shapely’, similarly, ‘Boisterous’ is synonym of ‘Excessive’.

Elegant, Shapely - having a well proportioned feminine figure.

Excessive, Boisterous - going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount.

2. Reserved - Private
3. Reasonable - Sensible
4. Temperate –Pleasant

Hence, the correct answer is ‘Excessive’.

The pattern followed here is;

Hence, "170" is the correct answer.

The diagrammatic representation of the given data is as follows:

The shortest distance between Sandhya’s house and Parul’s house.

Applying Pythagoras Theorem

Shortest distance² = Vertical distance² + Horizontal distance² 

Shortest distance2 = (AD + DB)² + BC²

= (10 + 10)² + (15)² = (20)² + (15)² = 400 + 225 = 625 = 25²

Shortest Distance = 25 km

Hence, the shortest distance between Sandhya’s house and Parul’s house is 25 km.

The pattern followed here is:

According to the alphabetical positions of the letters,

 

Also,

 

Similarly,

 

Hence, ‘72’ is the correct answer.