General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Personal income tax.

Key Points

• Personal income tax is a type of direct tax levied by the government on the income of individuals and entities.
• The collection of personal income tax saw an increase as per the 10 February 2023 budget.
• This increase can be attributed to various economic factors such as higher earnings, improved compliance, and broader tax base.
• Personal income tax forms a significant portion of the revenue collected by the government, which is used for public welfare and development projects.

Additional Information

• Personal Income Tax
• It is a direct tax that individuals or entities pay on their income to the government.
• Income tax rates and slabs are determined by the government and can vary based on the amount of income earned.
• In most countries, including India, individuals are required to file an annual income tax return detailing their earnings and taxes due.
• Personal income tax is used by the government to fund various public services and infrastructure projects.
• Octroi Duties
• Octroi is a local tax collected on various goods entering a municipality or any specific area.
• It was a common form of taxation in India but has largely been abolished and replaced by other forms of indirect taxation.
• Corporate Tax
• Corporate tax is a direct tax imposed on the net income or profit of corporations and other business entities.
• The tax rate for corporations is usually different from that for individuals.
• Corporate tax is a significant source of revenue for the government.
• Commercial Tax
• Commercial tax is a broad term that can include various types of taxes levied on commercial activities.
• This can include sales tax, value-added tax (VAT), and goods and services tax (GST).
• Commercial taxes are typically indirect taxes collected by the government.

The correct answer is the Rosenmund catalyst.

Key Points

• Rosenmund catalyst is a catalyst specifically used in the hydrogenation of acyl chlorides to aldehydes.
• The catalyst consists of palladium (Pd) deposited on barium sulfate (BaSO₄).
• It is named after the German chemist Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund, who developed this catalytic process.
• The presence of barium sulfate helps to poison the palladium, preventing it from over-reducing the aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol.

Additional Information

• Hillman Reaction Catalyst
• The Hillman reaction is a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction involving the addition of an activated alkene to an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a catalyst.
• It generally requires a base catalyst, not Pd/BaSO₄.
• Cannizzaro Reaction Catalyst
• The Cannizzaro reaction involves the base-induced disproportionation of non-enolizable aldehydes to yield a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
• This reaction typically uses a strong base like NaOH or KOH as the catalyst.
• Aldol Reaction Catalyst
• The aldol reaction involves the formation of a β-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde through the reaction of an enolate with another carbonyl compound.
• It usually requires a base or acid catalyst, not Pd/BaSO₄.

The correct answer is Tropical evergreen forests.

Key Points

• Tropical evergreen forests are dense forests found near the equator and close to the tropics. They have a warm and wet climate throughout the year.
• Ebony and Mahogany trees are typically found in tropical evergreen forests due to the high rainfall and humidity that support their growth.
• These forests have a multi-layered structure with an abundance of different species of trees, shrubs, climbers, and epiphytes.
• The biodiversity in tropical evergreen forests is extremely rich, making them some of the most productive and valuable ecosystems on Earth.

Additional Information

• Mangrove Forests
• Mangrove forests are coastal ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones.
• These forests are crucial for protecting coastlines from erosion and providing habitats for a wide variety of marine life.
• Tropical Deciduous Forests
• Tropical deciduous forests, also known as monsoon forests, are found in regions with seasonal rainfall. Trees in these forests shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve water.
• These forests are less dense than tropical evergreen forests and are home to a variety of animal species.
• Montane Forests
• Montane forests are found in mountainous regions where the altitude affects the climate and vegetation. These forests can be divided into lower montane and upper montane forests.
• They are characterized by cooler temperatures and different flora compared to tropical forests, including coniferous trees at higher elevations.

The correct answer is Labour Party.

Key Points

• In the 1945 general election, the Labour Party won a landslide victory, securing 393 seats out of 640.
• This election marked a significant turning point in British political history, with the Labour Party forming its first majority government.
• The Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee, implemented numerous social reforms, including the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS).
• The 1945 election is often seen as a mandate for post-war reconstruction and the creation of a welfare state.

