English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Plutocracy.

Key Points

• The word "Plutocracy" refers to a political system or society that is ruled or controlled by the wealthy. (धनपतियों का शासन)
• Example: Some critics argue that modern democracies are evolving into plutocracies where the rich have disproportionate influence over political decisions.
• "Plutocracy" is derived from the Greek words "ploutos" (wealth) and "kratos" (power), which signify "the rule of the wealthy."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3 i.e. Plutocracy.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Oligarchy (गुटतंत्र): A form of government in which power is held by a small group of people.
• Example: The country was run as an oligarchy by a small elite group of political leaders.
• Aristocracy (कुलीनतंत्र): A form of government in which power is held by the nobility.
• Example: The aristocracy of the old European societies wielded significant power over the common people.
• Meritocracy (योग्यता आधारित शासन): A system in which advancement is based on individual ability or achievement.
• Example: The company promoted employees based on meritocracy, rewarding hard work and talent.

The correct answer is 'did she'.

Key Points

• The correct structure for inversion in the sentence is "did she" because the sentence starts with "Only after" requiring the auxiliary verb to precede the subject.
• Option 1 ("she had") is incorrect because it does not follow the grammatical rule of inversion.
• Option 3 ("had she") is incorrect because it suggests past perfect tense, which does not fit the context.
• Option 4 ("she did") is incorrect because it does not follow the correct inversion structure.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence:"Only after a decade of fieldwork did she fully grasp the dialect's nuances."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "she had" is incorrect because it does not follow inversion rules after "Only after."
• Option 3: "had she" is incorrect because it implies past perfect tense, which is not required here.
• Option 4: "she did" is incorrect because it does not follow the correct inversion structure.

The correct answer is 'opacity'.

Key Points

• The term "opacity" refers to the quality of being difficult to understand or lacking clarity, which fits the context of the professor's jargon-heavy remarks.
• Option 2 (opaque) is an adjective, not a noun, and doesn't fit grammatically in the sentence.
• Option 3 (opacus) refers to a type of cloud and is irrelevant in this context.
• Option 4 (opalescent) means displaying iridescent colors, which is unrelated to the context of comprehension.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence:"The professor's remarks were so dense with jargon that they bordered on opacity."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "opaque" is an adjective and would not fit as a noun in this sentence structure.
• Option 3: "opacus" is unrelated to the context of the sentence as it pertains to meteorological terms.
• Option 4: "opalescent" refers to something displaying a play of colors and does not align with the intended meaning of complexity or lack of clarity.

The correct answer is 'address'.

Key Points

• The word "address" means to deal with or discuss a particular issue or topic.
• The sentence suggests that although the rebuttal was eloquent, it failed to directly deal with the central issue raised by the opposition.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect as they imply deviating from or avoiding the issue, which is contrary to the intended meaning of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "Her rebuttal, though eloquent, failed to address the central issue raised by the opposition."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "digress" is incorrect because it means to stray away from the topic, which doesn’t fit the context.
• Option 3: "circumvent" is incorrect as it means to avoid dealing with something, which is not the intended meaning.
• Option 4: "elude" is incorrect because it means to escape or avoid, which doesn’t align with the context of addressing the issue.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The error in the sentence is in part (3), where the phrase "but also addressing" is incorrect.
• The phrase should maintain parallelism with the earlier phrase "to streamline." Thus, "addressing" should be replaced with "to address."
• Parallel structure ensures grammatical consistency and improves readability.
• Therefore, the corrected phrase will be "but also to address the asymmetries in resource allocation."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "The reforms being recommended by the panel are not only intended to streamline administrative functions but also to address the asymmetries in resource allocation that have long plagued rural districts."

Additional Information

• (1): "The reforms being recommended by the panel" – This part is grammatically correct and requires no changes.
• (2): "are not only intended to streamline administrative functions" – This part is also correct and does not require any changes.
• (4): "that have long plagued rural districts" – This part is grammatically correct and needs no changes.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The error lies in the phrase "were not the policy's objectives themselves" present in part 2 of the sentence.
• The verb "were" is incorrectly used as the subject "What the committee failed to deliberate on adequately" is singular and requires a singular verb.
• The correct verb should be "was" instead of "were."
• This ensures subject-verb agreement, which is essential for grammatical correctness.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "What the committee failed to deliberate on adequately was not the policy's objectives themselves, but the political ramifications it might have had if implemented without broader consensus."

