General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Todar Mal.

Key Points

• Raja Todar Mal was the Finance Minister or Revenue Minister in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He is renowned for his administrative and revenue reforms.
• He introduced the Zabt system, which is considered one of the most systematic land revenue systems in Indian history. This system ensured uniformity and fairness in tax collection.
• Todar Mal played a key role in the implementation of the land survey and measurement system. This involved dividing agricultural land into units based on productivity and fixing revenue rates accordingly.
• He standardized the revenue collection process, ensuring that farmers were not exploited by local officials. The revenue was collected in cash or kind depending on the region's agricultural produce.
• The reforms introduced by Todar Mal under Akbar's administration greatly enhanced the efficiency of the empire's financial system, contributing significantly to the prosperity of the Mughal Empire.

Additional Information

• Zabt System:
• Under Todar Mal's guidance, the Zabt system was implemented, which calculated revenue based on the measured productivity of the land. This system was used in areas where agricultural output was uniform and predictable.
• Land was categorized into three types: Polaj (cultivated annually), Parauti (cultivated intermittently), and Chachar (cultivated after long intervals).
• The system ensured accurate measurement of land and proper documentation of land ownership and revenue liabilities.
• Akbar's Administrative Reforms:
• Akbar introduced several administrative reforms to centralize and strengthen the Mughal Empire. Todar Mal's revenue reforms were a cornerstone of this effort.
• The administrative system was divided into provinces or Subahs, each headed by a governor, ensuring efficient governance and tax collection.
• Other Ministers in Akbar's Court:
• Birbal: Known for his wit and intelligence, Birbal was one of the nine jewels (Navratnas) in Akbar’s court. He advised Akbar on matters of diplomacy and cultural integration.
• Raja Man Singh: A trusted general and statesman, Raja Man Singh was instrumental in expanding Akbar's empire through military conquests.
• Raja Bharmal: Raja Bharmal was the father of Akbar's wife, Jodha Bai, and played a role in establishing alliances between the Mughal Empire and Rajput states.
• Significance of Todar Mal's Reforms:
• The revenue system introduced by Todar Mal served as a model for subsequent rulers in India, including the British colonial administration.
• It emphasized transparency, accountability, and fairness, which reduced corruption and exploitation in the collection of taxes.

Important Points

• Comparison with Other Revenue Systems:
• The Zabt system was based on accurate measurement and documentation, unlike earlier systems that relied on arbitrary assessments.
• It laid the foundation for modern revenue systems and inspired the British Revenue Settlement during their rule in India.
• Historical Legacy:
• Todar Mal's reforms are considered a landmark in the history of Indian administration. His contribution to Akbar’s reign established a legacy of efficient governance.
• His reforms ensured that peasants were not burdened unnecessarily, and the state received consistent revenue, fostering economic stability.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• Statement I: Russian is one of the official languages of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The SCO was established in 2001, and Russian has remained a key language for communication and documentation within the organization. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Statement II: Hindi is not an official language of the SCO. While India became a full member of the SCO in 2017, Hindi has not been designated as an official language for communication or documentation within the organization. Hence, Statement II is incorrect.
• The two official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese. These languages are used for all official communication and documentation within the organization.
• The use of Russian as an official language reflects the historical influence of Russia and its central role in the organization.
• India, despite its active participation in SCO activities, does not have Hindi as an official language in the organization. Instead, India contributes using English for most international engagements.

Additional Information

• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO):
• The SCO is an intergovernmental organization founded in 2001 in Shanghai, China.
• Its founding members include China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
• The organization focuses on regional security, counter-terrorism, economic cooperation, and cultural exchange.
• India and Pakistan became full members of the SCO in 2017.
• The SCO has expanded its scope over the years, addressing issues such as cybersecurity, trade, and connectivity.
• Official Languages of SCO:
• The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese.
• Russian is widely used due to the historical and political influence of Russia in the region.
• Chinese reflects China's role as a founding member and its growing global influence.
• These languages are used for official documents, meetings, and communication within the SCO.
• India's Role in SCO:
• India joined the SCO as a full member in June 2017 during the Astana summit.
• India's involvement in the SCO focuses on regional security, counter-terrorism, economic development, and connectivity projects.
• Despite being a full member, Hindi is not recognized as an official language within the organization.
• India actively participates in SCO discussions using English or other accepted mediums.
• Important Points:
• The SCO's official languages reflect the geopolitical influence of its founding members, Russia and China.
• Efforts to introduce additional languages require approval from all member states, which is a complex process.
• India has proposed initiatives within the SCO framework to address terrorism, energy security, and trade but has not sought to make Hindi an official language.

The correct answer is 2005.

Key Points

• The East Asia Summit (EAS) was established in 2005 as a forum for regional cooperation and dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region.
• The inaugural East Asia Summit was held on 14 December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• It was initiated as a platform for leaders from the Asia-Pacific region to discuss strategic, political, and economic issues of mutual interest and concern.
• The EAS comprises 18 members: the ten ASEAN countries (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam), along with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Russia.
• The Summit focuses on strategic cooperation in areas such as energy, trade, disaster management, global health, and maritime security.

Additional Information

• Historical Context:
• The EAS was first proposed by ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) during its summit in 2004.
• The Summit reflects the growing importance of Asia-Pacific in global geopolitics and aims to foster regional integration and cooperation.
• Membership criteria include significant global influence, economic interdependence with the region, and active participation in ASEAN-led mechanisms.
• Objectives of the EAS:
• The Summit works on strengthening regional security and stability.
• It aims to enhance cooperation in areas such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, energy, and disaster management.
• The EAS also addresses pressing global challenges like climate change, terrorism, and public health crises.
• Key Developments:
• Over time, the EAS has expanded its scope to include partnerships in education, connectivity, and sustainable development.
• In 2010, the United States and Russia officially joined the EAS, enhancing its strategic importance.
• In recent years, the Summit has emphasized maritime security and the Indo-Pacific strategy, reflecting global shifts in geopolitics.
• Important Facts:
• The ASEAN Secretariat plays a pivotal role in coordinating the Summit’s agenda.
• The EAS operates as a leaders-led forum, meaning heads of state or government participate directly in discussions.
• Key agreements and initiatives are often developed collaboratively with other regional and global organizations.