Additional Information

• Labour Party
• The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.
• It was founded in 1900, growing out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19^th century.
• The party's platform has historically included policies aimed at reducing inequality and promoting social welfare.
• The Labour Party's 1945 victory is often credited to its promises of widespread social reform and economic recovery following World War II.
• Clement Attlee
• He was the leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955 and served as Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951.
• Attlee's government is known for nationalizing major industries and public utilities and establishing the NHS.
• Under his leadership, the Labour government implemented extensive social reforms, laying the foundations for the modern British welfare state.
• National Health Service (NHS)
• The NHS was established in 1948, providing healthcare to all UK residents based on need rather than the ability to pay.
• It was one of the major social reforms introduced by the post-1945 Labour government.
• The creation of the NHS is considered one of the Labour Party's most significant achievements.
• 1945 General Election
• The election was held on 5 July 1945, with the results declared on 26 July after votes from servicemen overseas were counted.
• It was the first general election to be held in Britain since 1935, as elections had been suspended during World War II.
• The Labour Party's victory ended nearly a decade of Conservative government under Winston Churchill.

The correct answer is 2008.

Key Points

• The Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) was announced by India in 2008.
• This scheme aims to provide preferential market access for exports from LDCs to the Indian market.
• Under this scheme, India offers duty-free access to a wide range of products originating from LDCs.
• The initiative is part of India's commitment to support the economic development of LDCs and integrate them into the global trading system.

Additional Information

• Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
• LDCs are a group of countries recognized by the United Nations as the poorest and most vulnerable in the world.
• These countries face severe structural impediments to sustainable development.
• They are characterized by low income, weak human assets, and economic vulnerability.
• As of 2023, there are 46 countries classified as LDCs by the United Nations.
• Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme
• The DFTP Scheme was announced by India in 2008 to promote trade with LDCs.
• It provides duty-free access to 98% of India's tariff lines for products originating from LDCs.
• The scheme covers a wide range of products including agricultural goods, textiles, and industrial products.
• This initiative aims to enhance the export capabilities of LDCs and foster economic growth through trade.
• India's Trade Policy for LDCs
• India's trade policy for LDCs is guided by the principles of South-South cooperation.
• It emphasizes the importance of providing market access to LDCs to support their economic development.
• India has been actively involved in providing technical assistance and capacity-building support to LDCs.
• India's trade policy aligns with its broader foreign policy objectives of promoting inclusive growth and development.
• Global Trading System
• The global trading system refers to the international framework that governs trade between countries.
• It includes agreements, institutions, and practices that facilitate the exchange of goods and services across borders.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a central role in regulating the global trading system.
• Efforts to integrate LDCs into the global trading system aim to ensure that these countries benefit from globalization and trade liberalization.

The correct answer is Pankaj Udhas.

Key Points

• Pankaj Udhas is a renowned Indian ghazal singer who has been active in the music industry for decades.
• He is known for his soulful voice and has contributed significantly to popularizing ghazal music in India and abroad.
• Pankaj Udhas has received numerous awards and accolades throughout his career, highlighting his impact on Indian music.
• Receiving the prestigious Deenanath Mangeshkar Award in April 2023 is a testament to his enduring talent and contribution to the art form.

Additional Information

• Deenanath Mangeshkar Award
• Named after the renowned Marathi theater actor and Hindustani classical vocalist, Deenanath Mangeshkar, this award is one of the most prestigious in the Indian music and arts community.
• It is presented annually by the Mangeshkar family in memory of their father, to recognize outstanding contributions in the fields of music, drama, art, and social work.
• The award ceremony often sees the presence of notable personalities from various fields, making it a significant cultural event.
• Past recipients of the Deenanath Mangeshkar Award include legends like Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, and Pandit Jasraj, among others.
• Ghazal Music
• Ghazal is a form of poetry that expresses the pain of loss and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. It is traditionally composed of rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter.
• The roots of the ghazal can be traced back to 7^th-century Arabic poetry. It later spread to South Asia, where it developed a unique form of its own.
• Ghazal singing is a complex art that requires mastery over both classical music and the subtleties of language and poetry.
• Famous ghazal singers include Mehdi Hassan, Jagjit Singh, and Ghulam Ali, who have brought this genre to the mainstream audience.

The correct answer is 2021.

