General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Sanjeev Kumar Singla.

Key Points

• Sanjeev Kumar Singla has been appointed as the Ambassador of India to France in October 2024.
• Sanjeev Kumar Singla is a senior officer from the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), which is responsible for managing India’s external relations.
• Previously, he served as the Ambassador of India to Israel, where he played a critical role in strengthening India-Israel relations.
• His appointment to France comes at a time when India and France are deepening their strategic partnership, particularly in the areas of defense, space, energy, and technology.
• The role of an Ambassador is crucial in representing India’s interests in bilateral and multilateral dialogues with France, one of India’s key allies in Europe.

Additional Information

• India-France Relations:
• India and France have a strategic partnership established in 1998 focusing on defense, nuclear energy, and space cooperation.
• France has been a key supplier of defense equipment to India, including the Rafale fighter jets.
• Both countries collaborate closely on climate change initiatives and were key partners in the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
• France is one of India’s top trading partners in Europe, with significant bilateral trade in sectors like aerospace, pharmaceuticals, IT, and agriculture.
• Role of an Ambassador:
• An Ambassador represents the interests of their country in the host nation and works to strengthen bilateral relations.
• They also play a critical role in facilitating economic, cultural, and political exchanges between nations.
• They act as a liaison between the host government and their own government, addressing diplomatic issues and fostering cooperation.
• Indian Foreign Service (IFS):
• The IFS is one of the central civil services of India, responsible for managing India’s external affairs.
• IFS officers are trained to handle diverse aspects of foreign policy, such as trade negotiations, cultural diplomacy, and consular services.
• France’s Global Importance:
• France is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), making it a significant player in global diplomacy.
• It is a leading member of the European Union (EU), contributing heavily to its economic and political policies.
• France is also a part of major international forums like the G7, G20, and NATO.

Important Points

• France’s Role in India’s Energy Security:
• France has been a key partner in India’s nuclear energy program through agreements on civil nuclear cooperation.
• The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra, developed in collaboration with France, is one of the largest nuclear power projects in the world.
• India-France Space Collaboration:
• Both nations have collaborated on numerous space missions, including satellite development and launch vehicle technology.
• The ISRO-CNES partnership (CNES being the French space agency) has been instrumental in Earth observation and climate monitoring.

The correct answer is Kerala High Court.

Key Points

• Kerala High Court: In March 2025, a division bench of the Kerala High Court comprising Justice C S Sudha raised concerns about the extent of state interference in regulating violence depicted in visual media. This query emerged due to debates about balancing artistic freedom and societal impact.
• Freedom of Expression: The court highlighted the significance of Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of speech and expression, while also questioning whether this freedom can be curtailed to limit violent imagery in visual media.
• Social Responsibility: The bench emphasized the potential impact of violence in visual media on societal behavior, particularly its influence on young and impressionable minds, sparking debates on ethical filmmaking and censorship.
• Regulatory Framework: The court explored the role of existing regulatory mechanisms like the Cinematograph Act, 1952, and the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) in maintaining a balance between creative freedom and societal interests.
• Kerala's Cultural Perspective: Kerala, known for its vibrant film industry, often engages in debates around the intersection of culture, media, and law. The High Court's observations reflect this ongoing discourse on responsible filmmaking and media representation.

Additional Information

• Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution:
• Guarantees freedom of speech and expression to citizens of India.
• While this freedom is fundamental, it is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) for purposes such as public order, decency, morality, and sovereignty of India.
• Cinematograph Act, 1952:
• This Act governs the certification of films for public exhibition in India.
• The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is the regulatory authority that determines the suitability of a film for public viewing based on various criteria, including depictions of violence.
• It plays a crucial role in implementing censorship guidelines.
• Impact of Visual Media:
• Visual media, including films and television, has a profound influence on societal behavior and norms.
• Studies indicate that prolonged exposure to violent content can normalize aggression and desensitize audiences to real-world violence.
• Debates around media regulation often center on the need to balance creative freedom with social responsibility.
• Kerala's Film Industry:
• Kerala is renowned for its progressive and socially conscious cinema, often addressing themes like caste, gender, and political issues.
• The state's filmmakers frequently navigate the intersection of artistic expression and societal impact, making it a hub for discussions on media ethics.

Important Points

• Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC):
• The CBFC classifies films into categories like U (Universal), UA (Parental Guidance), and A (Adult), based on their content.
• It aims to ensure that films adhere to cultural and legal norms while respecting creative liberties.
• Judicial Oversight:
• Indian courts often intervene in cases where freedom of expression and public interest clash, ensuring that both are upheld in balance.
• Judgments like the Kerala High Court's observations contribute to the evolving discourse on media regulation.
• Relevance of Media Ethics:
• Media ethics emphasize the responsibility of creators to produce content that is socially constructive.
• This includes adhering to standards of decency, accuracy, and fairness, particularly in visual media.

The correct answer is Ministry of Finance.

Key Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a flagship financial inclusion program launched by the Government of India on 28^th August 2014.
• The scheme aims to provide universal access to banking facilities, including basic savings bank accounts, financial literacy, and access to credit, insurance, and pension services.
• The Ministry of Finance oversees its implementation, ensuring effective coordination across banks, financial institutions, and other stakeholders.
• The program is specifically designed to target the unbanked population in rural and urban areas, helping them integrate into the formal financial system.
• Under PMJDY, beneficiaries receive zero-balance savings accounts, a RuPay debit card, and accidental insurance cover of up to Rs. 2 lakhs. Additionally, an overdraft facility of up to Rs. 10,000 is provided to eligible account holders.

