General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Abul Fazl.

Key Points

• Abul Fazl was a prominent courtier, historian, and writer in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• He authored the three-volume history of Akbar's reign titled Akbarnama, which is one of the most celebrated chronicles of the Mughal era.
• The Akbarnama is divided into three parts: the first part deals with Akbar's ancestors, the second part focuses on Akbar's reign, and the third part is the Ain-i-Akbari, a detailed account of the administration and culture of the empire.
• Abul Fazl's work is considered an authentic and detailed source of Mughal history and administration during Akbar's reign.
• He was also known for his literary style and contributions to Persian literature. He played a significant role in shaping Akbar's policies and was one of the Nine Gems (Navratnas) of Akbar's court.

Additional Information

• Akbarnama:
• It was commissioned by Emperor Akbar himself and took Abul Fazl nearly seven years to complete (between 1590 and 1597).
• The Ain-i-Akbari, the third part of Akbarnama, is a unique administrative record that details the empire’s political structure, revenue systems, military organization, and cultural aspects.
• The work is written in Persian, which was the court language of the Mughals, and showcases Abul Fazl's exceptional literary and analytical skills.
• The Akbarnama remains a critical resource for understanding the governance, culture, and societal norms of the Mughal period.
• Abul Fazl’s Contributions:
• He played a key role in Akbar's policy of religious tolerance and the development of the Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic religious movement initiated by Akbar.
• Abul Fazl was a skilled diplomat and often represented Akbar in important missions.
• He was assassinated in 1602 by conspirators who opposed his influence in the Mughal court.
• Other Navratnas of Akbar’s Court:
• Akbar’s court included nine distinguished individuals known as the Navratnas. These included Birbal (known for his wit), Tansen (a legendary musician), Raja Todar Mal (finance expert), and others.
• Each Navratna was highly skilled in their respective fields and contributed significantly to the cultural and administrative achievements of Akbar's reign.
• Other Historical Sources:
• Besides Abul Fazl's Akbarnama, other important works documenting Akbar’s reign include the writings of Badauni and the memoirs of Akbar himself, known as Jahangir’s Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
• These sources complement each other in providing a holistic view of the Mughal period.

Important Points

• Historical Significance of Akbarnama:
• Akbarnama is not just a biography of Akbar but also a detailed account of the socio-political structure of the Mughal Empire.
• It provides insights into the reforms initiated by Akbar, such as the abolition of Jizya tax, the introduction of the mansabdari system, and the promotion of art and architecture.
• The book highlights Akbar’s efforts in uniting his diverse empire through policies of tolerance and inclusivity.
• It remains one of the most comprehensive sources of medieval Indian history.
• Legacy of Abul Fazl:
• His contributions to Mughal historiography and administration have left an enduring legacy in Indian history.
• Abul Fazl's analytical and detailed approach makes his work invaluable for historians and scholars.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• Statement I: Rashtrakuta - Tamil Nadu
• The Rashtrakutas were a prominent dynasty in Indian history, ruling from the 8^th to 10^th century CE.
• They primarily ruled over the Deccan region, with their empire extending across parts of modern-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
• They did not have Tamil Nadu as a significant part of their empire. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
• Statement II: Gurjara-Pratihara - Rajasthan
• The Gurjara-Pratiharas were a powerful dynasty in northern India, especially during the 8^th to 11^th centuries.
• They had a stronghold in parts of modern-day Rajasthan, along with regions of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Their capital was initially at Bhinmal (Rajasthan), later shifting to Kanauj, which became a prominent center of their empire. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Based on the above, only Statement II is correct, making the correct option Only II.

Additional Information

• Rashtrakutas:
• The Rashtrakutas were known for their contributions to art and architecture, notably the Kailasa Temple at Ellora, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• They ruled from their capital at Manyakheta (modern-day Malkhed in Karnataka).
• Their empire was known for its tolerance towards different religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism.
• The Rashtrakutas played a significant role in southern India but did not have Tamil Nadu as a major part of their territory.
• Gurjara-Pratiharas:
• The Gurjara-Pratiharas were one of the three major dynasties involved in the tripartite struggle for control over Kanauj, alongside the Rashtrakutas and the Palas.
• Their capital, Kanauj, became a prominent political and cultural hub during their reign.
• The Gurjara-Pratiharas are also known for their patronage of art and architecture, including the construction of temples in Rajasthan and other regions.
• They played a crucial role in defending India against Arab invasions in the early medieval period.
• Key Characteristics of Tamil Nadu During the Rashtrakuta Period:
• Tamil Nadu during this period was dominated by the Pallavas and later the Cholas.
• These dynasties were responsible for some of the iconic Dravidian architecture, including the temples at Mahabalipuram and Thanjavur.
• The Rashtrakutas had limited influence in Tamil Nadu, focusing more on the Deccan and central India.

Important Points

• Rashtrakutas: Their empire was at its peak under Amoghavarsha I, who was known for his contributions to Kannada literature.
• Gurjara-Pratiharas: The dynasty declined after the invasions of the Turks and internal conflicts.
• Tripartite Struggle: This was a prolonged conflict between the Rashtrakutas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, and Palas for control over northern India.
• Tamil Nadu: Dominated by the Chola dynasty during the medieval period, which was known for its maritime power and contributions to art and architecture.

The correct answer is Organization of village panchayats.