Important Points

• ASEAN’s Role: The ASEAN nations serve as the foundation of the EAS, ensuring continuity and adherence to regional priorities.
• Strategic Significance: The EAS is seen as a key diplomatic instrument for promoting peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific.
• Economic Impact: The Summit fosters collaboration among major global economies, enhancing regional trade and investment opportunities.
• Annual Meetings: The EAS is held annually, alongside the ASEAN Summit, allowing leaders to discuss pressing issues and formulate collective responses.
• Global Influence: The EAS is instrumental in shaping global policies on issues like climate change, sustainable development, and international security.

The correct answer is Rudyard Kipling.

Key Points

• 'The Jungle Book' was written by Rudyard Kipling and published in the year 1894.
• The book is a collection of stories, featuring the adventures of Mowgli, a human child raised by wolves in the jungle.
• Rudyard Kipling was born on 30^th December 1865 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, and is known for his works that explore themes of British colonialism.
• Kipling’s mastery in storytelling brought to life the rich fauna of the Indian jungle, such as Bagheera (the panther), Baloo (the bear), and Shere Khan (the tiger).
• The book is widely regarded as a classic of children’s literature and has been adapted into numerous films, plays, and animations.

Additional Information

• Rudyard Kipling:
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907, making him the youngest recipient of the prize at the time.
• His other famous works include 'Kim', 'The Man Who Would Be King', and poems like 'If—' and 'Gunga Din'.
• Kipling's writing style is characterized by vivid descriptions, moral lessons, and the integration of British imperial themes.
• About 'The Jungle Book':
• The book contains a total of seven stories, many of which revolve around Mowgli, while some feature other characters like Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, a brave mongoose.
• It explores themes such as the importance of family, loyalty, and identity.
• The "Law of the Jungle" is a recurring motif, symbolizing rules and ethics in a complex society.
• Other Options:
• William Shakespeare: He was a famous English playwright and poet from the Elizabethan era, known for works like 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', and 'Romeo and Juliet'. He did not write 'The Jungle Book'.
• Stephen Alter: An Indian-American author known for books on Himalayan ecology and culture, but he is not connected to 'The Jungle Book'.
• Edgar Allan Poe: An American writer famous for his gothic tales and poems such as 'The Raven' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart'. He did not write 'The Jungle Book'.

Important Points

• Inspiration for 'The Jungle Book': Kipling was inspired by his childhood in India, particularly the wildlife and culture he observed.
• Legacy: Disney adapted 'The Jungle Book' into an animated movie in 1967, and a live-action remake was released in 2016.
• Impact: The book has been used as a teaching tool for children to understand moral values and the importance of coexistence with nature.

The correct answer is Shailendra Nath Gupta.

Key Points

• Shailendra Nath Gupta assumed the office of Director General of Defence Estates on May 31, 2025. This position is critical for managing defence land and cantonments in India.
• The Director General of Defence Estates (DGDE) is the head of the Defence Estates Organization (DEO), which works under the Ministry of Defence in India.
• The DEO is responsible for managing over 17.57 lakh acres of defence land, including cantonments, military stations, and other defence-related establishments.
• Shailendra Nath Gupta's appointment reflects his vast experience and expertise in handling administrative and defence-related matters.
• The DGDE also plays a key role in ensuring compliance with policies related to land acquisition, leasing, and urban planning within cantonment areas.

Additional Information

• Director General of Defence Estates (DGDE):
• The DGDE is the apex authority in the Defence Estates Organization (DEO), which was established in 1926.
• It oversees the management, planning, and administration of all defence lands and cantonments across the country.
• The DGDE also ensures that defence lands are utilized effectively and in accordance with the national interest.
• Responsibilities of the Defence Estates Organization (DEO):
• Management of defence lands, including acquisitions and disposals.
• Implementation of urban development policies in 62 cantonments across India.
• Ensuring compliance with environmental and land-use regulations in defence areas.
• Providing governance and civic amenities for residents in cantonments.
• Cantonment Boards:
• Cantonment Boards are autonomous bodies under the Ministry of Defence, tasked with municipal administration in cantonments.
• They provide essential services like water supply, sanitation, education, and healthcare for civilians and military personnel residing in these areas.
• There are four categories of cantonment boards (I, II, III, and IV), depending on the population size.
• Significance of Defence Land Management:
• Efficient management of defence land ensures optimal utilization for military operations and infrastructure development.
• Proper maintenance of cantonments contributes to the welfare of defence personnel and their families.
• The DGDE plays a key role in preventing encroachments and unauthorized use of defence land.

Important Points

• Eligibility for DGDE: The appointment of the Director General of Defence Estates is typically made from senior officers with substantial experience in administration and land management.
• Related Legislative Framework: The functioning of DEO and Cantonment Boards is governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which replaced earlier legislations.
• Historical Context: The Defence Estates Organization was established to streamline land management in the colonial era and has undergone significant reforms post-Independence.
• Challenges: Key challenges include preventing illegal encroachments, balancing urban development with defence needs, and addressing environmental concerns.

The correct answer is 50.