Additional Information

• Key Features of PMJDY:
• The scheme is aimed at providing universal access to banking services for every household in the country.
• It includes benefits such as direct benefit transfers (DBT), social security schemes like PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), and pension schemes like the Atal Pension Yojana (APY).
• Accounts opened under PMJDY have grown substantially over the years, with over 50 crore beneficiaries as of 2023.
• Ministry of Finance:
• The Ministry of Finance is one of the key ministries in the Government of India, responsible for managing the country's economic policy, government finances, and financial regulations.
• It oversees various departments, including the Department of Financial Services, which plays a pivotal role in implementing schemes like PMJDY.
• The Ministry also ensures the success of financial inclusion initiatives by collaborating with public sector banks, private banks, and regional rural banks (RRBs).
• Impact of PMJDY:
• PMJDY has significantly contributed to financial inclusion by bringing millions of unbanked individuals into the formal banking system.
• It has facilitated the implementation of direct benefit transfers, reducing leakages in subsidy disbursements and promoting transparency.
• The scheme has also empowered women and rural populations by providing them with access to financial services, enabling economic empowerment.
• Other Relevant Ministries:
• Ministry of Home Affairs: Responsible for internal security and law enforcement.
• Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare: Oversees agricultural development and welfare schemes for farmers.
• Ministry of Defence: Manages the defense and security of the nation.

Important Points

• The PMJDY scheme is considered the world's largest financial inclusion program, recognized globally for its scale and impact.
• It has played a crucial role in implementing the JAM trinity (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile), which is central to India's digital economy framework.
• The scheme has been instrumental in providing financial stability to economically weaker sections, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• PMJDY accounts are integrated with Aadhaar, ensuring the authenticity of beneficiaries and reducing duplication.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) publishes various reports to provide insights into the financial system, economy, and macroeconomic conditions in India.
• The Financial Stability Report (FSR) is a biannual publication by the RBI. It focuses on the stability and resilience of the Indian financial system and provides insights into systemic risks. Hence, statement I is correct.
• The Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy is another critical publication by the RBI. It serves as a comprehensive source of statistical data on various economic indicators, including banking, financial markets, and external sector statistics. Hence, statement II is correct.
• Both these reports are key publications by the Reserve Bank of India and are widely used by policymakers, analysts, and researchers to assess the economic and financial environment in India.
• Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Additional Information

• Financial Stability Report (FSR):
• The first FSR was published by the RBI in March 2010.
• It provides an assessment of risks to financial stability, including macroeconomic risks, institutional vulnerabilities, and financial sector resilience.
• The report includes sections such as Systemic Risk Survey, which provides a qualitative assessment of risks as perceived by market participants.
• FSR is crucial for understanding trends in credit growth, banking sector performance, and financial market trends.
• Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy:
• This publication has been a key source of historical and current economic data since its inception in 1998.
• It covers a wide range of data categories, including national income, inflation, fiscal statistics, balance of payments, and banking statistics.
• The handbook is updated annually and is considered a reliable source for researchers, economists, and policymakers.
• It supports transparency and informed decision-making by providing detailed and authentic data.
• Other Key Publications by RBI:
• Annual Report: Provides a comprehensive overview of the RBI’s operations, policies, and financial performance in a fiscal year.
• Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India: Offers insights into the performance and challenges of the Indian banking sector.
• Monetary Policy Report (MPR): Reviews the state of the economy and outlines the rationale for monetary policy decisions.

Important Points

• Reserve Bank of India:
• The RBI was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• It is the central bank of India responsible for monetary policy implementation, regulation of banks, and ensuring financial stability.
• The RBI plays a critical role in maintaining the overall economic and financial health of the country.
• Key Functions of RBI:
• Formulates and implements monetary policy to control inflation and ensure economic stability.
• Regulates and supervises commercial banks, cooperative banks, and NBFCs.
• Manages the country’s foreign exchange reserves and oversees the exchange rate policy.
• Acts as a banker to the Government of India and state governments.
• Issues and manages the supply of Indian Rupee currency.

The correct answer is 1950.

Key Points

• The All-India Kabaddi Federation was established in the year 1950. This marked the formal organization and promotion of Kabaddi as a sport in India.
• The federation was responsible for organizing and standardizing the rules of the game, ensuring its growth across the country.
• The formation of the All-India Kabaddi Federation provided a platform for national-level competitions and paved the way for Kabaddi's inclusion in major tournaments, such as the Asian Games.
• It helped popularize Kabaddi across different regions of India and initiated efforts to make it a recognized sport internationally.
• The establishment of the federation was a significant milestone in the history of Kabaddi, ensuring the game's development and structured governance in India.

Additional Information

• History of Kabaddi:
• Kabaddi is believed to have originated in ancient India and was played as a recreational and physical training activity.
• The game is rooted in Indian culture and has references in mythological texts like the Mahabharata.
• Traditionally, Kabaddi was played in rural areas and gained prominence due to its simplicity and minimal equipment requirements.
• Kabaddi in International Events:
• Kabaddi was introduced as a demonstration sport in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, showcasing its uniqueness to the global audience.
• The sport was officially included in the Asian Games in 1990, further boosting its international recognition.
• India has been a dominant force in Kabaddi, winning multiple gold medals in the Asian Games.
• Pro Kabaddi League (PKL):
• The Pro Kabaddi League, launched in 2014, transformed the sport into a professional and commercial entity.
• PKL brought Kabaddi into the limelight and attracted millions of fans, both nationally and globally.
• The league features a franchise-based model, similar to other sports leagues like the IPL, and has significantly contributed to the sport's popularity.
• Features of Kabaddi:
• Kabaddi is a contact team sport that requires agility, strength, and strategy.
• The game involves two teams of seven players each, competing to score points by raiding the opposing team's half.
• It is played on a rectangular court, with each raid lasting a maximum of 30 seconds.

Important Points

• The All-India Kabaddi Federation was instrumental in promoting Kabaddi at both the national and international levels.
• The sport gained recognition and structure under the federation, leading to its inclusion in events like the Asian Games.
• Kabaddi has evolved over the years, from being a rural pastime to a globally recognized sport, thanks to efforts by organizations like the All-India Kabaddi Federation and initiatives like the Pro Kabaddi League.
• The game's simplicity and accessibility have made it a favorite among players and fans alike, ensuring its growth and sustainability.