Additional Information

• Part 1: "What the committee failed to deliberate on adequately" – This part is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• Part 3: "but the political ramifications it" – This part is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• Part 4: "might have had if implemented without broader consensus" – This part is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• No error – This would be the correct option if there were no mistakes in the sentence, but there is an error in part 2.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Passive voice structure: The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
• In the active voice, the sentence is: "The laboratory will have double-checked the reagents by dawn."
• To convert to passive voice: Place the object "the reagents" at the beginning.
• Change the active verb form "will have double-checked" to "will have been double-checked" (future perfect passive).
• Add the preposition "by" followed by the original subject "the laboratory."
• Ensure the time phrase "by dawn" remains at the end of the sentence for clarity.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "The reagents will have been double-checked by the laboratory by dawn."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "The reagents have been double-checked by the laboratory by dawn." – Incorrect tense (present perfect passive).
• Option 3: "The reagents will be double-checked by the laboratory by dawn." – Incorrect tense (future simple passive).
• Option 4: "The reagents would have been double-checking by the laboratory by dawn." – Incorrect and awkward tense structure.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The word "fanon" in the context of the sentence refers to a liturgical vestment used in the Roman Catholic Church, worn by the Pope during Mass. (धार्मिक वस्त्र)
• Example: The Pope adjusted the fanon before beginning the Mass ceremony.
• The homonym of "fanon" is "Fanon," which refers to Frantz Fanon, a notable philosopher and revolutionary known for his work on postcolonial studies and identity. (फ्रांत्ज़ फैनॉन, एक दार्शनिक और क्रांतिकारी)
• Example: The professor discussed Fanon's influence on postcolonial literature.
• Option 3 introduces the homonym "Fanon" (as a proper noun) in the context of analyzing postcolonial identity theory, which is unrelated to the liturgical object "fanon."

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 1: The theologian lectured on the fanon’s origin in Rome. (इस विकल्प में fanon का उपयोग धार्मिक वस्त्र के रूप में किया गया है।) (धार्मिक वस्त्र)
• Example: The fanon, as a liturgical object, is deeply rooted in Roman Catholic traditions.
• Option 2: The tailor stitched the edge of the fanon carefully. (इस विकल्प में fanon का उपयोग धार्मिक वस्त्र के संदर्भ में किया गया है।) (धार्मिक वस्त्र)
• Example: The tailor ensured that the fanon was stitched with fine craftsmanship.
• Option 4: The cardinal wore the fanon over his chasuble. (इस विकल्प में भी fanon का उपयोग धार्मिक वस्त्र के रूप में किया गया है।) (धार्मिक वस्त्र)
• Example: The cardinal’s attire included the fanon during the ceremonial event.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Passive voice structure: The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
• Active voice structure: The subject of the active voice sentence performs the action described.
• The sentence in the active voice is: "Unauthorized workers are known to have secretly extracted rare minerals before inspection."
• The active voice retains the clarity of the subject performing the action.
• Option 3 correctly converts the passive structure to the active voice while maintaining the meaning of the original sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "Unauthorized workers are known to have secretly extracted rare minerals before inspection."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Unauthorized workers extracted the rare minerals before inspection." – Incorrect because it omits the "are known to have" part, altering the meaning.
• Option 2: "The site was secretly mined before the inspection." – Incorrect because it remains in the passive voice structure.
• Option 4: "The minerals had been extracted prior to inspection." – Incorrect as it remains passive and changes the tense.

The correct answer is: Conflict between her inner worth and online ideals. The phrase "gnawing dissonance" reflects the emotional tension caused by conflicting feelings about her self-worth and the unrealistic standards portrayed online.

The correct answer is: Subtle and inwardly destructive.

The passage highlights Meera's psychological decline as a gradual, introspective process, marked by internal struggles rather than outward confrontation or dramatic behavior.

The correct answer is: Self-image distortion. Meera began recovering emotionally by addressing distortions in her self-image, which likely helped her rebuild confidence and improve her emotional well-being, as implied by the passage.

The correct answer is: Hidden psychological battles due to digital aesthetics.

This option is correct because the passage highlights the psychological struggles teens face due to unrealistic beauty standards promoted by digital platforms.

The correct answer is: Reflective and critical. The author's tone at the end of the paragraph analyzes the subject thoughtfully while offering a critical perspective, emphasizing evaluation rather than neutrality or optimism.

The correct answer is 'go to the doctor immediately'.

Key Points

• The sentence is in the subjunctive mood, which is used to express suggestions, demands, or hypothetical situations.
• The correct structure for the subjunctive mood is "suggested that he go", where the base form of the verb "go" is used without adding "-s" or "-es" even for third-person singular subjects.
• Option 1 uses incorrect phrasing ("go to doctor at once" is missing the article "the" before "doctor").
• Option 2 ("should goes to the doctor") is grammatically incorrect because "goes" cannot follow "should."
• Option 4 ("should have go to the doctor") is incorrect because the proper form would be "should have gone."

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "I suggested that he go to the doctor immediately."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "go to doctor at once" is incorrect because it omits the article "the" before "doctor."
• Option 2: "should goes to the doctor" is grammatically incorrect as "should" is followed by the base form of the verb.
• Option 4: "should have go to the doctor" is incorrect because the correct construction would be "should have gone to the doctor."

The correct answer is 'to getting up early'.