Key Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission was launched in 2021.
• It is one of the largest pan-India schemes for strengthening healthcare infrastructure across the country.
• The mission aims to fill critical gaps in public health infrastructure, especially in critical care facilities and primary care in both urban and rural areas.
• It seeks to establish a network of diagnostic labs, integrated public health labs, and other healthcare facilities to improve the health infrastructure in India.

Additional Information

• Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
• It is a national health insurance scheme spearheaded by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• It is considered to be the world's largest government-financed health assurance initiative.
• It aims to provide free access to health insurance coverage for India's low-income earners.
• AB-PMJAY provides a cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year, catering specifically to secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public and private empanelled hospitals throughout the country.
• This significant scheme is fully financed by the Indian government, serving as an important stepping stone towards achieving universal healthcare in India.
• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)
• It is a government-backed accident insurance scheme in India launched on May 9, 2015, by PM Narendra Modi.
• PMSBY aims to provide a highly affordable insurance scheme for the poor and underprivileged people.
• It is available to individuals in the age group of 18 to 70 years who own a bank account.
• At a nominal annual premium of Rs.20, beneficiaries receive a risk coverage of Rs.2 lakh for accidental death and full disability, and Rs.1 lakh for partial disability.
• This prime ministerial scheme plays a pivotal role in uplifting the vulnerable strata of society and is a step towards protection against unforeseen risks.
• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
• It was launched on 9^th May 2015 by PM Narendra Modi.
• It is a government-backed life insurance scheme in India aimed at increasing the penetration of life insurance coverage among Indians.
• It is available to individuals aged 18 to 50 years with a bank account.
• This scheme offers a life cover of Rs. 2 lakhs for a one-year period, which extends from June 1^st to May 31^st of the next year.
• The annual premium for this policy is ₹ 436 (US$5.50).
• The amount will be automatically debited from the subscriber's account annually.
• The PMJJBY scheme is an important initiative taken by the Indian government to provide affordable life insurance to its citizens$.

The correct answer is Dinoflagellates.

Key Points

• Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates, which are a type of plankton found in marine and freshwater environments.
• Dinoflagellates are characterized by their two flagella that allow them to move through the water.
• Many dinoflagellates, including Gonyaulax, are bioluminescent and can produce light through chemical reactions within their cells.
• Gonyaulax species are often associated with harmful algal blooms, sometimes referred to as "red tides," which can produce toxins harmful to marine life and humans.

Additional Information

• Euglenoids
• Euglenoids are a group of single-celled organisms that have characteristics of both plants and animals.
• They are primarily found in freshwater environments and are known for their ability to photosynthesize using chloroplasts.
• Euglena is a well-known example of euglenoids.
• Chrysophytes
• Chrysophytes, also known as golden algae, are a group of algae found in both freshwater and marine environments.
• They have a distinctive golden-brown color due to the presence of pigments like carotenoids and xanthophylls.
• Chrysophytes can be unicellular or form colonies.
• Protozoans
• Protozoans are a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are primarily heterotrophic.
• They can be free-living or parasitic and are found in a variety of environments, including soil, water, and inside other organisms.
• Examples of protozoans include amoebas, paramecia, and plasmodia.
• Dinoflagellates
• Dinoflagellates are a group of single-celled organisms that are part of the plankton community.
• They possess two flagella which help in their locomotion.
• Some dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, while others are heterotrophic.
• They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and can cause harmful algal blooms.

The correct answer is Maitraka.

Key Points

• The Maitraka dynasty ruled in the western part of India, primarily the region of present-day Gujarat.
• Valabhi, the capital city of the Maitraka dynasty, was an important cultural and educational center during their reign.
• The dynasty was founded by Senapati Bhatarka, a former Gupta Empire military commander, around the middle of the 5^th century CE.
• The Maitrakas were patrons of Buddhism and Jainism, and Valabhi was known for its Buddhist monasteries and Jain temples.

