Social Studies PYQs

The correct answer is citric acid.

Important Points

• Lemon fruit is a rich source of citric acid.
• Citric acid is a weak organic acid.
• It is a six-carbon tricarboxylic acid.
• A manufactured form of citric acid is commonly used as an additive in food, cleaning agents, and nutritional supplements.
• Citric acid is mainly produced by fungal fermentation.
• Chemical synthesis of citric acid is possible, but it is expensive than fungal fermentation.

Additional Information

• Malic acid: It is found in many fruits, including apples. It contributes to the sour taste of fruits It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by almost all living organisms.
• Tartaric acid: It occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes. The acidic monopotassium salt (commonly known as 'cream of tartar') is used in baking powders and leavening systems.
• Acetic acid: It is the most important of the carboxylic acids. A dilute (approximately 5 per cent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation is called vinegar.

The correct answer is Nagpur.

• The Central AGMARK Laboratory is situated in Nagpur, Maharastra.
• The Directorate of Marketing and Inspection was set up in 1935 to implement the agricultural marketing policies and programs for the integrated development of marketing of agricultural and other allied products in the country.
• The primary aim of its establishment was to safeguard the interests of farmers as well as consumers.

Additional Information

• There is a network of 22 Regional Agmark Laboratories at different places in the country and Central AGMARK Laboratory is the apex laboratory.
• These laboratories have been established to formulate standards and conduct physical and chemical analysis of agricultural and allied commodities.
• The Central Agmark Laboratory has the specialized commodity divisions for carrying out research and standardization work more efficiently which include:-
• Agricultural Products (Food grains)
• Spices and Essential Oils
• Oils and Fats
• General Chemistry
• Livestock Products including microbiology
• Toxicology
• The Central Lab advises on technical matters to various quality control agencies and State Government Grading Laboratories, in relation to the grading of various agricultural commodities, food under Agmark.

The correct answer is SA - PA.

• Swara connotes a note in the successive steps of the octave.
• This word is found in the Vedic literature, particularly the Samaveda.
• There are seven notes of the musical scale: shadja, rishabha, gandhara,  madhyama, panchama, dhaivata, and nishada.
• These seven swaras are shortened to Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni.
• The swaras which are always suddh, never be a Komal or Tivra are called Achal swar.
• Achal swaras are the notes Shadja and Pancham. These notes are constant/fixed on the scale. Achal means immovable.
• Vikrut swaras are the notes Rishabh, Gandhar, Madhyam, Dhaivat, and Nishad. Vikrut means movable.

The correct answer is Kalyan.

• Yaman is a heptatonic Indian classical raga of Kalyan Thaat.
• As per Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, one of the most influential musicologists in the field of North Indian classical music, each one of the several traditional ragas is based on or is a variation of, ten basic thaats.
• The ten thaats are Bilawal, Kalyan, Khamaj, Bhairav, Poorvi, Marwa, Kafi, Asavari, Bhairavi, and Todi.
• In Kalyan thaat, all notes are shuddha (natural) except teevra (sharp) Ma.
• A raag is composed using the seven notes (Swar) and its variations. It is a melodic construct that follows specific rules and grammar.

The correct answer is Laya.

Laya:

• It is the number of beats played in the time period of a single beat.
• It is also called tempo in western music.
• There are primarily three types of Laya: Vilambit laya, Madhya laya, Drut laya.
• Taal: This is any rhythmic beat or strike that measures musical time. There are several hundred kinds of rhythm cycles in Indian classical music with varying numbers of beats.
• Taals also have a 'low' point known as khali (empty) usually shown by waving the hand.
• Sam: It is the first beat of any rhythmic cycle. It is always a Tali (clap), except Rupak Taal where Sam is a Khali (wave).
• In a particular laya, disciplined and regular accent makes a rhythmic variety. It is called Chhanda.

The correct answer is Raag Vihag.

Ragas are a family of musical notes (swaras).