Key Points

• Article 40 of the Indian Constitution is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which are guidelines for the state to frame laws and policies aimed at establishing social and economic democracy.
• It directs the state to take measures to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority to function as units of self-government.
• The goal of Article 40 is to promote grassroots democracy through the establishment of local self-governance systems across villages in India.
• The implementation of Article 40 led to the 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, which provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
• Under this amendment, a three-tier Panchayati Raj system was introduced, consisting of Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad, enabling decentralized governance and local decision-making.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy:
• These principles are enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution of India and aim to create a just and equitable society.
• They are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts, but serve as important guidelines for governance.
• Examples of DPSPs include promoting education, protecting the environment, and establishing village panchayats.
• 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
• This amendment added Part IX to the Constitution and provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
• It mandated the establishment of a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj in villages, intermediate levels, and districts.
• It introduced provisions for regular elections, reservation for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women, and the creation of State Election Commissions.
• Functions of Panchayati Raj Institutions:
• PRIs play a crucial role in rural development by implementing schemes related to health, education, sanitation, and agriculture.
• They also enable participatory governance, where citizens can directly engage in decision-making processes.
• Related Articles in the Constitution:
• Article 243: Defines the Panchayati Raj system and its structure.
• Article 243D: Provides for reservation in PRIs for SCs, STs, and women.
• Article 243E: Specifies the duration and terms of office for members of Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Important Points

• Historical Context:
• India has a long tradition of local self-governance, with village panchayats mentioned in ancient texts like the Manusmriti and Kautilya's Arthashastra.
• The concept of Panchayati Raj was revived during India's freedom movement, particularly by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who emphasized village self-reliance.
• Challenges in Implementation:
• Despite constitutional provisions, Panchayati Raj Institutions often face issues like inadequate funding, limited autonomy, and interference by higher authorities.
• Capacity building and training programs for elected representatives are essential to improve the functioning of PRIs.

The correct answer is Manipur.

Key Points

• The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was specifically designed to provide autonomy to tribal areas in certain northeastern states of India.
• It applies to the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• The provisions under the Sixth Schedule allow for the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), which have legislative, judicial, and executive powers in certain specified areas.
• Manipur is not covered under the Sixth Schedule. Instead, it has its own distinct arrangements for the governance of tribal areas, such as the Hill Areas Committee and Autonomous District Councils (not under the Sixth Schedule).
• The absence of Sixth Schedule provisions in Manipur is due to its unique historical and administrative context, where different mechanisms are in place for tribal development and administration.
• Hence, the correct answer is Manipur.

Additional Information

• Sixth Schedule and Autonomous District Councils (ADCs):
• The Sixth Schedule provides for the administration of tribal areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), which have the authority to make laws on certain matters such as land, forest management, village administration, and inheritance of property.
• Each ADC consists of not more than 30 members, of whom four are nominated by the governor, while the rest are elected members.
• ADCs have the power to create courts for trial of certain cases and also manage resources within their jurisdiction.
• Examples of ADCs include the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam and the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council in Meghalaya.
• States Covered under the Sixth Schedule:
• The states covered under the Sixth Schedule include Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• This schedule was incorporated to protect the rights and culture of tribal communities in these states.
• Manipur and Tribal Governance:
• Manipur has Autonomous District Councils created under the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971, but these councils do not have the same constitutional protection as those under the Sixth Schedule.
• The Hill Areas Committee, constituted under Article 371C of the Indian Constitution, is responsible for protecting the interests of tribal communities in Manipur.
• Differences in Governance:
• While the Sixth Schedule grants legislative and judicial powers to ADCs, the ADCs in Manipur operate under state legislation and have limited powers compared to their counterparts in Sixth Schedule areas.
• This distinction highlights the unique governance framework adopted in Manipur to address its tribal population's needs.

Important Points

• Article 244:
• This article of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas.
• It provides for the application of the Fifth Schedule in other states (excluding northeastern states) and the Sixth Schedule in northeastern states.
• Role of Governor:
• The governor plays a significant role in the administration of Sixth Schedule areas and has the power to create or dissolve ADCs and regulate their functioning.
• Historical Context:
• The Sixth Schedule was introduced in the Constitution to address the aspirations of tribal communities in the northeastern region, ensuring their autonomy and preserving their unique identity.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): The IORA is an intergovernmental organization established on 7 March 1997 to promote cooperation among countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
• Membership: As of 31^st July 2025, IORA has 23 member states. These include countries located along the Indian Ocean such as Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Africa, and others.
• Australia: Australia is one of the founding members of the IORA and plays a significant role in regional cooperation, maritime security, and sustainable development. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Bangladesh: Bangladesh became a member of the IORA due to its geographical location bordering the Indian Ocean and its active participation in regional initiatives. Hence, Statement II is correct.
• Purpose: The organization aims to enhance economic cooperation, environmental protection, and maritime safety among member states.

Additional Information

• Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Overview:
• The organization comprises 23 member states and 10 dialogue partners, including countries like China, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
• IORA's headquarters are located in Ebène, Mauritius.
• The association focuses on six priority areas: maritime safety and security, trade and investment facilitation, fisheries management, disaster risk management, academic and scientific cooperation, and tourism promotion.
• Australia's Role in IORA:
• Australia has been a key member since the organization's inception in 1997.
• It actively contributes to initiatives like maritime security, sustainable development, and capacity building in the region.
• Australia hosted the 2013 IORA Ministerial Meeting and plays a leading role in combating illegal fishing and promoting blue economy initiatives.
• Bangladesh's Role in IORA:
• Bangladesh joined IORA to strengthen its regional ties and enhance cooperation in areas like maritime safety and disaster management.
• It is actively involved in promoting academic exchanges and sustainable practices among member states.
• Bangladesh has hosted several workshops and events under IORA's framework, especially focusing on climate resilience and disaster preparedness.
• Significance of IORA:
• The Indian Ocean region is home to 2.7 billion people, making it a crucial area for international trade and economic growth.
• IORA fosters collaboration among member states to address challenges like piracy, illegal fishing, and climate change.
• The organization supports the development of a blue economy, focusing on sustainable use of ocean resources.

Important Points

• IORA Strategic Framework:
• IORA promotes regional economic integration by encouraging free trade agreements among member states.
• The organization emphasizes academic collaboration through research programs and knowledge-sharing initiatives.
• IORA has launched projects to enhance maritime security, such as the establishment of regional information-sharing centers.
• Blue Economy Initiatives:
• IORA advocates for sustainable use of ocean resources to boost economic growth and preserve marine ecosystems.
• Member states are encouraged to invest in renewable ocean energy, aquaculture, and marine tourism.
• Workshops and conferences are held to address challenges such as marine pollution and overfishing.
• Future Directions:
• IORA aims to strengthen its influence by expanding partnerships with global organizations like the United Nations and the World Bank.
• The association plans to focus more on climate resilience and disaster risk reduction in the coming years.
• Efforts are being made to increase the participation of women in maritime industries and enhance gender equity in the region.

