General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Ministry of New & Renewable Energy.

Key Points

• Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana was launched in February 2024 by the Government of India to promote the use of solar energy in households.
• The scheme is aimed at encouraging renewable energy adoption by providing free electricity to households through solar installations.
• The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) is responsible for formulating policies and overseeing the implementation of the scheme.
• This initiative aligns with India’s commitment to achieving its renewable energy targets under the Paris Agreement and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
• The MNRE works in collaboration with state governments, private entities, and local bodies to ensure the efficient implementation of the scheme.

Additional Information

• Ministry of New & Renewable Energy:
• The MNRE is the nodal ministry of the Government of India for all matters related to renewable energy development, including solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower.
• It was established in 1992 and plays a key role in implementing policies for sustainable energy growth in India.
• India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, and initiatives like this scheme contribute significantly to achieving this goal.
• Solar Energy in India:
• India ranks among the top countries globally in terms of installed solar capacity, with its ambitious target of generating 280 GW of solar energy by 2030.
• Programs like the PM-KUSUM scheme and rooftop solar initiatives have bolstered solar adoption across rural and urban sectors.
• Other Relevant Schemes by MNRE:
• PM-KUSUM Yojana: Encourages solar pump installations for farmers to reduce their reliance on grid electricity.
• National Solar Mission: Launched in 2010 to promote the generation and adoption of solar power in India.

Important Points

• Eligibility Criteria: The scheme is primarily targeted at households in rural and semi-urban areas where solar infrastructure can significantly enhance energy access.
• Implementation Partners: Private and public entities, alongside state renewable energy development agencies, are key partners in implementing the scheme.
• Funding Mechanism: The program is supported by central and state government funds, along with subsidies provided for solar installations.
• Global Commitments: The scheme supports India’s commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 of ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

The correct answer is 20 percent.

Key Points

• The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a response on 4 August 2025 addressing concerns regarding the impact of 20 percent Ethanol Blended Petrol (E20) on mileage and vehicle life.
• E20 is a fuel blend containing 20% ethanol and 80% petrol. It is part of India's strategy to promote the use of renewable energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
• The introduction of E20 aligns with the National Bio-Energy Policy and India's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions as part of the Paris Agreement.
• Studies and trials conducted by the government and research institutions show that vehicles manufactured after 2023 are compatible with E20 fuel. However, older vehicles may require modifications to avoid potential damage to their engines.
• Higher ethanol blends like E20 have been shown to slightly reduce mileage in conventional engines but can improve octane levels, leading to smoother combustion and reduced emissions.

Additional Information

• Ethanol Blending Program (EBP):
• Launched in 2003, the Ethanol Blending Program is aimed at blending ethanol with petrol to reduce dependency on crude oil imports and lower carbon emissions.
• The Government of India announced the target of achieving a 20% ethanol blend (E20) by 2025, advancing the previous target of 2030.
• Ethanol is primarily derived from sugarcane, maize, and surplus food grains, providing an additional revenue stream for farmers.
• Benefits of Ethanol Blended Petrol:
• Helps in reducing vehicular emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter.
• Improves fuel security by reducing the import of crude oil, saving valuable foreign exchange.
• Promotes the use of renewable energy resources and supports the agricultural sector.
• Challenges of Ethanol Blending:
• High ethanol content can lead to corrosion of engine parts if vehicles are not designed for such blends.
• Blending requires significant investment in infrastructure, including dedicated storage facilities, blending units, and distribution networks.
• Availability of adequate feedstock (like sugarcane and maize) is essential for large-scale ethanol production.
• Global Context:
• Countries like Brazil and the United States have successfully adopted ethanol blending programs. For example, Brazil uses ethanol blends up to 27% in its fuel.
• India's shift towards E20 is inspired by global best practices and aims to promote energy sustainability.

Important Points

• Impact on Engine: Vehicles not designed for E20 might experience reduced mileage and potential damage to fuel systems. Proper adaptation of engines is essential for compatibility.
• Government Initiatives: Subsidies and incentives for ethanol production and blending facilities are being provided to boost the adoption of E20.
• Economic Benefits: E20 can significantly reduce India’s crude oil import bill and provide a sustainable market for agricultural produce.

The correct answer is Sanket Sargar.

Key Points

• Sanket Sargar became the first Indian to win a medal at the 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games.
• He achieved this milestone in the Men's 55 kg weightlifting category, where he secured the silver medal.
• Sargar lifted a total of 248 kg (113 kg in snatch and 135 kg in clean and jerk).
• He demonstrated tremendous determination despite suffering an injury during his final attempt in the clean and jerk segment.
• This achievement marked the beginning of India's medal tally at the Commonwealth Games 2022.

Additional Information

• Birmingham Commonwealth Games 2022:
• The 22^nd edition of the Commonwealth Games was held from 28 July to 8 August 2022 in Birmingham, England.
• A total of 72 nations participated in the event, featuring over 5,000 athletes competing across 19 sports.
• India sent a contingent of 215 athletes who participated in 16 disciplines.
• Weightlifting in Commonwealth Games:
• Weightlifting has been a part of the Commonwealth Games since 1950.
• India has traditionally performed well in weightlifting, with athletes frequently securing medals in various categories.
• Weightlifting events are divided into snatch and clean and jerk segments, with the total weight lifted determining the winner.
• Sanket Sargar's Background:
• Sargar hails from Sangli district in Maharashtra, India.
• He started weightlifting at a young age and honed his skills through rigorous training and determination.
• Before the Commonwealth Games, he had won medals at the National Weightlifting Championships and other international events.
• India's Performance in Commonwealth Games 2022:
• India secured a total of 61 medals (22 gold, 16 silver, and 23 bronze) in the Birmingham Commonwealth Games.
• The country excelled in sports such as weightlifting, wrestling, badminton, and table tennis.
• India finished in the fourth position in the overall medal tally.