• A raag can contain some or all seven notes and can have different numbers of notes in its ascending and descending scales.
• As per Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, one of the most influential musicologists in the field of North Indian classical music, each one of the several traditional ragas is based on or is a variation of, ten basic thaats.
• The ten thaats are Bilawal, Kalyan, Khamaj, Bhairav, Poorvi, Marwa, Kafi, Asavari, Bhairavi, and Todi.

Important Points

Raag Vihag:

• It is composed of all the shuddha swaras.
• It uses both shuddha Ma (ma) and teevra Ma (Ma).
• Thaat Kalyan and it is suitable to sing in 2^nd Prahar of the Night
• Aaroh-Avroh: S G m P N S' - S' N DP M P G m G RS, S' N D P M G m G R S;
• In aaroh the 'ध' is not used but itis used in avroh.

Hence, the ग म प नि नि ध प, म प, ग म ग this swar group is matching with Raag Vihag taans.

• Raag Kalyan: It is also known as Raag Yaman. In thaat Kalyan, all notes are shuddha (natural) except teevra (sharp) Ma.
• Raag Yaman: It is a heptatonic Indian classical raga of Kalyan Thaat.

All the scale notes (called swaras) in the raga are shuddha, the exception being Teevra Madhyam or prati madhyamam.

• Raag Bilaval: It is originated from Bilawala Thaat.It is also called “Ashraya Raga” of Bilawal Thaat. In this, all seven swaras (shudha) are used in Aroh and Avaroh. The Indian national anthem Jana gana mana is sung in Bilaval.

The correct answer is Shyamlal Gupta 'Parshad'.

• Shyamlal Gupta 'Parshad' is the writer of Jhanda Gaan, Vijaee Vishwa Tiranga Payara.
• Shyamlal was an Indian poet and lyricist.
• Azadi Ki Raah Par is the flag song of India and is sung every year during the flag hoisting ceremony at the Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations. This song is written by Shyamlal.
• "Vijaee Vishwa Tiranga Payara" is the lyric to the flag song- "Azadi Ki Raah Par".
• The Indian National Congress adopted the song as the official flag song in 1924 and it was first sung at the Jallianwala Bagh Martyrs' Day on 13 April 1924.
• Shyamlal is also the recipient of the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri in 1969.

• The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
• It also stores these thyroid hormones and releases them as they are needed. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, which are located in the brain, help control the thyroid gland.
• The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). When the hypothalamus and pituitary are working normally, they sense when:
• Thyroid hormone levels are low, so they secrete more TRH and TSH, which stimulates the thyroid to make more hormones.
• Thyroid hormone levels are too high, so they secrete less TRH and TSH, which reduces hormone production by the thyroid.

Thus, we can say that the Hormone released from the thyroid is thyroxine.

Key Points

• Insulin: It is a hormone made in the pancreas. It controls the amount of glucose in our bloodstream. It also helps store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles. It also regulates our body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland playing a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body.
• The thyroid gland produces three hormones:-
• Triiodothyronine, known as T3
• Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine), known as T4
• Calcitonin
• Please note that Iodine is one of the main building blocks of T3 and T4.
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine.
• Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
• The body can also produce too little thyroxine.

The correct answer is all of the above.

Important Points

• Boiling:
• It is the rapid vaporization of a liquid.
• When raw vegetables are immersed in boiling water, vegetables start to get cooked.
• The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere.
• Stewing: It is a cooking method. It uses small, uniform pieces of raw food immersed in a liquid and slowly simmered. It involves a very slow boiling of water.
• Simmering: It is a cooking method in which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water.

Thus, we can say that Water is used as a medium of cooking in boiling, stewing, and simmering.

The correct answer is fermentation.

• The method involved in Dhokla preparation is fermentation.
• It is made with a fermented batter derived from rice and split chickpeas.
• Sour curd or baking soda is added to the batter for the fermentation.
• Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off the heat. It is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes.
• It is predominantly used in the production of alcoholic beverages, bread, yogurt, sauerkraut, apple cider vinegar, and kombucha.