Additional Information

• Valabhi
• Valabhi was an ancient city located in the present-day Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, India.
• It served as the capital of the Maitraka dynasty from the 5^th to the 8^th century CE.
• Valabhi was renowned as a center of learning and attracted scholars from various parts of India.
• The city was known for its educational institutions, particularly Buddhist monasteries, which were comparable to those at Nalanda.
• Maitraka Dynasty
• The Maitraka dynasty was founded by Senapati Bhatarka, a former military governor of the Gupta Empire.
• They ruled primarily over the Saurashtra region of Gujarat from the 5^th to the 8^th century CE.
• The Maitrakas played a significant role in the cultural and religious development of western India.
• The dynasty came to an end in the mid-8^th century CE, likely due to Arab invasions and internal strife.
• Gupta Empire
• The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire that existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE.
• Founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta, the empire is known for its achievements in the arts, architecture, sciences, religion, and philosophy.
• The period of the Gupta Empire is often referred to as the Golden Age of India due to the extensive cultural developments and prosperity.
• The Gupta rulers supported Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, fostering a diverse cultural and religious landscape.
• Buddhism and Jainism
• Buddhism is a major world religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, in the 5^th century BCE in India.
• Buddhism emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a way to achieve enlightenment and end suffering.
• Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that teaches non-violence, truth, and asceticism.
• Founded by Mahavira in the 6^th century BCE, Jainism emphasizes the principles of non-attachment and self-discipline.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is known for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and intricate footwork.
• The dance is usually accompanied by classical music and is known for its elaborate costumes and expressive hand gestures.
• Bharatanatyam is believed to be one of the oldest classical dance traditions in India, with roots going back over 2000 years.

Additional Information

• Classical Dance Forms in India:
• India is home to several classical dance forms, each associated with different states and cultural traditions.
• Some of the prominent classical dance forms include:
• Kathak: Originated in North India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. It is known for its intricate footwork and spins.
• Kathakali: From Kerala, known for its elaborate costumes and dramatic expressions.
• Kuchipudi: Originated in Andhra Pradesh, it involves storytelling through dance and drama.
• Odissi: From Odisha, characterized by its fluid movements and sculptural poses.
• Manipuri: From Manipur, known for its graceful and gentle movements.
• Mohiniyattam: Also from Kerala, it is known for its feminine grace and lyrical movements.
• Significance of Bharatanatyam:
• Bharatanatyam is often considered the embodiment of the South Indian cultural and spiritual ethos.
• It is traditionally performed by women and is known for its storytelling through dance, with themes usually revolving around Hindu mythology and spiritual ideas.
• The performance includes a combination of pure dance (Nritta), expressive dance (Nritya), and dramatic dance (Natya).
• The intricate hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions (rasas), and body movements (adavus) are integral parts of Bharatanatyam.

The correct answer is Gamma.

Key Points

• Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength and the highest energy.
• They are produced by nuclear reactions, such as those occurring in nuclear explosions and radioactive decay.
• Gamma rays are also generated by cosmic events, such as supernovae and the decay of certain subatomic particles in space.
• Due to their high energy, gamma rays can penetrate most materials and require dense substances like lead for shielding.

Additional Information

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays.
• It is categorized by wavelength or frequency, with radio waves having the longest wavelengths and gamma rays having the shortest.
• Other types of electromagnetic radiation include microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and X-rays.
• Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear reactions involve changes in an atom's nucleus and can release significant amounts of energy.
• Examples include fission, where a nucleus splits into smaller parts, and fusion, where nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.
• These reactions can produce high-energy particles and gamma rays.
• Radioactive Decay
• Radioactive decay is the process by which unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation.
• Common types of radioactive decay include alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay.
• Gamma decay involves the emission of gamma rays, which often accompanies alpha or beta decay to rid the nucleus of excess energy.
• Cosmic Events
• Cosmic events, such as supernovae, are powerful explosions that occur when stars exhaust their nuclear fuel and collapse under their gravity.
• These events produce a wide range of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays.
• Gamma-ray bursts, which are brief but intense emissions of gamma rays, are among the most energetic events in the universe.

The correct answer is Bhutan and Meghalaya.

Key Points

• Bhutan shares its borders with four Indian states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, and Sikkim.
• Meghalaya is a state in northeastern India that shares its borders with Assam and Bangladesh but does not share a border with Bhutan.
• Bhutan is a landlocked country located in the Eastern Himalayas and is bordered by India to the south and China to the north.
• Meghalaya, known as the "Abode of Clouds," is one of the seven northeastern states of India and is famous for its rich biodiversity and unique cultural heritage.