The correct answer is Usain Bolt.

Key Points

• Faster Than Lightning: My Story is the autobiography of Usain Bolt, the legendary Jamaican sprinter widely regarded as the fastest man in history.
• This book was first published in 2013 and provides a detailed account of Bolt's life, from his early years to his rise as a global sports icon.
• Usain Bolt won a total of 8 Olympic gold medals in sprinting events, including the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay races.
• The autobiography shares insights into Bolt's rigorous training, his personal struggles, and the challenges he faced on his journey to becoming a world champion.
• Known for his charismatic personality and unmatched speed, Usain Bolt holds the world records for the 100m (9.58 seconds) and 200m (19.19 seconds) races, achieved in 2009.

Additional Information

• Usain Bolt's Achievements:
• He is an 11-time World Athletics Championships gold medalist, making him one of the most decorated athletes in the history of track and field.
• Bolt's unique running style combines explosive power and efficient strides, allowing him to dominate sprinting events for over a decade.
• He retired from professional athletics in 2017 after the World Championships in London.
• About the Book:
• Faster Than Lightning gives readers a glimpse into Bolt's upbringing in Trelawny, Jamaica, where he discovered his natural talent for running.
• The book also delves into his struggles with injuries, self-doubt, and the pressure of living up to expectations on the global stage.
• Through this autobiography, Bolt emphasizes the importance of hard work, dedication, and maintaining a positive mindset.
• Other Notable Olympians (Options):
• Carl Lewis: A retired American track and field athlete who won 9 Olympic gold medals in events like the long jump and sprints.
• Justin Gatlin: An American sprinter and Olympic gold medalist in the 100m at the 2004 Athens Olympics.
• Yohan Blake: A Jamaican sprinter known as the "Beast" and a teammate of Usain Bolt in the 4x100m relay team.

Important Points

• World Records: Usain Bolt's world records in the 100m (9.58 seconds) and 200m (19.19 seconds) remain unbeaten as of 2023.
• Olympic Highlights: Bolt achieved the "triple-triple" by winning gold medals in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016).
• Charitable Work: Bolt is involved in philanthropic activities, particularly in his home country of Jamaica, through the Usain Bolt Foundation, which supports education and cultural development.
• Legacy: Usain Bolt's dominance in sprinting has inspired countless athletes worldwide and solidified his status as a global sports legend.

The correct answer is Gopuram.

Key Points

• Gopuram is the term used for the entrance gateway in Dravida style of temple architecture. It is a prominent architectural feature commonly seen in South Indian temples.
• The Gopuram serves as the monumental tower at the entrance of temple complexes and is often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures depicting gods, goddesses, and mythological tales.
• In the Dravida style, the Gopuram is a towering structure that acts as a landmark and symbolizes the spiritual gateway to the temple.
• Historically, Gopurams were constructed to reflect the architectural and cultural grandeur of the respective dynasties, particularly during the reigns of the Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara empires.
• The construction of Gopurams was aimed at attracting devotees and showcasing the artistic excellence of temple builders in ancient India.

Additional Information

• Dravida Style of Architecture:
• The Dravida style of temple architecture flourished in South India, particularly under the Chola, Pallava, Pandya, and Vijayanagara dynasties.
• This style is characterized by pyramid-shaped towers called Vimana over the sanctum and the presence of ornate gateways known as Gopurams.
• The temples often include features such as pillared halls (Mandapas), water tanks, and elaborate sculptures.
• Examples of Dravida architecture include the Brihadeshwara Temple in Tamil Nadu and the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
• Gopuram Features:
• Height: Gopurams are tall structures, often rising several hundred feet, making them visible from great distances.
• Decoration: They are adorned with intricate carvings, colorful stucco figures, and representations of deities, celestial beings, and mythical creatures.
• Purpose: The Gopuram serves both religious and functional purposes, acting as a spiritual gateway and a marker for temple complexes.
• Other Architectural Features:
• Pada: Refers to the base or pedestal of the temple and is not related to the entrance gateway.
• Prastara: Denotes the horizontal layers of the superstructure and is unrelated to the entrance gateway.
• Griva: Refers to the neck or transitional part of the temple tower and does not represent the entrance gateway.
• Examples of Famous Gopurams:
• The Raja Gopuram at the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
• The Gopuram of the Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur.
• The Gopurams of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi.

Important Points

• Historical Context: The construction of Gopurams reached its zenith during the Vijayanagara Empire, showcasing the grandeur and artistic excellence of South Indian temple architecture.
• Cultural Significance: Gopurams are not merely architectural elements but also serve as symbols of devotion, spirituality, and the cultural heritage of South India.
• Modern Relevance: Many Gopurams are now recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, attracting millions of tourists and devotees annually.

The correct answer is Nagaland.

Key Points

• Nazu Festival is a significant cultural festival celebrated in the state of Nagaland, India.
• It is primarily observed by the Pochury tribe, one of Nagaland's indigenous tribes known for their rich traditions and customs.
• The festival is celebrated annually in the month of February, before the sowing season begins, signifying the importance of agriculture in the lives of the community.
• During the festival, various rituals are performed to seek blessings for a bountiful harvest and to ensure prosperity and happiness in the coming year.
• The Nazu Festival is marked by vibrant celebrations, including traditional dances, music, and feasts, which showcase the Pochury tribe's cultural heritage.