Key Points

• PM-YUVA 3.0 (Pradhan Mantri Yuva Utsav) is the third edition of the scheme, aimed at promoting young authors in India.
• The initiative is part of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes fostering critical thinking, creativity, and writing skills among youth.
• A total of 50 authors will be selected under this program to encourage young talent in the literary field.
• The selected authors will be provided with training and mentorship to develop their literary works, which will also be published.
• This program is targeted at Indian citizens aged 30 and below, ensuring a focus on nurturing young talent across the country.

Additional Information

• Theme of PM-YUVA 3.0:
• The theme for this edition is centered around Indian culture, heritage, and vision for the future.
• The focus is to create a platform for young voices to articulate the rich diversity and traditions of India.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• Applicants must be Indian citizens aged 30 years or younger.
• They should submit a manuscript or concept note for consideration.
• Benefits for Selected Authors:
• The selected participants will receive mentorship from renowned authors and literary experts.
• Their works will be published and promoted by the Government of India.
• A financial grant will be provided for the development of their manuscripts.
• Implementation:
• The program is being managed by the National Book Trust (NBT), India.
• It aligns with the vision of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations to commemorate 75 years of India’s independence.
• Significance:
• It aims to cultivate new literary talent in India and promote reading and writing habits among the youth.
• The initiative also helps in fostering a greater appreciation of India’s culture and heritage.

Important Points

• Previous Editions:
• PM-YUVA 1.0 and 2.0 focused on identifying young talent and publishing their works across various genres.
• These editions also emphasized inculcating the habit of reading and promoting intellectual growth among youth.
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020:
• The policy underlines the importance of creative expression and the development of critical thinking.
• It supports programs like PM-YUVA to align with its vision of fostering holistic learning.
• Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav:
• This initiative is part of the Government of India’s celebrations to mark 75 years of independence.
• It aims to showcase India’s rich heritage, achievements, and aspirations for the future.

The correct answer is 358.

Key Points

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 is a significant legal document introduced to replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860.
• The BNS comprises a total of 358 sections, which aim to modernize and restructure India's criminal justice system to meet contemporary needs.
• The new legislation emphasizes the principles of justice, fairness, and equality while addressing issues with the older IPC that were deemed outdated or inadequate.
• The Government of India introduced this bill as part of broader reforms in criminal laws, including changes to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Evidence Act.
• The BNS incorporates provisions for stricter punishments for crimes such as terrorism, organized crime, and crimes against women and children, reflecting the evolving socio-political landscape of the country.

Additional Information

• Purpose of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS):
• The BNS aims to replace the outdated Indian Penal Code, ensuring that legal provisions align with modern societal values and international standards.
• It emphasizes a victim-centric approach, ensuring justice for victims of crime while safeguarding the rights of the accused.
• Clearer definitions of offenses and the inclusion of new categories of crimes address gaps in the previous legal framework.
• Significance of the Reform:
• The IPC was drafted during the British colonial era and reflected the priorities of that time. The BNS seeks to address the present-day needs of Indian society.
• It incorporates provisions for crimes like cybercrimes, financial frauds, and human trafficking, which were not adequately addressed in the IPC.
• The legislation also aims to expedite the legal process, reducing delays in the criminal justice system.
• Comparison with the Indian Penal Code (IPC):
• The IPC had a total of 511 sections, compared to the BNS’s 358 sections, reflecting efforts to streamline and simplify the legal framework.
• The BNS eliminates provisions considered obsolete or redundant while introducing new sections for crimes relevant to modern times.
• Impact on Justice Delivery:
• The BNS promotes alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and community policing to reduce the burden on courts.
• Provisions for stricter penalties and reforms in sentencing aim to deter crimes and ensure proportional justice.
• Key Features of BNS:
• Inclusion of provisions for gender equality and protection of marginalized communities.
• Focus on reducing delays through technology-driven solutions like online filing of complaints and virtual court hearings.
• Enhanced safeguards against misuse of laws, ensuring a balance between enforcement and individual rights.

Important Points

• Introduction of the Bill: The BNS, along with two other bills aimed at reforming criminal laws, was introduced in August 2023 by the Union Home Minister.
• Scope of Reforms: The reforms aim to address not just substantive criminal law but also procedural aspects, ensuring a comprehensive overhaul of the criminal justice system.
• Public Participation: The government sought feedback from various stakeholders, including legal experts and the general public, to make the reforms inclusive and representative.
• Implementation Challenges: The transition from the IPC to the BNS requires extensive training for law enforcement agencies and judiciary members.

The correct answer is 18-40 years.

Key Points

• Atal Pension Yojana (APY) is a government-backed pension scheme launched in May 2015 by the Government of India to provide pension benefits to workers in the unorganized sector.
• The eligible age group for enrolling in the scheme is 18-40 years. Hence, individuals within this age bracket can subscribe to the scheme.
• Subscribers to APY are required to contribute regularly to their pension accounts until the age of 60 years to avail of pension benefits.
• The scheme is targeted at individuals who do not have any formal social security benefits, such as workers in the unorganized sector.
• The pension amount provided under APY ranges between ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 per month, depending on the contribution made during the subscription period.

Additional Information

• Features of Atal Pension Yojana:
• The scheme was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9^th May 2015, under the Ministry of Finance.
• Under APY, the government guarantees a fixed pension to subscribers after the age of 60 years.
• The scheme is primarily targeted at the unorganized workforce, such as domestic workers, laborers, and self-employed individuals.
• Subscribers can choose their contribution amount based on the desired pension amount (₹1,000, ₹2,000, ₹3,000, ₹4,000, or ₹5,000).
• The contributions to the scheme are eligible for tax benefits under Section 80CCD of the Income Tax Act.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• Individuals must be between 18-40 years of age to enroll in APY.
• The subscriber must have a savings bank account or a post office account for contributions.
• Only citizens of India are eligible for this scheme.
• The individual must not be covered under any other statutory social security scheme.
• Government Contribution:
• For eligible subscribers, the government contributes 50% of the total contribution or ₹1,000 per year, whichever is lower, for a period of 5 years.
• The government contribution is applicable for subscribers who joined APY between June 2015 and December 2015.
• Significance of APY:
• APY aims to address the lack of pension coverage among workers in the unorganized sector.
• The scheme supports financial inclusion and provides old-age security to millions of Indians.
• It helps promote a culture of savings for retirement among the unorganized workforce.

