Social Studies PYQs

The correct answer is Breeder Seed.

Key Points

Breeder Seed

• A breeder’s seed is an offspring of a nucleus seed.
• A breeder is a person (qualified plant breeder) or organization that raises plants primary for breeding purposes.
• While the nucleus seed is genetically pure; the Breeder seeds are produced by mutual multiplication of three different lines which are denoted by A line, B line, and R line.
• A line is female, while B and R lines are male sterile.
• The seeds from offsprings with the best and desired quality are selected and certified as Breeder seeds.
• Such seeds are protected by legal rights called Breeder’s rights.
• The Breeder seed is further multiplied into the foundation and certified seeds.
• In our country, Breeder seeds are produced Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Seeds Corporation, States Farms Corporation, and agricultural universities in India.

Additional Information

• Foundation Seed
• Foundation seed is the progeny of Breeder seed or is produced from foundation seed, which can be clearly traced to Breeder seed.
• The foundation seed can even be produced from foundation seed during the production of Foundation Seed the minimum seed certification standard shall be the same for both foundation seed stage-I and II.
• The production of foundation seed stages I and II shall be supervised and approved by the certification agency and be so handled as to maintain specific genetic identity and genetic purity and shall be required to conform to certification standards specified for the crop/variety being certified.
• Certified Seed
• A certified seed shall be the progeny of foundation seed and its products shall be so handled as to maintain specific genetic identity and purity according to the standards prescribed for the crop being certified.
• Certified seed may be the progeny of certified seed provided this reproduction does not exceed three generations beyond the foundation seed stage-I.
• Registered Seed
• A registered seed shall be the progeny of the foundation seed that is so handled as to maintain its genetic identity and purity according to the standard specified for the particular crop being certified.
• A purple color certificate is issued for this category of seed.

The correct answer is Lucknow.

Key Points

• The Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant is situated in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
• ​Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), is a frontier plant research laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• It was established originally as a Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation (CIMPO) in the year 1959.
• It has a research headquarter at Lucknow and Research Centres at Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pantnagar, and Purara.
• CIMAP has extended its wings overseas with scientific collaboration agreements with Malaysia.
• CIMAP Research Centres are aptly situated in different agro-climatic zones of the country to facilitate multi-location field trials and research.

The correct answer is malta.

• The most suitable fruit for marmalade making is malta**.**
• Hence option 3 is correct.

Important Points

• Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water.
• Citrus is the most typical choice of fruit for marmalade, though historically the term has often been used for non-citrus preserves.
• The well-known version is made from bitter orange other preferred citrus fruit for marmalade production is :
• Spanish Seville
• Bitter orange
• Citrus aurantium var.

Key Points

• The Indian fruit known as a malta is called a blood orange in other places, like the United States.
• It is high in vitamin C and can prevent scurvy.
• The orange is the fruit of the citrus species Citrus × Sinensis in the family Rutaceae, native to China.

Hence, the most suitable fruit for marmalade making is malta.

The correct answer is Mysore.

Key Points

• CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) is situated in Mysore, Karnataka.
• It is a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi which came into existence during 1950.
• Food Technology being inter-disciplinary in nature the mandate or vision of the Institute is fulfilled through various R&D Departments and Support Departments along with its Resource Centres at Hyderabad, Lucknow, and Mumbai.
• The institute has developed over 300 products, processes, and equipment types.
• It holds several patents and has published findings in reputed journals.
• The institute develops technologies to increase efficiency and reduce post-harvest losses, increase export, find new sources of food products, integrate human resources in food industries, reduce costs.

The correct answer is Sugar.

Important Points

• Jelly is a semi-transparent confection consisting of the strained juice of various fruits, singly or in combination, sweetened, boiled, slowly simmered, and congealed.

​

Additional Information

• Pectin- It is a group of water-soluble carbohydrate substances found in cell walls and intracellular tissues of some plants. In the fruits of plants, Pectin helps keep the close walls of cells together.
• Sulphite- Sulphites are natural minerals that have a long history of use in foods.
• They are found naturally in some foods but they are used as food additives to protect microbial spoilage and preserve color.
• Cordials, dried fruits, sausages, and wines are some of the foods that typically contain Sulphite.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)- It is an inorganic compound, a heavy, colorless, poisonous gas.
• It is produced in huge quantities in intermediate steps of sulfuric acid manufacture.

The correct answer is flower stigma

Important Points

• Flower stigma - It is the part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
• Bud- It is a small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a vascular plant that can develop into a flower or leaf.
• The buds are produced from the meristem tissue.
• In temperate climates, trees form rest buds that are resistant to cold in preparation for winter.
• The flower buds are modified leaves.
• Leaf- It is a green outgrowth from the stem of a vascular plant.
• Leaves help in manufacturing food for plants during the photosynthesis process.
• Botanically, leaves are an integral part of the stem system.
• They are attached by a continuous vascular system to the rest of the plant so that the free exchange of nutrients, water, and end products of photosynthesis can be carried to its various parts.
• Calyx - It is a group of sepals.