The correct answer is Samudragupta.

Key Points

• Samudragupta, the second ruler of the Gupta Empire, is referred to as the "Napoleon of India" due to his extensive military conquests and strategic prowess.
• This title was given by the historian Vincent A. Smith, who admired Samudragupta's military achievements and compared him to Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Samudragupta ruled from approximately 335 CE to 380 CE and expanded the Gupta Empire significantly through his campaigns in both northern and southern India.
• His conquests are detailed in the Prayaga Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription), composed by his court poet Harisena, which describes his victories over numerous kings and territories.
• Samudragupta's campaigns included the annexation of territories in the Ganges valley, subjugation of frontier states, and alliances with southern kingdoms, marking him as one of the greatest military strategists in Indian history.

Additional Information

• Prayaga Prashasti:
• The Prayaga Prashasti is an inscription engraved on the Allahabad Pillar by Samudragupta's court poet, Harisena.
• It provides a detailed account of Samudragupta’s military conquests, administrative policies, and achievements.
• The inscription is considered a significant historical source for understanding the Gupta Empire's political and military history.
• Samudragupta's Military Campaigns:
• Samudragupta defeated nine northern kings, annexing their territories into the Gupta Empire.
• In his southern campaigns, he subdued twelve kings but allowed them to retain their kingdoms as tributary states, showcasing his strategy of political alliances.
• Samudragupta's Contributions to Arts and Culture:
• Samudragupta was not only a warrior but also a patron of arts, music, and culture.
• He was a skilled poet and musician, often depicted in coins playing the veena (a stringed musical instrument).
• His reign is considered the golden age of classical Indian culture and art.
• Comparison with Napoleon:
• Historian Vincent A. Smith compared Samudragupta to Napoleon due to his ambitious military campaigns and ability to conquer vast territories.
• Like Napoleon, Samudragupta was a brilliant strategist, but unlike Napoleon, he was also known for his administrative acumen and cultural patronage.

Important Points

• Gupta Empire: The Gupta Empire (circa 320-550 CE) is known as the Golden Age of India due to advancements in science, art, culture, and administration.
• Harisena: He was Samudragupta’s court poet and the author of the Prayaga Prashasti, which is an invaluable source for Gupta history.
• Coins: Samudragupta issued a variety of gold coins depicting him in different roles, such as a warrior, king, and musician, reflecting his multifaceted personality.
• Administrative Policies: Samudragupta centralized administration, promoted trade, and ensured the prosperity of his empire through efficient governance.

The correct answer is Nidhi Tewari.

Key Points

• Nidhi Tewari has been appointed as the Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2025.
• The position of Private Secretary to the Prime Minister is critical for managing the administrative and logistical tasks associated with the Prime Minister's office.
• Nidhi Tewari is recognized for her experience and expertise in handling high-level administrative roles, which likely contributed to her selection for this prestigious position.
• The appointment aligns with the tradition of selecting highly qualified individuals to ensure the smooth functioning of the Prime Minister's office.
• This decision reflects the government’s commitment to maintaining efficiency and professionalism in its operations.

Additional Information

• Role of Private Secretary:
• The Private Secretary to the Prime Minister assists in coordinating official schedules, managing communications, and ensuring the seamless execution of administrative tasks.
• This role involves liaising with various government departments, stakeholders, and international delegations as required.
• The Private Secretary also plays a key role in drafting, reviewing, and managing correspondence and documentation for the Prime Minister.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi:
• Serving as the 14^th Prime Minister of India since May 2014, Narendra Modi is known for his dynamic leadership and transformative policies.
• He has initiated several flagship programs such as Digital India, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and Make in India to boost development and governance.
• The Prime Minister's office is pivotal in implementing major policy decisions, and the Private Secretary plays a vital role in supporting these functions.
• Appointment Process:
• Appointments to key positions such as the Private Secretary to the Prime Minister are generally made based on merit, experience, and suitability for the demands of the role.
• The selection process involves assessing the candidate’s administrative skills, familiarity with government protocols, and ability to handle high-pressure scenarios.
• Other Notable Officials:
• P.K. Mishra: Currently serves as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister and has a significant role in policy formulation and advisory functions.
• Nripendra Mishra: Previously served as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister during Narendra Modi's first term in office.
• A.K. Sharma: Known for his administrative acumen and experience in various government roles, though not appointed as the Private Secretary.

Important Points

• Eligibility for the Role:
• The candidate must possess extensive experience in administrative and managerial positions.
• A thorough understanding of government operations and protocols is essential.
• Excellent communication and organizational skills are critical for this high-profile role.
• Significance of the Appointment:
• The Private Secretary ensures the efficient functioning of the Prime Minister’s daily schedule and operations.
• This role is integral to implementing the vision and policies outlined by the Prime Minister.
• Appointments to such positions reflect the government’s focus on professionalism and expertise.

The correct answer is Mohan Charan Majhi.

Key Points

• Mohan Charan Majhi assumed the position of the Chief Minister of Odisha in June 2024.
• He succeeded Naveen Patnaik, who served as the Chief Minister of Odisha for a record-breaking tenure starting from 2000.
• Mohan Charan Majhi is a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). His appointment marks a significant shift in the state's political dynamics.
• His leadership focuses on issues such as development, employment generation, and addressing regional disparities in Odisha.
• The change in leadership is part of the 2024 Odisha State Assembly elections, where BJP emerged with a strong mandate, ending the long-standing rule of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD).