Important Points

• Mirabai Chanu:
• Mirabai Chanu won the gold medal in the Women's 49 kg weightlifting category at the 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games.
• She is a celebrated Indian weightlifter and an Olympic silver medalist.
• Other Medalists:
• Harjinder Kaur secured a bronze medal in the Women's 71 kg weightlifting category.
• Vikas Thakur won the silver medal in the Men's 96 kg weightlifting category.
• India’s Historic Success in Weightlifting:
• India’s weightlifting success at the Commonwealth Games has been consistent, with the country winning several medals in this discipline since its inception.
• This success is attributed to the dedicated efforts of athletes, coaches, and support staff, as well as government initiatives to promote the sport.

The correct answer is Ice Skating.

Key Points

• Ice Skating, which includes sports like figure skating, speed skating, and ice hockey, is traditionally associated with the Winter Olympics rather than the Summer Olympics.
• The Summer Olympics 2024, scheduled to take place in Paris, France, features sports that are typically played in warmer climates or indoors.
• The core sports in the Summer Olympics include disciplines like Badminton, Lawn Tennis, and Basketball, which are all part of the 2024 Paris Games program.
• The Winter Olympics specifically focus on sports played on ice or snow, such as skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating. The most recent Winter Olympics were held in Beijing, China, in 2022.
• Ice Skating has never been part of the Summer Olympics, as its nature and infrastructure requirements align with the Winter Games. Hence, it is excluded from the Summer Olympics 2024 lineup.

Additional Information

• Summer Olympics 2024:
• The Paris 2024 Summer Olympics will feature 32 sports and 329 events, including new additions like breakdancing (debuting as a sport).
• Other popular sports include athletics, swimming, gymnastics, cycling, and basketball.
• The games will take place from July 26 to August 11, 2024.
• Winter Olympics Overview:
• The Winter Olympics focus on sports played on snow and ice, including ice skating, bobsleigh, curling, and ski jumping.
• These events require specialized venues such as ice rinks and snow-covered mountains.
• The next Winter Olympics will be held in 2026 in Milan-Cortina, Italy.
• Ice Skating Categories:
• Figure Skating: Combines artistic performance with technical skating skills.
• Speed Skating: A race between competitors on an ice track.
• Ice Hockey: A team sport played on ice with a puck and sticks.
• Sports in Both Olympics:
• While most sports are exclusive to either the Summer or Winter Olympics, some, like cycling and biathlon, have variations in both.
• However, Ice Skating remains strictly a Winter Olympic sport.

Important Points

• Badminton:
• Badminton has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1992 (Barcelona).
• The sport involves singles and doubles events played indoors.
• Lawn Tennis:
• Tennis first appeared in the Olympics in 1896 and was reintroduced in 1988.
• It is played on various surfaces, including grass, clay, and hard courts.
• Basketball:
• Basketball was introduced to the Olympics in 1936 (Berlin).
• It is a globally popular team sport and includes both men’s and women’s events.
• Ice Skating:
• Ice skating is exclusively a Winter Olympic sport, with events like figure skating and speed skating.
• It requires freezing temperatures and specialized ice arenas.

The correct answer is IIT Bombay.

Key Points

• AroTrack is a device developed by researchers and engineers at IIT Bombay. It is aimed at tracking and monitoring air quality.
• This device helps in real-time monitoring of air pollution levels and provides critical data for addressing environmental concerns effectively.
• The primary focus of AroTrack is to measure pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, and SO2, which are hazardous to human health and the environment.
• IIT Bombay, located in Powai, Mumbai, is one of India's premier institutions for engineering and technology and has been at the forefront of research in environmental monitoring systems.
• The development of AroTrack aligns with India's commitment to improving air quality under various international accords and national policies like the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).

Additional Information

• IIT Bombay:
• Established in 1958, IIT Bombay is recognized as one of the leading institutions for engineering and technology education and research in India.
• It is known for its contributions to innovative research in fields like environmental engineering, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy.
• Located in Powai, Mumbai, IIT Bombay has collaborated with several industries and government bodies for the development of advanced technologies.
• Air Pollution in India:
• India faces significant challenges with air pollution, with cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata frequently ranking among the most polluted globally.
• The main pollutants include particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3).
• The government has implemented measures like the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) to tackle air pollution by setting targets for reducing PM2.5 and PM10 levels.
• National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):
• Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate matter pollution by 20-30% by 2024 (from 2017 levels).
• The program focuses on 122 cities identified as non-attainment cities, where pollution levels have consistently exceeded permissible limits.
• It encourages the use of technology, research, and public awareness to address air quality concerns.
• Features of AroTrack:
• AroTrack is compact, portable, and capable of providing real-time data on air quality.
• The device integrates with smartphone applications and cloud-based systems to ensure data accessibility and visualization.
• It is designed for use by urban planners, environmental agencies, and researchers to monitor and mitigate pollution.

Important Points

• Comparison of Options:
• IIT Bombay: Known for advanced research in technology and environmental monitoring. Correct answer.
• IISC Bangalore: Renowned for research in science and engineering, but no specific mention of AroTrack development.
• IIT Kanpur: Focuses on environmental and air quality research but not associated with AroTrack.
• IIT Roorkee: Known for research in water resources and environmental engineering but not linked to AroTrack.
• Key Statistics on Air Pollution:
• As per the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is responsible for over 7 million deaths annually worldwide.
• In India, it is estimated that more than 1.67 million deaths were attributable to air pollution in 2019.
• Devices like AroTrack play a crucial role in monitoring and addressing these concerns.

The correct answer is 60 km.