​Anatomy of Flower

The correct answer is 24.

Important Points

• Rib - The rib is attached to a thin flat bone for the vertebral column and sternum.
• It has two vocal surfaces on its surface, therefore it is called bicephalic.
• There are 12 pairs of ribs.
• The first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs.
• Dorsal, The thoracic are attached to the vertebrae and the sternum is associated with the ventricle Hyaline cartilage help.
• 8^th, 9^th, and 10thRib pairs do not articulate directly with Sternum but help join the seventh rib of hyaline cartilage, they are called

Vertebrocondral (false) ribs.

The correct answer is Typhoid.

Key Points

• Typhoid- Caused by Bacteria (Salmonella typhi)
• Most affected- Liver, spleen, and muscles.
• Vaccine- TAB Vaccine.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is 21^st June.

Important Points

• The International Yoga Day has been celebrated annually on 21^st June since 2015, following its inception in the United Nations General Assembly in 2014.
• Yoga is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice that originated in India.
• The Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, in his UN address suggested the date of 21 June, as it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and shares a special significance in many parts of the world.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Silken Clothes.

Important Points

Resin starch:

• Resins are any of the chemically modified natural resins or synthetic polymers that are physically similar, including thermoplastic materials such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, and polyethylene, as well as thermosetting materials such as polyesters, epoxies, and silicones.
• Silk texture is known by different names in different parts of our country that are -  Paat in East India, Pattu in South India, and Resham in North India.
• Silk is a fiber delivered from the cases of mulberry silkworm by means of a procedure called Sericulture.
• The yarns delivered from the procedure of sericulture are utilized to weave an assortment of materials.

The correct answer is Panini.

• Ashtadhyayi was written by  Indian grammarian Panini during the 6^th to 5^th century BCE.

Key Points

• Ashtadhyayi sets the work standard for the Sanskrit language.
• It sums up in 4,000 sutras that had evolved in the Vedic religion.
• Panini divided his work into eight chapters, each of which is further divided into quarter chapters. Beyond defining the morphology and syntax of Sanskrit language, Ashtadhyayi distinguishes between usage in the spoken language and usage that is proper to the language of the sacred texts.

Additional Information

• Vedavyasa: He is the author of Mahabharata.
• Shukadeva: He is the main narrator of Bhagavata Purana.
• Valmiki: He is the author of the epic Ramayana.

The correct answer is Kalasoka.

Key Points

• Kalasoka convened the second Buddhist Council in Vaishali (383 BC).
• Results of Council- Schism into Sthavira-Vadins and Mahasanghikas.

 

The correct answer is Fatehpur Sikri.

Important Points

The Ibadat Khana (House of Worship)

• It was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556–1605) at Fatehpur Sikri.
• It was built to gather spiritual leaders of different religious grounds so as to conduct a discussion on the teachings of the respective religious leaders.
• Akbar built a call of prayer in his eagerness to learn about different religions.
• Akbar invited selected mystics, intellectuals, and theologians, and held discussions on religious and spiritual themes.
• He invited scholars belonging to various religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and even atheists.
• He conducted religious debates with these people.
• They visited Ibadat Khana and discussed their religious belief with Akbar.

The correct answer is 1875.

Key Points

• Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati.
• His aim was to reestablish the Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth.
• He rejected all later accretions to the Vedas as degenerate but, in his own interpretation, included much post-Vedic thought.
• The Arya Samaj opposes worship of murtis (images), animal sacrifice, shraddha (rituals on behalf of ancestors), basing caste upon birth rather than upon merit, untouchability, child marriage, pilgrimages, priestly craft, and temple offerings.​
• The first meeting establishing the Arya Samaj was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) on April 10, 1875.

Additional Information

• Mool Shankar was the real name of Dayananda Sarasvati.
• Virajanand Dandeesha was the guru of  Dayananda Saraswati.
• Satyarth Prakash was written by him in 1875.

The correct answer is Surya Sen.

Key Points

• Kakori Conspiracy was an armed robbery on August 9, 1925, of a train in Uttar Pradesh state, north-central India.
• Onboard, the train was money that had been collected from various railway stations en route and that was to be deposited at Lucknow.
• Ramprasad Bismil led a band of 10 revolutionary activists who stopped the train.
• This robbery was carried out by 10 revolutionaries including Hindustan Republican Association's revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaq Ullah Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Keshav Chakraborty, Mukundi Lal, Banwari Lal.
• The objectives of the Kakori Kand/Conspiracy were to:
• Gain funds for the HRA by taking money from the British Administration through force.
• Create a positive image of the HRA among Indians by attacking a high-profile British government target with minimum collateral damage.

