SSC GD Constable 2025 Official Paper (Held On: 05 Feb, 2025 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

Given expression: P + Q ÷ R × S - T

 

P + Q: P is the daughter of Q.

Q ÷ R: Q is the father of R.

R × S: R is the wife of S. 

S - T: S is the brother of T.

Thus, P is brother's wife's sister of T.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given equation: 19 + 55 × 5 - 7 ÷ 3 = ?

After interchanging ‘+’ and ‘−’ and ‘×’ and ‘÷’, we get:

19 − 55 ÷ 5 + 7 × 3 = ?

= 19 − 11 + 7 × 3

= 19 − 11 + 21

= 8 + 21

= 29

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The paper when unfold:

Hence , the correct answer is "Option 2".

Given:

Logic: If two dice have the same face value in the given image then their clockwise or anticlockwise wise number are known as opposite numbers in dice.

Opposite pairs

L ⇔ C

T ⇔ U

E ⇔ A

Thus, E face opposite to A.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given:

Seven people A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting in a straight line facing the north.

G and C are sitting at the ends of the line not necessarily in the same order.

F is sitting to the immediate right of G and the immediate left of D.

E is sitting to the immediate right of D. A is sitting second to the right of E. B is sitting second to the left of C.

Thus, A is sitting between B and C.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The possible venn diagram is:

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Thus, 'WYT' will be the next in the series.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1".

Given:

The logic followed here is:

DSXL is related to FUZN

And,

GMUB is related to IOWD

Similarly,

TFON is related to

Thus, TFON is related to 'VHQP'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Option 1) KON

Option 2) SWU

Option 3) GKI

Option 4) MQO

Thus, KON not follow same logic.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The given letter series is:

A _ _ F D _ S G F _ A _ _ F D A S _ _ D

Option 1: SGADSGGF

Filled series: A S G F D/ A S G F D/ A S G F D/ A S G F D

The pattern seems to be ASGFD.

Option 2: SGADGSGF

Filled series: A S G F D /A S G F D/ A S G F D/ A S G S D

Not followed any pattern.

Option 3: SGADAGGF

Filled series: A S G F D/ A S G F D/ A A G F D/ A S G F D

Not followed any pattern.

Option 4: SGADGSDF

Filled series: A S G F D/ A S G F D/ A G S F D/ A S D F D

Not followed any pattern.

 

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The word is SCRAMBLE.

Now, let's arrange the letters of the word SCRAMBLE in English alphabetical order:

 

Thus, none of the letters remain in their original positions after the rearrangement.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Total number of letter - 1 = Number.

'WEDS' is coded as '3'

Total letters 4

→ 4 - 1 

→ 3.

And,

'MAIUFQX' is coded as '6'

Total letters 7

→ 7 - 1 

→ 6.

Similarly,

'GIQRBZLA' is coded as 

Total letters 8

→ 8 - 1 

→ 7.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic followed here is:

Thus, '908' will be the next number in the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The embedded figure is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Thus, '153' will be the next number in the series.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The logic followed here is:

'MRGF' is coded as '15-20-9-8' 

'YDXB' is coded as '27-6-26-4'

Similarly,

'JWAS' is coded as

Thus, 'JWAS' is coded as 12-25-3-21

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Given:

Eight people are sitting in two parallel rows containing 4 people each in such a way that there is equal distance between adjacent persons.

In row 1- L, M, N and O are seated and all of them are facing south.

In row 2- P, Q, R and S are seated and all of them are facing north.

Only two people sit between L and M. S faces L.

Case 1:

   

Case 2:

Q sits to the immediate right of S.

R does not sit at any of the extreme ends.

The one who faces N, sits to the immediate left of P. 

Now, case 2 gets eliminated as Q cannot sit immediate right of S

Case 1:

Thus, 'Q' face 'O' in sitting arrangement.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The possible venn diagram:

Conclusions:

(I): All cars are lamps → True (As, All cars are rabbits, All rabbits are bananas, All bananas are lamps. so, All cars are lamps  holds true)

(II): Some lamps are rabbits → True (As, All rabbits are bananas, All bananas are lamps. so, Some lamps are rabbits holds true)

Thus, Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

DKSO is related to CIPK

LAPZ is related to KYMV

Similarly,

EYGN is related to

Thus, EYGN is related to DWDJ.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The figure logically complete the series:

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1".

The correct answer is Union Government.

Key Points

• The Attorney General of India is the chief legal advisor to the Union Government and is appointed by the President under Article 76 of the Indian Constitution.
• He/she represents the Union Government in all legal matters, including cases in the Supreme Court and High Courts.
• The Attorney General provides legal advice to the government on matters of law and performs any other legal duties assigned by the President.
• While the Attorney General has the right to participate in Parliamentary proceedings, he/she does not have voting rights.
• The Attorney General must be a person qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court, i.e., with at least 10 years of experience as an advocate or a judge.

Additional Information

• Solicitor General of India
• Assists the Attorney General and represents the government in important legal cases.
• Unlike the Attorney General, the Solicitor General does not provide advice directly to the government.
• Advocate General of a State
• The Advocate General is the highest legal authority in a state and provides advice to the state government.
• He/she is appointed by the Governor under Article 165 of the Constitution.
• Role of Attorney General in Constitutional Matters
• Acts as an advisor in constitutional disputes and government policies.
• Provides guidance on issues like federalism and separation of powers.
• Limitations of the Attorney General
• He/she cannot defend any accused or oppose the government in legal matters.
• The Attorney General is not a full-time employee of the government and can take up private legal practice, provided it does not conflict with official duties.

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• According to Census 2011, Rajasthan recorded the highest difference in male and female literacy rates among Indian states.
• The male literacy rate in Rajasthan was approximately 80.51%, whereas the female literacy rate stood at 52.66%, creating a significant gap of 27.85%.
• This disparity highlights gender inequality in education, particularly in rural areas of Rajasthan.
• Efforts have been made by the state government through programs like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to bridge the literacy gap.
• Rajasthan has historically faced challenges such as socio-cultural norms and lack of access to education for women, contributing to this disparity.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate
• Literacy rate refers to the percentage of the population aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding.
• It is an essential indicator of a region's social and economic development.
• Gender Disparity in Literacy
• Gender disparity in literacy rates is caused by factors like traditional societal norms, poverty, and lack of access to education.
• Government schemes such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao aim to reduce this disparity by promoting girl child education.
• Census 2011
• Census 2011 is the 15^th Indian Census conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
• It provides comprehensive data on population, literacy rates, employment, and housing conditions.
• Schemes to Promote Literacy
• Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: Focuses on universal access to education and improving literacy rates.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Aims to improve gender equality in education and combat discrimination against girls.

The correct answer is Mura, daughter of a hunter.

Key Points

• According to the Vishnu Purana, Chandragupta Maurya’s mother was Mura, who was described as the daughter of a hunter.
• Mura is often referred to as a woman of humble origin, whose lineage was tied to the Shudra class.
• Chandragupta Maurya's rise to power is frequently cited as an example of how individuals from lower social strata could ascend to great heights in ancient India.
• Historical texts and puranas emphasize Chandragupta's humble beginnings, which contributed to his perception as a transformative leader.
• The Vishnu Purana, along with other ancient texts like the Buddhist chronicles, provides various accounts of Chandragupta’s ancestry, reflecting the diverse narratives surrounding his life.

Additional Information

• Chandragupta Maurya:
• He was the founder of the Maurya Empire, which became one of the largest empires in ancient India.
• Chandragupta was guided by his mentor, Chanakya, who authored the Arthashastra, a treatise on governance and economics.
• Under his reign, the Maurya Empire unified the Indian subcontinent and established a centralized administration.
• Chandragupta later renounced his throne and adopted Jainism, spending his final years as an ascetic.
• Vishnu Purana:
• It is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, a genre of ancient Indian texts.
• The Vishnu Purana provides genealogies of kings and stories of prominent figures like Chandragupta Maurya.
• The Purana emphasizes the role of Vishnu in preserving dharma and cosmic order.
• Chanakya’s Role:
• Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, was the political advisor and strategist behind Chandragupta’s success.
• He played a pivotal role in overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and establishing the Maurya Empire.
• Chanakya’s teachings in the Arthashastra include principles of governance, economics, and military strategy.
• Social Stratification in Ancient India:
• Ancient Indian society was divided into varnas (social classes), with Shudras typically occupying the lowest tier.
• Chandragupta’s ascent challenged traditional notions of caste-based hierarchies.

The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• As per Census 2011, Himachal Pradesh recorded the highest literacy rate among northern states with a literacy rate of 82.80%.
• Himachal Pradesh's focus on education policies and rural literacy programs played a key role in achieving this milestone.
• The literacy rate for males in Himachal Pradesh stood at 89.53%, while for females it was 75.93%, showcasing efforts toward gender inclusivity in education.
• The state invested heavily in primary education and teacher training programs to improve its literacy rate.
• Himachal Pradesh ranks 11^th overall in literacy rates across India as per Census 2011 data.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate Definition:
• Literacy rate refers to the percentage of people aged 7 and above who can read and write with understanding.
• Census 2011 classified literacy into male and female literacy rates to assess gender disparity in education.
• Key Focus Areas in Himachal Pradesh:
• Emphasis on universal primary education and mid-day meal schemes to boost enrolment.
• Implementation of adult literacy programs to bridge gaps in literacy among older age groups.
• Strengthening of infrastructure like schools and libraries in rural areas.
• Comparison with Other Northern States:
• Punjab (76.68%) and Uttarakhand (78.82%) follow Himachal Pradesh but lag behind in overall literacy rate.
• Haryana’s literacy rate stood at 75.55%, significantly lower compared to Himachal Pradesh.
• National Literacy Rate (Census 2011):
• The overall literacy rate of India was 74.04% in 2011, with Kerala leading at 93.91%.
• Himachal Pradesh’s literacy rate was above the national average, showcasing its focus on educational reforms.

The correct answer is PM Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

Key Points

• The PM Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) aims to achieve food security, sustainable agriculture, and self-sufficiency by promoting growth in the agricultural sector.
• It is a state plan scheme launched in 2007 but restructured as RKVY-Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) in 2017 to focus on pre- and post-harvest infrastructure.
• Under this scheme, funds are provided to states as grants for agricultural development, ensuring decentralization and flexibility for local needs.
• The scheme also supports innovation and technology adoption in agriculture to increase productivity and profitability for farmers.
• It aligns with the government's goal of doubling farmers' incomes by 2024, with a focus on value addition, market linkages, and sustainable farming practices.