Key Points

• The Aravalli Green Wall Project is a significant initiative by the Indian government to enhance environmental sustainability and combat desertification in the region surrounding the Aravalli hill range.
• The project aims to spread a green cover in a buffer area of 60 km around the Aravalli hills, addressing ecological concerns such as deforestation, soil erosion, and climatic changes in the region.
• It seeks to create a natural barrier against the expansion of the Thar Desert into adjoining areas, thereby protecting biodiversity and promoting sustainable development.
• The initiative includes measures such as afforestation, reforestation, and community engagement to ensure effective implementation and long-term environmental benefits.
• The project is part of India's broader commitment to achieving the goals of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), which aims to restore degraded land and combat climate change.

Additional Information

• Aravalli Hill Range:
• The Aravalli Hills are one of the oldest mountain ranges in India, stretching across the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, and Delhi.
• They play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance by providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna and acting as a green barrier against desertification.
• Over the years, the Aravalli range has been adversely affected by deforestation, illegal mining, and urbanization, leading to environmental degradation.
• Desertification:
• Desertification refers to the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically due to drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agricultural practices.
• The Aravalli Green Wall Project aims to mitigate desertification by increasing vegetation cover and enhancing soil quality in the region surrounding the Aravalli hills.
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD):
• The UNCCD is an international treaty aimed at combating desertification and promoting sustainable land management.
• India is a signatory to the UNCCD and has undertaken various initiatives, including the Aravalli Green Wall Project, to fulfill its commitments under this treaty.
• Afforestation and Reforestation:
• Afforestation refers to the process of creating forests in areas that were not previously forested, while reforestation involves replanting trees in deforested areas.
• Both strategies are integral to the Aravalli Green Wall Project and are aimed at restoring ecological balance and improving air quality in the region.
• Community Participation:
• The project emphasizes the role of local communities in its implementation, encouraging participation in tree plantation drives and sustainable land management practices.
• This ensures long-term sustainability and promotes environmental awareness among residents.

Important Points

• Thar Desert Expansion:
• The Thar Desert, located primarily in Rajasthan, is expanding due to climate change and human activities such as deforestation and overgrazing.
• The Aravalli Green Wall Project aims to act as a natural shield to prevent further desert expansion into fertile regions.
• Environmental Challenges:
• Deforestation and illegal mining in the Aravalli region have led to significant environmental challenges, including soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and reduced groundwater levels.
• The project seeks to address these issues by restoring ecological balance and promoting sustainable practices.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Aravalli Green Wall Project is part of broader government efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development.
• Other initiatives include National Afforestation Programme and Green India Mission, which aim to increase forest cover and improve ecosystem services.
• Role of Local Authorities:
• State governments and local authorities play a crucial role in implementing the project, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and engaging communities.
• Collaboration between central and state governments is essential for the project's success.

The correct answer is Jigoro Kano.

Key Points

• Judo was invented by Jigoro Kano, a Japanese educator and athlete, in the year 1882.
• Jigoro Kano established the first Judo school, the Kodokan Judo Institute, in Tokyo, Japan, to teach and promote this martial art.
• Judo is a modern martial art and Olympic sport that evolved from ancient Japanese jujutsu techniques, emphasizing throws, grappling, and submission.
• The philosophy of Judo revolves around the principles of "maximum efficiency with minimum effort" and "mutual welfare and benefit."
• Judo became an Olympic sport in 1964, further solidifying its status as one of the most globally recognized martial arts disciplines.

Additional Information

• Jigoro Kano's Early Life:
• Jigoro Kano was born on October 28, 1860, in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.
• He was a highly educated individual, graduating from Tokyo Imperial University.
• Kano sought to modernize traditional martial arts by eliminating dangerous techniques, creating a system that emphasized safety and discipline.
• Development of Judo:
• Judo was derived from ancient Japanese jujutsu, which emphasized joint locks and throwing techniques.
• Kano refined these techniques, incorporating scientific principles to create a more structured and effective martial art.
• He introduced the concept of randori (free practice), focusing on practical application over rigid kata (forms).
• Global Expansion:
• After its creation, Judo quickly gained popularity, spreading internationally during the late 19^th and 20^th centuries.
• It was introduced to Europe and the USA by Japanese instructors and practitioners.
• Judo's inclusion in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics marked a significant milestone in its global recognition.
• Distinction from Other Martial Arts:
• Unlike other forms of martial arts, Judo focuses on grappling, throws, and pins rather than strikes or kicks.
• The absence of weapons and emphasis on technique makes Judo unique and suitable for sport and self-defense.
• Judo practitioners aim to use their opponent's strength against them, leveraging principles of balance and leverage.
• Other Notable Figures:
• James Naismith: Inventor of basketball (1891) in Springfield, USA.
• James Creighton: Known for formalizing the rules of ice hockey in Canada.
• Ebenezer Morley: Credited for drafting the rules of modern football in England.
• These individuals are unrelated to Judo but are significant contributors to their respective sports.

Important Points

• Judo's Core Techniques:
• Judo techniques are divided into three categories: Nage-waza (throwing techniques), Katame-waza (grappling techniques), and Atemi-waza (striking techniques) (used in kata).
• Popular throws include Seoi-nage (shoulder throw) and O-soto-gari (major outer reap).
• Judo Belts and Ranking:
• Practitioners progress through colored belts, starting from white and advancing to black.
• The ranking system emphasizes skill, knowledge, and time spent practicing.
• Judo in Modern Sports:
• Judo is governed internationally by the International Judo Federation (IJF).
• It remains one of the most popular Olympic sports, attracting athletes worldwide.
• Judo's focus on discipline and physical fitness makes it a valuable activity for personal development.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The India Open badminton tournament is one of the most prestigious badminton tournaments held annually in India.
• In January 2025, the tournament was hosted in the capital city of India, New Delhi.
• The event is part of the BWF World Tour, attracting top international players from across the globe.
• New Delhi, being a well-connected and prominent city, has world-class sports infrastructure suitable for hosting events of this magnitude.
• The venue used for the India Open typically includes facilities like the K.D. Jadhav Indoor Hall, which is known for hosting badminton tournaments and other sporting events.