Additional Information

• Location and Tribes of Nagaland:
• Nagaland is located in the northeastern region of India and is known for its diverse tribal communities.
• It is home to 16 officially recognized tribes, including the Ao, Angami, Konyak, Pochury, and Chakhesang tribes.
• Each tribe has its unique traditions, festivals, and dialects, contributing to Nagaland's cultural richness.
• Agricultural Significance:
• Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people in Nagaland, and festivals like Nazu emphasize its importance.
• The sowing and harvesting seasons are closely tied to the cultural and religious practices of the tribes.
• Rituals performed during such festivals often aim to ensure the fertility of the land and protection from natural calamities.
• Traditional Dances and Music:
• Nazu Festival showcases the vibrant cultural heritage of the Pochury tribe through traditional dances, songs, and music.
• The performances often involve colorful costumes, symbolic movements, and indigenous instruments.
• These cultural expressions serve as a medium to preserve tribal identity and pass down traditions to younger generations.
• Other Festivals in Nagaland:
• Besides Nazu, Nagaland celebrates various other festivals, such as Hornbill Festival, Sekrenyi, and Moatsu Mong, each representing different tribal cultures and traditions.
• The Hornbill Festival, often referred to as the "Festival of Festivals," is celebrated annually in December and attracts visitors worldwide.
• These festivals play a crucial role in promoting Nagaland's tourism and showcasing its rich cultural diversity.

Important Points

• Geographical Features: Nagaland is characterized by hilly terrain, dense forests, and rich biodiversity, which play a vital role in its tribal customs and festivals.
• Statehood: Nagaland became the 16^th state of India on 1 December 1963.
• Tourism: Festivals like Nazu highlight the state's cultural uniqueness and attract tourists, contributing to economic growth and cultural exchange.
• Preservation of Tribal Culture: Efforts are being made by the government and local communities to preserve and promote the indigenous traditions and festivals of Nagaland.

The correct answer is Mizoram.

Key Points

• 'Tlanglam' is a traditional dance form that originates from the state of Mizoram, located in the northeastern region of India.
• This dance is an integral part of the rich cultural heritage of the Mizos and is often performed during festivals, celebrations, and community gatherings.
• It is a group dance characterized by synchronized movements and vibrant costumes, reflecting the unity and coordination of the performers.
• The dance is performed to the rhythm of traditional Mizo music, often accompanied by instruments like drums and gongs, creating a lively and energetic atmosphere.
• 'Tlanglam' is not only an art form but also a medium to showcase the social harmony, traditions, and folklore of Mizoram.

Additional Information

• Mizoram:
• Mizoram is one of the seven sister states in northeastern India, with its capital at Aizawl.
• The state is known for its lush green hills, bamboo forests, and unique tribal culture.
• The primary inhabitants of Mizoram are the Mizos, who have a deep connection to their traditions, including music, dance, and attire.
• Festivals like Chapchar Kut, Mim Kut, and Pawl Kut are celebrated with great enthusiasm, showcasing traditional Mizo dances like 'Cheraw' and 'Tlanglam'.
• Other Traditional Dances in Mizoram:
• Cheraw Dance: Also known as the bamboo dance, it involves dancers skillfully stepping between moving bamboo poles.
• Khuallam: A dance performed to welcome honored guests and symbolize the spirit of hospitality.
• Chheihlam: A lively dance performed in groups, typically accompanied by singing and traditional instruments.
• Neighboring States and Dance Forms:
• Assam: Known for Bihu Dance, celebrating the Assamese New Year.
• Manipur: Famous for classical Manipuri dance, often associated with the Vaishnavite themes of Lord Krishna and Radha.
• Tripura: Known for dances like Hojagiri and Garia, reflecting tribal traditions.
• Festivals and Dance:
• In Mizoram, dances like 'Tlanglam' play a significant role in festivals, symbolizing joy, community bonding, and cultural preservation.
• The synchronization and energy in 'Tlanglam' represent the Mizo spirit of togetherness and harmony.

Important Points

• Costumes: Dancers wear traditional Mizo attire, which includes colorful handwoven fabrics that reflect the intricate craftsmanship of the region.
• Music: Traditional Mizo instruments like khuang (drum) and gongs add rhythm and vibrancy to the dance performances.
• Social Significance: 'Tlanglam' and other dances are often performed during community feasts, weddings, and festivals, promoting social unity.
• Tourism: Mizoram's cultural dances like 'Tlanglam' attract tourists, contributing to the state's economy and cultural recognition.
• Preservation: Efforts by the government and local communities ensure the preservation and promotion of traditional Mizo dances on national and international platforms.

The correct answer is It causes wear and tear of materials.

Key Points

• Friction is a resistive force that occurs when two surfaces come into contact and move relative to each other. While it has some advantages, it also has significant disadvantages, especially in mechanical applications.
• One major disadvantage of friction is that it causes wear and tear of materials. This happens because the continuous rubbing of surfaces damages their structural integrity over time.
• Friction leads to a reduction in the lifespan of machinery and components, as the constant abrasion deteriorates the material quality.
• In industries, wear and tear caused by friction can result in higher maintenance costs. Frequent replacement or repair of components is required to ensure the machinery functions properly.
• Friction also generates heat, which can further accelerate the degradation of materials, leading to issues such as overheating and thermal damage.
• Hence, minimizing friction through lubrication or advanced materials is a key focus in mechanical engineering to reduce wear and tear.

Additional Information

• Advantages of Friction:
• Friction is essential for performing tasks such as walking, driving, and holding objects. Without friction, movement would be uncontrollable.
• It helps in the braking systems of vehicles, allowing them to stop effectively.
• Friction plays a critical role in processes such as cutting, grinding, and polishing in manufacturing.
• Methods to Reduce Friction:
• Lubrication: Using oils or greases reduces the direct contact between surfaces, minimizing wear and tear.
• Using advanced materials such as ceramics or polymers with lower coefficients of friction can decrease the impact of friction.
• Implementing ball bearings or roller bearings reduces friction in rotating systems.
• Types of Friction:
• Static Friction: The frictional force that prevents relative motion between surfaces in contact.
• Kinetic Friction: The resistive force occurring during relative motion between surfaces.
• Rolling Friction: The friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface.
• Fluid Friction: The resistance encountered by objects moving through fluids (liquids or gases).
• Applications of Friction:
• Friction is used in mechanical systems such as clutches and brakes for controlling motion.
• It is also utilized in sports to enhance grip, such as in climbing shoes or car tires.
• In construction, friction is exploited for fastening components, such as nails and screws.