Additional Information

• Sustainable Agriculture
• It involves practices that maintain soil health, conserve water, and reduce dependency on chemical inputs.
• Techniques include crop rotation, organic farming, integrated pest management, and agroforestry.
• Sustainable agriculture ensures long-term productivity while minimizing environmental harm.
• National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
• Launched in 2007-08, it aims to increase the production of rice, wheat, pulses, and coarse cereals to meet the growing demand.
• It focuses on area expansion, productivity enhancement, and restoring soil fertility.
• The mission operates through cluster demonstrations, distribution of quality seeds, and resource conservation technologies.
• National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
• It was launched in 2014-15 to augment the production of edible oils by promoting oilseeds and oil palm cultivation.
• The mission aims to achieve self-sufficiency in edible oil production and reduce dependency on imports.
• It emphasizes increasing the area under cultivation, improving productivity, and adopting high-yielding varieties.
• Krishi Infrastructure Fund
• Launched in 2020, it provides financial support for building post-harvest infrastructure and community farming assets.
• The fund has a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore, focusing on storage, processing, and value-addition facilities.
• It empowers farmers and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to gain better market access and reduce wastage.

The correct answer is Folk Music.

Key Points

• Padmashree Mukund Nayak is a celebrated folk artist from Jharkhand, known for his contributions to the folk music traditions of the state.
• He was honoured with the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2017 for his exceptional contributions to folk music.
• The award is India’s highest recognition given to practicing artists for their outstanding work in various performing arts categories, including music, dance, and theater.
• Mukund Nayak has worked extensively to preserve and promote the Karma folk tradition, a cultural heritage of Jharkhand.
• His efforts in bringing Jharkhand's folk music to national recognition have greatly contributed to the preservation of indigenous art forms.

Additional Information

• Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards:
• Established in 1952, these awards are conferred annually by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance, and Drama.
• The awards recognize outstanding achievements in various performing arts categories such as classical music, folk music, dance, and theater.
• Recipients receive a cash prize, a citation, and a tamrapatra (copper plaque).
• Karma Folk Tradition:
• Karma is a popular folk dance and music tradition practiced predominantly in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• It celebrates nature and the harvest season, performed during the Karma festival.
• The music involves traditional instruments like the mandar, nagara, and flute.
• Padmashree Award:
• It is the fourth highest civilian award in India, given for distinguished contributions in various fields such as art, literature, education, sports, and social service.
• Mukund Nayak was awarded the Padmashree for his contributions to folk music and cultural preservation.
• Preservation of Folk Music:
• Folk music reflects the cultural heritage and traditions of a region, passed down orally through generations.
• Efforts to preserve folk music include documentation, performances, and integration into mainstream platforms.
• Artists like Mukund Nayak play a crucial role in safeguarding these traditions against the rapid modernization of society.

The correct answer is November.

Key Points

• The Rann Utsav is an annual cultural festival celebrated in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat.
• It begins in the month of November and continues until February, showcasing the vibrant culture, crafts, and traditions of Gujarat.
• The festival is organized by the Gujarat Tourism Department and attracts tourists from across the globe.
• Key attractions include the white salt desert, folk music and dance performances, camel rides, adventure sports, and traditional Gujarati cuisine.
• The event is held in Dhordo village, often referred to as the "Tent City" due to its luxurious tent accommodations.

Additional Information

• Rann of Kutch
• The Rann of Kutch is a seasonal salt marsh located in the Thar Desert in Gujarat.
• It spans an area of approximately 7,500 square kilometers, making it one of the largest salt deserts in the world.
• The region is known for its unique geography, biodiversity, and cultural significance.
• Significance of Rann Utsav
• The festival highlights the art, craft, and cultural heritage of Gujarat.
• It boosts tourism and contributes significantly to the local economy.
• It provides a platform for artisans and performers to showcase their talent and promote indigenous crafts.
• Activities at Rann Utsav
• Adventure activities such as paramotoring, ATV rides, and hot air ballooning are popular among visitors.
• Shopping for handmade crafts, jewelry, and textiles is a key attraction.
• Visitors can enjoy stargazing, as the desert offers clear night skies.
• Best Time to Visit
• The ideal time to attend Rann Utsav is between November and February when the weather is pleasant.
• The full moon nights during the festival offer breathtaking views of the white desert illuminated by moonlight.

The correct answer is One-and-a-half times the cost of production.

Key Points

• In the Union Budget for 2018-19, the government announced that the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for all principal crops would be set at one-and-a-half times (1.5x) the cost of production.
• This decision aimed to ensure remunerative prices for farmers and address the issue of agrarian distress in the country.
• The MSP calculation is based on the comprehensive cost of production, including expenses such as seeds, fertilizers, labor, irrigation, and other inputs.
• The announcement was in line with the Swaminathan Commission's recommendations, which advocated fixing MSP at least 50% higher than the cost of production.
• The initiative was primarily targeted at improving farmers' income and boosting agricultural productivity in India.

Additional Information

• Minimum Support Price (MSP):
• MSP is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to safeguard farmers against sharp price falls during bumper production years.
• The MSP is announced for 22 mandated crops and is determined by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).
• It is based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
• Swaminathan Commission:
• The National Commission on Farmers, chaired by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, recommended fixing MSP at least 50% above the cost of production (C2).
• The formula includes both input costs (A2) and the imputed value of family labor (FL).
• Types of Costs in MSP Calculation:
• A2: Includes out-of-pocket expenses like seeds, fertilizers, and labor.
• A2+FL: A2 costs plus the imputed value of unpaid family labor.
• C2: Comprehensive cost, including A2+FL and the rental value of owned land and interest on fixed capital.
• Implementation and Benefits:
• The 1.5x MSP policy ensures better income for farmers and reduces their dependence on informal credit systems.
• It also incentivizes crop diversification and adoption of sustainable farming practices.

The correct answer is 1951.

Key Points

• The First Five-Year Plan of India was launched in 1951 and covered the period from 1951 to 1956.
• It was based on the Harrod-Domar Model, which emphasized investment and savings as the key to economic growth.
• The primary focus of the First Five-Year Plan was on agriculture, irrigation, and energy to address food shortages and boost rural development.
• The plan aimed at achieving a growth rate of 2.1% annually, but India successfully achieved a growth rate of around 3.6%.
• The Planning Commission, established in 1950, was responsible for formulating and overseeing the implementation of the Five-Year Plans.

Additional Information

• Five-Year Plans in India
• India adopted the concept of centralized economic planning inspired by the Soviet Union.
• The Planning Commission was established under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to implement the Five-Year Plans.
• Each plan targeted specific sectors such as agriculture, industry, and social development based on national priorities.
• The Five-Year Plans continued until 2017, when they were replaced by the NITI Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda.
• Harrod-Domar Model
• This economic model emphasizes the importance of savings and investment in achieving economic growth.
• The model assumes that economic growth is directly proportional to the savings rate and inversely proportional to the capital-output ratio.
• It was used as a foundational framework for India's First Five-Year Plan.
• Planning Commission
• Established in 1950, the Planning Commission was tasked with assessing resources and formulating India's Five-Year Plans.
• The commission worked under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister and included experts from various fields.
• It was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015 to better align with contemporary needs.
• Focus of the First Five-Year Plan
• The plan prioritized agriculture due to severe food shortages in the post-independence period.
• Key projects included the development of irrigation systems like the Bhakra Nangal Dam and energy initiatives.
• It also focused on land reforms and rural development to improve livelihoods in the countryside.

The correct answer is Cricket.

Key Points

• The "Timed Out" rule in cricket is outlined in the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Laws of Cricket, under Law 40.
• This rule states that a new batter must be ready to face the next delivery or at the crease within three minutes of the previous batter's dismissal.
• If the incoming batter fails to arrive within the stipulated time, the fielding team can appeal to the umpire to declare the batter as "Timed Out."
• The "Timed Out" rule is a rare mode of dismissal and emphasizes maintaining the pace and flow of the game.
• This rule applies to all formats of cricket, including Test matches, One-Day Internationals (ODIs), and Twenty20 (T20) matches.

Additional Information

• Rare Dismissal Modes in Cricket:
• Other rare modes of dismissal in cricket include Hit Wicket, Obstructing the Field, Handling the Ball (now included under Obstructing the Field), and Retired Out.
• These dismissals occur infrequently in professional matches compared to common methods like bowled, caught, or LBW.
• Historical Instances of Timed Out:
• The first recorded instance of a "Timed Out" dismissal in first-class cricket occurred in 1987 when Andrew Jordaan was dismissed in South Africa's domestic competition.
• There have been very few instances of this dismissal in professional cricket, making it one of the rarest ways to lose a wicket.
• Purpose of the Rule:
• The rule ensures that the game maintains its rhythm and prevents unnecessary delays caused by players taking excessive time to get ready.
• It also serves to uphold the spirit of the game by emphasizing punctuality and readiness among players.
• Recent Updates to MCC Laws:
• The MCC regularly updates the Laws of Cricket to address evolving scenarios and ensure fairness in the game.
• The 2022 Code of Laws included revisions to clarify several rules, including "Timed Out," to ensure better understanding and implementation.

The correct answer is Padma Shri.

Key Points

• Ramlal Bareth, an 87-year-old Kathak dancer, is the last surviving exponent of the Raigarh court's classical dance tradition.
• He was recognized with the Padma Shri award in 2024 for his contributions to Indian classical dance.
• The Padma Shri is India's fourth-highest civilian award, given for distinguished achievements in various fields such as arts, literature, sports, and social service.
• Ramlal Bareth has dedicated decades to preserving and promoting Kathak, a classical dance form renowned for storytelling through intricate footwork and expressions.
• His recognition highlights the importance of preserving India's rich cultural heritage and honoring its traditional art forms.

Additional Information

• Kathak Dance:
• Kathak is one of the eight classical dance forms of India, originating from the northern regions.
• The term "Kathak" is derived from "Katha," meaning story, as it involves storytelling through dance.
• It is characterized by intricate footwork, spins, and expressive gestures, often accompanied by Hindustani classical music.
• Historically, Kathak was performed in temples and later evolved under Mughal patronage, blending Hindu and Persian influences.
• Raigarh Court's Contribution:
• The Raigarh princely state was a notable patron of arts, especially classical dance and music.
• It played a significant role in nurturing Kathak and ensuring its growth as a respected art form.
• The court's dancers and musicians contributed to the development of unique styles and compositions.
• Padma Awards:
• Instituted in 1954, the Padma Awards are classified into Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri.
• Padma Shri is awarded for distinguished service in any field, including arts, literature, sports, and public service.
• The awards are announced annually on Republic Day and are conferred by the President of India.
• Preserving Cultural Heritage:
• Honoring artists like Ramlal Bareth underscores the importance of safeguarding India's classical art forms.
• Government initiatives such as Sangeet Natak Akademi and cultural awards play a key role in supporting traditional arts.
• Awareness and education about classical dance forms help promote cultural continuity among younger generations.

