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Problematic children are those children who are difficult to raise or educate. They have a tendency to disrupt class as they are not self-controlled. Also, they are infamous for their anti-social behaviour.

• Teacher have to tackle many problems associated with students as children with numerous problems of behaviour are found in every educational programme.

Key Points

In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should provide counselling to the child as it will help the teacher to:

• become more vigilant towards the child.
• recognize the root of the child's problem.
• better relate to child's unacceptable behaviour.
• assist the child with proper guidance in the right way.

Hence it could be concluded that if a teacher finds a problematic child in the class, he should provide counselling to the child. 

NOTE: Remaining options are inappropriate in the context as they could lead to low self-esteem and anxiety in learners.

Co-curricular activities refer to the activities that complement the classroom learning experiences of students, its organized inside or even outside of the school premises. The overall development of a child demands co-curricular activities to be included in the curriculum.

Key Points

Co-curricular activities are mostly related to the all-round development of students as co-curricular activities make learning meaningful by:

• ensuring the overall development of learners.
• providing a practical approach towards the topics.
• making learners apply theoretical concepts practically.
• stimulating interest in activities beyond routine classwork.

Additional Information

Co-curricular activities include:

• Social welfare activities
• Visiting parks and museums
• Excursion and sports activities
• Involvement in poster making and dramas
• Participation In Science Clubs And Associations, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that co-curricular activities are mostly related to all-round development of students.

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

Some of the famous learning theories include:

Hint

B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory rather he has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. The six major categories of objectives which come under the cognitive domain are Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Hence, it could be concluded that B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory.

Stagnation stands for the retention of a child in a class for a period of more than one year. Gradually when a student takes more than one year to pass a class it is considered a case of stagnation.

Key Points

• Stagnation is one of the most acute problems of tribal education. Absenteeism leads to stagnation and both naturally lead to wastage.
• Formerly stagnation used to occur due to lower achievement in the examinations. It means those who fail to secure minimum marks in the class tests will not be sent for the terminal examination and such candidates will have to remain in the same standard for one more year.
• But this practice is now stopped, whether a student secures minimum marks in the class tests or not he/she is eligible to sit for terminal examinations. At present minimum attendance is prescribed for students for promotion.

Hence, it could be concluded that retention of a child in a same class for more than one year is the meaning of stagnation in education.

Microteaching is a teacher training technique used to measure the attainment of teaching skills by the teaching of a small unit of content to the small group of students in a small amount of time.

• Micro-teaching is one of the most influential innovations in teacher education. It emerged as a partial solution to some of the inadequacies of the traditional teacher-training program.
• The concept underlying micro-teaching assumes that teaching consists of various skills. Teaching practice becomes effective only on the acquisition of specific skills.

Key Points

• Testing of previous knowledge comes under the skill of introduction as in this skill:
• the teacher tests the previous knowledge of the students by asking them questions.
• the teacher connects the child with their own experiences by encouraging discovery learning.
• the teacher tries to connect them with the new chapter by activating their previous knowledge.

Hence, it could be concluded that testing of previous knowledge comes under the skill of introduction. 

Additional Information

Other Skills of Microteaching:

• Skill of writing instructional objectives
• Skill of introduction a lesson
• Skill of Blackboard writing
• Skill of fluency in questioning
• Skill of probing questioning
• Skill of explaining
• Skill of demonstration
• Skill of reinforcement
• Skill of Achieving closure

B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Theory of Reinforcement" and "Instrumental Conditioning  Theory".

• This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behaviour or withholding reward for undesirable behaviour.
• Skinner emphasizes that a person or animal tends to ‘repeat’ behaviour which has been ‘rewarded’ (positively reinforced), or tends to ‘stop’ which has been ‘punished’ (negatively reinforced).

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT:         

• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as skinner’s box.
• This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
• In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
• The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
• The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever a desired by the experimenter.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Operant Conditioning Theory' is also known as 'Theory of Reinforcement'. 

Additional Information

Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist has made crucial contributions in the field of human cognitive psychology.

He has identified three stages of cognitive representation which includes:

Enactive stage: 

• It refers to the representation of knowledge through actions.
• Learning by doing is the main principle
• They learn by physical actions and storing things in memory

Iconic stage: 

• It refers to the visual summarization of images.
• The learner stores sensory images which are visual ones

Symbolic stage: 

• It refers to the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.
• The experience stored in memory in the form of symbols i.e. language

Let's Have a Look:

Hence, it could be concluded that the intuitive stage is not part of Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory.

Professor H. C. Morrison (1871- 1945), (the University of Chicago) has described five steps in his teaching model at the understanding level which include:

Key Points

Hence, it could be concluded that the correct sequence of five steps in Morrison's teaching model at the understanding level is Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organization, and Recitation.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Important Points

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

The cognitive domains as per Bloom's taxonomy:

• Remember: Retrieving the relevant knowledge from long-term memory.
• Understand: Construct meaning from instructional messages, including oral, written, and graphic communication.
• Apply: Carry out or use a procedure in a given situation.
• Analyze: Break material into its constituent parts and determine how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose.
• Evaluate: Make judgments based on criteria or standards.
• Create: Put elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure.

Hint

NOTE: Valuing is related to affective domain and it refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.

Hence, it could be concluded that valuing is not related with the cognitive domain.

A learning curve visualizes changes in pupil overall performance over time. The line graph displays opportunities across the x-axis, and a measure of student performance along the y-axis.

• A good learning curve which is also known as 'experience curve', reveals improvement in pupils' performance as opportunity count (i.e., exercise practice with a given knowledge component) increases.

Key Points

• LEARNING CURVE was first defined by Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885.
• By learning curve, learners can relate his/her development through the method visually presented in the graph.
• There are 3 varieties of the curve of learning i.e. concave curve, convex curve, and concave and convex curve/Combination type curve.

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that longitudinal is not the curve of learning.