Important Points

• Key Statistics:
• As of October 2023, the Atal Pension Yojana has over 5 crore subscribers, showcasing its widespread adoption.
• The scheme is managed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
• Nomination Facility:
• Subscribers can nominate a beneficiary under APY, ensuring financial security for their family members.
• Nomination details are required at the time of enrollment.
• Exit Policy:
• Premature exit before 60 years is allowed only under exceptional circumstances, such as death or terminal illness.
• In such cases, the subscriber’s accumulated contributions are returned to the nominee.

The correct answer is 4^th.

Key Points

• The Global University Employability Ranking is an annual ranking system that evaluates universities based on their ability to produce employable graduates.
• In the 2025 Global University Employability Ranking, Harvard University secured the 4^th position, highlighting its strong academic reputation and industry connections.
• The ranking is determined by surveys conducted with employers worldwide, measuring factors such as academic performance, industry collaboration, and graduate skills.
• The top institutions in this ranking are known for their focus on practical education, internship opportunities, and close ties with the industry.
• The consistent inclusion of Harvard University in the top tier demonstrates its global prestige and the quality of education it imparts to students.

Additional Information

• Global University Employability Ranking:
• This ranking is conducted by Times Higher Education (THE) in collaboration with Emerging HR Consultancy.
• It is based on surveys of over 10,000 recruiters and senior executives from leading companies across 20+ countries.
• The surveys assess criteria such as the relevance of the curriculum, research output, and employability skills of graduates.
• Harvard University:
• Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Harvard is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world, established in 1636.
• It offers a range of programs in arts, sciences, engineering, and professional studies.
• Harvard is known for its global alumni network and its focus on innovation, research, and leadership development.
• Rankings and Criteria:
• The top universities in this ranking include MIT, Stanford, and the University of Cambridge, which often compete with Harvard for the top positions.
• Universities are evaluated for their ability to adapt to changing job market trends and provide students with skills for future challenges.
• Other Notable Institutions in 2025 Rankings:
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Known for its focus on technology and engineering, often ranked 1^st.
• Stanford University: Renowned for entrepreneurship and innovation, consistently ranked in the top 3.
• University of Cambridge: Recognized for its academic rigor and history, often ranks in the top 5.

Important Points

• Importance of Employability Rankings:
• These rankings provide insights into the quality of education and industry relevance of university programs.
• They help prospective students make informed decisions about their education and career paths.
• Employers use these rankings to identify institutions producing top talent for recruitment.
• Factors Influencing Rankings:
• Criteria such as internship opportunities, research collaborations, and global partnerships play significant roles in determining rankings.
• Universities with strong ties to industries often perform better in these rankings.

The correct answer is 2020.

Key Points

• Neeraj Chopra, an Indian javelin thrower, won the gold medal in the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan. The event was conducted in August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• He achieved this historic feat in the men's javelin throw final on 7^th August 2021, with a best throw of 87.58 meters.
• Neeraj Chopra’s gold medal was India’s first-ever Olympic medal in athletics, marking a historic moment in Indian sports history.
• His performance made him the second Indian individual gold medalist in Olympic history, after Abhinav Bindra, who won gold in shooting in 2008.
• This victory contributed to India’s overall performance in the Tokyo Olympics, where the country secured a total of 7 medals, its highest-ever tally in the Olympics.

Additional Information

• Neeraj Chopra’s Background:
• He was born on 24^th December 1997, in Khandra village, Haryana, India.
• Neeraj is a Subedar in the Indian Army, having joined in 2016 under the sports quota.
• He is a World Junior Champion, having won gold at the 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships with a world junior record throw of 86.48 meters.
• The Tokyo 2020 Olympics:
• The Tokyo Olympics were originally scheduled for 2020 but were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• They were held from 23^rd July to 8^th August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan.
• India’s performance included 1 gold, 2 silver, and 4 bronze medals, marking its best-ever performance in Olympic history.
• Javelin Throw:
• Javelin throw is a track and field event where athletes throw a spear-like implement called the javelin as far as possible.
• The men’s javelin weighs 800 grams and measures between 2.6 and 2.7 meters in length.
• The event requires a combination of speed, strength, and technique to achieve long throws.
• India’s Olympic History:
• Neeraj Chopra’s gold in Tokyo was the first in athletics in India’s 121-year Olympic history.
• India’s first-ever individual Olympic gold was won by Abhinav Bindra in 2008 (shooting).
• India has a strong Olympic tradition in hockey, having won multiple gold medals between 1928 and 1980.

Important Points

• Neeraj Chopra is the first Asian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal in javelin throw.
• His victory in Tokyo ended India’s long wait for an Olympic medal in athletics, a sport in which the country had come close to success several times in the past.
• Neeraj’s achievement has inspired a new generation of athletes in India and boosted the popularity of athletics in the country.
• He was awarded the Padma Shri and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award in recognition of his historic achievement.

The correct answer is Swimming.