The correct answer is Use of modern irrigation techniques.

Key Points

• The Green Revolution introduced advanced agricultural practices, including the use of modern irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems for water conservation.
• Modern irrigation methods ensured efficient utilization of water resources and helped increase crop yields, especially in areas with scarce water supply.
• These techniques supported the cultivation of high-yield variety (HYV) crops, which required timely and adequate water supply for optimal growth.
• The adoption of modern irrigation systems reduced dependency on monsoon rainfall, making agriculture more resilient to climate variability.
• Modern irrigation played a critical role in transforming India’s agricultural sector during the Green Revolution, contributing to food security and self-sufficiency.

Additional Information

• High-Yield Variety (HYV) Seeds:
• HYV seeds were developed to produce higher output per hectare compared to traditional seeds.
• These seeds often required proper irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides for maximum productivity.
• Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides:
• The Green Revolution encouraged the use of chemical fertilizers to enhance soil fertility and crop production.
• Pesticides were introduced to protect crops from pests and diseases, ensuring a more stable yield.
• Mechanization of Agriculture:
• Tractors, harvesters, and other machinery replaced traditional animal labor, significantly improving efficiency.
• Mechanization allowed large-scale farming and reduced manual labor dependency.
• Impact on Food Security:
• The Green Revolution helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food grains, reducing dependency on imports.
• It significantly contributed to reducing hunger and malnutrition in the country.
• Environmental Concerns:
• Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides caused soil degradation and water pollution.
• Modern irrigation techniques, though efficient, sometimes led to waterlogging and salinization in certain areas.

The correct answer is Siltation.

Key Points

• Siltation refers to the process by which fine particles like silt and sediment accumulate in water bodies, leading to pollution and degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
• This type of pollution occurs due to activities like deforestation, mining, and construction that increase erosion and sediment runoff.
• Siltation can disrupt aquatic habitats by blocking sunlight penetration, reducing oxygen levels, and smothering organisms living on the seabed or riverbed.
• It also affects water quality and can reduce the capacity of reservoirs, lakes, and rivers, impacting human activities such as irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
• Preventive measures include soil conservation practices, afforestation, and the use of sediment control techniques to reduce erosion.

Additional Information

• Suspended solids:
• They are small solid particles that remain in water due to turbulence or slow settling rates.
• Sources include agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and urban stormwater.
• Excessive suspended solids can lead to turbidity, reducing light penetration and affecting aquatic photosynthesis.
• Impact of siltation:
• Damages aquatic ecosystems by burying habitats and reducing biodiversity.
• Causes economic losses by reducing the efficiency of water infrastructure such as reservoirs and dams.
• Can lead to increased flooding due to reduced channel capacity.
• Soil erosion:
• A major contributor to siltation, caused by deforestation, overgrazing, and improper land management.
• Erosion control measures include terracing, planting vegetation, and using sediment barriers.
• Other types of water pollution:
• Thermal pollution: Caused by the discharge of heated water, impacting aquatic life.
• Microbiological pollution: Involves harmful pathogens entering water, affecting human and animal health.
• Nutrient pollution: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to eutrophication, depleting oxygen levels in water bodies.

The correct answer is Jharkhand.

Key Points

• Droupadi Murmu served as the 9^th Governor of Jharkhand from May 18, 2015, to July 12, 2021.
• She was the first tribal woman to be appointed as the Governor of Jharkhand since the state's formation in 2000.
• During her tenure, she was known for her work in tribal welfare and governance in the state.
• Her appointment as the Governor was widely seen as a recognition of her contributions to public service and her commitment to social causes.
• She has now become the 15^th President of India, making history as the first tribal woman to hold this prestigious position.

Additional Information

• Governorship in India:
• The Governor is the constitutional head of a state, appointed by the President of India for a term of five years.
• The Governor acts as the representative of the central government in the state.
• Key responsibilities include giving assent to bills, summoning or dissolving the state legislature, and overseeing the functioning of the state government.
• Jharkhand:
• Jharkhand is a state in eastern India, carved out of Bihar in 2000.
• It is rich in natural resources and is known for its tribal culture and traditions.
• The state has a significant tribal population, comprising around 26% of its total population.
• Droupadi Murmu’s Background:
• She hails from the Santhal tribal community in Odisha.
• She began her political career as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and served in various capacities in Odisha, including as a minister.
• Her rise to becoming the President of India is a landmark achievement for tribal representation in Indian politics.
• Role as President of India:
• The President is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces in India.
• The President's role is largely ceremonial, but they have significant powers in times of political crises, such as the dissolution of Lok Sabha or the imposition of President's Rule in a state.
• As President, Droupadi Murmu has emphasized inclusive development and the empowerment of marginalized communities.

The correct answer is Law of Refraction.

Key Points

• Willebrord Snell, a Dutch mathematician and astronomer, formulated the Law of Refraction, commonly known as Snell's Law, in 1621.
• Snell's Law mathematically describes how light bends when it passes from one medium to another with different refractive indices.
• The law is expressed as n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, where n₁ and n₂ are the refractive indices of the two media, and θ₁ and θ₂ are the angles of incidence and refraction respectively.
• This discovery is fundamental to the field of optics and is widely used in designing lenses, optical instruments, and understanding light behavior.
• The law also underpins modern technologies such as fiber optics, laser systems, and imaging devices.

Additional Information

• Refraction:
• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another due to a change in its speed.
• It is governed by the refractive index, which is a measure of how much light slows down in a medium compared to a vacuum.
• Applications include magnifying glasses, cameras, telescopes, and corrective lenses.
• Refractive Index:
• The refractive index is a dimensionless number indicating the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given medium.
• It determines how much light will bend when transitioning between materials.
• Common values: Air (≈1), Water (≈1.33), Glass (≈1.5).
• Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection:
• The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which light is entirely reflected within a medium, rather than refracted.
• Total internal reflection is a phenomenon used in fiber optics and diamond brilliance.
• Applications of Snell's Law:
• Fiber optic communication systems rely on controlled refraction and total internal reflection.
• It is essential in lens design for cameras, microscopes, and telescopes.
• Understanding atmospheric refraction helps explain phenomena like mirages and the apparent bending of starlight.

The correct answer is Gorges.

Key Points

• Gorges are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides, typically formed by the erosional activity of a river in its upper course.
• These are created due to the river cutting vertically into the bedrock as it flows downhill with high energy, carving out steep walls over time.
• Gorges are most commonly formed in areas with resistant rock, where the river's erosive power is greater than the resistance of the rock.
• The formation of a gorge is a characteristic feature of a river's youthful stage, where it flows rapidly down steep gradients.
• Examples include the Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal and the Grand Canyon in the USA, both of which highlight the erosive power of rivers over millennia.

Additional Information

• Upper Course of a River:
• It is the first stage of a river’s journey, typically found in mountainous or hilly regions.
• Rivers in this stage have high velocity and energy, leading to vertical erosion and the formation of features like gorges, waterfalls, and rapids.
• Other Features of a River's Upper Course:
• Waterfalls: Sudden drops in a river's course, often formed where hard rock overlays softer rock.
• Rapids: Sections of turbulent, fast-flowing water caused by a steep gradient or obstacles in the riverbed.
• Meanders and Floodplains:
• These are features of the river's middle and lower courses where the flow is slower, and lateral erosion and deposition dominate.
• Unlike gorges, meanders and floodplains are absent in the upper course due to high energy and steep gradients.
• Oxbow Lakes:
• These are U-shaped water bodies formed from abandoned meanders in the lower course of a river.
• Their formation occurs due to sediment deposition cutting off a meander loop from the main river channel.

The correct answer is Kuchipudi.

Key Points

• Kuchipudi is a classical dance form originating from Kuchelapuram village in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
• It was developed as a form of dance-drama combining music, acting, and movement, which is unique among Indian classical dance forms.
• The dance form is named after its place of origin, Kuchelapuram, and traditionally performed by male Brahmin priests.
• Kuchipudi performances often depict stories from Hindu mythology, especially the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas.
• Over time, Kuchipudi transitioned into a refined classical art form, incorporating intricate footwork, graceful movements, and expressive storytelling.

Additional Information

• Origin and Development:
• Kuchipudi originated in the 3^rd century BCE, but its codified form emerged in the 17^th century under Siddhendra Yogi.
• Siddhendra Yogi is considered the father of Kuchipudi and refined it into a structured art form.
• Performance Style:
• It is characterized by rapid footwork, dramatic expression, and rhythmic patterns.
• Performers often combine singing and acting with dancing, making it a holistic art form.
• Costumes and Makeup:
• Kuchipudi dancers wear vibrant costumes, intricate jewelry, and expressive makeup to enhance their storytelling.
• The attire varies based on the character being portrayed, such as gods, demons, or humans.
• Modern Adaptations:
• While Kuchipudi was historically performed by men, today, women also actively participate and dominate the art form.
• Contemporary Kuchipudi performances often include solo dances, which were rare in traditional formats.

The correct answer is Three lists.

Key Points

• The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced a federal structure with a division of powers between the central government (federation) and provinces through three legislative lists.
• The three lists were categorized as Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List.
• Federal List included subjects under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government such as defense, foreign affairs, and railways.
• Provincial List contained subjects under the provincial governments, including police, public health, and education.
• Concurrent List covered subjects where both the center and provinces could legislate, such as criminal law and marriage.

Additional Information

• Government of India Act, 1935:
• It was the longest and most detailed legislation ever passed by the British Parliament for India.
• The Act introduced provincial autonomy, allowing provinces to function as autonomous administrative units.
• It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court to resolve disputes between provinces and the federation.
• The Act also proposed the creation of an All-India Federation, but it never came into effect due to lack of agreement among princely states.
• Concurrent List:
• The concept of a concurrent list was introduced for the first time in Indian legislative history by the 1935 Act.
• It laid the foundation for cooperative federalism in India, later adopted in the Constitution of India (1950).
• Impact on Indian Constitution:
• The Government of India Act, 1935 served as an important blueprint for the drafting of the Indian Constitution.
• Many features such as division of powers, bicameralism, and federal structure were adopted and refined in the Indian Constitution.
• Key Terminology:
• Federalism: A system of governance where power is divided between central and regional authorities.
• Provincial Autonomy: The ability of provinces to govern themselves independently within certain areas.