Important Points

• Heat Generation: Friction converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, which can lead to overheating in machines and devices.
• Energy Loss: Friction results in the loss of energy, reducing the efficiency of systems such as engines and turbines.
• Material Degradation: The repeated action of friction causes scratches, cracks, and deformation of surfaces over time.
• Scientific Study: The coefficient of friction is studied to design systems with optimal performance, balancing frictional force requirements.

The correct answer is NASA.

Key Points

• The Parker Solar Probe is a space mission launched by NASA, the space agency of the United States.
• It was launched on August 12, 2018, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a Delta IV Heavy rocket.
• The mission's primary objective is to study the Sun's outer atmosphere (corona) and understand phenomena such as solar winds and solar energy particles.
• The Parker Solar Probe is designed to get closer to the Sun than any previous spacecraft, reaching within 3.83 million miles (6.16 million kilometers) of the Sun's surface.
• It is equipped with a heat shield made of carbon-composite materials to withstand temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit (1,377 degrees Celsius).

Additional Information

• About NASA:
• NASA stands for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
• It was established in 1958 and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States.
• NASA is responsible for civilian space exploration, aeronautics research, and scientific discovery.
• Some of NASA's notable missions include the Apollo moon landings, the Voyager probes, and the Mars Perseverance Rover.
• About the Parker Solar Probe:
• It was named after Eugene Parker, an astrophysicist who first proposed the concept of solar winds.
• The spacecraft uses advanced instruments like the FIELDS Experiment to measure electric and magnetic fields and the WISPR telescope to image the solar corona.
• The Parker Solar Probe aims to solve mysteries about the Sun, such as why the corona is hotter than the solar surface.
• This mission is expected to last until 2025 and will provide groundbreaking data for solar physics research.
• Other Space Agencies:
• JAXA: The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, headquartered in Japan, focuses on space research and satellite development.
• ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organisation, headquartered in Bengaluru, India, is known for missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan.
• CNES: The French National Centre for Space Studies, headquartered in Paris, France, specializes in satellite systems and space exploration.

Important Points

• Significance of Parker Solar Probe:
• It is the first spacecraft to fly into the Sun's corona, gathering data that will help scientists understand space weather and its impact on Earth.
• The mission contributes to forecasting solar storms, which can disrupt satellite communications and power grids.
• It provides insights into the fundamental processes of star formation and energy transfer.
• Applications of Solar Research:
• Understanding solar winds is crucial for protecting astronauts and spacecraft from radiation.
• The findings will enhance our knowledge of stellar dynamics, which impacts planetary systems.

The correct answer is 34.

Key Points

• The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) was launched by the Government of India to enhance the country’s supercomputing capacity and capability in research and development.
• As of March 2025, a total of 34 supercomputers have been deployed across India under the NSM initiative.
• The supercomputers have been installed in various educational and research institutions to foster innovation in areas such as weather forecasting, computational biology, artificial intelligence, and material science.
• NSM is a collaboration between the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), with the systems built indigenously by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).
• The mission aims to establish a network of supercomputers with a combined computational capacity of over 64 Petaflops, greatly enhancing India's computational infrastructure.

Additional Information

• National Supercomputing Mission (NSM):
• The mission was launched in 2015 with an outlay of Rs. 4,500 crore.
• It focuses on developing an indigenous supercomputing ecosystem to reduce reliance on imported technology.
• NSM is being implemented in three phases, with the final phase targeting the development of systems with exascale computing capabilities.
• The mission emphasizes the use of Make in India components, with efforts to produce over 60% of the hardware domestically.
• Applications of Supercomputing in India:
• Supercomputers are used in weather prediction to forecast cyclones, monsoons, and other climate-related events.
• They assist in drug discovery and molecular modeling, especially during pandemics like COVID-19.
• Supercomputing is crucial for simulations in astrophysics, material science, and particle physics experiments.
• It supports artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications in fields like defense, healthcare, and agriculture.
• Examples of Deployed Supercomputers:
• Param Siddhi-AI: A high-performance AI supercomputer ranked among the top 100 globally (as of 2023).
• Param Shivay: Installed at IIT (BHU) Varanasi, it was the first system deployed under NSM.
• Param Brahma: Deployed at IISER Pune, it aids in advanced scientific research.
• Global Context:
• India’s supercomputing initiative places it among countries like the USA, China, and Japan, which are pioneers in high-performance computing.
• The global leader in supercomputing as of 2023 is the Fugaku supercomputer from Japan, which has a peak performance of over 442 Petaflops.

Important Points

• Role of C-DAC: The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) plays a pivotal role in designing and deploying supercomputers under NSM.
• Petaflop Computing: The term "Petaflop" refers to a computer's ability to perform one quadrillion floating-point operations per second, a critical measure of speed for high-performance computing.
• Indigenous Efforts: Developing supercomputers locally helps reduce dependence on foreign technology and enhances India’s technological sovereignty.
• Future Goals: India aims to build systems capable of exascale computing, which would perform a billion billion calculations per second.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Statement I: Out of private income, what finally reaches the households is known as personal income.
• Private income refers to the total income earned by private individuals, including wages, salaries, interest, profits, dividends, and rents.
• Personal income is derived from private income after deducting corporate taxes, undistributed profits, and adding transfer payments like pensions and unemployment benefits.
• This statement is correct because personal income essentially represents the actual disposable income available to households.
• Statement II: The total national income of the country is composed of two parts: private income and public income.
• National income is the aggregate income generated by a nation, which includes the income earned by both private and public sectors.
• Private income refers to income earned by individuals and businesses, while public income includes revenues earned by the government through taxes, public enterprises, and other sources.
• This statement is correct as it accurately describes the components of national income.
• As both statements are accurate and logically aligned, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Additional Information