Key Points

• The phrase "used to" is followed by a gerund (the -ing form of a verb).
• Therefore, "to getting up early" is the grammatically correct choice.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: "I am used to getting up early in the morning."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "to get up early" is incorrect because "used to" requires a gerund, not the base form of the verb.
• Option 2: "with getting up early" is incorrect as "with" changes the intended meaning of the sentence.
• Option 4: "for getting up early" is incorrect as "for" is not the correct preposition in this construction.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Indirect Speech: She said that he didn’t listen to her.
• Key Conversions:
• Direct to Indirect:
• The verb "doesn't" in the direct speech is converted to "didn't" to match the past tense as the reporting verb "said" is in the past tense.
• The pronoun "me" is changed to "her" to match the subject "She" in the reporting clause.
• Conjugation:
• "Doesn't listen" is changed to "didn't listen" to maintain proper tense consistency in indirect speech.
• Punctuation and Format:
• Quotation marks used in direct speech are removed in indirect speech.
• The conjunction "that" is used to connect the reporting clause and the reported speech.
• The sentence in indirect speech ends with a period.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: She said that he didn’t listen to her.

Additional Information

• Option 1: "She said he don't listen to her."
• Incorrect usage of "don't" instead of "didn't". The verb should be in the past tense to match the reporting verb "said".
• Option 2: "She said that he doesn’t listened to her."
• Incorrect verb form. "Doesn't listened" is grammatically incorrect.
• Option 4: "She said that he didn’t listened to her."
• Incorrect verb form. "Didn’t listened" is grammatically incorrect. The correct form is "didn’t listen".

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Indirect Speech: The manager informed the employees that the deadline for submission had been extended by two days.
• Key Conversions:
• "the deadline for submission had been extended" becomes "The deadline has been extended"
• In direct speech, the past perfect tense ("had been extended") is changed to the present perfect tense ("has been extended") to reflect the immediacy of the direct statement.
• "by two days" remains "by two days"
• The time frame stays unchanged as it accurately conveys the information.
• Reporting Verb:
• Indirect: "informed"
• Converted to: "said" in direct speech to reflect a neutral reporting tone.
• Punctuation and Format:
• Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.
• Starts with a capital letter "The" and ends with a period ".".
• Reporting clause follows the quoted speech, starting with a lowercase letter after the comma.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: "The deadline has been extended by two days," said the manager.

Additional Information

• Option 1: "You may submit the work two days later than planned," the manager informed.
• This changes the form of the statement to a permission-based one ("You may"), which is not implied in the original sentence.
• Option 3: "We are extending the submission deadline by two days," the manager said.
• Changes the tense from past perfect in the indirect sentence to present continuous in direct speech, which is incorrect.
• Option 4: "You must finish it within two extra days," the manager said.
• Alters the meaning of the sentence by suggesting a strict requirement ("must finish"), which is not indicated in the original statement.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The paragraph introduces the genre of science fiction and elaborates on its purpose and implications.
• Sentence 2 is the first sentence as it defines science fiction:
• "Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology."
• Sentence 4 follows as it explains the genre's purpose beyond entertainment:
• "While entertaining, the genre serves a purpose beyond mere escapism."
• Sentence 1 is next as it elaborates on the themes explored in science fiction:
• "These narratives often explore the ethical and social consequences of technological advancement, from artificial intelligence to genetic engineering."
• Sentence 3 is the last sentence as it concludes by emphasizing the genre's significance:
• "This makes it a powerful tool for social commentary and for anticipating future challenges and dilemmas."
• The correct sequence is 2, 4, 1, 3.

Coherent paragraph after rearrangement:

"Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology. While entertaining, the genre serves a purpose beyond mere escapism. These narratives often explore the ethical and social consequences of technological advancement, from artificial intelligence to genetic engineering. This makes it a powerful tool for social commentary and for anticipating future challenges and dilemmas."

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The paragraph logically introduces the concept of food processing and its relevance in a coherent manner.
• Sentence 2 is the first sentence as it defines food processing:
• "Food processing is a series of methods used to transform raw ingredients into consumable products."
• Sentence 3 follows as it elaborates on the various methods of food processing:
• "These methods can range from simple actions like cutting and grinding to more complex procedures such as pasteurization and fermentation."
• Sentence 1 is the third sentence as it explains the importance of food processing in ensuring food safety:
• "This process ensures that the food we eat is safe and does not contain harmful bacteria or other contaminants."
• Sentence 4 is the final sentence as it concludes with the benefits of food processing:
• "Furthermore, it also helps to preserve food, extend its shelf life, and enhance its nutritional value."
• The correct sequence is 2, 3, 1, 4.

Coherent paragraph after rearrangement:

"Food processing is a series of methods used to transform raw ingredients into consumable products. These methods can range from simple actions like cutting and grinding to more complex procedures such as pasteurization and fermentation. This process ensures that the food we eat is safe and does not contain harmful bacteria or other contaminants. Furthermore, it also helps to preserve food, extend its shelf life, and enhance its nutritional value."