Key Points

• Strokes, Starts, and Turns are essential techniques in the sport of Swimming. These are fundamental skills used by swimmers to achieve maximum efficiency and speed in water.
• Strokes: Swimming involves various strokes such as freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly. Each stroke has unique movements and techniques designed to optimize propulsion and minimize drag.
• Starts: Swimmers must execute powerful starts, often from a diving block, to enter the water quickly and begin their race effectively. The start technique includes a strong push-off and streamlined body position.
• Turns: In competitive swimming, turns are crucial for maintaining speed during transitions at the end of a lap. Techniques like the flip turn and open turn are commonly used, depending on the stroke.
• These techniques are refined through rigorous training and are essential for competitive swimming events like the Olympics, World Championships, and other international competitions.

Additional Information

• Swimming as a Sport:
• Swimming has been a part of the Olympic Games since 1896. It is one of the most popular and physically demanding sports worldwide.
• Competitive swimming includes events like sprints (50m, 100m), middle-distance (200m, 400m), and long-distance (800m, 1500m).
• Relay events such as the 4x100m freestyle relay involve teams competing together.
• Swimming competitions occur in two types of pools: short course (25m) and long course (50m).
• Techniques in Swimming:
• Freestyle: The most common and fastest stroke, involving alternate arm movements and flutter kicks.
• Backstroke: Swimmers float on their backs, moving arms in a circular motion and performing flutter kicks.
• Breaststroke: A slower stroke that requires simultaneous arm movements and frog-like kicks.
• Butterfly: A challenging stroke requiring both arms to move simultaneously in a circular motion, accompanied by dolphin kicks.
• Starts and Turns: Athletes train to perform explosive starts and efficient turns to save time and maintain momentum.
• Physical Benefits of Swimming:
• Swimming improves cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and flexibility.
• It is a low-impact activity suitable for individuals of all ages, as it reduces stress on joints.
• Swimming enhances lung capacity and promotes overall endurance and stamina.
• Interesting Facts:
• Michael Phelps, an American swimmer, is the most decorated Olympian of all time with 28 medals, including 23 golds.
• Famous swimming events include the FINA World Championships and Commonwealth Games.
• Swimmers utilize specialized gear like swim caps, goggles, and competitive swimsuits to enhance performance.

Important Points

• Comparison with Other Sports:
• Baseball: Focuses on hitting, pitching, and fielding; has no relation to swimming techniques.
• Golf: Requires precision in swinging and putting; unrelated to water-based activities.
• Badminton: Involves shuttlecock handling and racket skills; entirely different from swimming.
• Training and Coaching:
• Professional swimming training involves regular practice, strength conditioning, and diet monitoring.
• Coaches analyze swimmers' techniques to improve their stroke efficiency and speed.

The correct answer is Assam.

Key Points

• Operation Falcon was launched by the state of Assam in August 2025 to protect the one-horned rhinos, a species that is critically endangered and endemic to the Indian subcontinent.
• Assam is home to the Kaziranga National Park, which is globally renowned for its population of one-horned rhinos and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• The initiative aims to combat poaching activities that threaten the survival of this iconic species. Poachers target these rhinos primarily for their horns, which are highly valued in illegal wildlife markets.
• Operation Falcon involves multiple stakeholders, including local government agencies, forest officials, wildlife experts, and law enforcement authorities, to ensure the comprehensive protection of rhinos.
• Assam's government has also employed advanced technologies such as drone surveillance, GPS tracking, and anti-poaching camps under Operation Falcon to strengthen conservation efforts.

Additional Information

• One-Horned Rhinos:
• The Indian rhinoceros, commonly known as the one-horned rhinoceros, is primarily found in northeastern India and Nepal.
• It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, with Assam being one of its last remaining habitats.
• Rhino horns are composed of keratin, the same protein that makes up human nails and hair, and are falsely believed to have medicinal properties, driving illegal trade.
• Kaziranga National Park:
• Located in Assam, Kaziranga National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a critical habitat for one-horned rhinos.
• The park is renowned for its success in rhino conservation, housing approximately 2,400 rhinos as per recent census data.
• Kaziranga also supports a wide range of biodiversity, including species like tigers, elephants, swamp deer, and wild water buffalo.
• Anti-Poaching Measures:
• Over the years, Assam has intensified its anti-poaching efforts by forming dedicated task forces, establishing anti-poaching camps, and adopting modern technologies like drones and thermal imaging cameras.
• Local communities are actively involved in conservation efforts, providing surveillance and reporting suspicious activities.
• International collaborations, such as partnerships with the WWF and TRAFFIC, have further supported rhino protection.
• Other Rhino Habitats in India:
• Besides Assam, one-horned rhinos are found in Manas National Park, Orang National Park, and Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has one of the highest densities of rhinos in India despite being much smaller in size compared to Kaziranga.

Important Points

• Rhino Census: Assam conducts periodic rhino censuses to monitor population trends and assess the success of conservation efforts.
• Kaziranga National Park Floods: The park faces annual floods due to the Brahmaputra River, which impacts wildlife but also regenerates the ecosystem.
• Global Rhino Conservation: International efforts, including the Rhino Impact Bond and campaigns by Save the Rhino International, contribute to rhino protection worldwide.
• Rhino Conservation Challenges: Key challenges include habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and the growing demand for rhino horns in Asian markets.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• The Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is situated near Nagpur and Chandrapur districts, making it easily accessible for wildlife enthusiasts.
• This sanctuary is famous for being a habitat of the Royal Bengal Tigers. It serves as a crucial wildlife corridor linking the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) and other nearby wildlife sanctuaries.
• It is spread across an area of approximately 189 square kilometers, featuring a mix of dense forests, grasslands, and water bodies, which provide a rich habitat for a variety of flora and fauna.
• In addition to tigers, the sanctuary is home to several other species of wildlife, including leopards, wild dogs (dholes), sloth bears, gaurs (Indian bison), and a variety of birds and reptiles.
• This sanctuary plays a significant role in tiger conservation under the Project Tiger initiative, which aims to protect and stabilize tiger populations in their natural habitat.