• Private Income:
• It includes incomes generated by households, individuals, and private businesses.
• Components of private income include:
• Wages and salaries earned by individuals.
• Profits from private enterprises.
• Dividends earned from shares of companies.
• Rent received from property ownership.
• Public Income:
• Public income refers to government revenue, primarily derived from:
• Direct taxes like income tax.
• Indirect taxes like GST, excise duties, and customs.
• Non-tax revenue from public enterprises and other government services.
• It is used to fund public goods and services such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
• Personal Income:
• Personal income is the total income received by individuals and households from all sources.
• It includes wages, transfer payments (like pensions), and income from investments.
• It excludes corporate retained earnings and taxes directly paid by corporations.
• National Income:
• National income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period, typically measured as:
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total value of goods/services produced domestically.
• GNP (Gross National Product): GDP plus net income from abroad.
• It is an essential indicator of a country's economic health and standard of living.

Important Points

• Difference between Private Income and Personal Income:
• Private income: Includes the total income earned by private entities (individuals and businesses).
• Personal income: Is the portion of private income that is directly available to households after accounting for taxes and undistributed corporate profits.
• Uses of National Income Data:
• Helps in determining the economic growth of a nation.
• Aids in policy formulation for equitable distribution of income.
• Facilitates international economic comparisons.

The correct answer is 2022.

Key Points

• The National Logistics Policy (NLP) in India was launched on 17 September 2022, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during an event held in New Delhi.
• The policy aims to address challenges in India’s logistics sector and reduce costs, making the sector more competitive globally.
• The primary goal of the NLP is to bring down the logistics cost in India to 8% of GDP from the current 13-14%, aligning with developed nations.
• It provides a comprehensive framework for the development of the logistics ecosystem in India, integrating various logistics-related initiatives.
• The policy focuses on areas such as infrastructure improvement, digital transformation, skill development, and streamlining regulatory processes.

Additional Information

• Logistics Sector in India:
• The logistics sector contributes around 5% of India’s GDP and employs more than 22 million people.
• India ranked 44^th in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 2018 published by the World Bank, highlighting the need for improvement in this sector.
• The sector is fragmented, with a significant share being unorganized, posing challenges in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
• Components of the National Logistics Policy:
• It integrates initiatives like PM Gati Shakti, which focuses on multimodal infrastructure connectivity.
• The policy is supported by a Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP), ensuring digital integration across various ministries and stakeholders.
• Introduction of the Ease of Logistics (E-Logs) portal to resolve issues faced by industry stakeholders in a transparent manner.
• Emphasis on the development of Multimodal Logistics Parks (MMLPs) to facilitate integrated transportation and reduce costs.
• Significance of NLP:
• Helps improve India’s global trade competitiveness by reducing logistics costs and improving efficiency.
• Supports the government's vision of making India a global manufacturing hub under the Make in India initiative.
• Encourages private sector participation in logistics infrastructure development.
• Promotes sustainability by enhancing green logistics practices and reducing carbon emissions.
• Challenges in India’s Logistics Sector:
• High logistics costs compared to global standards.
• Fragmented infrastructure and lack of integration among transport modes.
• Regulatory hurdles and inefficiencies in supply chain management.
• Dependence on road transport, leading to higher costs and environmental issues.

Important Points

• PM Gati Shakti: Launched in October 2021, it is a National Master Plan for multimodal connectivity, aiming to improve infrastructure planning and reduce logistics costs.
• Logistics Performance Index (LPI): Published by the World Bank, it evaluates countries based on their logistics performance across indicators like infrastructure, customs, and international shipments.
• India’s Target: To achieve a $5 trillion economy, reducing logistics costs is pivotal for improving trade and manufacturing competitiveness.
• Multimodal Logistics Parks (MMLPs): These are being developed under the Bharatmala Pariyojana to enhance the integration of different modes of transport.
• Digital Transformation: Platforms like ULIP and E-Logs aim to streamline processes and reduce bureaucratic inefficiencies in the logistics sector$.

The correct answer is Peshwa.

Key Points

• The Peshwa was the principal minister and the chief executive authority in the Maratha Empire. This title became prominent during the reign of the Marathas.
• The Peshwa initially served as a subordinate to the Chhatrapati (king), but over time, they became the de facto rulers, especially during the 18^th century.
• The first Peshwa was Moropant Trimbak Pingle, appointed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, in 1674.
• The Peshwas played a pivotal role in expanding the Maratha Empire across India. They handled both administrative and military affairs and were instrumental in uniting various Maratha factions.
• The most notable Peshwa was Baji Rao I, known for his military genius and administrative skills. He expanded the Maratha Empire significantly during his tenure (1720–1740).

Additional Information

• Other Titles in the Maratha Kingdom:
• Nawab: This was a title used by Muslim rulers or governors of a province in the Mughal Empire. It was not associated with the Maratha administration.
• Diwan: This term referred to a finance minister or an administrator in charge of revenue collection in various Indian empires, including the Mughals. However, it was not the principal minister in the Maratha Empire.
• Subedar: This title was used for a military governor or head of a province under the Mughal administration. In the Maratha context, it referred to a provincial governor but not the chief executive authority.
• Evolution of Peshwa Authority:
• Initially, the Peshwas were advisors to the Chhatrapati and were responsible for carrying out administrative duties.
• Under the reign of Chhatrapati Shahu, the Peshwas gained more power and became the real rulers, while the Chhatrapati became a ceremonial figurehead.
• The Peshwa headquarters were established in Pune, which became the center of Maratha administration and power.
• Key Peshwas and Their Contributions:
• Baji Rao I: Known for his military conquests and undefeated record in battles. He expanded the Maratha influence across northern India.
• Nana Saheb (Balaji Baji Rao): Played a role in consolidating the Maratha Empire but faced setbacks like the defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat (1761).
• Madhav Rao I: Known for restoring the strength of the empire after the Panipat debacle and improving the administration.
• Decline of the Peshwas:
• The Peshwas' power declined after the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818), leading to British dominance in India.
• The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British, marking the end of the Peshwa era and the integration of the Maratha territories into British India.