The correct answer is 55 m.

Key Points

• The standard width of a hockey field for international matches is 55 meters, as per the regulations set by the International Hockey Federation (FIH).
• The field is rectangular, with a length of 91.4 meters and a width of 55 meters, ensuring uniformity in competitive play.
• The field is divided into halves, each featuring a 23-meter line that helps demarcate key playing zones.
• The dimensions are strictly maintained to support fair gameplay and adherence to international standards.
• The goalposts are placed at the center of each width side, with standardized dimensions to align with the field size.

Additional Information

• Field Markings:
• The field includes distinct markings such as the 23-meter line, penalty spot, and shooting circle.
• The shooting circle is a D-shaped area around the goal, where attacking players can score.
• Surface Type:
• International hockey matches are generally played on synthetic turf, which ensures consistent ball movement and player traction.
• Natural grass was traditionally used but is now rare due to maintenance challenges and uneven play.
• Goal Dimensions:
• The goal width is 3.66 meters, and the height is 2.14 meters, standardized for all international matches.
• The goalposts are equipped with nets to catch the ball securely after scoring.
• Regulatory Body:
• The International Hockey Federation (FIH) is responsible for setting and enforcing field dimensions and other rules globally.
• FIH regulations ensure uniform standards across international tournaments.

The correct answer is Bombay Session.

Key Points

• The Quit India Resolution was passed during the Bombay Session of the Indian National Congress held on 8 August 1942.
• This session was presided over by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, who was the President of the Indian National Congress at the time.
• The resolution, also known as the "August Kranti", marked the beginning of the Quit India Movement against British rule in India.
• The movement called for immediate independence of India and was characterized by the slogan "Do or Die", given by Mahatma Gandhi.
• The British government reacted swiftly by arresting top Congress leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel, effectively crippling the movement's leadership.

Additional Information

• Quit India Movement (1942):
• It was a mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India during World War II.
• The movement was non-violent in principle but saw instances of violent clashes with the British authorities.
• The British government described it as the most serious revolt since the 1857 uprising.
• Despite the suppression, it significantly strengthened Indian unity and paved the way for independence in 1947.
• Key Leaders:
• Although Mahatma Gandhi was the central figure, other leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and Aruna Asaf Ali played vital roles.
• Aruna Asaf Ali became known as the "Heroine of the Quit India Movement" for hoisting the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.
• Significance of the Bombay Session:
• The session demonstrated the Indian National Congress's unified demand for complete independence.
• It marked a shift from earlier demands for dominion status to a clear call for outright independence.
• Impact on British Rule:
• The movement created immense pressure on the British, who had to divert resources during World War II to suppress the unrest in India.
• It showcased the Indian people's determination for self-rule and contributed to the eventual withdrawal of British rule in 1947.

Shortcut Trick When an article is marked up by x% and then a discount of x% is given, there is always a net loss. Loss % = (x2 ÷ 100)% ⇒ Loss % = (202 ÷ 100)% ⇒ Loss % = (400 ÷ 100)% = 4% ∴ The correct answer is Loss of 4%.

Alternate Method Given: Markup percentage = 20% Discount percentage = 20%

CP = 100

MP = 120

SP = 96

+20% Markup

−20% Discount

4% Loss

Calculations: ⇒ Let Cost Price (CP) = 100 ⇒ Marked Price (MP) = 100 + (20% of 100) = 100 + 20 = 120 ⇒ Discount = 20% of MP = 20% of 120 = 24 ⇒ Selling Price (SP) = MP − Discount = 120 − 24 = 96 ⇒ Since SP < CP, there is a loss. ⇒ Loss = CP − SP = 100 − 96 = 4 ⇒ Loss % = (Loss ÷ CP) × 100 ⇒ Loss % = (4 ÷ 100) × 100 = 4% ∴ The correct answer is Loss of 4%.

Additional Information Successive Percentage Formula Net % change = x + y + (x × y ÷ 100). If one is an increase and one is a decrease, use positive and negative signs accordingly. Same Markup and Discount Rule When a value is increased by x% and then decreased by x%, there is always a net loss given by (x2 ÷ 100)%. Marked Price (MP) and Selling Price (SP) Selling Price = Marked Price − Discount. The discount is always calculated on the Marked Price. Profit/Loss Percentage Profit or loss is always calculated on the Cost Price (CP) unless stated otherwise. Loss % = (Loss ÷ CP) × 100.

Shortcut Trick

The Cost Price (CP) of an article is always considered as 100%.

Since the shopkeeper makes a profit of 28%, the Selling Price (SP) becomes 100% + 28% = 128% of CP.

⇒ SP = 128% of 500

⇒ SP = 1.28 × 500 = 640

∴ The correct answer is ₹640.

Alternate Method

Given:

Cost Price (CP) = ₹500

Profit = 28%

CP = ₹500 (100%)

• 28% Profit
• ₹140

SP = ₹640 (128%)

Formula Used:

Selling Price (SP) = CP × [(100 + Profit %) ÷ 100]

Calculations:

⇒ SP = 500 × [(100 + 28) ÷ 100]

⇒ SP = 500 × [128 ÷ 100]

⇒ SP = 500 × 1.28

⇒ SP = 640

∴ The correct answer is ₹640.

Additional Information

Loss Percentage

Loss happens when the Cost Price is greater than the Selling Price. The formula is: Loss % = [(CP − SP) ÷ CP] × 100.

Marked Price and Discount

Discount is always calculated on the Marked Price (MP) given on the label of an article. The Selling Price is derived as: SP = MP × [1 − (Discount % ÷ 100)].

Successive Discounts

When two successive discounts of a% and b% are applied, the effective single discount is calculated using the formula: [a + b − (a × b ÷ 100)]%.

Shortcut Trick

Total parts in ratio = 4 + 8 + 3 = 15 parts

15 parts = ₹4,800

1 part = 4800 ÷ 15 = ₹320

Shyam's share = 8 parts = 8 × 320 = ₹2,560

∴ The correct answer is ₹2,560.

Alternate Method

Total Amount = ₹4,800

Ram (4)

Shyam (8)

Kartik (3)

? = 8/15 × 4800

Given:

Total Amount = ₹4,800

Ratio of Ram : Shyam : Kartik = 4 : 8 : 3

Formula Used:

Individual Share = (Individual Ratio ÷ Total Ratio) × Total Amount

Calculations:

⇒ Total Ratio = 4 + 8 + 3 = 15

⇒ Shyam's Share = (8 ÷ 15) × 4800

⇒ Shyam's Share = 8 × (4800 ÷ 15)

⇒ Shyam's Share = 8 × 320

⇒ Shyam's Share = 2560

∴ The correct answer is ₹2,560.

Additional Information

Proportional Division Rule

If a total quantity is distributed among three entities in the ratio a : b : c, the share of the second entity is determined by the formula: (b ÷ (a + b + c)) × Total Quantity.

Equivalent Ratios

Ratios can be simplified or scaled up by dividing or multiplying all terms by the same non-zero number without altering the true distribution. For example, the ratio 4 : 8 : 3 directly indicates the parts out of a sum of 15 identical units.

Direct Proportion

When shares are distributed via a fixed ratio, the amount received is directly proportional to the numerical value of the individual ratio term. Higher ratio figures will yield a strictly greater slice of the final total.

Shortcut Trick

Rate of Interest = 10% = 1/10.

Multiplying factor for compound amount = (1 + 1/10) = 11/10.

Difference in time period between the investments = 16 − 15 = 1 year.

Ratio of Vijay's share to Ajay's share = (11/10)¹ = 11 : 10.

Vijay's share = 11 / (11 + 10) × 1617 = 11/21 × 1617 = 11 × 77 = 847.

∴ The correct answer is ₹847.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total amount Mahesh has = ₹1617

Rate of Interest (R) = 10% compounded annually

Time for Vijay (t₁) = 15 years

Time for Ajay (t₂) = 16 years

Formula Used:

Compound Interest Amount (A) = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ

Total: ₹1617

Vijay's Share (V) 15 Years @ 10% CI

Ajay's Share (A) 16 Years @ 10% CI

Equal Final Amount

Calculations:

⇒ Let Mahesh give ₹V to Vijay and ₹A to Ajay.

⇒ Amount received by Vijay after 15 years = V(1 + 10/100)¹⁵ = V(1.1)¹⁵

⇒ Amount received by Ajay after 16 years = A(1 + 10/100)¹⁶ = A(1.1)¹⁶

⇒ According to the question, their received amounts are equal: V(1.1)¹⁵ = A(1.1)¹⁶

⇒ V = A(1.1)^{16 − 15}

⇒ V = A(1.1)¹

⇒ V / A = 11 / 10

⇒ The ratio of shares of Vijay and Ajay = 11 : 10

⇒ Total ratio parts = 11 + 10 = 21 parts

⇒ 21 parts = ₹1617

⇒ 1 part = 1617 ÷ 21 = ₹77

⇒ Vijay's initial share (V) = 11 parts = 11 × 77 = ₹847

∴ The correct answer is ₹847.

Additional Information

Division of Sum for Equal Compound Amounts

When a total sum is divided into two parts P₁ and P₂ invested at R% for t₁ and t₂ years respectively to yield equal amounts, the ratio of their principals is given by P₁/P₂ = (1 + R/100)^{t₂ − t₁}.

Compound Interest Growth Factor

The final amount A under compound interest is given by A = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ. The term (1 + R/100) is the multiplying factor that grows the principal every successive year.

Difference Between Simple and Compound Interest

For the first year at a given rate of interest, both simple interest and compound interest yield the same amount. In compound interest, the interest for successive years is calculated on the previously accumulated amount, whereas in simple interest, it is calculated only on the initial principal.

Shortcut Trick

Total time = 11.5 days. Since B starts the work, B works for 6 days (odd days) and A works for 5.5 days (even days).

Work done by A in 5.5 days = 5.5 ÷ 22 = 1/4 of the total work.

Remaining work = 1 − 1/4 = 3/4.

This remaining 3/4 of the work is completed by B exactly in his 6 days.

∴ The correct answer is 6 days.

Alternate Method

Given:

Time taken by A alone to complete the work = 22 days.

Total time taken when working alternately (B starting first) = 11.5 days.

Formula Used:

Total Work = Efficiency × Time

Deductions:

⇒ In 11.5 days, B works on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (total 6 days).

⇒ A works on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and half of day 12 (total 5.5 days).