Additional Information

• Naveen Patnaik:
• Naveen Patnaik served as the Chief Minister of Odisha for over two decades, leading the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) to multiple electoral victories.
• His tenure was marked by significant progress in areas such as infrastructure development, disaster management, and healthcare.
• He implemented schemes like KALIA (Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation) to support farmers.
• Mohan Charan Majhi:
• Mohan Charan Majhi hails from Odisha and has been an active political figure representing the BJP.
• He has emphasized the importance of improving education, healthcare, and industrialization in Odisha.
• His party’s victory in the 2024 elections was driven by promises of inclusive governance and development-focused policies.
• Odisha Politics in 2024:
• The 2024 elections saw a significant political shift as the BJP gained prominence, ending the dominance of the BJD.
• Key issues included unemployment, regional development, and better disaster preparedness.
• The BJP's campaign focused on connecting with grassroots voters and leveraging national-level support.
• Important State-Level Initiatives:
• KALIA Scheme: Aimed at providing financial assistance to small and marginal farmers in Odisha.
• Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana: Focused on providing universal health coverage to the people of Odisha.
• Mission Shakti: Empowering women through self-help groups and entrepreneurship.

Important Points

• BJP's Emergence:
• The BJP's strong performance in the 2024 Odisha elections marked a significant political transition in the state.
• The party focused on regional development and connecting with marginalized communities.
• Challenges for the New Leadership:
• Mohan Charan Majhi faces the challenge of maintaining political stability and addressing socio-economic disparities in Odisha.
• Disaster management remains a critical focus area for the new government.
• Industrial growth and job creation will be key priorities under his leadership.

The correct answer is UGC.

Key Points

• University Grants Commission (UGC) has directed higher education institutions to monitor informal WhatsApp groups created to harass juniors, ensuring student safety and a harassment-free environment.
• This directive is aimed at curbing ragging, bullying, and other forms of harassment in educational spaces, promoting a culture of respect and inclusivity among students.
• UGC, being the apex regulatory body for higher education in India, has the authority to issue guidelines and mandates to universities and colleges across the country.
• Educational institutions are required to implement strict measures to monitor digital platforms and report any instances of harassment to ensure compliance with UGC's anti-ragging policies.
• UGC has been actively working on initiatives to foster a safe and conducive environment for students, including the establishment of Anti-Ragging Helpline and stringent anti-ragging measures.

Additional Information

• University Grants Commission (UGC):
• Established in 1956, UGC is a statutory body under the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
• It is responsible for coordinating, determining, and maintaining standards of higher education in India.
• UGC provides funds and grants to universities and colleges and ensures their adherence to regulations and guidelines.
• The headquarters of UGC is located in New Delhi.
• UGC has introduced several schemes like National Fellowship for SC/ST students, Research Projects for Women, and Anti-Ragging Initiatives.
• Anti-Ragging Measures:
• UGC has mandated all higher education institutions to take proactive steps to prevent ragging under the UGC Regulations on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009.
• Institutions are required to establish Anti-Ragging Committees and Squads to monitor and address issues related to ragging.
• UGC has launched a Toll-Free Anti-Ragging Helpline, operational 24/7, to assist students facing harassment.
• Strict penalties such as suspension, expulsion, and legal action are enforced against students found guilty of ragging.
• Role of Technology in Monitoring Harassment:
• UGC emphasizes the use of technology to monitor informal digital platforms like WhatsApp groups, where harassment cases often go unnoticed.
• Institutions are encouraged to adopt tools for tracking and reporting incidents on social media platforms.
• Awareness campaigns and workshops on cyberbullying and harassment prevention are promoted by UGC.
• Strict privacy guidelines are recommended to ensure that monitoring activities respect individual rights and confidentiality.
• Other Regulatory Bodies:
• NAAC: National Assessment and Accreditation Council, established in 1994, focuses on assessing and accrediting institutions of higher education in India.
• NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training, established in 1961, develops educational materials and promotes school-level education reforms.
• AICTE: All India Council for Technical Education, established in 1945, is responsible for regulating technical and professional education in India.

Important Points

• Legal Framework:
• The Indian Penal Code (IPC) contains provisions to penalize acts of harassment and ragging under sections like 323, 506, and 509.
• Institutions failing to comply with UGC guidelines may face penalties, including withdrawal of grants and recognition.
• Students are encouraged to file complaints through institutional grievance mechanisms and the UGC helpline.
• Awareness Initiatives:
• UGC conducts regular campaigns to educate students about their rights and the consequences of engaging in ragging.
• Collaboration with NGOs and legal bodies helps in spreading awareness and addressing harassment issues effectively.
• Workshops and seminars on topics like cyberbullying prevention and mental health support are organized for students.

The correct answer is 100 percent.

Key Points

• The Vibrant Villages Programme - II (VVP-II) was approved by the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in April 2025.
• It is a 100 percent centrally funded scheme, which means the central government will bear the entire cost of the program. This eliminates any financial burden on state governments.
• The main objective of the Vibrant Villages Programme - II is to develop and strengthen border villages in strategically important areas, ensuring better infrastructure, connectivity, and socio-economic development.
• The program aims to counter border challenges by focusing on village development in remote and isolated areas, ensuring improved standards of living for people residing there.
• The scheme involves multi-sectoral projects such as road connectivity, housing, livelihood generation, and basic amenities to ensure holistic development.

Additional Information

• Vibrant Villages Programme Background:
• The Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) was first launched to address the challenges faced by people living in India's border villages, particularly in areas near the China border in states like Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.
• The program focuses on community development and reducing out-migration by providing better opportunities and facilities in border areas.
• VVP-II is an extension of the original program, with increased funding and a broader scope to cover more villages.
• 100 Percent Centrally Funded Scheme:
• A 100% centrally funded scheme implies that the entire financial allocation is provided by the Government of India, ensuring uniform implementation across the targeted areas.
• Such schemes are typically designed for strategically important regions or areas requiring special attention, such as border regions.
• Strategic Importance of Border Villages:
• Border villages are often isolated and underdeveloped, making them vulnerable to external influences and challenges related to national security.
• The development of these villages is critical to ensuring territorial integrity and fostering a sense of belonging among residents.
• Key Features of VVP-II:
• Infrastructure Development: Construction of roads, bridges, schools, and healthcare facilities in border villages.
• Livelihood Opportunities: Promoting skill development, local industries, and tourism to create employment.
• Connectivity: Enhancing digital and physical connectivity to integrate border areas with the rest of the country.
• Social Development: Providing access to education, healthcare, and basic amenities like water and sanitation.