Additional Information

• India Open History:
• The India Open was first held in 2008 and has since grown to become a significant event in the badminton calendar.
• The tournament is organized under the aegis of the Badminton Association of India (BAI).
• It is categorized as a Super 750 event under the BWF World Tour, making it highly competitive and ranking points-rich for players.
• New Delhi as a Sporting Hub:
• New Delhi, the capital city of India, has hosted various international sports events, including the Commonwealth Games 2010.
• The city boasts several state-of-the-art sports facilities such as the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium and the K.D. Jadhav Indoor Hall.
• Its excellent connectivity through air, rail, and road makes it a prime location for national and international tournaments.
• BWF World Tour:
• The Badminton World Federation (BWF) organizes the World Tour, which includes events classified into Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, and Super 300 tiers.
• The India Open is classified as a Super 750 tournament, which is among the higher tiers of the World Tour, attracting elite players.
• The tournament contributes significant points for world rankings, making it an essential event for players aiming for top rankings.
• Prominent Players in India Open:
• Top badminton players such as P.V. Sindhu, Saina Nehwal, and Kidambi Srikanth have regularly participated in the India Open.
• International stars such as Kento Momota, Carolina Marin, and Victor Axelsen have also graced the tournament.

Important Points

• India Open Prize Pool:
• The tournament has a substantial prize pool, often exceeding USD 750,000, making it lucrative for participants.
• Impact on Indian Badminton:
• The India Open serves as a platform for Indian players to compete against international athletes, boosting the growth of badminton in the country.
• Facilities and Hospitality:
• New Delhi ensures world-class hospitality and facilities for players and officials, contributing to the success of the tournament.

The correct answer is Attukal Pongala.

Key Points

• Attukal Pongala is a famous festival celebrated in the state of Kerala, India. It is organized annually at the Attukal Bhagavathy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.
• The festival is renowned for its unique feature of being the largest single gathering of women in the world for a religious activity. This achievement has been recognized by the Guinness World Records.
• The event involves thousands of women preparing a special offering called Pongala, made of rice, jaggery, and coconut, which is cooked in earthen pots as an offering to the goddess Attukal Devi.
• The festival spans over ten days, with the Pongala ritual being the most significant and occurring on the ninth day. Women gather in and around the temple premises and on the streets of Thiruvananthapuram to participate in this ritual.
• The festival is a symbolic representation of devotion, equality, and empowerment of women, as it unites women from all walks of life and religious backgrounds.

Additional Information

• Significance of Attukal Pongala:
• The festival is dedicated to Attukal Bhagavathy, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Kannaki (Parvati).
• It is celebrated in the Malayalam month of Kumbham (February–March).
• The festival represents the victory of good over evil and celebrates the goddess’s power to protect her devotees.
• Guinness World Records Recognition:
• The 2016 edition of Attukal Pongala saw participation from more than 2.5 million women, earning it the Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of women for a religious activity.
• The record highlights the global cultural significance of the festival and its ability to bring women together in solidarity.
• Preparation for the Ritual:
• Women bring their own cooking utensils, ingredients, and firewood to prepare the Pongala offering on temporary hearths set up on roadsides and open spaces.
• The ritual begins after the chief priest of the temple lights the holy hearth (Pandara Aduppu) inside the temple premises.
• Comparison with Other Kerala Festivals:
• Chikalkalo: A traditional mud festival celebrated in certain parts of Kerala, particularly in the Kasaragod district. It involves physical games and is not religious in nature.
• Pooram: A temple festival celebrated with grand processions and fireworks. The most famous is the Thrissur Pooram.
• Vishu: The Malayalam New Year celebrated in April, marked by feasting and the Vishukkani ritual.
• Attukal Pongala: Stands out as a festival exclusively for women and holds spiritual and cultural importance.

Important Points

• Historical Background: The temple is believed to be over 500 years old and holds a significant place in Kerala's religious and cultural history.
• Equality and Inclusiveness: Women from all castes, religions, and social backgrounds participate in the festival, making it a symbol of unity and empowerment.
• Economic Impact: The festival contributes significantly to the local economy, as vendors sell cooking materials, food items, and earthen pots during the event.

The correct answer is 1764.

Key Points

• Robert Clive was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1764 after his significant military and administrative contributions during his tenure in India.
• Clive played a major role in the Battle of Plassey (1757), which marked the beginning of British dominance in India.
• As Governor, Clive implemented dual government in Bengal, combining British administrative control with local Nawab rule.
• He was instrumental in establishing the foundation of British rule in India by securing significant economic and political advantages for the British East India Company.
• His tenure faced criticism due to alleged corruption and exploitation, but his policies laid the groundwork for British colonial administration in India.

Additional Information

• Robert Clive:
• Born in 1725, Clive is often regarded as the architect of British supremacy in India.
• He first arrived in India as a clerk for the East India Company and later rose to prominence due to his military success.
• Battle of Plassey (1757):
• The battle was fought between the British East India Company, under Clive, and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the ruler of Bengal.
• Clive's tactical brilliance and treachery within the Nawab's camp led to British victory.
• This victory allowed the British East India Company to gain control over Bengal's wealth and resources.
• Dual Government System:
• Introduced by Clive in Bengal after 1765, it divided administrative responsibilities between the British and the local Nawabs.
• While the British controlled revenue collection and military power, the Nawabs were nominally responsible for law and order.
• This system allowed the East India Company to exploit Bengal's wealth without direct administrative costs.
• Controversies Surrounding Clive:
• Clive faced allegations of corruption and profiteering during his tenure.
• In 1772, he was subject to an inquiry by the British Parliament but was ultimately acquitted.
• Despite controversies, his contributions to British imperial expansion in India remain significant.
• Legacy:
• Clive's policies laid the foundation for British colonial administration and economic exploitation in India.
• He died in 1774, leaving behind a mixed legacy as a military strategist and controversial administrator.