The development process passes through different stages.

Each stage of development has certain distinct and specific characteristics.

These stages are:

Key Points

The childhood stage of any child is known as it's gang stage. This stage a child starts to enter into formal schooling and start building their Social relations.

• They start living organized group life by developing a strong sense of loyalty towards their gang by following certain rules and codes of conduct.
• In this stage, they are faithful and obedient towards their gang/group.

Hence, it becomes clear that two years to six years of age is called childhood.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Important Points

When toxic substances enter water bodies, it causes water pollution.

• It can be caused by the improper use of pesticides.
• The water gets contaminated when pesticides used on land areas are flushed away by wind and rainfall into water bodies.
• Pesticide alters the state of water bodies by changing to their physical, chemical, or biological conditions.

Various human activities can lead to water pollution.

• The emissions from factories and vehicles are released into the air which settles into the water bodies in the form of acid rain.
• Industrial waste and sewage water also drain into water bodies when there is no efficient drainage system.
• Population growth increases human activities which further expand the water pollution caused by it. 
• As population density increases, the waste generated in households ends up in water bodies polluting them.
• Human activities (washing clothes and utensils) around water bodies increase with the increase in population leading to water pollution.

Thus, the reason for water pollution is pesticides, human activity, and population growth.

The primary aim of physical education is the physical fitness of the individual.

• The method can content in physical education to improve physical fitness are to be visualized.
• Physical education is necessary because it will make all physically fit to healthy to stimulate and satisfy the mind to keep all the socially sound and to give leadership training.

Key Points

The Main Objectives of Physical Education:

• psychological and physical development like motor abilities like strength, speed, endurance, coordination, flexibility, agility, and balance, as they are important aspects for good performance in different games and sports.
• mental development and techniques and tactics involved in organized physical activities, games, and sports.
• acquire knowledge about the human body as its functioning is influenced by physical activities.
• understand the process of growth and development as participation in physical activities has a positive relationship with it.
• develop socio-psychological aspects like control of emotions, balanced behavior, development of leadership and follower-ship qualities, and team spirit through participation in games and sports.
• develop positive health-related fitness habits that can be practiced lifelong so as to prevent degenerative diseases.

Hence, all the given options are objectives of physical education.

The correct answer is **P.

V. Sindhu**.

P.V. Sindhu is related to Badminton.

She is the first Indian woman to win a silver medal at the Olympics in 2016 and gold at the BWF World Championships.

• PV Sindhu won bronze in women’s singles in her first Commonwealth Games (CWG) in 2014.
• She won a silver and a gold medal in the singles and mixed team badminton event respectively at the 2018 CWG in Gold Coast.

Key Points

• Sania Mirza is a lawn tennis player**.**
• Dipa Karmakar is an Indian artistic gymnast. She won a bronze medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. She also attained 4^th position in the Women's Vault Gymnastics event of Rio Olympics 2016.
• Dutee Chand is an Indian professional sprinter. She won silver medals at the 2018 Asian Games in the 100m and 200m events.

The correct answer is Proteins.

Key Points

• Pulses are a very important ingredient of vegetarian food as these are rich sources of proteins.
• Pulses are low in fat and rich in soluble fibre, which can lower cholesterol and help in the control of blood sugar and are recommended by health organizations for the management of non-communicable diseases like diabetes and heart conditions.
• These are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation which are solely harvested for the dry seed.
• Pulses can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing dependence on the synthetic fertilizers used to introduce nitrogen artificially into the soil.
• India is a leading producer of pulses in the world and its cultivation is largely concentrated in the drylands of Deccan and central plateaus and northwestern parts of the country.