Important Points

• Funding Structure:
• Unlike schemes with shared funding (e.g., 60:40 ratio between Centre and States), 100% funding means complete financial support from the Centre, ensuring faster implementation.
• Similar Programs:
• Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Aimed at improving border infrastructure to enhance security and support local communities.
• PM Gati Shakti: Focused on improving connectivity and infrastructure across India, including remote areas.
• National Security Implications:
• Developing border villages strengthens India's defense capabilities by creating self-reliant communities in remote regions.
• It also addresses migration issues by providing better opportunities for residents, reducing population decline in critical areas.

The correct answer is UNCTAD.

Key Points

• Technology and Innovation Report is published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
• UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1964.
• The Technology and Innovation Report examines the role of science, technology, and innovation in driving sustainable development and reducing inequality across the globe.
• UNCTAD focuses on how technological advancements can be leveraged by developing countries to bridge the socio-economic gaps with developed nations.
• The report provides policy recommendations to address challenges related to technology transfer, digital divide, and sustainable innovation.

Additional Information

• About UNCTAD:
• UNCTAD stands for United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The main objective of UNCTAD is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic development, especially in developing nations.
• It works on areas such as trade policy, investment, technology, and financing for development.
• Key Features of the Technology and Innovation Report:
• The report identifies emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, nanotechnology, and biotechnology that have the potential to transform industries.
• It emphasizes the importance of bridging the digital divide between developing and developed countries.
• The report examines policy measures that countries can adopt to align technological advancements with sustainable development goals (SDGs).
• Other Reports Published by UNCTAD:
• Trade and Development Report: Focuses on global economic trends and development policies.
• World Investment Report: Analyzes global foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and policies.
• Economic Development in Africa Report: Explores key development challenges and opportunities for African nations.
• UNCTAD’s Role in Technology Development:
• UNCTAD assists developing countries in adopting digital technologies to enhance trade and economic growth.
• It supports nations in formulating national innovation policies and promoting technology transfer.

Important Points

• UNCTAD Membership:
• UNCTAD has 195 member states, including all members of the United Nations and the Holy See.
• It operates as a forum for governments to discuss policy issues related to trade, investment, and development.
• Relation to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
• UNCTAD supports the achievement of SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by promoting technological advancements.
• It also contributes to SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).
• Global Impact:
• UNCTAD’s reports and recommendations have influenced global trade policies and development strategies.
• Its focus on technology ensures that developing countries are not left behind in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

The correct answer is 1900.

Key Points

• India's participation in the Olympics: The 1900 Paris Olympics marked India's first-ever representation at the Olympic Games. This was a significant milestone in India's sporting history.
• Representative: India had a single representative at the 1900 Paris Olympics. Norman Pritchard, an Anglo-Indian athlete, was the sole participant from India.
• Achievements: Norman Pritchard won two silver medals in athletics – one in the 200 meters sprint and another in the 200 meters hurdles. These were India's first Olympic medals.
• Historical Significance: Norman Pritchard’s accomplishment in 1900 was the beginning of India's journey in the global sporting arena, laying the foundation for future Olympic participation.
• Controversy: While Norman Pritchard competed under the Indian flag, there has been some debate about his exact representation. However, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially credits his medals to India.

Additional Information

• Norman Pritchard:
• Birth: Norman Pritchard was born on 23 June 1875, in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India.
• Career: Apart from being an athlete, Norman Pritchard later pursued a career in the entertainment industry, becoming an actor in Hollywood under the name Norman Trevor.
• Paris 1900 Olympics:
• The 1900 Olympics were held in Paris as part of the World's Fair, and they spanned several months.
• This edition of the Olympics featured several unique events and was markedly different from modern Olympic Games in terms of structure and organization.
• India's Olympic History:
• India officially began sending teams to the Olympics in 1920, starting with the Antwerp Games.
• India’s early Olympic success largely came through its hockey team, which won multiple gold medals between 1928 and 1956.
• Other Options Explained:
• 1896: The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, but India did not participate.
• 1904: The Olympics were held in St. Louis, USA; India did not participate.
• 1908: The Olympics were held in London, but India did not send a delegation.

Important Points

• India’s Olympic Medal Tally:
• India has won 35 Olympic medals as of 2023, including gold, silver, and bronze in various categories.
• India’s first team gold medal was won in 1928 in hockey.
• Evolution of Indian Sports:
• India has diversified its participation in sports like badminton, boxing, wrestling, and shooting in recent years.
• Indian athletes are increasingly making their mark in global competitions, reflecting the country’s growing investment in sports development.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Archery is frequently referenced in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics highlight the skill and importance of archery in warfare and personal prowess. For example:
• In the Ramayana, Lord Rama is renowned for his exceptional archery skills, which he uses to defeat demons like Ravana and to break Lord Shiva’s bow during Sita’s swayamvar.
• In the Mahabharata, Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, is considered a master archer. His skills are prominently displayed during battles, especially in the Kurukshetra war.

Hence, statement I is correct.

• Wrestling is also mentioned in both epics as a key physical skill and a form of combat:
• In the Ramayana, Hanuman demonstrates wrestling techniques while fighting demons and enemies. Wrestling is also a part of the training of warriors in the kingdom of Ayodhya.
• In the Mahabharata, Bhima is well-known for his wrestling skills. He engages in several wrestling duels, most notably defeating Jarasandha and Duryodhana during the Kurukshetra war.

Hence, statement II is correct.

• Both sports—archery and wrestling—are symbolic of physical strength, skill, and strategic combat in ancient Indian culture as depicted in these epics.
• The importance of these sports reflects the training and preparation of warriors during that era, emphasizing their cultural and historical significance.