Important Points

• 1765 Treaty of Allahabad:
• Signed between Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
• Granted the British East India Company Diwani rights (revenue collection) in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
• Economic Impact of Clive's Policies:
• Led to the exploitation of Bengal's resources, contributing to the Great Bengal Famine (1770).
• Clive's revenue policies prioritized British profits over local welfare.
• Military Achievements:
• Clive's victories in India established British dominance over French and local rulers.
• Played a crucial role in defeating the French during the Carnatic Wars.

The correct answer is 1994.

Key Points

• The Malhotra Committee was formed in 1993 by the Government of India to suggest reforms in the insurance sector.
• The committee was chaired by R.N. Malhotra, the former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• It submitted its report in the year 1994, recommending several pivotal changes to liberalize and modernize the Indian insurance sector.
• The report emphasized the need for opening up the insurance sector to private players and the establishment of an independent regulatory authority to oversee insurance activities.
• The recommendations of the Malhotra Committee laid the groundwork for the formation of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) in 1999.

Additional Information

• Key Recommendations of the Malhotra Committee:
• Opening up the Indian insurance market to private sector participation to foster competition and efficiency.
• Introducing foreign direct investment (FDI) in the insurance sector, with a cap of 26% initially, which was later increased to 49% and subsequently to 74% in 2021.
• Establishing an independent regulatory body, which resulted in the creation of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) in 1999.
• Allowing private companies to enter both life insurance and non-life insurance sectors.
• Restructuring the public sector insurance companies to operate on a more competitive basis.
• Impact of the Malhotra Committee Report:
• The recommendations led to the liberalization of the Indian insurance market in the early 2000s.
• Private sector players like HDFC Life, ICICI Lombard, Max Life, and others entered the market, increasing competition and improving service quality.
• The establishment of IRDAI brought about transparency and uniform regulations for the insurance sector.
• Insurance penetration in India improved significantly, with more people opting for life and non-life insurance policies.
• About R.N. Malhotra:
• R.N. Malhotra served as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) from 1985 to 1990.
• He was instrumental in shaping financial reforms in India and played a key role in the liberalization process of the insurance sector.

Important Points

• Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI):
• Established in 1999 as an independent regulatory body to oversee insurance activities in India.
• Its objectives include protecting the interests of policyholders, promoting healthy competition, and ensuring the financial stability of the insurance market.
• Liberalization of the Insurance Sector:
• The entry of private players and FDI brought technological advancements and customer-centric services to the industry.
• Insurance penetration increased from 2.15% (2001) to 4.2% (2021), as per IRDAI reports.

The correct answer is Revolt of Songram Sangma.

Key Points

• The Revolt of Songram Sangma took place in Assam, and it is considered one of the significant tribal uprisings during British rule in India.
• The Garos, a tribal community in the region, led this revolt against the oppressive policies of the British colonial administration, particularly focusing on their exploitation and unjust treatment.
• This revolt was rooted in the resistance to British revenue policies and forest laws, which impacted the livelihoods and autonomy of the tribal people.
• The revolt also symbolized the tribal aspiration for freedom and their fight to protect their cultural identity and traditional ways of life.
• It showcased the growing discontent among the indigenous communities of India and highlighted their role in the broader freedom struggle against colonial rule.

Additional Information

• Self Respect Movement:
• Started in 1925 by E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar), this movement aimed at promoting self-respect and social equality among the oppressed castes in Tamil Nadu.
• It sought to eradicate the dominance of upper-caste hegemony and advocated for rationalism, social justice, and gender equality.
• The movement's core message was to discard the caste system and superstitious practices.
• Blue Rebellion:
• Occurred in 1859 in Bengal, the Blue Rebellion was a resistance movement by the indigo farmers against the exploitation by the British planters.
• Farmers were forced to grow indigo on their lands under oppressive terms, which led to widespread discontent.
• This rebellion forced the British government to appoint the Indigo Commission in 1860 to investigate the grievances of the farmers.
• Koli Revolt:
• The Koli Revolt was led by the Koli tribal community in Maharashtra and Gujarat in the 19^th century.
• The revolt was against the British forest policies and revenue system, which disrupted the livelihood of the Koli tribe.
• They primarily resisted the British attempts to take over their traditional rights to forest resources and hunting.
• Tribal Revolts in India:
• India witnessed several tribal revolts during British rule, such as the Santhal Rebellion (1855-56), Kol Uprising (1831-32), and Munda Rebellion (1899-1900).
• These revolts were primarily caused by the oppressive policies of the British, including revenue demands, forced labor, and restrictions on traditional tribal practices.
• The revolts were significant in showcasing the resistance of tribal communities to colonial exploitation and their contribution to India's freedom struggle.

Important Points

• Tribal Resistance: Many tribal uprisings were not mere reactions but well-organized movements to safeguard their rights, traditions, and lands.
• Significance of Songram Sangma: The revolt played a crucial role in inspiring later movements and highlighted the need for addressing the issues of marginalized communities.
• British Policies: The exploitative policies of the British, such as heavy taxation and restrictions on forest usage, were key triggers for many revolts during the colonial era.

The correct answer is 10 per cent.

Key Points

• In 1990-91, India's gross fiscal deficit as a proportion of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached 10 per cent, marking a critical point in the country’s economic history.
• This situation was attributed to a combination of factors, including high government expenditure, a growing subsidy bill, and insufficient revenue generation.
• The fiscal imbalance led to a severe Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis during the same period, requiring India to seek assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
• The crisis prompted the government to implement significant economic reforms in 1991, including liberalization, privatization, and globalization, which aimed to stabilize the economy.
• The reforms helped India reduce its fiscal deficit in subsequent years and laid the foundation for long-term economic growth.