⇒ Part of work completed by A = 5.5 / 22 = 1/4.

⇒ Remaining work completed by B in 6 days = 1 − 1/4 = 3/4.

⇒ Time taken by B to complete the whole work = 6 × 4/3 = 8 days.

Calculations:

⇒ Let total work be the LCM of 22 and 8 = 88 units.

⇒ We need to find the time B takes to complete 3/4 of the original task.

⇒ Required work = 3/4 × 88 = 66 units.

⇒ Time taken by B alone = Required Work ÷ B's Efficiency = 66 ÷ 11 = 6 days.

∴ The correct answer is 6 days.

Additional Information

Alternate Day Work

When two individuals A and B work alternately, the work completed in a cycle of 2 days is the exact sum of their individual 1-day efficiencies.

Efficiency and Time Relation

Efficiency is inversely proportional to the time taken to complete a task. If the ratio of time taken by A and B is x : y, then the ratio of their efficiencies is y : x.

Work and Wages

Wages are strictly distributed in the ratio of the total work done by each individual. If they work for the exact same number of days, wages are distributed in the ratio of their efficiencies.

Shortcut Trick

Let the initial volume of the cuboid be V.

Volume depends directly on length, breadth, and height.

Net scaling factor = (Length factor) × (Breadth factor) × (Height factor)

Net factor = 2 × 3 × (1/2) = 3

New Volume = 3 × V = 3V

∴ The correct answer is 3V.

Alternate Method

Given:

The original length = l, breadth = b, height = h

Original volume = V

New length (l') = 2l

New breadth (b') = 3b

New height (h') = h/2

Formula Used:

Volume of a cuboid = Length × Breadth × Height

Original Cuboid L = l, B = b, H = h V = l × b × h

→

New Cuboid L = 2l, B = 3b, H = h/2 V' = 3 × l × b × h

Calculations:

⇒ Original Volume (V) = l × b × h

⇒ New Volume (V') = l' × b' × h'

⇒ V' = 2l × 3b × (h/2)

⇒ V' = (2 × 3 × 1/2) × (l × b × h)

⇒ V' = 3 × (l × b × h)

⇒ V' = 3V

∴ The correct answer is 3V.

Additional Information

Total Surface Area of Cuboid

The total surface area of a cuboid is given by the formula TSA = 2 × (lb + bh + hl).

Lateral Surface Area of Cuboid

The lateral (or curved) surface area includes all faces except the top and bottom: LSA = 2h × (l + b).

Length of Diagonal of Cuboid

The longest straight line inside a cuboid is its diagonal: d = √(l² + b² + h²).

Shortcut Trick

Total distance to cross = 170 + 480 = 650 m.

Relative speed (same direction) = 80 − 70 = 10 km/h = 10 × (5/18) = 25/9 m/s.

Time (seconds) = Distance ÷ Relative Speed = 650 ÷ (25/9) = 234 seconds.

Time (minutes) = 234 ÷ 60 = 3.9 minutes.

∴ The correct answer is 3.9 minutes.

Alternate Method

Train 1: 170 m

70 km/h

Train 2: 480 m

80 km/h

Total Crossing Distance = 650 m

Given:

Length of slower train (L₁) = 170 m

Length of faster train (L₂) = 480 m

Speed of slower train (V₁) = 70 km/h

Speed of faster train (V₂) = 80 km/h

Formula Used:

Relative speed (same direction) = V₂ − V₁

Total Distance = L₁ + L₂

Time = Total Distance ÷ Relative speed

Calculations:

⇒ Total distance = 170 + 480 = 650 m

⇒ Relative speed = 80 − 70 = 10 km/h

⇒ Relative speed in m/s = 10 × (5/18) = 25/9 m/s

⇒ Time taken = 650 ÷ (25/9) = (650 × 9) ÷ 25

⇒ Time taken = 26 × 9 = 234 seconds

⇒ Convert seconds to minutes: 234 ÷ 60 = 3.9 minutes

∴ The correct answer is 3.9 minutes.

Additional Information

Relative Speed (Same Direction)

When two bodies travel in the same direction, their relative speed is the difference of their individual speeds (V₁ − V₂).

Relative Speed (Opposite Direction)

When two bodies travel in opposite directions towards each other, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds (V₁ + V₂).

Distance While Crossing

When a train crosses another train (stationary or moving), the total distance covered is the sum of the lengths of both trains (L₁ + L₂), irrespective of their direction.

Speed Conversion Factor

To convert km/h to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/h, multiply by 18/5.

Shortcut Trick

For equal amounts in Compound Interest, the ratio of shares is inversely proportional to their multiplying factors (1 + R/100)^T.

Time difference = 14 − 13 = 1 year.

Ratio of Anand's share to Anil's share = (1 + 8/100)¹ = 108/100 = 27/25.

Total ratio parts = 27 + 25 = 52 parts → ₹1612.

Anand's share = 27 × (1612 ÷ 52) = 27 × 31 = ₹837.

∴ The correct answer is ₹837.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total amount distributed = ₹1612

Rate of interest (R) = 8% p.a. compounded annually

Anand's investment time (T₁) = 13 years

Anil's investment time (T₂) = 14 years

Total: ₹1612

Anand: ₹x Time: 13 yrs @ 8%

Anil: ₹y Time: 14 yrs @ 8%

Equal Final Amount

Formula Used:

Amount in Compound Interest, A = P × (1 + R/100)^T

Calculations:

Let the amount given to Anand be x and the amount given to Anil be y.

⇒ x + y = 1612

Since the final amounts received by both are equal:

⇒ x × (1 + 8/100)¹³ = y × (1 + 8/100)¹⁴

⇒ x / y = (1 + 8/100)¹⁴ / (1 + 8/100)¹³

⇒ x / y = (1 + 8/100)¹

⇒ x / y = 108 / 100 = 27 / 25

The ratio of Anand's share to Anil's share = 27 : 25

⇒ Sum of ratio parts = 27 + 25 = 52 parts

⇒ 52 parts = 1612

⇒ 1 part = 1612 ÷ 52 = 31

Since we need to find Anand's share (which is 27 parts):

⇒ Anand's share = 27 × 31 = 837

∴ The correct answer is ₹837.

Additional Information

Compound Interest Formula

Amount = P × (1 + R/100)^T, where P is the principal, R is the rate of interest, and T is the time period.

Equal Amounts in Compound Interest

When a sum is divided into two parts P₁ and P₂ invested for T₁ and T₂ years respectively to get equal amounts, the ratio of principals is given by P₁/P₂ = (1 + R/100)^T₂−T₁.

Difference between CI and SI for 2 years

The difference between compound interest and simple interest for two years on a principal P at an annual rate R is given by D = P × (R/100)².

Given:

Expression: [(91 ÷ 7) × {(64 ÷ 4) + (17 ÷ 6) × (8 - 2)}]

Formula Used:

Order of operations (BODMAS): Solve inside brackets first, then division/multiplication, and finally addition/subtraction.

Calculation:

⇒ [(91 ÷ 7) × {(64 ÷ 4) + (17 ÷ 6) × (8 - 2)}]

⇒ (13) × {(16) + (17 ÷ 6) × (6)}

⇒ (13) × {16 + (17 × 6 ÷ 6)}

⇒ (13) × {16 + 17}

⇒ 13 × 33

⇒ 429

∴ The value of [(91 ÷ 7) × {(64 ÷ 4) + (17 ÷ 6) × (8 - 2)}] is 429.

Shortcut Trick

Distance covered by train A from 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M. = 20 × 1 = 20 km.

Remaining distance between trains at 10:00 A.M. = 370 − 20 = 350 km.

Relative speed (opposite direction) = 20 + 50 = 70 km/hr.

Time to meet after 10:00 A.M. = 350 ÷ 70 = 5 hours.

Meeting time = 10:00 A.M. + 5 hours = 3:00 P.M.

∴ The correct answer is 3:00 P.M.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total distance between station A and station B = 370 km

Speed of the train starting from A at 9:00 A.M. = 20 km/hr

Speed of the train starting from B at 10:00 A.M. = 50 km/hr

Total Distance = 370 km

A

B

A' (10 A.M.)

Meet

20 km

350 km

9:00 A.M. 20 km/hr

10:00 A.M. 50 km/hr

Calculations:

⇒ In 1 hour (from 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 A.M.), distance covered by train A = 20 km/hr × 1 hr = 20 km

⇒ Remaining distance between the two trains at exactly 10:00 A.M. = 370 km − 20 km = 350 km

⇒ Since both trains are moving towards each other, their relative speed = Speed of A + Speed of B

⇒ Relative speed = (20 + 50) km/hr = 70 km/hr

⇒ Time taken to meet = Remaining distance ÷ Relative speed

⇒ Time taken = 350 ÷ 70 = 5 hours

⇒ They will meet 5 hours after 10:00 A.M.

⇒ Meeting time = 10:00 A.M. + 5 hours = 3:00 P.M.

∴ The correct answer is 3:00 P.M.

Additional Information

Relative Speed (Opposite Direction)

When two objects move towards each other, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds (S₁ + S₂).

Relative Speed (Same Direction)

When two objects move in the same direction, their relative speed is the difference between their speeds (|S₁ − S₂|).

Time of Meeting

To calculate the time at which two moving objects meet, make their starting times uniform, then apply: Time = Distance between them at the same start time ÷ Relative Speed.

Shortcut Trick

Total weight of Anwar, Amit and Gopal = 45 × 3 = 135 kg

Total weight of (Anwar + Amit) + (Amit + Gopal) = (43 × 2) + (42 × 2) = 86 + 84 = 170 kg

Weight of Amit = Sum of pairs − Total sum of all three

Weight of Amit = 170 − 135 = 35 kg

∴ The correct answer is 35 kg.

Alternate Method

Given:

Average weight of Anwar, Amit, and Gopal = 45 kg

Average weight of Anwar and Amit = 43 kg

Average weight of Amit and Gopal = 42 kg

Formula Used:

Sum of observations = Average × Number of observations

Total (Anwar + Amit + Gopal) = 135 kg

Anwar Amit (?) Gopal

Anwar + Amit = 86 kg

Amit + Gopal = 84 kg

Calculations:

⇒ Total weight of Anwar, Amit, and Gopal = 45 × 3 = 135 kg

⇒ Total weight of Anwar and Amit = 43 × 2 = 86 kg

⇒ Total weight of Amit and Gopal = 42 × 2 = 84 kg

Adding the two pairs' weights:

⇒ (Anwar + Amit) + (Amit + Gopal) = 86 + 84

⇒ Anwar + 2 × Amit + Gopal = 170 kg

Now, substitute the total weight of all three into the equation:

⇒ (Anwar + Amit + Gopal) + Amit = 170 kg

⇒ 135 + Amit = 170

⇒ Amit = 170 − 135

⇒ Amit = 35 kg

∴ The correct answer is 35 kg.