Additional Information

• Pulses occupy about 11 per cent of the total cropped area in the country.
• Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India.
• Carbohydrates - Cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Millets and Sorghum.
• Fats - Oil seeds: Soyabean, Groundnut, Sesame, Castor, Mustard, Linseed and Sunflower.
• Proteins - Pulses: gram (chana), pea (matar), black gram (urad), green gram (moong), pigeon pea (arhar), lentil (masoor)
• Vitamins & Minerals - Vegetables, Spices and Fruits.

Concept:

• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception.
• LSD consumption induces visual and auditory hallucinations.
• Adverse psychological reaction includes - Anxiety, Paranoia and Delusions

 

Explanation:

The correct answer is hallucination.

• LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide
• It is a synthetic chemical made from a substance found in ergot. Ergot is a fungus that infects rye and other grains.
• It is a white odorless crystalline substance.
• It belongs to a group of drugs known a psychedelics.
• It is an extremely potent hallucinogen. This drug can produce mild changes in perception, mood, and thought.
• LSD users often experience loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, and tremors.
• In the U.S., LSD is illegal and is classified by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as a Schedule 1 drug. It has a high potential for abuse.

The correct answer is all of the above.

Important Points

The following are the benefits of exercise:-

• It improves the circulation of blood. The increased blood flow raises the oxygen levels in your body.
• Reduces the risk of heart diseases.
• Lowers blood sugar levels and help insulin work better.
• Slow the loss of bone density that comes with age.
• The body burns calories to sustain energy levels and this, in turn, increases the appetite.
• Stretching muscles and joints increase flexibility and agileness.

In Statics, there are several different types of charts, diagrams, and graphs. These are used to represent data in a pictorial form.  

The statistical graphs are used to represent a set of data to make it easier to understand and interpret statistical data. 

Pie Diagrams:

• They are used to compare different amounts.
• Also used in data handling, and are circular charts divided up into segments which each represent a value. Pie diagrams also are known as Circle Graph.
• Pie charts are divided into sections to represent values of different sizes.
• Pie diagrams are a visual device to help us understand data more easily.

Hence, it becomes clear that Pie diagrams are useful for comparing different amounts.

National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is one of the four NCF published in India by NCERT. It seeks to provide a framework for the betterment of educational purposes and experiences.

Social Science According to NCF 2005:

• The objective of teaching the social sciences is to develop an understanding of the earth as the habitat of humankind and other forms of life.
• It helps to initiate the learner into a study of her/ his own region, state, and country in the global context.
• NCF position paper on examination reform emphasizes on continuous assessment.
• Continuous Assessment refers to all-around development including both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's development.
• The continuous assessment facilitates mapping different dimensions of a child’s development holistically to provide a more authentic picture to help the child, teacher, and hence the system.
• Social Science must link a child's life at school with life outside the classroom.

Hence, it becomes clear that in Social Science, the recent NCF position paper on examination reform emphasizes on continuous assessment.

Social Studies is the study of relations and interrelations, historical, geographical, and social. It establishes the relationship between present and past, local and distant, and personal and national lives, and also with the lives and cultures of other men and women in different parts of the world.

• Social science helps to initiate the learner into a study of her/ his own region, state, and country in the global context.
• Social Science as a discipline has the unique capability of being able to look at both developmental and normative issues of the society.
• The teaching of Social Study requires the use of non-textual sources like diagrams, maps, etc. It studies human behaviour and enhancing vision or perspective about society.

Important Points

Aim of Social Study Teaching: It aims at enabling the students to adjust to their social environment which includes the family community state and nation and in fact the entire humanity.

• Social Science is the study of the people and their interactions with one another.
• It aims the development of national integrity and international understanding.
• It aims to make a good citizen and development of cultural heritage.
• It also aims at enabling the students to adjust to their social environment which includes the family community state and nation and in fact the entire humanity
• It covers the study of communities at all levels, local, regional, national, and international with a focus on man and his social environment.

Hence, it becomes clear that all the given options are the aims of social study teaching.