Additional Information

• Fiscal Deficit:
• Fiscal deficit refers to the difference between the government's total expenditure and its total revenue (excluding borrowings).
• A high fiscal deficit indicates that the government is spending beyond its means, which can lead to inflation and economic instability.
• Balance of Payments Crisis (1991):
• India faced a BoP crisis in 1991 due to a sharp decline in foreign exchange reserves, which dropped to levels sufficient to finance only a few weeks of imports.
• This forced the government to pledge its gold reserves and seek a loan from the IMF.
• 1991 Economic Reforms:
• The reforms were introduced under the leadership of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• Key measures included the removal of industrial licensing, reduction in import tariffs, and encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI).
• IMF Assistance:
• India secured a loan of $2.2 billion from the IMF to address its foreign exchange crisis.
• The assistance came with conditions, including implementing structural reforms and reducing fiscal deficits.

Important Points

• Impact of the Fiscal Deficit:
• A high fiscal deficit can lead to increased government borrowing, which crowds out private investment and raises interest rates.
• It also puts pressure on the economy's inflation levels and can lead to a currency devaluation.
• Post-Reform Growth:
• Post-1991, India experienced higher growth rates and a significant reduction in poverty due to the implementation of economic reforms.
• India's fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP has been better managed in subsequent decades, with policies aimed at fiscal consolidation$.

The correct answer is Conduct of business of the Government of India.

Key Points

• Article 77 of the Indian Constitution pertains to the conduct of business of the Government of India. It outlines how the executive actions and decisions of the Government are to be carried out.
• It states that all executive actions of the Government of India should be expressed in the name of the President of India.
• It also specifies the rules for the allocation of business among the different Ministries and Departments of the Government.
• The President is empowered to make rules for the more convenient transaction of business and for its distribution among the Ministers.
• This Article ensures that the functioning of the Government is streamlined, organized, and accountable under the framework of the Constitution.

Additional Information

• President's Role in Executive Actions:
• All executive actions of the Government of India are performed in the name of the President, as per Article 77.
• The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister.
• This ensures that the executive authority is exercised within the framework of parliamentary democracy.
• Rules for Allocation of Business:
• The President has the authority to frame rules for the allocation of business among the Ministers.
• These rules are crucial for ensuring the smooth functioning of the Government and avoiding overlapping responsibilities.
• Accountability in Governance:
• Article 77 mandates that all executive actions be conducted transparently, ensuring accountability to the Parliament and the citizens.
• It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clear and organized system for executing the policies and decisions of the Government.
• Comparison with Article 74:
• While Article 77 deals with the conduct of business, Article 74 deals with the Council of Ministers aiding and advising the President.
• Both Articles collectively ensure the smooth operation of the executive branch of the Government of India.
• Examples:
• All official communications, like notifications and orders, are issued in the name of the President.
• For instance, appointment letters for high-ranking officials like Governors and Supreme Court judges bear the President’s name.

Important Points

• Article 77 and Parliamentary Democracy:
• Article 77 is integral to India's system of parliamentary democracy, where the executive is accountable to the legislature.
• It ensures a uniform system for the execution of policies and legal frameworks as determined by the Parliament.
• Legal Framework for Ministries:
• This Article provides a legal basis for the formation and functioning of various Ministries and Departments within the Government.
• It enables Ministers to act within their allocated portfolios and ensures clarity in decision-making.
• Historical Context:
• Article 77 was drafted as part of the Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950.
• The Article was inspired by the British system of governance and adapted to fit India’s parliamentary model.

The correct answer is 1/3.

Key Points

• Article 171 of the Constitution of India specifies the composition of the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) for states that have a bicameral legislature.
• As per Article 171(3)(a), 1/3 of the members of the Legislative Council are elected by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards, and other local authorities in the state.
• The provision ensures representation from local self-governing bodies, which play a vital role in state governance.
• These members are chosen through an electoral process where representatives from various local bodies vote to elect Legislative Council members.
• This mechanism provides a democratic way to include local governance in the legislative process, fostering decentralized decision-making.

Additional Information

• Composition of Legislative Council:
• The Legislative Council is the upper house of the state legislature in states with bicameral legislatures (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka).
• Its members are elected, nominated, or indirectly appointed through various processes outlined in Article 171.
• The Council must not exceed one-third of the total membership of the Legislative Assembly of the state.
• Election Process:
• Members elected by local authorities constitute 1/3 of the total members of the Legislative Council.
• Other members are elected by graduates, teachers, members of the Legislative Assembly, or nominated by the Governor.
• The election process is conducted by the Election Commission of India under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Role of Local Authorities:
• Local authorities such as municipalities and district boards play a significant role in state governance.
• Representation from local bodies ensures that issues relevant to local administration are addressed in the state legislature.
• This system strengthens participatory democracy by incorporating grassroots-level governance into the legislative framework.
• States with Legislative Councils:
• Currently, only 6 states in India have Legislative Councils: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
• States can propose the creation or abolition of Legislative Councils, but the final decision rests with Parliament.
• Historical Context:
• The bicameral system in state legislatures was established to include diverse perspectives in law-making.
• The inclusion of local authorities in the election process reflects the significance of grassroots governance in India.
• It was introduced to balance representation from different sections of society and administrative units.

Important Points

• Article 171: Defines the composition and electoral process for Legislative Councils in states with bicameral legislatures.
• Representation: Ensures inclusion of local self-governance bodies in the legislative process through elections.
• Governor’s Role: The Governor nominates 1/6^th of the members of the Legislative Council, typically experts in various fields like literature, science, or social service.
• Election Eligibility: Members of municipalities, district boards, and other local authorities are eligible to vote in the elections for Legislative Council members.
• Relevance: Legislative Councils provide an additional layer of checks and balances in state governance, complementing the Legislative Assembly.