Additional Information

• Geographical Location:
• The Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary is located approximately 58 km from Nagpur, which is often referred to as the "Tiger Capital of India."
• The sanctuary serves as a critical wildlife corridor, connecting the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve and the Pench Tiger Reserve.
• Flora:
• The sanctuary is characterized by dry deciduous forests, which include tree species like Teak, Bamboo, Tendu, and Salai. These forests provide an excellent environment for herbivores and carnivores alike.
• The presence of water bodies within the sanctuary ensures the availability of water, which is vital for sustaining its diverse ecosystem.
• Fauna:
• In addition to tigers, the sanctuary houses a wide variety of mammals, including Jackals, Hyenas, Barking Deer, and Sambar Deer.
• It is also a haven for birdwatchers, with species like Peacocks, Indian Rollers, and Eagles frequently sighted.
• Reptiles, such as Indian Rock Pythons and Monitor Lizards, are also part of the sanctuary's wildlife population.
• Tourism:
• The sanctuary is a popular destination for wildlife tourism, offering jungle safaris that allow visitors to experience its biodiversity up close.
• It is particularly famous for its tiger sightings, attracting photographers and wildlife enthusiasts from across the country.
• The best time to visit the sanctuary is between October and June, as the weather is favorable and wildlife sightings are more frequent during this period.
• Conservation Efforts:
• The sanctuary is part of India's larger tiger conservation efforts under the Project Tiger, launched in 1973 to protect the dwindling population of tigers.
• Efforts include habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement to ensure the sustainability of the sanctuary's ecosystem.

Important Points

• Nearby Attractions:
• The Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, located nearby, is one of Maharashtra's most prominent tiger reserves and is often visited in conjunction with the Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary.
• The Pench Tiger Reserve, which inspired Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book," is also located in the vicinity.
• Accessibility:
• The sanctuary is easily accessible by road from Nagpur, which has a well-connected airport and railway station.
• Tourists often use Nagpur as a base to explore the sanctuary and other nearby wildlife reserves.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The National Marathon was conducted in February 2025, and the event was hosted in the national capital of India, New Delhi.
• New Delhi is known for hosting prominent national and international events due to its well-established infrastructure and connectivity.
• This marathon attracted participants from across the country and was organized to promote fitness, health awareness, and sportsmanship among citizens.
• The event also highlighted the importance of environmental sustainability, with efforts made to reduce the carbon footprint during the marathon.
• New Delhi frequently serves as a venue for significant athletic events, including marathons, due to its ability to manage large-scale public gatherings effectively.

Additional Information

• New Delhi:
• New Delhi, the capital city of India, is a hub for political, cultural, and sporting events due to its excellent infrastructure and accessibility.
• It is equipped with wide roads and scenic routes, making it ideal for hosting marathons and other outdoor events.
• The city also has a history of hosting prestigious events such as the Commonwealth Games in 2010.
• National Marathons:
• National marathons are organized to encourage physical fitness and bring together people from diverse backgrounds.
• These events often emphasize themes such as health awareness, unity, and community participation.
• Marathons also contribute to tourism by attracting participants and spectators from different regions.
• Role of Marathons in Society:
• Marathons promote health consciousness and encourage a physically active lifestyle among participants and spectators.
• They serve as platforms for raising awareness about social and environmental issues, including climate change and mental health.
• Such events often have a positive economic impact on host cities due to increased tourism and related activities.
• Sports Culture in India:
• India has been gradually developing a strong sports culture, with increasing participation in events like marathons, cycling races, and triathlons.
• Several initiatives by the government and private organizations aim to promote fitness and sports at the grassroots level.
• Programs like Khelo India and Fit India Movement have significantly contributed to this growth.

Important Points

• New Delhi's Sports Infrastructure:
• New Delhi boasts several world-class stadiums and arenas, including the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium.
• It is well-connected through its metro and road networks, making it convenient for participants and spectators to commute during large events.
• Significance of February 2025 National Marathon:
• The marathon served as a precursor to India's increasing involvement in global sporting events.
• It also emphasized the importance of public participation in fostering a healthier and more active society.

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• 'Dewar Geet' is a traditional form of entertainment songs that are popular in the state of Chhattisgarh.
• These songs are an integral part of the rich cultural and folk traditions of the region and are often performed during festivals and social gatherings.
• The themes of Dewar Geet generally revolve around love, social issues, and humor, making them appealing and relatable to the local communities.
• They are sung in the local dialects of Chhattisgarh, contributing to the preservation and promotion of regional languages and cultural heritage.
• Musical instruments such as the harmonium, dholak, and manjira are commonly used to accompany these songs, adding rhythm and melody to the performances.

Additional Information

• Chhattisgarh's Folk Music:
• Chhattisgarh is known for its diverse and vibrant folk music traditions, which include genres such as Pandwani, Raut Nacha, and Dewar Geet.
• Pandwani is a narrative singing tradition that recounts tales from the Mahabharata.
• Raut Nacha is performed by the Yadav community during the Dev Uthani Ekadashi festival to honor Lord Krishna.
• Chhattisgarh’s Cultural Significance:
• The state is often referred to as the 'Rice Bowl of India' due to its rich agricultural heritage.
• It is home to numerous tribal communities, each with its unique traditions, art forms, and music.
• Musical Instruments in Chhattisgarh:
• Traditional instruments like mandar, nagada, and bansuri are widely used in the folk music of Chhattisgarh.
• These instruments enhance the cultural richness of performances like Dewar Geet and other folk genres.
• Preservation of Folk Music:
• Efforts are being made by the government and cultural organizations to preserve and promote Chhattisgarh's folk music traditions through festivals, workshops, and educational programs.
• These initiatives help in keeping the younger generation connected to their cultural roots.