Additional Information

• Bhutan:
• Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in South Asia located in the Eastern Himalayas.
• It is bordered by India to the south, east, and west, and China to the north.
• Bhutan's capital and largest city is Thimphu.
• The country is known for its monasteries, fortresses (or dzongs), and dramatic landscapes that range from subtropical plains to steep mountains and valleys.
• Meghalaya:
• Meghalaya is a state in northeastern India.
• The name means "the abode of clouds" in Sanskrit.
• Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,430 square kilometers.
• The state is known for its high rainfall, subtropical forests, and biodiversity.
• Arunachal Pradesh:
• Arunachal Pradesh is a state in northeastern India.
• It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan to the west, Myanmar to the east, and China to the north.
• It is known as the "Land of the Rising Sun" in India due to its easternmost location.
• Assam:
• Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys.
• It is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, and Bangladesh to the south, and West Bengal to the west.
• Dispur, a suburb of Guwahati, is the state capital of Assam.
• West Bengal:
• West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal.
• It shares international borders with Bangladesh in the east, Nepal, and Bhutan in the north, and borders the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam.
• Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is the capital of West Bengal.

The correct answer is 26^th November.

Key Points

• Constitution Day is also known as Samvidhan Divas in India.
• It is observed on 26^th November every year to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India.
• The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26^th November 1949, and it came into effect on 26^th January 1950.
• On 19^th November 2015, the Government of India declared 26^th November as Constitution Day.

Additional Information

• Constitution of India
• The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India.
• It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens.
• It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is regarded as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution.
• Key Features of the Constitution
• Federal Structure: The Constitution provides for a federal system of government with a division of powers between the central and state governments.
• Parliamentary System: It adopts a parliamentary system of government where the executive is responsible to the legislature.
• Fundamental Rights: It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, which include the right to equality, freedom, and protection against discrimination.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: These are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government, aimed at creating social and economic conditions under which citizens can lead a good life.
• Secular State: The Constitution declares India to be a secular state, meaning that it does not favor any religion and allows individuals to practice any religion of their choice.
• Significance of Constitution Day
• Constitution Day is celebrated to honor and remember the importance of the Constitution and its framers.
• It serves as a reminder of the values and principles enshrined in the Constitution, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• The day is observed with various activities like reading the Preamble to the Constitution, organizing debates, and discussions on constitutional values and principles.

The correct answer is Indian Audit and Accounts Department.

Key Points

• The Indian Audit and Accounts Department (IAAD) is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments and public sector organizations.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is the head of the IAAD and is responsible for ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for the intended purposes.
• The IAAD is a constitutional authority under Article 148 of the Constitution of India, which ensures its independence from the executive branch of the government.
• The CAG of India is appointed by the President of India and has a tenure of six years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

Additional Information

• Indian Civil Accounts Organisation (ICAO)
• ICAO is headed by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA), who is the principal advisor on accounting matters to the Government of India.
• It is responsible for establishing and maintaining a technically sound management accounting system.
• The CGA also prepares a critical analysis of expenditures, revenues, borrowings, and the deficit for the Finance Minister.
• Controller General of Accounts (CGA)
• The CGA is the apex accounting authority of the Government of India under the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance.
• It oversees the management of government accounts and preparation of the Union Government's financial statements.
• The CGA's responsibilities include maintaining the accounts of the central government and ensuring a robust financial management system.
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
• ICAI is a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament, the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
• It regulates the profession of Chartered Accountants in India.
• ICAI provides education, examination, and certification of Chartered Accountants, and also sets professional standards and code of ethics.

The correct answer is Only statements 3.

Key Points

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The UDAN scheme, also known as Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik, was launched in 2017, and it has completed seven years of its implementation in 2024.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The UDAN scheme is not the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Science and Technology. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
• Statement 3 is correct: The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is the implementing agency of the UDAN scheme.
• The UDAN scheme aims to make air travel affordable and widespread, thereby boosting inclusive national economic growth, job growth, and air transport infrastructure development in all regions and states of India.