Additional Information

• Archery in Indian Epics:
• Archery was considered one of the most important skills for warriors in ancient India. It required precision, concentration, and physical strength.
• Famous archers include Lord Rama, who wielded the bow Kodanda, and Arjuna, who was trained by Guru Dronacharya and possessed the divine bow Gandiva.
• Archery contests were common in royal courts, as seen in Sita's swayamvar in the Ramayana and Draupadi's swayamvar in the Mahabharata.
• Wrestling in Indian Epics:
• Wrestling was not just a sport but also a method of combat used to settle disputes and demonstrate physical strength.
• Bhima, one of the Pandavas, was known for his immense strength and wrestling ability. He defeated powerful opponents like Duryodhana and Jarasandha through his wrestling skills.
• In the Ramayana, Hanuman and Sugriva are depicted as skilled wrestlers, using their abilities to defeat adversaries.
• Relevance of Sports in Indian Epics:
• Sports like archery and wrestling were integral to the training of Kshatriyas (warrior class) in ancient India. They were essential for self-defense and warfare.
• These sports were also symbolic of discipline, focus, and the pursuit of excellence, values that were deeply embedded in the culture of the time.
• Modern Relevance:
• Both archery and wrestling have evolved into competitive sports and are part of international events like the Olympics.
• India continues to produce world-class athletes in these sports, drawing inspiration from their historical and cultural roots.

Important Points

• Key Figures Associated with Archery:
• Lord Rama: Known for his unparalleled skill in archery, as depicted in the Ramayana.
• Arjuna: A central figure in the Mahabharata, celebrated for his divine bow Gandiva and his mastery of archery.
• Karna: Another notable archer from the Mahabharata, known for his loyalty and skills.
• Key Figures Associated with Wrestling:
• Bhima: Known for his immense strength and wrestling prowess.
• Hanuman: Demonstrated exceptional physical strength and wrestling techniques.
• Duryodhana: While an antagonist in the Mahabharata, he was also a skilled wrestler.
• Cultural Significance: These sports are not just physical activities but also represent the values of courage, resilience, and discipline in Indian culture.

The correct answer is 1 trillion dollar.

Key Points

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a global initiative launched on 30 November 2015, during the COP21 climate conference in Paris by India and France.
• The main aim of ISA is to promote the use of solar energy and scale up solar investments globally to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and combat climate change.
• ISA has set a target to mobilize 1 trillion dollars in solar investments by 2030 to support the development of solar energy infrastructure, technology innovation, and capacity building.
• The alliance focuses on countries that lie between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, as these regions receive abundant sunlight throughout the year, enabling large-scale solar energy generation.
• ISA works to promote cooperation among its member countries, share knowledge and technology, and pool financial resources to achieve its ambitious goals.

Additional Information

• International Solar Alliance (ISA):
• It aims to bring together countries to work collaboratively on solar technologies, solar financing, and capacity building.
• ISA has 112 member countries as of 2023, primarily from regions with high solar potential.
• It facilitates the development of solar projects by offering technical assistance, capacity building, and financial support.
• India hosts the headquarters of ISA, located in Gurugram, Haryana. This highlights India's leadership role in promoting solar energy.
• ISA initiatives include programs like Affordable Finance at Scale and Scaling Solar Applications for Agriculture Use to maximize solar energy deployment.
• Solar Energy Benefits:
• Solar energy is a renewable energy source and contributes to reducing carbon emissions.
• It is an effective tool for combating climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.
• Solar energy helps in reducing dependency on fossil fuels, leading to energy security.
• It is cost-effective in the long term, provides clean power, and creates employment opportunities in the renewable energy sector.
• Global Solar Energy Scenario:
• Countries like India, China, USA, Germany, and Australia are leading in solar energy adoption.
• The global solar energy market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% from 2023 to 2030.
• Major solar energy projects include India's Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, China's Tengger Desert Solar Park, and the US's Ivanpah Solar Power Facility.
• Innovative technologies like solar panels, solar thermal systems, and solar batteries are driving the adoption of solar energy worldwide.

Important Points

• Paris Agreement: ISA aligns with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Solar Energy Potential: Studies indicate that solar energy has the potential to meet global energy demand several times over, making it a crucial resource for sustainable energy transitions.
• India’s Solar Energy Goals: India has set a target of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, including 280 GW from solar energy.
• Solar Finance: Mobilizing 1 trillion dollars in investment is critical for overcoming barriers like high initial costs, technology gaps, and lack of infrastructure in developing countries.
• ISA Programs: Key ISA programs include Solar Parks, Solar Mini Grids, and Solar Rooftop Initiatives to promote solar adoption across sectors.

The correct answer is 1934.

Key Points

• The first National Basketball Championship in India was organized in the year 1934. It marked the formal beginning of competitive basketball in the country.
• The championship was aimed at promoting basketball as a sport and establishing its popularity across India.
• Basketball had gained traction globally by the early 20^th century, and India joined the trend by organizing its own competitive events.
• The event laid the foundation for structured basketball tournaments and leagues in India, paving the way for more organized sports culture.
• This initiative was crucial in introducing modern basketball rules and standards to Indian players and audiences, ensuring alignment with international norms.

Additional Information

• History of Basketball in India:
• Basketball was introduced in India during the early 20^th century by missionary schools and British officials.
• The sport quickly gained popularity, especially in educational institutions, where it was played as part of physical education programs.
• In 1950, the Basketball Federation of India (BFI) was established to oversee the sport’s development and organization at the national level.
• Global Influence of Basketball:
• Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
• The sport gained international recognition and was included in the Olympic Games in 1936.
• India’s participation in international basketball competitions like the Asian Games and FIBA World Cup has grown over the years.
• Features of the National Basketball Championship:
• The championship involves teams from various states competing at national-level tournaments.
• It serves as a platform for identifying and nurturing talent to represent India in international competitions.
• The event adheres to international basketball rules established by FIBA (International Basketball Federation).
• Development of Basketball Infrastructure in India:
• Over the years, India has developed basketball courts, academies, and training centers to promote the sport.
• Organizations like the Basketball Federation of India have worked to improve coaching standards and player development programs.
• Significant efforts have been made to encourage participation from grassroots levels, including school and college tournaments.