Thus, we can say that Surya Sen was not associated with the kakori case.

Additional Information

• Ramprasad Bismil was hanged in Gorakhpur, Ashfaqullah Khan in Faizabad, Rajindernath Lahiri in Gonda, and Roshan Singh in Allahabad.

The correct answer is Akbar.

Key Points

• Din-i Ilahi “the religion of God,” was a system of religious beliefs introduced by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 CE.
• His idea was to combine Islam and Hinduism into one faith, but also to add aspects of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Jainism.
• He founded an academy, the Ibadat Khana, “the House of Worship,” in 1575, where representatives of all major faiths could meet to discuss questions of theology.
• Akbar was the 3^rd Mughal emperor of India.
• Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, in 1556.
• The 13-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan and was proclaimed Shahanshah.
• Akbar was given the nickname 'the Great' because of his many accomplishments, among which, was his record of unbeaten military campaigns that established the Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent.

Additional Information

• Muhammad Ghaznavi:
• Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030) was the first sultan of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan
• Humayun:
• He was, also called Naṣir al-Din Muḥammad, the second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire.
• The son and successor of Babur, who had founded the Mughal dynasty, Humayun ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.

The correct answer is Harshavardhan.

Key Points

Hiuen​ Tsang:

• A Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century.
• He described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty.
• He became famous for his seventeen-year overland journey to India.
• He visited India during the reign of Harshavardhan who came to admire him for his deep devotion to Buddhism.

Additional Information

• Other Foreign Travellers to India:

The Correct Answer is Babur.

Key Points

• Babur, original name Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Born- February 15, 1483, Died December 26, 1530), emperor and founder of the Mughal dynasty of northern India.
• Babur was a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and also of the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane).
• Barbur's father, "Umar Shaykh Mirza, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range.
• Babur was also known as 'Qalandar'.
• Babur (AD 1526-1530) is known for defeating:
• Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat (AD 1526).
• Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at battle of Khanwa.
• Medini Rai of Chenderi at Battle of Chanderi (AD 1528).
• Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529).

Additional Information

Humayun:-

• Humayun, also called Nasir al-Din Muhammad's second Mughal ruler of India, was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire.

​​Akbar:-

• Akbar, in full Abu al-Fath Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India.
• He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Shah Jahan:- 

• Shah Jahan also called Prince Khurram's original name Shihab al-Din Muhammad Khurram is a Mughal emperor of India who built the Taj Mahal. 
• He was the third son of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and the Rajput Princess Manmati.
• Shah Jahan's reign was notable for successes against the Deccan states.

The Correct Answer is Curzon.

Key Points

• The Governor-General who partitioned Bengal was Lord Curzon.
• Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India**, Lord Curzon,** despite strong Indian nationalist opposition.
• It began a transformation of the Indian National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement.

​

Additional Information

• Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa had formed a single province of British India since 1765.
• By 1900 the province had grown too large to handle under a single administration.
• East Bengal, because of isolation and poor communications, had been neglected in favor of West Bengal and Bihar.
• Curzon chose one of several schemes for the partition to unite Assam, which had been a part of the province until 1874, with 15 districts of east Bengal and thus forms a new province with a population of 31 million.
• The capital was Dacca (now Dhaka, Bengal.), and the people were mainly Muslim.
• The Hindus of West Bengal, who controlled most of Bengal's commerce and professional and rural life, complained that the Bengali nation would be split in two, making them a minority in a province including the whole of Bihar and Orissa.
• Agitation against the partition included mass meeting, rural unrest, and a swadeshi (native) movement to boycott the import of British goods. The partition was carried through despite the agitation, and the extreme opposition went underground to form a terrorist movement.
• In 1911, the year that the capital was shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi, east and west Bengal were reunited;  Assam again became a chief commissionership while Bihar and Orissa were separated to form a new province.
• The aim was to combine the appeasement of Bengali sentiment with administrative convenience.
• The final division of Bengal at the partitioning of the subcontinent in 1947, which split Bengal into India in the West and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) in the east, was accompanied by intense violence.

The Correct Answer is Jagdishpur.

Key Points

• Kunwar Singh ( 1777- 1858) was a zamindar of Jagdishpur near Arrah in the state of Bihar.
• Kunwar Singh (1777 – 26 April 1858) was a notable leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• He belonged to a royal Ujjainiya (Panwar) Rajput house of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar.
• He was the son of Raja Shahabzada Singh and Rani Panchratan Kunwar Devi Singh.
• At the age of 80 years, during India's first war of Independence (1857-58), he assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 5 July 1857.
• He occupied Arrah which was relieved by major Eyre on 3^rd  August.
• In his last battle which was fought on 23 April 1858 near Jagdishpur, Kunwar Singh had a victory over the force led by Captain Le Grand.