Additional Information

• UDAN Scheme (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)
• UDAN is a regional airport development and "Regional Connectivity Scheme" (RCS) of Government of India, aimed at making air travel affordable and widespread.
• The scheme is jointly funded by the central government and state governments.
• Under the scheme, financial incentives in terms of concessions from the central and state governments and airport operators are extended to selected airlines to encourage operations from unserved and underserved airports, and keep airfares affordable.
• The UDAN scheme envisions the enhancement of aviation infrastructure and air connectivity in tier II and tier III cities.
• Ministry of Civil Aviation
• The Ministry of Civil Aviation of Government of India is responsible for formulating national policies and programmes for the development and regulation of the Civil Aviation sector in the country.
• It oversees airport facilities, air traffic services, and maintenance of the air transportation system.
• The Ministry also ensures the implementation of various schemes, including the UDAN scheme, to promote regional connectivity and affordable air travel.
• Airports Authority of India (AAI)
• The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is a statutory body, working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.
• AAI is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining, and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.
• It manages a total of 137 airports, which include 24 International Airports, 10 Customs Airports, 80 Domestic Airports, and 23 Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields.
• AAI also provides air traffic management (ATM) services over the entire Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas.

The correct answer is Mumbai Marathon.

Key Points

• The Mumbai Marathon, officially known as the Tata Mumbai Marathon, is recognized as the largest marathon in Asia.
• This marathon was first held in the year 2004 and has since grown to become one of the most prestigious marathons in the world.
• It attracts participants from various parts of the globe, including elite athletes as well as amateur runners.
• In addition to promoting fitness and sportsmanship, the Mumbai Marathon also raises significant funds for numerous charities and social causes each year.

Additional Information

• Marathon:
• A marathon is a long-distance running race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometers (26.219 miles), usually run as a road race.
• The marathon has an ancient origin, inspired by the run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians.
• Today, marathons are held all over the world, with the most famous ones being the Boston Marathon, London Marathon, New York City Marathon, Berlin Marathon, Chicago Marathon, and Tokyo Marathon.
• Delhi Half Marathon:
• The Delhi Half Marathon is another prominent long-distance running event held annually in New Delhi, India.
• The race covers a distance of 21.0975 kilometers (13.1094 miles) and is known for attracting both national and international runners.
• It is part of the "Great Delhi Run" and is organized by Procam International.
• Pinkathon:
• Pinkathon is India’s biggest women's run, created with the objective of promoting fitness and health among women and to spread awareness about breast cancer.
• Founded by fitness enthusiast and actor Milind Soman, Pinkathon includes events such as 3k, 5k, 10k, and half-marathon races.
• The event is held in various cities across India and encourages women of all ages and backgrounds to participate.
• Kaveri Trail Marathon:
• The Kaveri Trail Marathon is a unique marathon event held along the banks of the river Kaveri in the state of Karnataka, India.
• This marathon is known for its scenic route that includes trails through the countryside, making it a favorite among nature-loving runners.
• The event includes a full marathon, half marathon, and shorter distance races like 10k and 5k.

The correct answer is Muslim.

Key Points

• Shab-e-Barat is a significant Islamic observance that is celebrated by Muslims around the world.
• It is observed on the night between the 14^th and 15^th day of the Islamic month of Sha'ban.
• Muslims believe that on this night, God writes the destinies of all individuals for the coming year and forgives the sins of those who seek forgiveness.
• It is a night of prayer, reflection, and seeking forgiveness, often involving staying awake all night in devotion and worship.

Additional Information

• Sha'ban
• Sha'ban is the eighth month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
• It is considered a significant month for Muslims as it precedes the holy month of Ramadan.
• Many Muslims fast during this month and increase their worship in preparation for Ramadan.
• Islamic Calendar
• The Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days.
• The calendar is used to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Importance of Prayer in Islam
• Prayer, or Salah, is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of a Muslim's faith and practice.
• It is a physical, mental, and spiritual act of worship that is observed five times every day at prescribed times.
• Prayers are performed facing the Kaaba in Mecca, and include specific recitations and movements.
• Seeking Forgiveness in Islam
• Seeking forgiveness, or Istighfar, is an important concept in Islam.
• Muslims believe that God is Merciful and Forgiving, and they regularly seek forgiveness for their sins and shortcomings.
• This practice is especially emphasized during significant nights such as Shab-e-Barat.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• IIPDF was set up in 2007 to support the development of quality infrastructure projects.
• The fund provides financial support for project development activities of the Central Government and State Governments.
• The scheme is notified under the Department of Economic Affairs, which plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country.
• The funds for IIPDF are provided by the Central Government to assist in creating a pipeline of viable infrastructure projects.