Additional Information

Weighted Average

When groups of sizes n₁ and n₂ have averages A₁ and A₂, the combined average is calculated as (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Deviation Method

The average can also be found by assuming an arbitrary mean and adjusting by the net deviation. True Average = Assumed Mean + (Sum of Deviations ÷ Total Count).

Overlapping Groups

When the combined sum of overlapping subset pairs exceeds the sum of the whole group, the difference directly represents the overlapping element that was counted twice.

Shortcut Trick

The fourth proportional to a, b, c is calculated directly as (b × c) ÷ a.

F1 = (7/12 × 8) ÷ (2/7) = 14/3 × 7/2 = 49/3

F2 = (4/3 × 10) ÷ (5/6) = 40/3 × 6/5 = 16

F1 : F2 = 49/3 : 16 = 49 : 48

∴ The correct answer is 49 : 48.

Alternate Method

Given:

First set of numbers: 2/7, 7/12, 8

Second set of numbers: 5/6, 4/3, 10

Formula Used:

If x is the fourth proportional to a, b, c, then a : b = c : x ⇒ x = (b × c) ÷ a

Case 1: 2/7 : 7/12 :: 8 : F1 2/7 × F1 = 7/12 × 8

Case 2: 5/6 : 4/3 :: 10 : F2 5/6 × F2 = 4/3 × 10

Calculations:

⇒ For F1, we have 2/7 : 7/12 :: 8 : F1

⇒ Product of Extremes = Product of Means

⇒ 2/7 × F1 = 7/12 × 8

⇒ 2/7 × F1 = 14/3

⇒ F1 = 14/3 × 7/2 = 49/3

⇒ For F2, we have 5/6 : 4/3 :: 10 : F2

⇒ 5/6 × F2 = 4/3 × 10

⇒ 5/6 × F2 = 40/3

⇒ F2 = 40/3 × 6/5 = 16

⇒ Required ratio F1 : F2 = 49/3 : 16

⇒ F1 : F2 = 49 : 48

∴ The correct answer is 49 : 48.

Additional Information

Mean Proportional

The mean proportional between two numbers a and b is √(ab).

Third Proportional

If a : b :: b : c, then c is called the third proportional to a and b. Formula: c = b² ÷ a.

Compounded Ratio

The compounded ratio of two ratios a : b and c : d is defined by the product of their respective terms, which is ac : bd.

Shortcut Trick

Teacher's Age = Old Average + (Total Members × Increase in Average)

Old average = 18 years

Total new members = 30 + 1 = 31

Increase in average = 1 year

Teacher's Age = 18 + (31 × 1) = 49 years

∴ The correct answer is 49 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of students = 30

Average age of students = 18 years

Average age when teacher is included = 18 + 1 = 19 years

Total number of members including teacher = 31

Total Age of 31 Members (Avg 19) = 589

Total Age of 30 Students = 540

Teacher = ?

Teacher's Age = 589 − 540 = 49

Formula Used:

Total Value = Average × Number of Observations

Calculations:

⇒ Total age of 30 students = 30 × 18 = 540 years

⇒ Total age of 31 members = 31 × 19 = 589 years

⇒ Teacher's age = Total age of 31 members − Total age of 30 students

⇒ Teacher's age = 589 − 540 = 49 years

∴ The correct answer is 49 years.

Additional Information

Deviation Method for Averages

Average = Assumed Average + (Sum of Deviations ÷ Total Number of Items). This method significantly reduces calculation time when numbers are large.

Replacement Method

When a new person replaces an old person: New Person's Value = Old Person's Value + (Total Members × Change in Average).

Weighted Average

If two groups have sizes n₁ and n₂ with averages A₁ and A₂, then Combined Average = (n₁ × A₁ + n₂ × A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Given:

Expression: 32 ÷ 8 × 3 - 3 × 3

Formula Used:

Follow the BODMAS rule (Bracket, Order, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).

Calculation:

Step-by-step evaluation:

⇒ 32 ÷ 8 = 4

⇒ 4 × 3 = 12

⇒ 3 × 3 = 9

⇒ 12 - 9 = 3

The correct answer is 3.

Shortcut Trick

False weight used = 100% − 21% = 79%

Profit % = [Error ÷ False Weight] × 100

Profit % = (21 ÷ 79) × 100 = 2100 ÷ 79 %

Profit % = 26 46/79 %

∴ The correct answer is 26 46/79 %.

Alternate Method

Given:

A shopkeeper promises to sell at Cost Price (CP).

He uses a weight that is 21% less than the actual written weight.

Actual: 79g Cost Price (CP)

Billed: 100g Selling Price (SP)

Profit = 21g

Profit % = (21 ÷ 79) × 100

Calculations:

⇒ Let the true weight be 100g and the cost of 1g be ₹1.

⇒ Cost Price (CP) of 100g = ₹100.

⇒ The shopkeeper promises to sell at CP, so Selling Price (SP) for 100g = ₹100.

⇒ However, he uses 21% less weight.

⇒ Actual weight given = 100g − 21% of 100g = 79g.

⇒ Actual Cost Price incurred for 79g = ₹79.

⇒ Profit earned = SP − Actual CP = 100 − 79 = ₹21.

⇒ Profit % = (Profit ÷ Actual CP) × 100

⇒ Profit % = (21 ÷ 79) × 100

⇒ Profit % = 2100 ÷ 79

⇒ Profit % = 26 46/79 %

∴ The correct answer is 26 46/79 %.

Additional Information

Dishonest Dealer (Selling at Cost Price)

When a dealer sells goods at CP but uses false weights: Profit % = [Error ÷ (True Value − Error)] × 100.

Dishonest Dealer (Selling at Profit or Loss %)

If claimed profit/loss is x%: Overall Profit % = {[(100 ± x) × True Weight] ÷ False Weight − 100}%.

Marked Price & Discount

Selling Price = Marked Price − Discount. For successive discounts d₁% and d₂%: Net Discount = d₁ + d₂ − (d₁ × d₂) ÷ 100 %.

Shortcut Trick

The product of two numbers is equal to the product of their LCM and HCF.

Second Number = (LCM × HCF) ÷ First Number

Second Number = (168 × 6) ÷ 24

Second Number = 168 ÷ 4 = 42

∴ The correct answer is 42.

Alternate Method

Given:

LCM of the two numbers = 168

HCF of the two numbers = 6

First number = 24

Formula Used:

First Number × Second Number = LCM × HCF

Calculation:

⇒ 24 × Second Number = 168 × 6

⇒ 24 × Second Number = 1008

⇒ Second Number = 1008 ÷ 24

⇒ Second Number = 42

∴ The correct answer is 42.

Additional Information

LCM and HCF of Fractions

LCM of fractions = (LCM of Numerators) ÷ (HCF of Denominators).

HCF of fractions = (HCF of Numerators) ÷ (LCM of Denominators).

Co-prime Numbers

Two numbers are co-prime if their HCF is 1. The LCM of two co-prime numbers is always equal to their product.

Relation Between HCF and LCM

The HCF of any two or more numbers is always a perfect divisor (factor) of their LCM.

Shortcut Trick

By the rule of weighted averages, if an overall group is divided into subgroups, the overall percentage is the weighted average of the subgroup percentages.

Overall district literacy rate = 45%

Male literacy rate = 45%

Since the male literacy rate is exactly equal to the overall literacy rate, the female literacy rate must also be equal to the overall literacy rate to balance the average.

∴ The correct answer is 45%.

Alternate Method

Population Literacy Distribution

Total: 369000 | Literate: 45%

Males: 186000 Females: 183000

Lit: 45%

Lit: ? = 45%

Literate Population

Given:

Total population = 369000

Number of males = 186000

Overall literate population = 45% of total

Literate males = 45% of total males

Calculations:

⇒ Number of females = Total population − Number of males

⇒ Number of females = 369000 − 186000 = 183000

⇒ Total literate population = Literate males + Literate females

⇒ Literate females = Total literate population − Literate males

⇒ Literate females = (45% of 369000) − (45% of 186000)

⇒ Taking 45% common: Literate females = 45% of (369000 − 186000)

⇒ Literate females = 45% of 183000

⇒ Percentage of literate females = (Literate females ÷ Total females) × 100

⇒ Percentage of literate females = [(45% of 183000) ÷ 183000] × 100

⇒ Percentage of literate females = 45%

∴ The correct answer is 45%.

Additional Information

Weighted Average Rule

If a group is divided into two mutually exclusive subsets and one subset has the exact same average or percentage as the entire combined group, the remaining subset will necessarily also share the exact same average or percentage. Formula: A_w = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Distributive Property in Percentages

Calculating percentages separately and then subtracting is mathematically identical to finding the percentage of the difference directly: x% of A − x% of B = x% of (A − B). Applying this rule eliminates the need to calculate excessively large raw numerical values during the exam.

Shortcut Trick

Difference in Principal = ₹9400 − ₹5400 = ₹4000

Difference in Interest = ₹960, Time = 6 years

Rate (R) = (Difference in Interest × 100) ÷ (Difference in Principal × Time)

R = (960 × 100) ÷ (4000 × 6) = 96000 ÷ 24000

R = 4

∴ The correct answer is 4%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Amit's Principal (P₁) = ₹5400

Gopal's Principal (P₂) = ₹9400

Time (T) = 6 years

Difference in Interest = ₹960

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = (P × R × T) ÷ 100

Amit: P = ₹5400

Gopal: P = ₹5400

• ₹4000 Extra

Generates ₹960 SI in 6 yrs

Rate = R% (Same for both)

Calculations:

⇒ Gopal's SI − Amit's SI = 960

⇒ [(9400 × R × 6) ÷ 100] − [(5400 × R × 6) ÷ 100] = 960

⇒ 564R − 324R = 960

⇒ 240R = 960

⇒ R = 960 ÷ 240

⇒ R = 4

∴ The correct answer is 4%.

Additional Information

Simple Interest Formula

SI = (P × R × T) ÷ 100, where P is Principal, R is Rate of Interest, and T is Time period.

Difference in Simple Interest

When the rate and time are constant, the difference in simple interest earned is directly proportional to the difference in the principal amounts: ΔI = (ΔP × R × T) ÷ 100.