Important Points

• Other Options:
• Goa: Known for its westernized music culture and Konkani folk songs like Mando and Dekhnni, Goa's musical traditions are distinct from Chhattisgarh.
• Maharashtra: Famous for Lavani and Powada, which are different folk music genres representing the cultural ethos of Maharashtra.
• Haryana: Popular for its Ragnis and folk songs like Phag and Saang, which reflect the agrarian lifestyle of the state.

The correct answer is 1.9 cm.

Key Points

• The diameter of bamboo flutes is generally around 1.9 cm, which makes them ideal for producing the desired sound and tonal quality.
• Bamboo flutes are known for their simplicity and natural acoustic properties, which are influenced significantly by their diameter and length.
• The 1.9 cm diameter ensures that the airflow and resonance inside the flute create the right musical notes without distortion.
• Flutes with this diameter are easier to handle and are widely used by beginners and professionals alike due to their precision in sound production.
• Choosing the right diameter is crucial as it affects the pitch, tone, and ease of playing the instrument. A flute of 1.9 cm diameter meets these criteria effectively.

Additional Information

• Bamboo Flutes:
• Bamboo flutes are among the oldest musical instruments and are found in various cultures worldwide.
• They are traditionally made from a single piece of bamboo and have finger holes for controlling the pitch and notes.
• The length and diameter of the flute are critical in determining the type of sound it produces.
• Shorter flutes with smaller diameters produce higher-pitched sounds, whereas longer ones with larger diameters produce deeper and mellower tones.
• Importance of Diameter in Flutes:
• The diameter directly impacts the sound waves and resonance inside the flute, which in turn affects the pitch and tone.
• For bamboo flutes, a diameter of around 1.9 cm is ideal for achieving a balance between ease of use and sound quality.
• Larger diameters may produce deeper tones but are harder to play, while smaller ones may lead to sharper and higher pitches.
• Applications of Bamboo Flutes:
• Bamboo flutes are commonly used in traditional and classical music forms in countries like India, China, and Japan.
• In Indian music, the bamboo flute is an integral part of both Hindustani and Carnatic classical music traditions.
• They are also used in meditation and relaxation music due to their soothing and natural sound.
• Other Flute Variations:
• Western flutes are usually made of metal and have a different diameter and mechanism compared to bamboo flutes.
• Fipple flutes, such as recorders, have a different construction and are primarily used in Western classical and folk music.

Important Points

• Material: Bamboo is preferred for its lightweight, durability, and natural acoustic qualities.
• Historical Use: Bamboo flutes have been used for centuries in cultures worldwide, symbolizing simplicity and spiritual harmony.
• Variants: Other than 1.9 cm diameter flutes, variations exist to suit different musical needs and preferences.
• Maintenance: Bamboo flutes require proper care to avoid cracks and preserve their tonal quality over time.

The correct answer is Fortified walls with gateways.

Key Points

• The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were generally enclosed with fortified walls that included gateways, indicating a focus on urban planning and security.
• The fortified walls served multiple purposes such as defense against potential invasions, protection against floods, and demarcation of the city’s boundaries.
• These walls were constructed using baked bricks of uniform size, showcasing the advanced engineering skills and standardization techniques of the Indus Valley people.
• Prominent cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Kalibangan were known for having these fortified structures, which often separated the citadel (upper town) from the lower residential area.
• The gateways in the walls were used not only for entry and exit but also for trade, taxation, and monitoring movement. This highlights the economic and administrative sophistication of the civilization.

Additional Information

• Indus Valley Civilization:
• The Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) is one of the world’s oldest urban civilizations, thriving in areas of present-day India and Pakistan.
• It is renowned for its meticulous urban planning, with well-laid streets, drainage systems, and large public baths.
• Key cities include Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan), and Dholavira (Gujarat, India).
• Construction Techniques:
• The walls were primarily made of baked bricks, a notable feature distinguishing the Indus Valley Civilization from other contemporary civilizations.
• The use of standardized brick sizes suggests a centralized authority overseeing construction practices.
• Purpose of Fortified Walls:
• Defense: The walls protected the inhabitants from invaders and natural calamities like floods.
• Urban Organization: The walls demarcated administrative areas (citadel) from residential ones, reflecting a hierarchical society.
• Trade Control: The gateways in the walls allowed for regulation of trade and collection of taxes.
• Other Features of Indus Valley Cities:
• Advanced drainage systems with covered drains and soak pits indicate a focus on hygiene and sanitation.
• Public buildings, granaries, and baths like the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro highlight the civilization’s architectural achievements.

Important Points

• Option 1: Wooden fences
• Wooden fences were not a feature of Indus Valley cities. Wood was primarily used for making tools, carts, and furniture rather than for constructing large structures.
• Option 3: Stone barricades
• Stone was rarely used in Indus construction. Baked bricks were the dominant material, reflecting the availability of resources like clay in the region.
• Option 4: Moats and drawbridges
• While moats and drawbridges were common in medieval forts, there is no archaeological evidence of such structures in Indus Valley cities.
• Indus Valley’s focus on fortified walls with gateways was a unique feature of its urban planning, serving both practical and administrative purposes.

The correct answer is Tripura.

Key Points

• 'Hai-Hak' is a traditional folk dance form of Tripura, performed by the Halam community, one of the many tribal communities of the state.
• This dance is performed during the harvest season and is a mark of gratitude to the deities for a bountiful crop.
• Hai-Hak is characterized by its graceful movements, which symbolize various agricultural activities like sowing, reaping, and harvesting.
• The performers usually wear traditional tribal attire, including colorful costumes adorned with ornaments that reflect their cultural identity.
• Musical instruments such as the drum (dhak) and flute are used during the performance, adding rhythm and melody to the dance.