Important Points

• Basketball Federation of India (BFI):
• Established in 1950, BFI is the governing body for basketball in India.
• The federation is responsible for organizing national championships and promoting basketball at all levels.
• It works in collaboration with international organizations like FIBA to ensure alignment with global standards.
• Role of Educational Institutions:
• Schools and colleges have played a significant role in popularizing basketball in India.
• Inter-school and inter-college tournaments act as stepping stones for players to enter professional leagues.
• Physical education programs have included basketball as a part of curriculum to encourage participation among students.
• International Participation:
• India has represented itself in various international basketball tournaments, including the Asian Games and FIBA Championships.
• Efforts are being made to improve India’s rankings in global basketball through better coaching and training.
• Indian players have started gaining recognition in international leagues, further boosting the sport’s popularity in the country.

The correct answer is Whereabouts.

Key Points

• Whereabouts is a novel written by Jhumpa Lahiri, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author known for her works focusing on themes of identity, displacement, and cultural assimilation.
• This book was originally written in Italian under the title "Dove Mi Trovo" and later translated into English by the author herself. It showcases her linguistic versatility and literary craftsmanship.
• The novel was published in 2021 and is structured as a series of vignettes, offering insights into the solitary life of an unnamed narrator who reflects on her surroundings and relationships.
• Unlike Lahiri’s earlier works, "Whereabouts" delves deeply into the inner psyche of the protagonist, presenting a contemplative narrative that explores themes of solitude, self-discovery, and urban life.
• This marks a significant shift in Lahiri’s writing, moving away from her earlier focus on immigrant experiences to a more introspective and universal exploration of human emotions.

Additional Information

• About Jhumpa Lahiri:
• Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian-American author born in 1967. She has won several prestigious awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2000 for her debut short story collection, "Interpreter of Maladies."
• Her other notable works include "The Namesake" (2003), which was adapted into a successful film, and "Unaccustomed Earth" (2008), a collection of short stories.
• Lahiri's literary themes often revolve around the experiences of Indian immigrants in America, exploring issues such as identity, cultural displacement, and family dynamics.
• Other Options Explained:
• The Nowhere Man: Written by Kamala Markandaya, this novel explores themes of alienation and racial prejudice faced by an Indian immigrant in England.
• The Keeper of the Dead: Authored by Amal Chatterjee, this book focuses on themes of memory, loss, and familial ties, set against the backdrop of post-independence India.
• The Nine-Chambered Heart: Penned by Janice Pariat, this novel tells the story of a woman’s life through the perspectives of nine different people who have loved her.
• Key Themes in "Whereabouts":
• The novel captures the emotional landscape of its protagonist, offering a deeply personal and introspective narrative style.
• It explores the concept of solitude in urban settings, presenting a nuanced portrayal of how individuals interact with their environment and the people around them.
• The book also touches on themes of belonging and self-discovery, reflecting Lahiri’s own experiences of cultural and linguistic transition.

Important Points

• Translation by the Author: The English version of "Whereabouts" was translated by Jhumpa Lahiri herself, showcasing her mastery over both English and Italian.
• Literary Style: The novel employs a minimalist and poetic prose style, characteristic of Lahiri’s later works.
• Critical Reception: "Whereabouts" has been praised for its intimate and evocative portrayal of the protagonist’s inner world, earning widespread critical acclaim.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• The Harappan civilization was renowned for its highly advanced and well-planned drainage system, which reflects their engineering prowess.
• The drainage system was part of the public infrastructure and was not restricted to royal use. Hence, statement I is incorrect.
• Each house in the Harappan cities had an access to a drainage system that connected to larger public drains, showcasing standardized urban planning.
• The drains were often covered with bricks or stone slabs and regularly cleaned, indicating a sophisticated approach to sanitation and hygiene.
• Harappan drains were designed to carry wastewater out of the city, thereby preventing waterlogging and maintaining cleanliness. Hence, statement II is correct.

Additional Information

• Harappan Civilization:
• The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of South Asia.
• The major cities include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, which were known for their meticulous urban planning.
• It is one of the world’s oldest urban civilizations, contemporary to Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
• Drainage System Features:
• The drains were made of well-laid bricks and varied in size to accommodate household and public water disposal needs.
• The main drains ran alongside streets, with smaller drains connecting from individual houses.
• Maintenance of the drainage system was evident through the presence of manholes and inspection openings.
• Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization:
• The cities were built in a grid-like pattern with streets intersecting at right angles.
• Residential areas were segregated from public areas, and the buildings were constructed using standardized bricks.
• Public infrastructure such as granaries, wells, and drainage systems demonstrated a focus on collective welfare.
• Hygiene Practices:
• The emphasis on sanitation is evident from the presence of bathrooms in many houses.
• Water was supplied via wells, and waste was efficiently managed through the integrated drainage system.

Important Points

• Standardization in Harappan Civilization:
• The Harappan cities displayed a high degree of standardization in construction materials, such as the uniform size of bricks.
• This standardization extended to their drainage system, ensuring efficiency and uniformity across settlements.
• Comparison with Other Civilizations:
• The Harappan drainage system was more advanced compared to other contemporary civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• While Mesopotamian cities had drains, Harappans used systematic, interconnected networks with regular cleaning mechanisms.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• Jiviti Puja is a traditional festival observed by married women in the state of Maharashtra. It is a significant cultural and religious ritual deeply rooted in the local traditions.
• The puja is performed to worship Goddess Parvati, who is considered the epitome of strength, devotion, and marital bliss.
• During this puja, women pray for the well-being and longevity of their husbands and children. It reflects the values of family and devotion prevalent in Maharashtrian society.
• The festival typically involves rituals such as offering flowers, fruits, and sacred items to the deity, accompanied by chanting of hymns and mantras dedicated to Goddess Parvati.
• Jiviti Puja is celebrated with great enthusiasm, especially in the rural and semi-urban regions of Maharashtra, highlighting the state's rich cultural heritage.