The correct answer is Mahadevi Verma.

Key Points

• Mahadevi Verma was one of the most eminent writers of Hindi literature and a recipient of the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1982.
• She is widely regarded as a pioneer in modern Hindi literature and is considered one of the four pillars of Chhayavad poetry, alongside Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala,' Jai Shankar Prasad, and Sumitranandan Pant.
• Her works often reflect themes of feminism, individualism, and the human struggle. She was known for her contributions to both poetry and prose.
• Mahadevi Verma's most famous works include "Yama" (a poetry collection that won the Jnanpith Award) and prose writings such as "Aatmika" and "Smriti Ki Rekhayen."
• She also earned the title of "Modern Meera" due to her spiritual and deeply emotional style of writing, which resonated with readers across generations.

Additional Information

• Jnanpith Award:
• The Jnanpith Award is one of India's highest literary honors, established in 1961 by the Bharatiya Jnanpith organization.
• It is awarded annually to an author for their outstanding contribution to literature in any of the 22 official languages of India as per the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
• Recipients of the award are presented with a citation, a shawl, and a cash prize.
• The first recipient of the Jnanpith Award was G. Sankara Kurup in Malayalam. Mahadevi Verma became the first woman recipient of this award for her contributions in Hindi literature.
• Other Options:
• Sarojini Naidu: Known as the "Nightingale of India", Sarojini Naidu was a poet and freedom fighter. Although she made significant contributions to Indian literature, she did not receive the Jnanpith Award.
• Kamala Surayya: Also known as Kamala Das, she was a renowned poet and writer who contributed to Malayalam and English literature. She received several awards but did not win the Jnanpith Award.
• Subhadra Kumari Chauhan: A famous Hindi poet known for her patriotic works such as "Jhansi Ki Rani", Subhadra Kumari Chauhan did not receive the Jnanpith Award.
• Significance of Mahadevi Verma's Work:
• Her work is celebrated for its lyrical beauty and depth, often exploring themes of social reform, human emotions, and spirituality.
• She was also a strong advocate for women’s rights and often addressed issues of gender inequality in her writings.
• Mahadevi Verma's influence on Hindi literature and the Chhayavad movement has been profound and enduring.

Important Points

• Chhayavad Movement:
• Chhayavad refers to the romanticism movement in Hindi literature, which emerged in the early 20^th century.
• It is characterized by a focus on nature, beauty, personal emotions, and spirituality.
• Mahadevi Verma was one of the key figures in this movement, alongside Sumitranandan Pant, Jai Shankar Prasad, and Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'.
• Legacy of Mahadevi Verma:
• She was awarded numerous accolades, including the Padma Bhushan and the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship.
• She served as the editor of "Chand" magazine, contributing significantly to Hindi journalism and literature.
• In recognition of her contributions, institutions and awards have been established in her name to promote Hindi literature.

The correct answer is Ajay Kumar.

Key Points

• Dr. Ajay Kumar, Former Secretary, Ministry of Defence took the Oath of Office and Secrecy as Chairman, Union Public Service Commission today.
• The Oath was administered by Lt.Gen. Raj Shukla (Retd.), the senior most Member of the Commission.
• Having pursued a B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Dr. Ajay Kumar has done his M.S. in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota, USA and Ph.D in Business Administration from Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, USA. He was also conferred an Hon. Doctor of Philosophy by Amity University in 2019.

Additional Information

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):
• The UPSC is a constitutional body established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India.
• It is responsible for conducting examinations and selecting candidates for various civil services and posts in the Government of India.
• The commission also advises the President of India on matters related to recruitment, promotions, and disciplinary cases.
• It conducts prominent examinations like the Civil Services Examination, Indian Forest Service Examination, Engineering Services Examination, and others.
• Role of the UPSC Chairman:
• The Chairman leads the commission, ensuring fair and transparent processes in recruitment.
• The position requires integrity, impartiality, and administrative acumen to oversee operations and uphold the commission's reputation.
• The chairman is appointed by the President of India and generally serves until the age of 65 or completion of tenure.
• Importance of UPSC in Governance:
• The UPSC ensures merit-based recruitment for India's civil services, essential for effective governance and administration.
• It plays a crucial role in shaping the bureaucracy that implements policies and drives development.
• The commission’s independence and impartiality uphold the principles of democracy and good governance.

Important Points

• Age and Tenure of UPSC Chairman:
• The Chairman of UPSC usually serves until the age of 65 years or completion of their tenure.
• The tenure is designed to ensure continuity and stability in the commission’s functioning.
• Constitutional Provisions:
• The UPSC operates under the framework of Articles 315 to 323 of the Constitution of India.
• The provisions ensure independence and autonomy, critical for unbiased decision-making in recruitment processes.

The correct answer is Bihar.

Key Points

• Arif Mohammad Khan is a prominent Indian politician known for his contributions to various social and political causes, including his stance on religious reforms and secularism.
• In December 2024, Arif Mohammad Khan was appointed as the Governor of Bihar. This position is one of the highest constitutional posts in a state.
• The Governor of a state in India is appointed by the President of India and serves as the constitutional head of the state government.
• Bihar is a state in eastern India, known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance, including being the birthplace of Buddhism and Jainism.
• The role of a Governor includes approving bills passed by the state legislature, advising the Chief Minister, and overseeing various constitutional and administrative functions of the state.