Important Points

• The Peshwa title originated under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj but gained prominence under his successors, especially during the era of Chhatrapati Shahu.
• The Maratha Empire was characterized by its decentralized administration, where local rulers (Sardars) had significant autonomy under the overall leadership of the Peshwa.
• The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) was a major turning point in Maratha history. Although the Marathas were defeated, they continued to be a significant power in India until the British overtook them in the 19^th century.
• The role of Peshwas in the Maratha Empire reflects the transition of power from centralized monarchy to a more administrative and ministerial form of governance.

The correct answer is Sirajuddaulah.

Key Points

• Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal after the death of Alivardi Khan in 1756. He was the grandson of Alivardi Khan and succeeded him as the ruler of Bengal.
• Sirajuddaulah was a young and ambitious ruler, but his tenure was marked by conflicts with the British East India Company, primarily due to their increasing interference in the internal affairs of Bengal.
• The conflict culminated in the famous Battle of Plassey (1757), where Sirajuddaulah faced the British forces led by Robert Clive. Betrayal by his commander, Mir Jafar, led to his defeat.
• Sirajuddaulah’s reign was significant as it marked the beginning of British dominance in India, following their victory in the Battle of Plassey.
• After his defeat, Sirajuddaulah was captured and executed, and Mir Jafar was installed as a puppet Nawab by the British.

Additional Information

• Alivardi Khan:
• Alivardi Khan was the Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756. He was known for his administrative skills and efforts to maintain Bengal's independence from external forces.
• He successfully resisted invasions by the Marathas during his reign and maintained relative stability in the region.
• Mir Jafar:
• Mir Jafar was a commander in Sirajuddaulah’s army who conspired with the British East India Company to overthrow Sirajuddaulah.
• After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab of Bengal but served as a puppet ruler under British control.
• He later fell out of favor with the British and was replaced by Mir Qasim.
• Battle of Plassey:
• Fought on June 23, 1757, the Battle of Plassey marked a turning point in Indian history.
• The British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated Sirajuddaulah with the help of conspirators like Mir Jafar.
• This victory laid the foundation for British political and economic dominance in India.
• Mir Qasim:
• Mir Qasim succeeded Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal in 1760. He attempted to assert his independence from the British, leading to conflicts.
• He was eventually defeated in the Battle of Buxar (1764), which further consolidated British control over Bengal.
• Murshid Quli Khan:
• Murshid Quli Khan was the first Nawab of Bengal, serving from 1717 to 1727. He established Bengal as an independent political entity under the nominal suzerainty of the Mughal Empire.
• He is remembered for his administrative reforms and efforts to increase revenue collection.

Important Points

• Context of the British East India Company:
• The company initially came to India for trade but gradually started interfering in the political affairs of Indian states.
• Their control over Bengal began with the Battle of Plassey and later expanded to other parts of India.
• Economic Exploitation of Bengal:
• Following the British victory, Bengal became a major source of revenue for the East India Company.
• This exploitation contributed to famines and economic decline in the region.

The correct answer is 80 per cent.

Key Points

• Rural roads constitute approximately 80 per cent of the total road length in India, forming a crucial part of the country's road infrastructure.
• Rural roads play a significant role in connecting villages and towns, ensuring accessibility to markets, schools, healthcare centers, and other essential services.
• The focus on rural road development aligns with the Government of India's initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), which aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages.
• India has one of the largest road networks globally, with rural roads forming the backbone of the country's transportation system.
• Investments in rural road infrastructure are pivotal for boosting rural economy, reducing poverty, and enabling socio-economic development.

Additional Information

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
• Launched in 2000, PMGSY is a flagship program aimed at providing connectivity to unconnected habitations in rural areas.
• Under PMGSY, roads are constructed to meet all-weather standards, ensuring year-round connectivity.
• PMGSY has significantly contributed to improving rural infrastructure and enhancing accessibility to remote regions.
• Importance of Rural Roads:
• Rural roads enhance agricultural productivity by facilitating easier transport of produce to markets.
• They are critical for improving healthcare access by enabling timely transport to medical facilities.
• Education benefits from better connectivity as students can access schools and colleges more conveniently.
• India's Road Network:
• India has a total road length of approximately 6.2 million kilometers, making it one of the largest road networks globally.
• Rural roads form the majority of this network, highlighting their importance in the country's infrastructure development.
• Challenges in Rural Road Development:
• Lack of proper maintenance is a common issue, leading to poor road conditions.
• Funding constraints often limit the scope of rural road projects.
• Seasonal challenges such as monsoons impact the durability of rural roads.

Important Points

• Rural Infrastructure Development:
• Programs like PMGSY, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and Bharat Nirman emphasize rural road development.
• Improved rural roads have direct impacts on poverty reduction, rural employment generation, and economic mobility.
• Global Perspective:
• India's focus on rural roads mirrors similar initiatives in countries like China, where rural infrastructure development is prioritized for economic growth.
• Globally, rural roads are recognized as a key factor in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to poverty, education, and healthcare.

The correct answer is Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.

Key Points

• Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, often referred to as the "architect of Indian Planning," was a renowned Indian statistician and economist.
• He played a pivotal role in the formulation of India's Second Five-Year Plan (1956–1961), which emphasized the importance of industrialization and the growth of the public sector.
• Mahalanobis introduced the Mahalanobis Model, which focused on the development of heavy industries as the backbone of India's economy.
• He was the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) and contributed significantly to the statistical and economic planning of the country.
• His contributions to India's economic planning earned him recognition as a key advisor to the Planning Commission of India, established in 1950.