Additional Information

• Goddess Parvati:
• Goddess Parvati is the consort of Lord Shiva and is revered as the goddess of fertility, marital happiness, and devotion.
• She symbolizes strength and nurturing qualities, making her an integral part of rituals performed by married women.
• Parvati is worshipped in various forms across India, such as Durga, Kali, and Annapurna, reflecting the diverse cultural practices in different states.
• Regional Significance in Maharashtra:
• Maharashtra is known for its diverse cultural practices, and festivals like Jiviti Puja play a vital role in preserving the state's cultural identity.
• Religious festivals in Maharashtra often blend traditional rituals with community gatherings, showcasing the state's emphasis on togetherness and spirituality.
• Other Festivals in Maharashtra:
• Ganesh Chaturthi: Celebrating the birth of Lord Ganesha with grand processions and rituals.
• Gudi Padwa: The Maharashtrian New Year, symbolizing prosperity and new beginnings.
• Diwali: Known for its unique customs such as making faral (traditional sweets and snacks).
• Importance of Rituals for Married Women:
• Festivals like Jiviti Puja emphasize the role of women in family and society, fostering values of devotion and care.
• Such rituals serve as a platform for women to connect spiritually and socially, strengthening community bonds.

Important Points

• Religious and Cultural Practices:
• Festivals like Jiviti Puja underline the importance of religion and spirituality in daily life.
• They play a pivotal role in maintaining cultural heritage and passing traditions down generations.
• Social Significance:
• Such festivals foster community bonding and provide an opportunity for collective celebration.
• They highlight the role of rituals in promoting emotional and social well-being.

The correct answer is Israel.

Key Points

• Dror-1 is the first communication satellite designed and built entirely in Israel.
• The satellite was launched in July 2025 as part of Israel's efforts to enhance its communication and technological capabilities.
• The project was led by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), a prominent organization in aerospace technology, and supported by the Israeli government.
• The satellite aims to improve national and secure communications, including military and civilian applications.
• Dror-1 is expected to operate for over a decade, providing advanced communication services to various sectors in Israel.

Additional Information

• Israel's Aerospace Industry:
• Israel is a leader in aerospace technology, with significant contributions to satellite development, missile defense systems, and aircraft engineering.
• Organizations like IAI and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems play a crucial role in developing cutting-edge technologies.
• The country has previously launched satellites such as Ofek, primarily used for reconnaissance and defense purposes.
• Applications of Communication Satellites:
• Communication satellites like Dror-1 are vital for telecommunications, internet services, and broadcasting.
• They support secure military communications, disaster management, and remote connectivity.
• Such satellites also enhance capabilities in navigation and surveillance.
• Other Space Achievements by Israel:
• Israel became the 8^th country in the world to launch satellites with its own technology.
• It launched the Ofek-1, its first satellite, in 1988.
• In 2019, Israel attempted to land a spacecraft named Beresheet on the Moon, showcasing its advancements in space exploration.
• Other Countries Mentioned:
• China: China is a global leader in space technology with significant achievements like the Chang’e lunar missions and the Tiangong space station.
• France: France contributes to space exploration through its space agency CNES and collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA).
• Germany: Germany is a key player in the ESA and contributes to satellites, spacecraft, and scientific missions.

Important Points

• Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI):
• IAI is Israel's largest aerospace and defense company, specializing in satellites, UAVs, radar systems, and more.
• It has been instrumental in launching satellites like Amos (a series of communication satellites).
• Strategic Importance of Satellites:
• Satellites enhance a nation's technological sovereignty and reduce dependence on foreign systems.
• They play a crucial role in national security, communication infrastructure, and disaster management.

The correct answer is India and France.

Key Points

• TRISHNA (Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment) is a collaborative mission between India and France.
• The mission is being jointly developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French space agency CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales).
• TRISHNA aims to provide high-resolution thermal infrared data for applications like climate monitoring, water resource management, and agricultural practices.
• The satellite will help in monitoring land surface temperatures and other critical parameters to address global challenges such as climate change and water scarcity.
• The mission is scheduled to launch in June 2024, showcasing the ongoing international collaboration in space exploration between India and France.

Additional Information

• India-France Space Collaboration:
• India and France have a longstanding partnership in the field of space exploration, dating back to the 1960s.
• Prominent collaborations include the MEGHA-TROPIQUES mission for studying tropical weather and the SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa) mission for oceanographic studies.
• Both countries are committed to advancing research in areas like climate change, Earth observation, and interplanetary exploration.
• Applications of TRISHNA Mission:
• The satellite will provide data on land surface temperature with high spatial and temporal resolution, aiding in agricultural monitoring, including water stress and crop health.
• It will support studies on urban heat islands and their impact on climate change.
• The data can also help in disaster management by monitoring heatwaves, droughts, and forest fires.
• ISRO's Role:
• ISRO is responsible for the satellite's development, launch, and mission operations.
• The space agency has extensive experience in Earth observation missions, including successful launches like the Cartosat and Resourcesat series.
• CNES's Contribution:
• CNES will provide the thermal infrared instrument for TRISHNA.
• The French space agency has expertise in developing advanced instruments for Earth observation and climate studies.

Important Points

• TRISHNA's Unique Features:
• The satellite will provide high spatial and temporal resolution data, which will be critical for addressing challenges related to environmental monitoring.
• It will complement existing missions like NASA's ECOSTRESS, enhancing global understanding of Earth's thermal processes.
• Global Importance of Thermal Imaging Satellites:
• Thermal imaging helps in understanding the impact of human activities on natural resources and climate.
• Such satellites play a key role in monitoring water usage, irrigation efficiency, and forest conservation.
• India's Growing Role in Space Exploration:
• India has emerged as a leader in cost-effective satellite launches and space missions.
• Missions like Mangalyaan, Chandrayaan, and PSLV launches have established ISRO as a major player in space technology.