Amount Formula

The total amount (A) at the end of the time period is the sum of the principal and the simple interest: A = P + SI = P × [1 + (R × T) ÷ 100].

Given:

Expression: [(44 ÷ 4) × {(48 ÷ 8) + (21 ÷ 5) × (7 - 2)}]

Formula Used:

Follow the BODMAS rule (Brackets, Orders, Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction).

Calculation:

[(44 ÷ 4) × {(48 ÷ 8) + (21 ÷ 5) × (7 - 2)}]

⇒ [11 × {6 + 21/5 × 5}]

⇒ [11 × {6 + 21}]

⇒ [11 × 27]

⇒ 297

Therefore, the value of [(44 ÷ 4) × {(48 ÷ 8) + (21 ÷ 5) × (7 - 2)}] is 297.

Shortcut Trick

Use the successive percentage change formula for two values: a + b + (a × b)/100

Combine the first two changes (+15% and −12%):

⇒ 15 − 12 − (15 × 12)/100 = 3 − 1.8 = +1.2%

Now combine this result with the third change (+1.2% and +8%):

⇒ 1.2 + 8 + (1.2 × 8)/100 = 9.2 + 0.096 = +9.296%

⇒ Rounding to one decimal place, the net change is +9.3%.

∴ The correct answer is Increase of 9.3%.

Alternate Method

Given:

First change = +15%

Second change = −12%

Third change = +8%

Calculation:

+15% −12% +8%

100

115

101.2

109.296

Net Increase = 9.296% ≈ 9.3%

Let the initial price of the shirt be 100.

⇒ Price after 1^st change (15% increase) = 100 × (115/100) = 115

⇒ Price after 2^nd change (12% decrease) = 115 × (88/100) = 101.2

⇒ Price after 3^rd change (8% increase) = 101.2 × (108/100) = 109.296

⇒ Net change = Final Price − Initial Price

⇒ Net change = 109.296 − 100 = +9.296

⇒ Percentage change = (9.296 / 100) × 100 = 9.296%

⇒ Correct to one decimal place, there is a net increase of 9.3%.

∴ The correct answer is Increase of 9.3%.

Additional Information

Successive Percentage Formula

For two consecutive changes of a% and b%, the combined effect is calculated as (a + b + ab/100)%. Use positive signs for increases and negative signs for decreases.

Fractional Ratio Method

When dealing with fractional percentages like 16.66% or 14.28%, convert them into fractions first. The successive change is calculated directly by multiplying the initial base ratio parts and comparing with the final ratio parts.

Effective Discount

A series of discounts d₁% and d₂% is equivalent to a single net discount of (d₁ + d₂ − (d₁ × d₂)/100)%. It's a special case of successive percentage where values strictly decrease.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The word "Apportion" means to allocate or distribute something among individuals or groups. (विभाजित करना)
• Example: The manager decided to apportion the budget equally among all departments.
• "Allocate" refers to assigning or distributing resources or responsibilities for a specific purpose. (आवंटित करना)
• Example: The government allocated funds for building schools in rural areas.
• Hence, the word "Apportion" is best defined by "Allocate".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To complicate (जटिल बनाना): To make something more difficult or complex.
• Example: Adding unnecessary details will only complicate the problem.
• To confess (स्वीकार करना): To admit or acknowledge something, often a wrongdoing.
• Example: He confessed to his teacher that he had forgotten to do his homework.
• To request (निवेदन करना): To ask for something formally or politely.
• Example: She requested a day off to attend her friend's wedding.

The correct answer is: Option 2.

Key Points

• The adverb 'barely' modifies the verb 'make out', describing the difficulty with which the action is performed.
• 'Barely' should generally appear before the verb when it modifies the action (verb).
• In Option 2, the placement of 'barely' after 'make out' is incorrect and disrupts the meaning.

The correct placement would be "Mohan could barely make out the distant figure."

Key Points

• Option 1: The usage of 'barely' is correct, as it modifies 'make out' and is placed before the verb.
• Option 3: The adverb 'often' is correctly placed before 'make out' to describe frequency.
• Option 4: The adverb 'usually' is correctly placed before 'make out' to describe frequency.

The correct answer is Option 3.

 

Key Points

• The error in the sentence lies in the phrase fell heavy.
• In standard English, the word "heavy" is an adjective, and it cannot directly modify the verb "fell."
• To ensure grammatical correctness, the adverb "heavily" should be used instead of the adjective "heavy."
• The corrected phrase should be "fell heavily."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

 

Correct Sentence: "The rain fell heavily and caused flooding in the streets."

 

Additional Information

• Option 1: "in the streets" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• Option 2: "The rain" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• Option 4: "and caused flooding" – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.

The correct answer is Option 1.

 

Key Points

• The word "neither" is a singular pronoun and must be followed by a singular verb. Therefore, "has" should replace "have" in the sentence.
• The correct construction is "neither has any papers," ensuring subject-verb agreement.
• This rule ensures grammatical correctness and clarity in the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

 

Correct Sentence: "Each of the two farmers wants the certified seeds but neither has any papers."

 

Additional Information

• Option 2: "But either has any papers" – This is incorrect as "either" refers to one of two and does not fit the context of the sentence.
• Option 3: "Yet neither has many papers" – This is incorrect because "many" is used with countable nouns, but "papers" in this context is uncountable.
• Option 4: "Yet none has many papers" – This is incorrect as "none" does not fit the context of the sentence, which refers specifically to "neither" of the two farmers.

The correct answer is: Option 4.

Key Points

• The idiom "scratching their heads" means to be puzzled or confused about something. (असमंजस में होना)
• Example: The students were scratching their heads trying to solve the tricky math problem.
• In the given sentence, "Her explanation was so convoluted that it left everyone confused," the idiom "scratching their heads" perfectly fits as it describes people being perplexed due to the explanation. (असमंजस के कारण)

​Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Biting the bullet (गंभीर स्थिति को सहन करना): To face a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage.
• Example: She decided to bite the bullet and confront her boss about the unfair treatment.
• Turning a blind eye (जानबूझकर अनदेखा करना): To ignore something intentionally.
• Example: The manager turned a blind eye to the employee’s minor mistakes to maintain harmony in the team.
• Stealing the show (सबका ध्यान आकर्षित करना): To attract the most attention or admiration in a performance or event.
• Example: The young dancer stole the show with her breathtaking performance.

The correct answer is: Option 4 i.e., play his cards right.

Key Points

• "Play his cards right" refers to using one's resources or strategies wisely to achieve the best possible outcome. (समस्याओं से निपटने के लिए समझदारी से काम करना)
• Example: If he plays his cards right, he could become the next CEO of the company.
• Hence, we can infer that the most appropriate idiom for maximizing advantages in negotiations is 'play his cards right'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: play his cards right.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Play it safe (सावधानी से खेलना): Acting cautiously and avoiding risks.
• Example: She always prefers to play it safe when trying new things.
• Play it by ear (अनुमान के आधार पर कार्य करना): To act spontaneously and according to the situation without a fixed plan.
• Example: Let's not plan everything in detail now, we'll just play it by ear.
• Play it by air (हवा में खेलना): This phrase is typically a mistaken version of "play it by ear" and does not have a recognized idiomatic meaning.
• Example: Incorrect usage: He decided to play it by air and see what happens during the trip. Correct usage: He decided to play it by ear and see what happens during the trip.

The correct answer is: Primitive.

Key Points

• The word "rudimentary" refers to something that is basic, elementary, or in its earliest stages of development. (मौलिक / प्रारंभिक)
• Example: She has only a rudimentary understanding of mathematics, so she finds advanced calculations challenging.
• "Primitive" means something that is simple or undeveloped, often referring to an early stage of development or basic form. (आदिम / सरल)
• Example: The tools used in the Stone Age were primitive compared to modern machinery.
• Hence, the synonym of "rudimentary" is "primitive".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Primitive.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Exquisite (अत्यंत सुंदर): Extremely beautiful and delicate.
• Example: The artist's work is known for its exquisite detail and craftsmanship.
• Mysterious (रहस्यमय): Something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain.
• Example: The sudden disappearance of the ship in the Bermuda Triangle remains mysterious.
• Creative (रचनात्मक): Involving the use of imagination or original ideas to create something new.
• Example: The designer's creative approach helped bring innovation to the project.

The correct answer is: Option 4 (Trick).

Key Points

• The word "Dodge" means to avoid something by a quick movement or clever manoeuvre. (बचाना)
• Example: He dodged the ball thrown at him by quickly stepping aside.
• "Trick" refers to a clever or deceitful action meant to achieve a goal or outwit someone. (चालाकी/चाल)
• Example: The magician performed an amazing trick that left the audience stunned.
• Hence, "Dodge" and "Trick" are synonymous as they both involve clever or skilful actions to avoid or deceive.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4 (Trick).

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Panic (घबराहट): A sudden overwhelming fear or anxiety that may cause irrational behaviour.
• Example: She felt panic when she realized she had lost her wallet.
• Opine (मत व्यक्त करना): To express an opinion about something.
• Example: He opined that the new policy would benefit small businesses.
• Display (प्रदर्शन): To show or exhibit something publicly.
• Example: The artist's paintings were displayed at the gallery last weekend.

The correct answer is 'stepping'.

 

Key Points

• The word "stepping" means to lift and set down one's foot or one foot after the other. (चरण करना)
• The phrase "stepping onto the stage" is a common expression used when someone is about to start a performance or speech.
• The other options: "stuck," "hit," and "made" do not fit the context appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Complete Sentence: Santra took a deep breath before stepping onto the stage to deliver her speech.

Additional Information

• Stuck (फंसना): means to be caught or fixed in a particular position.
• Hit (मारना): means to come into contact with forcefully.
• Made (बनाया): means created or formed.

The correct answer is: Option 1 (Back against the wall).

Key Points

• The idiom "Back against the wall" refers to being in a very difficult situation with few or no options available to escape or resolve it. (मुश्किल स्थिति में फंस जाना)
• Example: With mounting debts and no job, he felt like his back was against the wall.
• "Difficult circumstance with no escape at all" matches the meaning of the idiom "Back against the wall," indicating helplessness in a tough situation. (मुसीबत में फंसा हुआ)
• Example: The agents were stuck in a dangerous mission with no way out, making them feel like their backs were against the wall.
• Hence, the idiom "Back against the wall" is the most appropriate choice for the underlined segment.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1 (Back against the wall).