Additional Information

• The Mahalanobis Model:
• This model emphasized the allocation of resources to industries producing capital goods, such as steel, machinery, and infrastructure, to accelerate economic growth.
• It prioritized heavy industries over consumer goods industries, believing that this approach would lead to long-term economic stability.
• The model was integral to the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–1961) and had a lasting influence on India's economic policies.
• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI):
• The ISI was founded by Mahalanobis in 1931 in Kolkata to promote research and training in statistics.
• It became a key institution for developing statistical methods and their applications in various fields, including economics, biology, and social sciences.
• Other Contributions:
• Mahalanobis introduced the Mahalanobis Distance, a statistical measure used widely in various fields.
• He was a strong advocate of using statistical tools for economic planning and policy-making in India.
• Recognition:
• Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was awarded the prestigious Padma Vibhushan in 1968 for his contributions to science and public service.
• His birth anniversary, June 29, is celebrated as National Statistics Day in India to honor his legacy.

Important Points

• Second Five-Year Plan:
• This plan, heavily influenced by Mahalanobis, aimed to establish a socialistic pattern of society by focusing on the growth of industries and reducing inequalities.
• It marked a shift from agriculture to industrialization as the main driver of economic growth.
• Planning Commission of India:
• The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to assess and allocate resources for the country's development plans.
• Mahalanobis served as a key advisor, shaping India's economic strategy during the early years of independence.
• Legacy:
• Mahalanobis is remembered as a pioneer in applying statistical methods to solve real-world problems in India.
• His work laid the foundation for the country's economic planning and scientific research in statistics.

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

• Migration is influenced by broadly two sets of factors: push factors and pull factors.
• Push factors refer to conditions that compel individuals to leave their place of origin, such as poverty, unemployment, lack of resources, natural disasters, and political instability.
• Pull factors refer to conditions that attract individuals to a new location, such as better job opportunities, higher standard of living, access to education, and social stability.
• These two sets of factors operate in tandem and are central to understanding the dynamics of migration globally and locally.
• Social, economic, and environmental reasons are often categorized under push and pull factors, making these two sets the primary frameworks for analyzing migration. Hence, the correct answer is 1.

Additional Information

• Push Factors:
• Poverty: Lack of financial resources and economic opportunities often forces individuals to migrate to regions with better prospects.
• Unemployment: High unemployment rates in the region of origin push individuals to seek work elsewhere.
• Natural Disasters: Events like floods, earthquakes, and droughts displace people and lead to migration.
• Political Instability: Conflict, war, and oppressive regimes are significant reasons for forced migration.
• Pull Factors:
• Employment Opportunities: Availability of jobs and higher wages attract individuals to specific regions.
• Better Living Standards: Access to healthcare, education, and improved infrastructure acts as a pull factor.
• Safety and Stability: Political and social stability in the destination regions encourage migration.
• Urbanization: Cities often provide better economic and social opportunities, attracting migrants.
• Types of Migration:
• Internal Migration: Movement within the same country, often from rural to urban areas.
• International Migration: Movement across national borders, often for economic opportunities or safety.
• Seasonal Migration: Temporary movement due to seasonal work, such as agricultural labor.
• Global Statistics: According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), there were an estimated 281 million international migrants globally in 2020, highlighting the significance of migration factors.

Important Points

• Economic Migration: Driven primarily by financial factors such as better job opportunities or wages.
• Forced Migration: Includes refugees and internally displaced persons due to wars, natural disasters, or persecution.
• Urban-Rural Divide: Migration often occurs due to disparities in opportunities between urban and rural areas.
• Policy Frameworks: Countries often implement migration policies influenced by factors like workforce needs and humanitarian considerations.
• Historical Context: Migration has been a constant in human history, driven by the search for resources, safety, and better living conditions.

The correct answer is 1028.

Key Points

• The Rig Veda is one of the oldest sacred texts in the world and holds a prominent place in the ancient Indian Vedic literature.
• It is a collection of 1028 hymns (suktas) written in Vedic Sanskrit, divided into 10 books or Mandalas.
• These hymns are primarily dedicated to various deities such as Agni (fire), Indra (rain and thunderstorms), Varuna (cosmic order), and Soma (a sacred ritual drink).
• The Rig Veda is part of the four Vedas, which include the Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. It is considered the oldest and most important among them.
• The hymns in the Rig Veda were composed between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the early Vedic period in ancient India.

Additional Information

• Structure of the Rig Veda:
• The Rig Veda is divided into 10 Mandalas (books), which vary in size and thematic content.
• The 10^th Mandala contains the famous Purusha Sukta, which describes the creation of the universe and the caste system.
• Each hymn (sukta) is composed of multiple verses (Riks), written in a poetic meter.
• Language and Composition:
• The hymns are written in Vedic Sanskrit, which is an ancient form of the Sanskrit language.
• The composition was oral, passed down through generations using precise recitation techniques.
• Significance of Rig Veda:
• The Rig Veda provides deep insights into the religious, philosophical, and social life of early Vedic civilization.
• It is a key source for understanding the mythology and rituals of ancient India.
• Other Vedas:
• Yajur Veda: Contains instructions for performing rituals and sacrifices.
• Sama Veda: Focuses on melodies and chants used in rituals.
• Atharva Veda: Includes hymns, spells, and incantations for daily life and healing.
• Historical Context:
• The Rig Veda reflects a pastoral and agrarian society where natural forces were deified and worshipped.
• It showcases the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic plain.

Important Points

• Compilation: The Rig Veda was likely compiled by ancient sages known as the Rishis, including Vishwamitra, Vashishta, and others.
• Preservation: The oral tradition of shruti (hearing) and smriti (memory) ensured the accurate transmission of the text over centuries.
• Global Recognition: The Rig Veda is recognized as a UNESCO Memory of the World document for its historical significance.
• Philosophical Ideas: Concepts such as Rta (cosmic order) and Yajna (sacrifice) play a central role in the hymns.