Additional Information

• Bihar:
• Bihar is one of the oldest inhabited places in the world and has a history that dates back thousands of years.
• The state is known for its significant contributions to Indian history, including the establishment of the ancient Nalanda University.
• Bihar is bordered by Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Nepal, making it a strategic state in terms of geography and cultural influence.
• It is primarily an agrarian economy, with agriculture being the mainstay of the majority of its population.
• Role of a Governor:
• The Governor acts as the constitutional head of the state and is appointed for a term of five years.
• They ensure that the state government functions within the framework of the Constitution and uphold the values of democracy.
• The Governor has the power to summon, prorogue, or dissolve the state legislature and recommend President's Rule in case of a constitutional crisis.
• They play a crucial role in ensuring coordination between the central and state governments.
• Arif Mohammad Khan:
• Arif Mohammad Khan has had a long political career and has been associated with various political parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party.
• He is recognized for his progressive views on religious reforms, especially in the context of the Muslim community in India.
• He has held several important positions in the Indian government, including Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Energy, and Agriculture.
• His appointment as Governor underscores his vast experience in public administration and governance.
• Constitutional Provisions:
• The appointment of the Governor is governed by Article 155 of the Constitution of India.
• According to Article 156, the Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President.
• The Governor's functions are outlined in various articles, including Article 161, which deals with the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment.

Important Points

• Bihar's Political Landscape:
• Bihar has been a politically significant state in India, often influencing national politics.
• It has produced many prominent leaders, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, and Jayaprakash Narayan, a key figure in the Indian independence movement.
• The state has a bicameral legislature consisting of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.
• Governorship:
• The Governor's role is largely ceremonial, but they can exercise discretionary powers in certain situations, such as appointing the Chief Minister when no party has a clear majority.
• The Governor also acts as the Chancellor of state universities and plays a vital role in higher education.
• They represent the state at official functions and maintain diplomatic relations on behalf of the state government.

The correct answer is Gujarat.

Key Points

• The 'Lakhpati Didi Sammelan' was held in March 2025 in the state of Gujarat. It is a unique initiative to celebrate and empower women entrepreneurs in rural areas.
• The event was organized under the Mission Mangalam initiative, a flagship program of the Gujarat government aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and self-reliance among women.
• The Lakhpati Didis are women who have achieved financial independence and earn at least Rs. 1 lakh annually through various entrepreneurial ventures and self-help groups (SHGs).
• This program is a part of the larger framework of boosting economic empowerment and rural development in Gujarat.
• The event showcased success stories of women who transformed their lives through entrepreneurship, emphasizing sustainable growth and financial literacy.

Additional Information

• Mission Mangalam:
• Mission Mangalam is an initiative by the Gujarat government to empower rural women and promote sustainable livelihoods through microfinance and self-help groups.
• It focuses on providing resources, training, and financial support to women to establish small-scale businesses in areas such as agriculture, handicrafts, and local trades.
• The program aims to improve the socio-economic status of women in rural areas and ensure their active participation in the economy.
• Through partnerships with NGOs, banks, and private organizations, Mission Mangalam enables women to access loans and technical assistance.
• Role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs):
• SHGs are small groups of women who come together to pool resources and support each other in entrepreneurial ventures.
• They are instrumental in promoting financial literacy, savings, and credit accessibility among rural women.
• SHGs play a key role in fostering community development and providing a support system for women entrepreneurs.
• Economic Empowerment of Women:
• Economic empowerment initiatives like 'Lakhpati Didi' focus on reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, and enhancing the overall quality of life for women.
• These programs are in alignment with India's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
• Success Stories:
• Many women under the 'Lakhpati Didi' initiative have successfully ventured into businesses like organic farming, handicrafts, tailoring, and dairy farming.
• These stories serve as inspiration for other women to take charge of their financial independence and contribute to community growth.

Important Points

• State Initiatives:
• Gujarat has been a pioneer in introducing innovative programs aimed at rural development and women empowerment.
• Programs like Sakhi Mandals and Mission Mangalam have been instrumental in creating a robust ecosystem for women entrepreneurs.
• Financial Literacy:
• Financial literacy programs under Mission Mangalam ensure that women can manage their finances effectively and make informed business decisions.
• This includes training on budgeting, savings, investments, and loan management.

The correct answer is Jaipur.

Key Points

• The Supreme Court of India in January 2025 reinforced the ban on manual scavenging in six major cities of India, highlighting the inhumane and illegal nature of the practice.
• The six cities where manual scavenging was specifically banned include Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai.
• Jaipur is not among the six cities listed by the Supreme Court where the ban was enforced, making it the correct answer.
• This decision is part of India's ongoing efforts to uphold human dignity, ensure sanitation workers' rights, and enforce the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• Despite the ban, challenges in implementation persist across India, with reports of violations and inadequate rehabilitation measures.

Additional Information

• Manual Scavenging:
• Manual scavenging refers to the practice of manually cleaning, carrying, or disposing of human excreta from dry latrines, open drains, or sewers.
• This practice is predominantly carried out by individuals from marginalized communities, often leading to severe social discrimination and health hazards.
• Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:
• This Act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers and mandates the demolition of insanitary latrines.
• It also outlines measures for the rehabilitation of individuals engaged in manual scavenging, including alternative employment opportunities.
• Supreme Court's Role:
• The Supreme Court has consistently emphasized the eradication of manual scavenging, terming it a violation of fundamental rights under Article 21 (Right to Life).
• The Court has directed governments to ensure proper implementation of the 2013 Act, along with compensation and rehabilitation for affected individuals.
• Challenges in Eradication:
• Despite legal prohibitions, manual scavenging persists due to socio-economic factors, lack of enforcement, and inadequate sanitation infrastructure.
• The absence of mechanized cleaning equipment in many areas exacerbates the issue.

Important Points

• Government Initiatives:
• The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and promote sanitation infrastructure, reducing the need for manual scavenging.
• Various state governments have introduced schemes to rehabilitate manual scavengers by providing skill training, financial support, and alternative employment.
• Data and Statistics:
• According to a 2020 report by the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis, over 66,000 manual scavengers were identified across India, despite the legal ban.
• The majority of manual scavengers belong to the Scheduled Castes, highlighting the deep-rooted caste-based discrimination associated with the practice.