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To give one a long rope (किसी को स्वतंत्रता देना): To allow someone the freedom to act as they please, even if it might lead to trouble.
• Example: The manager decided to give the new employee a long rope to see how he handled responsibilities.
• To go to the dogs (बिगड़ जाना): To deteriorate or decline in quality, value, or success.
• Example: The business went to the dogs after the owner mismanaged it.
• To give currency (लोकप्रिय बनाना): To make something widely known or accepted.
• Example: The media gave currency to the rumour about the celebrity's secret wedding.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "ambigous" is incorrectly spelt. The correct spelling is "ambiguous".
• Meaning: Something that is unclear or can be understood in more than one way. (अस्पष्ट)
• Example: The instructions were ambiguous, leading to confusion among the participants.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: Untenable (अस्थिर): Not able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection.
• Example: The theory was untenable due to a lack of supporting evidence.
• Option 3: Conclusions (निष्कर्ष): Judgements or decisions reached after consideration.
• Example: The conclusions drawn from the experiment were groundbreaking.
• Option 4: Spurious (कृत्रिम): Not genuine; false or fake.
• Example: The spurious claims made by the company led to a lawsuit.

The correct answer is Option 1.

 

Key Points

• The phrase "few some time" is grammatically incorrect and does not convey the intended meaning.
• The correct term "some time" is used to refer to an unspecified amount of time required to complete a task.
• Replacing "few some time" with "some time" makes the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

 

Correct Sentence: "It took quite some time to finish the project."

 

Additional Information

• Option 2: "a time some" – This arrangement is grammatically incorrect and does not fit the context of the sentence.
• Option 3: "some a time" – This phrase is also grammatically incorrect and nonsensical.
• Option 4: "time" – While grammatically correct, it does not fully capture the intended meaning of the sentence.

The correct answer is: Option 1.

Key Points

• The word "recieved" is incorrectly spelt. The correct spelling is "received".
• Meaning: To be given or presented with something. (प्राप्त करना)
• Example: She was delighted when she received an award for her hard work.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Gift (उपहार): Something given to someone without expecting anything in return.
• Example: She received a wonderful gift on her birthday.
• Such (ऐसा): Used to emphasize the quality or degree of something.
• Example: I’ve never seen such a beautiful view before.
• Believe (विश्वास करना): To accept something as true or to have faith in something.
• Example: I can’t believe how amazing this gift is.

The correct answer is: Option 4 (Speed).

Key Points

• The word "hasten" means to cause something to happen sooner or to speed up a process. (शीघ्र करना/तेज़ करना)
• Example: The doctor prescribed medication to hasten the recovery process.
• "Speed" refers to the rate at which something happens or is done, often implying quickness or acceleration. (गति/तेज़ी)
• Example: The new system helped speed up the decision-making process.
• Hence, the synonym of "hasten" that fits best in the sentence is "speed."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4 (Speed).

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: Delay (विलंब) - To postpone or cause something to happen later than expected.
• Example: Heavy rain caused a delay in the construction work.
• Option 2: Stall (रोकना) - To stop or delay progress deliberately or unintentionally.
• Example: The negotiations stalled due to disagreements over the terms.
• Option 3: Loiter (आवारा घूमना) - To spend time idly, often without purpose.
• Example: The children were told not to loiter around the store after school.

The correct answer is: Transparent.

Key Points

• The word "Opaque" means not allowing light to pass through; it is something that is not transparent or clear. (अपारदर्शी)
• Example: The frosted glass on the window is opaque and prevents anyone from seeing inside.
• "Transparent" refers to something that allows light to pass through so that objects behind can be clearly seen. (पारदर्शी)
• Example: The transparent plastic sheet allowed us to see the contents inside the package.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of "Opaque" is "Transparent".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Transparent.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Cloudy (धुंधला): Not clear or transparent; filled with clouds or resembling a cloud.
• Example: The sky was cloudy before the heavy rain started.
• Dull (मंद): Lacking brightness or vividness; not lively.
• Example: The dull surface of the old mirror made it hard to see reflections.
• Dark (अंधकारमय): Having little or no light; black or deep in colour.
• Example: The room was dark after the power outage.

The correct answer is 'on'.

 

Key Points

• The context indicates a regular activity carried out by Sarah and Tom during their free time, specifically over the weekend.
• The correct preposition to indicate this regular weekend activity is "on."
• Other options ("before," "during," "in") do not fit the context of specifying time accurately and appropriately in this sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

 

Complete Passage: Sarah and Tom love to go to the park on weekends. Last Sunday, they (2) ________ a picnic basket with sandwiches, fruit, and juice. They (3) _________ a blanket to sit on and a frisbee to play with.

As soon as (4) ________ at the park, Sarah spread the blanket on the green grass. They enjoyed their sandwiches and had juicy oranges. After eating, (5) __________ to play with the frisbee.

 

Additional Information

• Before (पहले): "Before" indicates a previous time or earlier than a specific point, which does not fit accurately in this context.
• During (के दौरान): "During" indicates a period of time in which something occurs, but it is not suitable for indicating a specific time at which an activity is done regularly.
• In (में): "In" can be used to indicate a period of time or a general sense of being inside a place, but it is incorrect for specifying weekends specifically.

The correct answer is 'packed'.

 

Key Points

• The sentence describes how Sarah and Tom prepared their picnic basket by putting different food items inside it.
• The verb "packed" is the standard collocation for preparing a picnic basket, as it implies putting items into a container for transport.
• Options like "gathered" and "accumulated" imply collecting items but do not specifically refer to the act of filling the basket.
• While "arranged" implies organization, "packed" is the most natural and common term used in the context of preparing a picnic basket.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

 

Complete Passage: Sarah and Tom love to go to the park on weekends. Last Sunday, they packed a picnic basket with sandwiches, fruit, and juice. They (3) _________ a blanket to sit on and a frisbee to play with.

As soon as (4) ________ at the park, Sarah spread the blanket on the green grass. They enjoyed their sandwiches and had juicy oranges. After eating, (5) __________ to play with the frisbee.

 

Additional Information

• Gathered (एकत्र किया): Means to collect, not necessarily to put into a container.
• Arranged (व्यवस्थित किया): Implies organizing, but is less common than 'packed' for a picnic basket.
• Accumulated (संग्रहित किया): Refers to collecting over time, not suitable in the picnic context.

The correct answer is 'brought'.

 

Key Points

• The sentence talks about carrying items like a blanket and a frisbee to the park for a picnic.
• The verb required here should indicate the action of taking items from home to another place, which is perfectly expressed by "brought".
• "Brought" is the past tense of "bring" and is the correct word to describe carrying something along to a location.
• Other options like "buy" (purchase), "manage" (handle or control), and "arrange" (organize) do not fit the context of carrying picnic items to a park.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

 

Complete Passage: Sarah and Tom love to go to the park on weekends. Last Sunday, they arranged a picnic basket with sandwiches, fruit, and juice. They brought a blanket to sit on and a frisbee to play with.

As soon as (4) ________ at the park, Sarah spread the blanket on the green grass. They enjoyed their sandwiches and had juicy oranges. After eating, (5) __________ to play with the frisbee.

 

Additional Information

• Buy (खरीदना): Refers to purchasing, not the act of carrying something along.
• Manage (प्रबंध करना): Implies control or handling, not relevant here.
• Arrange (व्यवस्थित करना): Means to organize or set in order, not suitable for the action of bringing items.

The correct answer is 'they arrived'.

 

Key Points

• The sentence refers to a completed action in the past — Sarah and Tom reaching the park last Sunday.
• "They arrived" is the correct past simple tense, which matches the rest of the passage that uses past tense consistently.
• Options like "they arrive" (present tense), "they had arrive" (incorrect verb form), and "they was arrive" (grammatically incorrect) do not fit the sentence structure or tense.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

 

Complete Passage: Sarah and Tom love to go to the park on weekends. Last Sunday, they arranged a picnic basket with sandwiches, fruit, and juice. They brought a blanket to sit on and a frisbee to play with.

As soon as they arrived at the park, Sarah spread the blanket on the green grass. They enjoyed their sandwiches and had juicy oranges. After eating, (5) __________ to play with the frisbee.

 

Additional Information

• They had arrive – Incorrect past perfect structure; “arrive” should be “arrived”.
• They arrive – Present tense, incorrect in a past narrative.
• They was arrive – Grammatically incorrect; “was” should not be used with “they”, and “arrive” needs proper conjugation.

The correct answer is 'they decided'.

 

Key Points

• The action of choosing to play with the frisbee occurred after eating, in the past, so the verb must be in the simple past tense.
• "They decided" correctly follows the past tense structure used throughout the passage.
• Other options are grammatically incorrect: "everyone decide" has a subject-verb mismatch, "they had decide" is incorrect past perfect (should be "had decided"), and "they all decide" is in present tense.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

 

Complete Passage: Sarah and Tom love to go to the park on weekends. Last Sunday, they arranged a picnic basket with sandwiches, fruit, and juice. They brought a blanket to sit on and a frisbee to play with.

As soon as they arrived at the park, Sarah spread the blanket on the green grass. They enjoyed their sandwiches and had juicy oranges. After eating, they decided to play with the frisbee.

 

Additional Information

• Everyone decide – Incorrect subject-verb agreement.
• They had decide – Incorrect form of past perfect; should be "had decided".
• They all decide – Present tense; not suitable in a past narrative.

'मैं बीमार हूँ, इसलिए कार्यालय नहीं जा सकता |' इस वाक्य के लिए एक उचित सरल वाक्य होगा- बीमार होने के कारण मैं कार्यालय नहीं जा सका।

Key Points

• ''मैं बीमार हूँ, इसलिए कार्यालय नहीं जा सकता।' यह एक संयुक्त वाक्य होगा
• इसका सरल वाक्य होगा- बीमार होने के कारण मैं कार्यालय नहीं जा सका।

Important Points 

 रचना के आधार पर वाक्य भेद -

• रचना के आधार पर वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।
• सरल वाक्य
• मिश्रित वाक्य
• संयुक्त वाक्य

Additional Information

‘अपने को धोखा देने वाला’ वाक्यांश के लिए इनमें से उपयुक्त शब्द है- आत्मवंचक

Key Points

• ‘अपने को धोखा देने वाला’ वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - आत्मवंचक
• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

सही उत्तर है - पकाना

Key Points

• 'अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाना' का अर्थ - अलग-थलग रहना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - सरिता हमेशा से "अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाती आई है" पता नहीं इससे उसके बच्चों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• जैसे : ​​​कन्नी काटना का अर्थ- आँख बचाकर भाग जाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - मेरा कर्ज न लौटना पड़े इसलिए वह आजकल मुझसे "कन्नी काटता फिरता है"।

Additional Information