Additional Information

• Folk Dances of Tripura:
• Tripura, a northeastern state in India, is home to several traditional dances like Garia, Lebang Boomani, and Mamita.
• These dances are closely associated with the tribal culture and festivals of the state.
• They are performed to honor deities, celebrate nature, or mark significant events in the agrarian calendar.
• Significance of Folk Dances:
• Folk dances like Hai-Hak help preserve the cultural heritage of communities and pass it on to future generations.
• They also serve as a medium of storytelling, depicting the lifestyle, beliefs, and traditions of the people.
• Halam Community:
• The Halam community is one of the recognized tribal groups of Tripura, with its own distinct language, customs, and traditions.
• Their traditional dances, like Hai-Hak, are integral to their cultural identity.
• Other Tribal Dances in India:
• Bihu: A folk dance from Assam performed during the Bihu festival.
• Ghoomar: A traditional dance of Rajasthan.
• Chhau: A tribal martial dance from Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.

Important Points

• Tripura:
• It is a northeastern state in India, bordered by Bangladesh, Assam, and Mizoram.
• Tripura is known for its diverse tribal communities, each with unique cultural practices and traditions.
• The state celebrates several festivals like Garia Puja, Kharchi Puja, and Durga Puja, showcasing its rich cultural heritage.
• Preservation of Tribal Culture:
• The Indian government, along with various NGOs, works towards preserving the tribal culture of northeastern states, including Tripura.
• Steps include organizing cultural festivals, promoting traditional art forms, and providing platforms for tribal artists.
• UNESCO and Folk Arts:
• UNESCO recognizes and works to preserve intangible cultural heritage, including traditional dances and music.
• Efforts are made to document and promote such art forms globally.

The correct answer is 16.

Key Points

• The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth at an average altitude of approximately 408 kilometers (253 miles).
• It completes one orbit around the Earth in approximately 90 minutes, traveling at a speed of around 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 miles per hour).
• Due to its orbital speed and duration, the ISS circles the Earth about 16 times a day, providing astronauts the chance to witness 16 sunrises and sunsets daily.
• The specific orbital mechanics of the ISS ensure that it maintains a low Earth orbit, allowing it to remain in continuous motion around the Earth.
• This frequency of orbit facilitates various scientific experiments and observations, as the ISS provides multiple views of the Earth’s surface in a single day.

Additional Information

• Characteristics of the ISS:
• The ISS is a joint project involving NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (European Space Agency), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
• It serves as a unique microgravity laboratory, enabling scientists to conduct experiments in biology, physics, astronomy, and other fields that require the absence of gravity.
• The ISS has been continuously occupied since November 2000, making it one of the longest-running human spaceflight missions in history.
• The station is modular, with components such as living quarters, laboratories, and storage units assembled in orbit since its launch in 1998.
• The ISS weighs approximately 420,000 kilograms (925,000 pounds) and spans the size of a football field, making it the largest human-made structure in space.
• Orbital Mechanics:
• The ISS orbits in a low Earth orbit (LEO), which ranges between 180 and 2,000 kilometers (111–1,243 miles) above the Earth's surface.
• Its orbit is inclined at an angle of 51.6 degrees to the equator, allowing it to cover most of the Earth's populated areas.
• The speed and altitude of the ISS are carefully maintained to counteract atmospheric drag and gravitational forces, ensuring it stays in orbit.
• Occasional adjustments, known as reboosts, are performed using onboard thrusters or visiting spacecraft to maintain its altitude.
• Astronauts’ Perspective:
• Due to the ISS’s frequent orbits, astronauts experience 16 sunrises and sunsets daily, providing a unique perspective on Earth’s atmosphere and weather patterns.
• The rapid orbital motion enables the station to pass over different continents multiple times in a single day, enhancing global observational capabilities.
• Scientific Contribution:
• The ISS enables groundbreaking research in areas like medicine, climate change, and materials science.
• It acts as a testing ground for technologies that will support future human exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

The correct answer is Because friction produces heat.

Key Points

• Friction causes heat: When a matchstick is struck against a rough surface, friction occurs between the matchstick head and the surface. This friction generates heat, which ignites the chemicals present on the matchstick head.
• Matchstick composition: The head of a matchstick contains a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, and other combustible materials. These chemicals are designed to ignite easily when exposed to heat produced by friction.
• Role of the rough surface: The rough surface provides the necessary resistance to create friction, which is essential for producing enough heat to start the combustion process.
• Once the matchstick head is heated, the potassium chlorate breaks down, releasing oxygen, which combines with sulfur to start the flame.
• This principle is used in safety matches to control the ignition process and prevent unintended fires.

Additional Information

• Matchstick composition: The wooden stick is coated with a thin layer of combustible material, while the match head contains chemicals like potassium chlorate, sulfur, and fillers. These chemicals are optimized for ignition during friction.
• Types of matches: There are several types of matches, such as safety matches and strike-anywhere matches. Safety matches require a special striking surface, whereas strike-anywhere matches can be ignited on any rough surface.
• Friction basics: Friction is the resistance encountered when two surfaces move against each other. It converts kinetic energy into heat energy, which is utilized in lighting a matchstick.
• History of matches: The invention of modern matches can be traced back to 1826, when John Walker, an English chemist, developed the first friction match.
• Applications: Matches are widely used for lighting fires, in households, camping, and even in industrial processes requiring controlled ignition.

Important Points

• Safety considerations: Matches should be stored in a dry place and kept away from flammable materials to prevent accidental fires.
• Environmental impact: The production and use of matches involve wood and chemicals, which could impact the environment. Manufacturers are now exploring eco-friendly alternatives.
• Scientific principle: The process of igniting a matchstick demonstrates the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy, which is a fundamental concept in physics.