Additional Information

• India Infrastructure Project Development Fund (IIPDF)
• The IIPDF was established to provide financial support for the development of public-private partnership (PPP) projects.
• The fund is intended to assist project authorities by providing the necessary resources for project preparation, including feasibility studies, detailed project reports, and other preparatory activities.
• The IIPDF aims to enhance the quality and bankability of infrastructure projects, making them more attractive to private sector investments.
• This initiative is part of the government's broader strategy to improve infrastructure and promote economic growth through increased private sector participation.
• Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
• The DEA is a department under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• It is responsible for formulating and monitoring the country's economic policies and programs, including fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial regulations.
• The DEA plays a pivotal role in managing the country's economic infrastructure, ensuring sustainable growth and development.
• The department also oversees international economic relations, including India's participation in multilateral financial institutions.
• Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
• PPP is a collaborative arrangement between the government and private sector entities for the provision of public infrastructure and services.
• It leverages the expertise, efficiency, and capital of the private sector to deliver public projects, while the government provides regulatory and policy support.
• PPP models are used in various sectors, including transportation, healthcare, education, and utilities, to enhance service delivery and infrastructure development.
• The success of PPP projects depends on effective project planning, risk-sharing mechanisms, and transparent contractual agreements.

The correct answer is Tansen.

Key Points

• Tansen was one of the nine jewels (Navratnas) in the court of Emperor Akbar.
• He was a prominent figure in North Indian classical music and is known for his contributions to Hindustani music.
• Tansen's real name was Ramtanu Pandey, and he was born in a Hindu Gaur Brahmin family in Gwalior.
• He is credited with creating several ragas, including raga Darbari Kanada, raga Miyan ki Todi, and raga Miyan ki Malhar.

Additional Information

• Navratnas
• The term "Navratnas" refers to the nine extraordinary people in the court of Emperor Akbar who were known for their exceptional abilities and expertise in various fields.
• The Navratnas included scholars, poets, musicians, and advisors who played significant roles in Akbar's administration and cultural life.
• Besides Tansen, the other Navratnas were Abul Fazl, Faizi, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana, Fakir Aziao-Din, Mullah Do Piaza, and Raja Birbal.
• Each of these individuals was recognized for their unique contributions to the Mughal court and the broader Indian cultural landscape.
• Hindustani Classical Music
• Hindustani classical music is one of the two main subgenres of Indian classical music, the other being Carnatic music.
• It originated in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent and has a rich tradition of ragas and talas.
• It emphasizes improvisation and the exploration of the raga, a framework for melodic improvisation.
• Tansen is considered one of the greatest musicians in Hindustani classical music and has left a lasting impact on its development.

The correct answer is Kiran Bedi.

Key Points

• Kiran Bedi is a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, social activist, and former tennis player.
• She was the first woman to join the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 1972.
• Kiran Bedi has been an active advocate for several social causes including prison reform, crime prevention, and women’s empowerment.
• She served as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry from 2016 to 2021, during which her book 'Fearless Governance' was published.

Additional Information

• Indian Police Service (IPS)
• The IPS is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India.
• It was constituted in 1948 and provides leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces.
• IPS officers are recruited through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination.
• They play a crucial role in maintaining public order, counter-terrorism, border policing, and disaster management among other responsibilities.
• Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry
• The Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry is the constitutional head of the Union Territory of Puducherry.
• The Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years.
• They have similar powers and functions as a Governor of a state in India.
• The role includes overseeing the administration and ensuring that governance in the territory is carried out in accordance with the law.
• Social Activism
• Social activism involves advocating for changes in society to address social issues and improve the quality of life for individuals and communities.
• It includes activities like campaigning, protests, community organizing, and policy advocacy.
• Notable areas of social activism include human rights, environmental protection, gender equality, and social justice.
• Activists use various methods to raise awareness, influence public opinion, and bring about legislative or social change.